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Explaining the
Rise of Populism and Fascism in the
21st Century B. S. Rabinowitz
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Defensive Nationalism
Defensive Nationalism
Explaining the Rise of Populism and Fascism in the
21st Century
B. S. RABINOWITZ
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rabinowitz, Beth, author.
Title: Defensive nationalism : explaining the rise of populism and fascism
in the 21st century / by B. S. Rabinowitz.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2023] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Contents: The concepts : populism, nationalism, fascism and nativism—
The synthesis: a new typology of nationalism—Karl Polanyi : theory & ambiguity—
Joseph Schumpeter : technology and the “double movement”—
The belle époque : railroads & telegraphy—The digital age : turbo jets & computers—
Economic reorganization & economic crises—Mass media & fake news—
Mass immigration & global terrorism—From globalization to the nation—
The turn inward : nativism & fascism—The concert of Europe—
The Bretton Woods era—Conclusion : using history as a guide.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022054630 (print) | LCCN 2022054631 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780197672044 (paperback) | ISBN 9780197672037 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780197672068 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Nationalism—History. | Populism—History. | Fascism—History.
Classification: LCC JC311 .R212 2023 (print) | LCC JC311 (ebook) |
DDC 320.54—dc23/eng/20230103
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022054630
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022054631
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197672037.001.0001
The book is dedicated to my father, Paul Rabinowitz, who
died much too early but whose devoted love and
intellectual curiosity has continued to guide me.
Contents
Acknowledgments
PART I THEORY
1. The Concepts: Populism, Nationalism, Fascism, and Nativism
2. The Synthesis: A New Typology of Nationalism
3. Karl Polanyi: Theory and Ambiguity
4. Joseph Schumpeter: Technology and the “Double Movement”
PART IV ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
10. From Globalization to the Nation
11. The Turn Inward: Nativism and Fascism
PART V POSTWAR PEACE
12. The Concert of Europe
13. The Bretton Woods Era
Conclusion: Using History as a Guide
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgments
Over the past two decades, talk show hosts, news pundits, academic
scholars, and editorial writers have been absorbed by the rise of
populism, nativism, and fascism in our times. Most present only one
piece of the puzzle, whether that be the relationship between
populism and nativism, or the similarity of right-wing movements
across the centuries, or populism’s connection to globalization. Often
these discussions are also partial in that they tend to focus on
radical politics, either of the right or the left, without explaining how
each relates to the other. This book seeks to connect the dots across
these various and sundry discourses.
The thesis of this book is that the only way to explain the fact
that parallel movements on both the right and the left are forming
across so many countries at the same time is that we are witnessing
a generalized response to structural changes in the global system.
Moreover, this response has occurred before. The turn of the
nineteenth century was a period characterized by similarly puzzling
dichotomies: unparalleled scientific and technological advances
produced economic and social interconnectivity across the globe that
was followed almost immediately by a dangerous inward turn toward
nationalism. Most surprising of all, this rejection of internationalism
was particularly strong among the most technologically and
economically advanced nations. Put simply, both were epochs of a
“double movement.”
But such an assertion leaves us with a critical question: What
does it mean to say, in effect, that “history is repeating itself”?
Obviously, history does not literally repeat itself. Every time period is
different from the one that preceded it. There has to be some kind
of reasonable analytic model that can guide such a reading of
history. So, the task here is to develop clearly specified guidelines for
comparing these turn-of-the-century periods. Accordingly, this book
takes a two-step approach. The first step is to clarify what the
theoretical basis could be for making such a large claim. The second
is to apply that theoretical model empirically to the two time periods.
Part I lays the analytic groundwork for the historical analysis that
follows. In the four chapters that make up this section of the book,
existing concepts and theories are contrasted and synthesized to
produce a workable model that can be used to study the “double
movement” in different time periods. Chapter One provides the
foundation for this endeavor, by introducing key aspects of the
concepts being investigated, namely nationalism, populism, fascism,
and nativism. The chapter examines how these four discourses
converge as well as where they depart from one another. Chapter
Two builds upon these existing categories by presenting a new
typology that organizes elements of these four concepts into novel
categories of nationalism: creative, consolidating, and defensive
nationalism. The chapter ends with a more extensive discussion of
right- and left-wing versions of defensive nationalism.
Having established the foundation that lies behind the construct
of defensive nationalism, the next two chapters describe critical
elements of Polanyi’s and Schumpeter’s theories. The deeper
examination of these theories is undertaken to explain how they will
be amalgamated into a coherent analytic model. Chapter Three
discusses in greater detail the theoretical construct of the “double
movement.” The chapter commences with an exploration of Polanyi’s
theory and then discusses the limitations inherent in it as well as the
challenges of applying the “double movement” to a different period.
Chapter Four surveys key aspects of Schumpeter’s theory of
technology and explains how it can be combined with Polanyi’s
concepts to overcome some of these constraints. The chapter ends
by explaining why “defensive nationalism” provides a valuable tool
for applying this combined theoretical model of historical change to
both time periods.
1
The Concepts
Populism, Nationalism, Fascism, and Nativism