Assignment 2 B (H–M)

For students with first names starting with the letters H to M.

Assignments are graded out of a total of 60 points, and they are worth 9% of your total mark.
Submit this assignment after you have completed Unit 2 of the course.
Before you submit this assignment, make sure you have read the section on Assignments in
your Course Orientation.

Part A: Short-answer questions

1. Explain the second law of thermodynamics. (2)

2. Use the following illustration of a biochemical reaction to answer the questions below. (4)

2a. Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Explain your answer. (2)

2b. What does the dashed line (parabolic curve) represent in the illustration above? (2)

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

3. Use the following illustration, which represents two different scenarios (1 and 2) involving
enzymes, to answer the question below.

3a. Scenario 1 involves an enzyme that binds to a substrate. Describe what happens in the
second scenario, and use appropriate terms. (4)

4. What are the key differences between anaerobic respiration and fermentation? (4)

5. What is a facultative anaerobe? (2)

6. Describe input and output from the citric acid cycle based on one molecule of glucose. (4)

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

7. Which process of the ETC is crucial for chemiosmosis? Explain. (3)

8. Explain the difference between fluorescence and bioluminescence. What do the two
processes have in common? (3)

9. Use the following diagram to answer the questions below. (6)

9a. Which pathway is shown in the diagram? Is it anabolic or catabolic? (2)

9b. Estimate the amount of free energy that is required to transform Ribulose-5-P into
Ribulose-1,5-bP by locating in the textbook the free energy of ATP hydrolysis. (4)

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

10. What causes photorespiration, and why is it a problem for plants? Briefly explain one
adaptation to avoid the problem of photorespiration. (5)

11. During photosynthesis, oxygen is created. Briefly describe this reaction, including its
location. (3)

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

Part B: Multiple-choice questions

Choose one answer only. Enter your choice into the form field below the question.
1. According to the first law of thermodynamics,
a. entropy will always increase
b. energy will not be created
c. potential energy will be transformed to kinetic energy
d. free energy will increase
e. potential energy will increase

2. In one of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate is transformed to citrate. When
this reaction is considered in isolation, a small amount of oxaloacetate remains unchanged.
The best term to explain this is
a. loss of energy
b. entropy
c. enthalpy
d. free energy
e. equilibrium

3. Which of the following situations is the best indication of whether a reaction is

spontaneous?
a. ΔG is negative.
b. ΔH is negative.
c. Entropy is increased.
d. ATP is required for the reaction to proceed.
e. Entropy is decreased.

4. Which of the following statements accurately describes what enzymes accomplish?

a. They decrease ΔG of a reaction.
b. They decrease ΔH of a reaction.
c. They decrease the activation energy of a reaction.
d. Both a and c are correct.
e. None of the above are correct.

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

5. Which of the following terms can be associated with feedback inhibition?
a. Active sites
b. Induced fitness
c. ATP cycle
d. Allosteric regulators
e. Free energy

6. Which of the following statements describes photosynthesis?

a. It is an anabolic reaction.
b. It is a catabolic reaction.
c. It occurs in the lysosomes.
d. It happens at the same location as cellular respiration.
e. None of the above is true.

7. Which of the following processes can occur in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
a. Chemiosmosis
b. Substrate level phosphorylation
c. Anaerobic respiration
d. Fluorescence
e. None of the above

8. Most reactions of anaerobic respiration are similar to

a. aerobic respiration
b. photosynthesis
c. lactic acid fermentation
d. alcoholic fermentation
e. both c and d

9. What happens in the absence of photosystem II?

a. Photosynthesis stops immediately.
b. Both ATP and NADPH are still produced.
c. Only ATP is produced.
d. Only NADPH is produced.
e. Light is reflected back as fluorescence.

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

10. Which of the following processes would you expect in facultative anaerobes?
a. Citric acid cycle
b. Lactic acid fermentation
c. Pyruvate oxidation
d. Glycolysis
e. All of the above

11. The source of energy for chemiosmosis is

a. ATP created by substrate level phosphorylation
b. ATP created in the citric acid cycle
c. a concentration difference between cytosol and the intermembrane space
d. a proton concentration difference between the intermembrane space and the
mitochondrial matrix
e. all of the above

12. The energy source for bioluminescence is

a. ATP
b. incoming light
c. NADPH
d. fermentation
e. NAD

13. Photorespiration occurs when

a. light reactions produce sufficient amounts of ATP
b. the concentration of oxygen is high
c. the concentration of carbon dioxide is high
d. the light level is below a critical threshold
e. there is a need to produce additional ATP

14. Which of the following statements is correct?

a. C4 plants completely avoid the Calvin cycle because they fix CO2 into a C4 compound.
b. CAM plants completely avoid the Calvin cycle because they fix CO2 into a C4 compound.
c. Both CAM plants and C4 plants completely avoid the Calvin cycle because they fix CO 2
into a C4 compound.
d. Both C4 plants and CAM plants eventually use the Calvin cycle.
e. None of the above statements is correct.

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

15. Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is NOT correct?
a. It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule.
b. It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration.
c. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway.
d. It uses glucose as a substrate.
e. Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway.

16. Which of the following is common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?
a. The Calvin cycle
b. Glycolysis
c. CO2 and O2 as end products
d. Thylakoids
e. Chemiosmosis

17. Which of the following terms can be associated with lactate fermentation?
a. NADPH
b. Glycolysis
c. Ethanol
d. Citric acid cycle
e. Electron transport chain

18. The high concentration of protons in the intermembrane space of mitochondria originates
from
a. glycolysis
b. pyruvate oxidation
c. reactions in the electron transport chain
d. synthesis of ATP
e. all of the above

19. Which of the following is common to both plastids and mitochondria?

a. They have DNA.
b. Inner and outer membranes
c. They are only found in eukaryotes.
d. Chemiosmosis
e. All of the above

Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B

20. Chemiosmosis occurs during
a. aerobic respiration
b. photosynthesis
c. photorespiration
d. the Calvin cycle
e. both a and b

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Biology 204: Principles of Biology I (Rev. C8) Assignment 2 B