SHS

Applied Subject

English for Academic and

Professional Purposes

Quarter 1
Module 2: Text Structure
English for Academic and Professional Purposes- SHS (Applied Subject)
Quarter 1- Module 2: Text Structure

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency
or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment
of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module

Compiler: John Bill M. Caballero, TI, Basak Community High School

Editors: Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS, North District 7

Rex C. Ebarle, MT1, Cebu City National Science High School
Gina M. Panes, TIII, Cebu City National Science High School
Dennis Jay L. Tecson, TII, Alaska Night High School

Management Team:

Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Danilo G. Gudelosao, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Grecia F. Bataluna, Curriculum Implementation Division Chief
Norman R. Gabales, EPSvr-English
Vanessa L. Harayo, EPSvr-LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education, Cebu City Division, Region Office VII
Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telefax: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph
 SHS
Applied Subject

English for Academic and

Professional Purposes

Quarter 1
Module 2: Text Structure
 Day 1

Pretest

Directions: Read the questions carefully and encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. This refers to the organization of the text.

A. Text B. Text structure C. Text Organization D. None of them

2. What does IMRaD mean?

A. Introduction, Motivation, Result and Discussion
B. Interpellation, Method, Reorientation and Dissemination
C. Introduction, Method, Result and Discussion
D. Interpolation, Messaging, Reorganization and Dissemination

3. It is a section of IMRaD which describes the procedure in conducting a study.

A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

4. It is a section of IMRaD which shows the interpretation and analysis of the

gathered data in the study.
A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

5. A three-part essay structure which provides a list of steps in achieving a task.

A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and effect D. Problem and solutions

6. A three-part essay structure which describes a topic in a very detailed manner.

A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and effect D. Problem and solutions

7. A three-part essay structure which explains the source and impact of a

phenomenon.
A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and effect D. Problem and solutions

8. Which information is/are necessary for the introduction of a three-part essay

structure?
A. Introduce your topic C. Catch your reader’s interest
B. Provide a thesis statement D. All of them
 9. Which title can be used to develop a problem-solution structure?
A. How Soda Attacks the Body
B. The Facts of Racial Discrimination
C. Common Mental Health Issues and Possible Remedies
D. Both A and B

10. Which title can be best used for a comparison and contrast essay?
A. The Sudden Rise of Nike
B. The Battle of the Budget Phones: Huawei Y6 or Samsung A10
C. Penshoppe versus H & M: Which Fits with the Trend?
D. Both B and C

11. Identify the three-part structure that will best explain the title below.
Title: The Harm of Making Money to Philippines’ Endangered Animals
A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Comparison/ Contrast D. Cause-and-Effect

{Refer to the passage below for items 12-15}

(1)
Phobias are fears that are out of proportion to the actual dangers in given situations. (2) For
example, some people may have phobia about elevators. (3) They worry what if they enter an
elevator, the cable will break, and they will fall hundreds of feet to their death. (4) While such
an accident can happen, it is extremely rare. (5) Another instance of a phobia is a fear of
medical needles. (6) Some people will refuse to receive an injection, even if they are seriously
ill. (7) They fear the pain of the needle or the possibility that it might not be sterile, even if in
the doctor’s office.

12. What is the structure of the passage?

A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Comparison/ Contrast D. Cause-and-Effect

13. What is the topic presented in the passage?

A. Phobia C. Medical needles
B. Fears that are out of proportion D. Phobia about elevators
14. Which sentences give the examples of phobias?
A. Sentences 2 and 5 C. Sentences 3 and 7
B. Sentences 2 and 4 C. Sentences 3 and 6

15. What idea is conveyed in the passage?

A. A person may stop his or her own phobia by knowing oneself.
B. Phobia is an inevitable instance that no individual can control.
C. Phobias may be in a form of fear of elevators, and medical needles.
D. A person can stop his or her fears by acknowledging and accepting what are his
or her own fears first.
 Text
Structure
What I Need to Know
After completing this module, you are expected to:

➢ define text structure;

➢ identify the two common types of structuring text; and
➢ provide necessary information of the topic by looking into the expository
text structure.

What’s In

Directions: Study the questions below and answer them based on what you
learned from the previous module.

1. What language is used in the academe/school?

___________________________________________________________

2. Among the features of academic language, which of them for you should
not be missed out in writing a text/passage? Justify your answers.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What will best distinguish academic language from social language?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Day 2

What’s New

Text Structure
Text structure refers to how the text is organized. For example, a text might present a
main idea and then details, a cause and then its effects, two different views of a topic,
and any other forms. Recognizing common text structures found in expository texts
can help students monitor their comprehension. Attempting to identify the text
structure early in the reading of a new text encourages the reader to question how
subsequent sections of the text fit into the identified text structure (National Education
Association, 2019).

Structures of a Text

Three-part essay IMRaD Structure

Comparison-
Descriptive Cause-effect contrast
Order/sequence Problem -Solution

General Structure of a Text

The structure of your writing depends on the type of assignment, but two common
structures used in academic writing are the IMRaD structure and the three-part
essay structure.
▪ IMRaD Structure
The sections of the IMRaD structure are Introduction, Methods, Results and
Discussion.
 Introduction. In this section, the main problem of the study is
introduced. Additionally, it also includes important ideas of authors
with the same problem being conducted. Moreover, the setting and the
aims of the study is also elaborated in this part.
Method. In this section, you describe how you have conducted your
study. This is where you present your material and your research as
well as any previous research and background material. You describe
what method or methods you have used and how you have come up
with your results. You may also explain why you have chosen a
particular method. However, you should be aware that there can be
differences between disciplines in the contents and structure of this
section.
Results. In this section, you report the results of your research.
Usually the results are not discussed or analyzed in this section, but
you may have to explain some of your findings to avoid
misunderstandings.
Discussion. This section should be the most substantial section of the
entire paper. You should interpret, analyze, and discuss your results
here comprehensively. To achieve such, you may compare your
results to previous researches.
Sometimes papers that use the IMRaD structure will have a separate
conclusion and sometimes the conclusion will be merged with the discussion.
Be sure to check with your instructor what is expected of you.

▪ Three-Part Essay Structure

The three-part essay structure is a basic structure that consists of
introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction and the conclusion
should be shorter than the body of the text. For shorter essays, one or two
paragraphs for each of these sections can be appropriate. For longer texts or
theses, they may be several pages long.
Parts of a three-part essay structure and its elements:
Introduction. Your introduction should include the following points (be
aware that not all points may be relevant for your project):

• Introduce your topic

• Place your topic in a context
• Provide background information
• Point out the aim of the text
• Describe how you will fulfill the aim
• Provide a thesis statement or research question
 • Suggest what your findings are
• Explain why your topic is interesting, necessary, or important
• Give the reader a guide to the text
• Catch your reader’s interest

The statements you make in the introduction are to be developed in

the body of the text and returned to in the conclusion.
You may write the introduction at the beginning or at the end of the
writing process. If you write it early in the process it can serve as a
guide to your own writing, but be aware that you most likely will have
to go back to it and edit it as the writing progresses.
Body. This is the main section of your text and it should also be the
longest. Depending on the length of the text, the body may be divided
into sub-sections. If your text is divided into sub-sections, remember
to briefly introduce each section. For longer works you may also need
to conclude sections.
The body of the text is where you as a writer and researcher are the
most active. It is the most substantial part of the text; this is where the
research or findings are presented, discussed and analyzed. This is
also where you present your arguments that support your thesis or
answer your question. The structure and contents of this main part may
differ depending on your discipline.
Conclusion. In the conclusion you should return to the thesis or
problem that you presented in the introduction. But be careful to not
merely repeat what you wrote in the introduction; instead, show your
reader how what you have written sheds new light on the problem
presented at the beginning. For longer works, a summary of your
findings may be in place, but this should not be necessary for shorter
texts. Be careful that your conclusion is not just a repetition of what
you have already written. In your conclusion, you may also evaluate
and explain whether you have reached the aim or solved the problem
presented in the introduction, and how. No new material should be
introduced in the conclusion, but it is quite common to suggest topics
for further studies.
When we read fiction novels, we are taking in narrative text. This type of text
tells a story and generally uses a lot of emotion. The opposite of this
is expository text, which exists to provide facts in a way that is educational and
purposeful. The text is fact-based with the purpose of exposing the truth through
a reliable source. True and deliberate expository text will focus on educating its
 reader. Other descriptors of exposition are clear, concise, and organized
writing. Expository text gets to the point quickly and efficiently.

Under three-part structure of expository texts, these are the common example
structures:
Descriptive
A descriptive structure exemplified as an essay describes a topic in detail. It could be
an event, a person, or an idea. Your task is to bring in all the senses to describe it, in
order to paint as vivid a picture as possible.
This structure resembles an outline. Each section opens with its main idea, then
elaborates on it, sometimes dividing the elaboration into subsections.
An essay may:
• describe whales
• describe what the geography is like in a particular region.
• Describe what it's like living in another country.
• Describe the idea of freedom.
• Describe a normal day at your school.
Signal words:
• For example
• for instance
• specifically
• in particular
• in addition
Cause and Effect
Cause and Effect is a common way to organize information in a text. This structure
explains the reasons why something happened or the effects of something. In addition,
it is generally used in expository and persuasive writing modes.
To put it another way: when an author gives reasons why something happened, he or
she is explaining what caused an effect (reasons are causes and the thing that
happens is the effect). Also, when a writer explains the results of an action, he or she
is explaining the effects of a cause (results are effects and the thing that occurs is
the cause). The cause and effect text structure is used so commonly that you have
probably written a paragraph using it and not noticed.
Example:
Many people think that they can get sick by going into cold weather improperly
dressed; however, illnesses are not caused by temperature- they are caused by
germs. So while shivering outside in the cold probably won’t strengthen your immune
system, you’re more likely to contract an illness indoors because you will have a
greater exposure to germs.
In the above example, the paragraph explains how germs cause illnesses. The germs
are the cause in the paragraph and the illness is the effect.

Signal words:
• Consequently
• Therefore
• As a result
• Thereby
• Leads to
Comparison and Contrast

Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar, while contrast in writing
discusses elements that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then, analyzes
two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both.

The key to a good compare-and-contrast essay is to choose two or more subjects that
connect in a meaningful way. The purpose of conducting the comparison or contrast
is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities. For example, if you wanted to focus on contrasting two subjects you would
not pick apples and oranges; rather, you might choose to compare and contrast two
types of oranges or two types of apples to highlight subtle differences.

Examples:

Writers may compare and contrast the following topics:

• 2019-2020 learning environment vs 2020-2021 learning environment

• Street language vs Formal language
• Computation through Excel vs Other Software in Mathematics
• Jazz vs Hip-hop
Signal words:
Comparison:
Like, in comparison, similar to, one similarity, both, likewise, similarly, in a
similar fashion
 Contrast:
However, unlike, by contrast, yet, although, whereas, different from, one
difference, conversely, while
Order/ Sequence
This text structure gives readers a chronology of events or a list of steps in a
procedure.
Example:
An essay about People Power Revolution takes readers to the sequence of
happenings in the featured events. Other example can be steps involved in harvesting
coffee beans from a farmer’s perspective.
Signal words:
Next, first, last, second, another, then, additionally
Problem-Solution
Authors sometimes organize their writing by problem and solution. The author will
present a problem that needs to be solved. A problem can be between individuals or
groups, or it might be with something that is going on in the world. A problem might
even occur with just one person. Identifying the problem and solution will help you
understand the text better.
Examples:
• Introduce problem about cyberbullying and several solutions
• Introduce several problems in doing oral presentation and several solutions
• Introduce several problems about computer and a single solution
Signal words:
• Propose
• Solution
• Answer
• Issue
• Problem
• Problematic
• Remedy
• Prevention
• Fix
 What I can do

Direction: Supply the illustration with the information discussed previously. (10 points)

Text Structure

1. Description:
_________
____________________
____________________

Three-part essay 2. ________________

________________

3. Description:
Description: Its structure contains
________________________
the Introduction, Methods,
________________________ Results and Discussion.
________________________

5. Description:
4.
_________________________________________
_______________________
___________________________________________

Cause-effect Structure 6. Description:

_________________________________________
___________________________________________

7. Description: This essay analyzes two subjects by

_______________________ comparing them, contrasting them, or both.

9. Description:
8.
__________________________________________
_______________________
___________________________________________

Problem-Solution Structure 10. Description:

___________________________________________
___________________________________________
 What I have Learned

Direction: Complete the text below.

One will have a worthwhile understanding of a text through its _____________. The
structure can be accordingly presented using ___________ and three-part essay
structure.

Day 3

What’s More
I. Directions: Complete the organizer below by recalling any description on love. Write
your answers in complete sentences.

Love
II. Directions: Think of any human activity which is proven harmful for our
environment. Then, enumerate five of its effects. Write your answers in
complete sentences.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

III. Directions: Write the similarities and differences of the two famous singers in
Hollywood. Write your answers in complete sentences.

Bruno Mars Michael Jackson

1. _____________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
1. _____________________
2. ______________________
3. ______________________
4. ______________________
5. ______________________
IV. Directions: Think of a favorite dish you love to cook, then, provide the steps in
doing it. Write your answers in complete sentences.

Dish:
1st:

2nd:

3rd:

4th:

5th:

6th:

7th:

V. Directions: Complete the graphic organizer below by providing your proposed

solutions in minimizing violence against women. Write your answers in
complete sentences.

Violence against
Women
 Day 4

Post Test

Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, write the CAPITAL LETTER of the
correct answer for each item. Label your paper as Post Test- Module 2
in EAPP.

1. This helps to clearly understand the topic because the information is arranged
accordingly.
A. Text Analysis B. Text structure C. Text Glitches D. None of them

2. It is a section in IMRaD where topic/phenomenon is revealed to the readers.

A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

3. It is a section in IMRaD where the writer cites previous findings to deepen further
the results of the study.
A. Discussion B. Introduction C. Method D. Results

4. It is the basic structure of a text that consists of introduction, body, and

conclusion.
A. IMRaD Structure C. ADDIE Model
B. Three-part essay structure D. None of them

5. A three-part essay structure which shows a procedure in doing a certain activity.

A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and effect D. Problem and Solutions

6. A three-part essay structure that analyzes two subjects by comparing them,

contrasting them, or by doing both.
A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and Effect D. Comparison/Contrast

7. A three-part essay structure that presents both the problem source and its
consequences.
A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and Effect D. Comparison/Contrast

8. Which one shows the exact arrangement of IMRaD?

A. Introduction-Results-Method-Discussion
B. Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion
C. Introduction-Discussion-Results-Method
 D. None of them
9.Which of the following is not included in the introduction of a three-part essay
structure?
A. Introduce your topic
B. Provide a thesis statement
C.Discuss thoroughly the salient arguments/points about the topic
C.Catch your reader’s interest

10. What structure will best explain the title below?

Title: The Timeline of People Power Revolution in the Philippines
A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Cause and effect D. Comparison/Contrast

11. Which title below is best for a descriptive structure?

A. All You Need to Know about Drones
B. How to Train a Dog with Basic Tricks?
C. Generation X and Z: Who is Healthier?
D. None of the above

{Refer to the text for numbers 12-15}

1
To improve your memory for names and faces, take the following steps. 2First, listen
carefully for a person’s name when he or she is introduced to you. 3Then, repeat that
person’s name and look at him or her directly in the eyes when responding to the
introduction. 4For example, you might say, ‘Glad to meet you Gary’. If you then have a
chance to speak to the person in conversation, repeat the person’s name and make plenty
of eye contact. 5Next, use the name again and look directly at the person when saying
goodbye. 6Finally, test your memory by repeating the name several times to yourself and
by visualizing the person’s face in the hour after your meeting.

12.What is the main subject of the text?

A. Exercise B. Mental Wellness C. Memory enhancement D. Both A and C

13. What structure is used in the text?

A. Descriptive C. Order/ Sequence
B. Comparison/ Contrast D. Cause-and-Effect

14. What sentence discloses the subject of the text?

A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 3 D. Sentence 6

15. What general idea is expressed from the text?

A. Exercising our memory greatly improve its function.
B. Memory easily forgets necessary information as age grows.
C. Using our memory can create trouble during adulthood stage.
D. None of the above
Pretest
1. B.
2. C.
3. A.
4. C.
5. A.
6. C.
7. B.
8. D.
9. C.
10. D.
11. D.
12. A.
13. A.
14. A.
15. C.
What I have Learned
1. Structure
2. IMRaD
Note: Answers from the other activities may vary.
Answer Key
References

Boom Essays. How-to, Structure, Examples, Topics. Boomessays.com/blog.

June 12, 2020.https://boomessays.com/blog/how-write-descriptive
essay#:~:text=picture%20as%20possible.,Descriptive%20Essay%20Structure,%2C
%20though%2C%20thoroughly%20and%20easily.&text=The%20first%20paragraph
%20can%20focus,the%20environment%20surrounding%20the%20topic.
E Reading Worksheets. Ereadingworksheets.
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/patterns-of-organization/cause-
andeffect/#:~:text=Cause%20and%20effect%20is%20a,or%20the%20effects%20of
%20something.&text=The%20cause%20and%20effect%20text,expository%20and%
20persuasive%20writing%20modes.
Lumen. Compare/Contrast Essays. Courses. Lumenlearning. July 1,
2020.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl111/chapter/comparecontrast-
essays/#:~:text=Comparison%20in%20writing%20discusses%20elements,%2C%20
contrasting%20them%2C%20or%20both.
National Education Association. Using Text Structure. nea.org. July 3, 2020.
Available at: http://www.nea.org/tools/using-text
structure.html#:~:text=Text%20structure%20refers%20to%20how,views%20of%20a
%20topic%2C%20etc.
The McGraw-Hilll Companies. Part 2 Reading: Informational Text.
Mhschool.com. June 19, 2020. Available at:
https://mhschool.com/lead_21/grade4/ccslh_g4_ri_2_2c_l4.html#:~:text=Problem%2
0and%20Solution%20Text%20Structure,going%20on%20in%20the%20world.
The University Library. The Structure of Academic Text. lnu.se. June 29,
2020. Available at: https://lnu.se/en/library/Writing-and-referencing/the-structure-of-
academictexts/#:~:text=The%20three%2Dpart%20essay%20structure%20is%20a%
20basic%20structure%20that,these%20sections%20can%20be%20appropriate.