HVAC

UNIT -2

GROUP MEMBERS
KEZIYA C. MATHEW
NEHA SINGH
SHIVANI KUMAR
Table of contents
01 04 07
AIR COOLED
COMPRESSORS FAN COIL UNIT
CONDENSER

02 05 08
WATER COOLED
COOLING TOWERS PUMPS
CONDENSER

03 06
HOT WATER
AHU
GENERATOR
Compressors
Introduction
Compressors are mechanical devices
whose purpose is to pressurize gases
just as Pumps are used to pressurize
liquids and transport them through
pipes. Since gases are compressible in
nature, the effect of the compressor is
also that the volume of the gases gets
reduced.
 Types of compressor
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSORS
● Positive displacement compressors
have mechanical parts which draw
in gas in steps of discrete volume
from the inlet of the compressor.
This action reduces the volume of
the gas, increases the pressure of
the gas and discharges the gas
from the outlet of the compressor.
● Positive displacement compressors
are divided into two types-Rotary
type and Reciprocating type.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
● The defining feature of the
Dynamic Compressors is that they
contain rapidly rotating blades. The
movement of these rapidly rotating
blades draw in gases and
compresses them inside the
compressor.
● Dynamic compressors are
generally used for large scale
operations.
● Types of dynamic compressors are
Centrifugal Compressors and Axial
Compressors
 Types of compressor
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSORS
● Rotary types of positive
displacement
compressors contain
some rotating
mechanism which helps
to draw in the gas and
also to discharge it. Some
examples of Rotary type
of compressors are
Rotary Screw
Compressor, Rotary Vane
Compressor and Scroll
Compressor
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
● Centrifugal compressors
contain impeller. The impeller
rotating at very high speed
sucks in gas and accelerates it
to such high velocities that in
some cases the velocity of the
moving gas reaches the speed
of the sound. Before such high
velocity gas is discharged it is
passed through a section of
increased area. This causes the
kinetic energy of the moving
gas to get converted into static
energy.
 Types of compressor
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
COMPRESSORS
● Reciprocating positive
displacement compressors
contain an assembly of
piston and crankshaft. The
purpose of the assembly is
that when the gas is sucked
inside the compressor the
crankshaft mechanism will
produce a reciprocating
motion and will move the
piston in order to compress
the gas.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
● Axial compressors contain
a set of airfoils which are
stacked in a row. Usually
one air foil rotates and the
airfoil next to it remains
stationary. The rotating
movement of the airfoils
progressively compress
the gas. They are able to
achieve high flow rates in
compact design, due to
this feature they turn out
to be quite expensive
Cooling
towers
 Introduction
● A cooling tower is designed to remove
heat from a building or facility by
spraying water down through the
tower to exchange heat into the inside
of the building.
● Aside from evaporative cooling, water
is also cooled by sensible heat transfer
due to the temperature difference
between air and water. Cooling towers
are basically heat exchangers, but
instead of the usual
conduction-convection of shell and
tube or plate heat exchangers, it
generates cooling by bringing water
and air into contact.
 Working Principle
● Air comes in from the sides of the tower
and passes through the falling water.
● As the air passes through the water, heat is
exchanged and some of the water
evaporates.
● This heat and evaporated water flow out
the top of the tower in the form of a fine
cloud-like mist.
● The cooled water is collected at the
bottom of the tower and pumped back
into the plant or building for reuse.
● Cooling towers provide large scale
air-conditioning where land and (or) water
are expensive, or regulations prohibit the
return of once-through cooling waters .
Types of Cooling Towers
Air
Handling
Unit
 Introduction
● Air handling unit is sometimes abbreviated as “AHU.”
● As the name implies, an air handling unit is a piece
of equipment that handles air. Its internal structure
is very simple.
● The air handling unit (AHU) is the heart of central air
conditioning. It collects outside air and room air,
removes dust and other particles from the collected
air, adjusts the temperature and humidity and then
supplies comfortable and refreshing air-conditioned
air into the rooms through ducts.
 Working Principle
It takes fresh air from outside and then has the ability
to treat it in a number of ways:
● clean it
● heat it
● cool it
● humidify it
● dehumidify it
The treated air is then forced from the AHU, through
the ductwork to designated areas of the building,
known as 'zones'.
The decision whether to heat or cool the air
depends on the temperature of the air drawn into the
AHU and the desired temperatures of the air in the
zones of the building.
 Working Principle
Once the treated air has
been delivered to the zones,
the dirty air is then
removed from each zone,
fed back through the
ductwork to the AHU. It is
then either ejected to the
atmosphere, or in some
cases, fed back into the
system to improve efficiency.
 Types of AHU
SINGLE ZONE SYSTEM MULTI ZONE SYSTEM

● A single duct feeding from ● Individual

the AHU, supplies the whole ducts run
building. The duct branches form the AHU
out to feed each individual and feeds
zone as it passes through the each
building. zone/room.
● A limitation of this system is ● Requires more
the requirement that every
work but each
one/room must be of the
same temperature.
zone
temperature
can be
controlled
individually
Parts of AHU
FAN COIL
UNIT
 Introduction
● A fan coil unit is a relatively small
piece of equipment that consists
of a fan, a coil, and other
components, that are used to
cool or heat the air re-circulating
within a room. Some will also add
fresh air to the space.
● The units are quite common and
can be found in most
commercial or residential
applications.
 Types of Fan coil Unit
2 PIPE SYSTEM

A 2 pipe system is the most basic form of design and installation, and hte unit will have 3
possible configurations.

COOLING ONLY
● A cooling-only unit will only be supplied
by chilled water to the coil, and these
are usually found installed in spaces
where no heating is required throughout
the year.
● Usually found in hotter climates and
small computer/server rooms.
 Types of Fan coil Unit
2 PIPE SYSTEM

HEATING ONLY
● Similar to the cooling-only system, the unit will be only supplied by hot
water to the coil, and these are usually found installed in spaces where no
cooling is required throughout the year.
● Usually found in colder climates.

COOLING OR HEATING
● The cooling or heating option is entirely dependent on the time of year, in the
summer, the central chilled water system will feed the 2 pipe systems and coil, whilst
in the winter, it will switch over and be fed by the central heating system.
● This is useful if the changes between seasons are short, allowing a clean change
over.
 4 PIPE SYSTEM

The four [4] pipe system uses two [2] coils in

the FCU, one for cooling and one for
heating. There are obvious benefits to using
this system in that there are no
changeovers required between seasons,
and the system will automatically manage
the space temperatures as required.
Pumps
 Introduction
Pumps are the heart of many HVAC systems, providing the
energy needed to move water and other fluid through piping,
fittings and equipment. When selecting a pump for a HVAC
application, there are a number of factors to be considered such as
operating expenses, energy costs, system reliability and longevity.

There are two types of systems in which pumps can be

installed: closed-loop systems and open-loop systems.
● In the HVAC industry, closed loops are systems in which
the static elevation is not accounted for in head pressure
calculations. Chilled water and heating hot water systems
are typically closed-loop systems.
● An open-loop system is defined by the system having a
pipe that is open to the atmosphere. Pumping systems
associated with cooling towers are considered to be
open-loop systems in that the spray nozzles at the top of
the tower are open to the atmosphere.
 Types of Pumps
Circulator pumps End suction pumps

End suction pumps have a

They are typically used
casing with the suction on
in low pressure,
one end and the
low-capacity systems,
discharge at the top. They
and are designed to
are usually single stage
circulate water through
and can either be close or
a closed system where
flexible coupled. A
the fluid runs in a loop
close-coupled pump has
between the discharge
the impeller directly
line and the suction
mounted to the motor
without ever being
shaft, while a
exposed to atmospheric
flexible-coupled pump has
pressure.
the impeller and the
motor shaft separated by a
flexible coupling.
 Types of Pumps
Split case pumps Vertical in-line

They can be either single or double

They are flexible suction, are close coupled, and the
coupled, with the
pump and motor are directly
assembly mounted
to a baseplate. Pump mounted on the pump casing.These
suction and pumps are typically mounted and
discharge are supported by the piping system,
arranged in the ensuring they have a small site
horizontal direction footprint, but for larger capacity
and are versions, the pump assembly may
perpendicular to the
have a base for floor mounting. Inertia
shaft.
bases are usually installed to reduce
vibration from the rotating parts
within the pump.
Hot water
Generator
Introduction
● Hot water generators are machines
that are used to heat the water
effectively and quickly .
Calculation for hot water generation
capacity
● KW input = GPH X Temperature Rise
(deg F) X 8.33 (Lb/GALLON) / (
Thermal Efficiency X 3412 BTU /KW)
● Using equations for for swimming
pools
- KW input = ( length X width X
average depth X 7.5) X Factor/3412
 Working Principle
Hot water generator
works by using gases/
steam produced inside
an area and and
channeling it into water
- storage equipment to
heat the water .
The transfer of heat
increases the
temperature of the
water and heats it .
 Advantages
● Fully automatic unit
● Trouble free operation
● Outside the purview of IBR.
● High system efficiency
● The minimum site works and ease
of installation
● Can operate on the variety of fuels
as per local availability

.
Air Cooled
Condenser
 Introduction
● An air cooled condenser
(ACC) is a direct dry
cooling system where
steam is condensed inside
air-cooled finned tubes.
● The cool ambient air flow
outside the finned tubes
is what removes heat and
defines the functionality
of an ACC.
 ACC installation includes:-
● The supporting structure
The steam ducting from the steam
turbine interface
● Heat exchangers, finned tubes, fans,
motors, gearboxes, and auxiliaries such
as the condensate and drain pumps
● Condensate and duct drain tanks,
● The air evacuation units
● Related piping works and
instrumentation
.
 Working
● In ACC , the condensate(steam ,
refrigerants,etc) usually flow through steel,
copper,or aluminium tubing .
● High conducting tube is used for most of the
application.
● In ammonia corrodes the copper.
● Condenser tubing may have multi - rows of
tubes instead of one.
● However , more than eight rows are not
common , because they are not efficient .
● Plate type fins are attached to tubes to
increase surface area for heat transfer.
● Fins are give adequate spacing between
them to avoid clogging .
● Aluminium is the common metal for fin,
because of its lightweight.
 Classification of ACC
Natural Convection ACC Forced Convection ACC

● Air over the condenser tubes is forcibly

● Movement of air is by natural
replaced by using fans.
convection.
● This process is quickly replaces warm air
● The cold air passes over the warm
and the increase condenser capacity.
condenser tube and absorbs heat
● Advantages - increase heat transfer
from it.
capacity.
● The temperature of air slowly
● Disadvantages -require high power fan to
increase, and hence the density of
force the air ,it is power consuming
air decreases.
● Application - condensing of steam in large
● Advantages -No fan used
plant
● Disadvantages- slow process
● a)Base mounted ACC -Fan is mounted on
● Application - Domestic
the same base of compressor , etc
Refrigerator,Air conditioner
b) Remote ACC- away from the base , may
be outside or inside the building
 Advantages Disadvantages
● Complete elimination of ● Lower cycle efficiency
CW pumps and CW piping arising out of lower vacuum
● Clarified water makeup is (higher pressure) in
not required condenser
● Cooling tower vapor plume ● Requires a vast area for
is eliminated installation of ACC
● No problems resulting from ● higher noise levels
cooling tower blow-down ● higher operating cost
problems.
Water Cooled
Condenser
 Introduction
● It is a technical heat exchanger used
to remove heat from the refrigerant
vapor and transfer it to the water
running inside the tube.
● The system operates through
networks of water coils that are used
to transfer heat from the condenser
coils. These systems usually work in
conjunction with cooling towers to
dissipate heat.
 Working
● This type of condenser has been developed
to transfer heat from the working fluid to
the secondary fluid. Vapour normally enters
the condenser at a temperature above the
temperature of the secondary fluid.
● When the vapor cools, it reaches saturation
temperature, condenses into a liquid, and
releases a large amount of latent heat; As a
result, the vapor content decreases and the
liquid volume increases; Whereas only liquid
will remain at the outlet of the condenser.
 Types of WCC
Shell & coil WCC Tube Within Tube WCC Shell & Tube WCC

● A shell condenser is a steel ● One tube is placed

tank with a copper tube inside the other in ● In this type of
inserted into the shell. such a way that the condenser, the
water flowing number of straight
● As water flows through
through the inner water tubes is
tubings, it condenses the
tube cools the surrounded by a
hot gases into a fluid, and
refrigerant in the large cylindrical
the lower part of the shell
outer tube. shell. The shell can
receives the fluid.
● This condenser can be with or without
● Advantages-The compact
be constructed fins.
design and the elimination
either in a cylindrical ● Common materials
of fans. Since the coils are
spiral or in a for shells are steel
completely surrounded by
rectangular style. and copper.
steels shell, mechanical
cleaning of such coils is
nearly impossible.
 Advantages Disadvantages
● Using water as a cooling
● Where there is a restriction for an
medium can lead to
air-cooled condenser, a
corrosion problems.
water-cooled condenser is an ideal
● The use of water as a
replacement.
cooling medium can lead
● The thermal energy used in other
to a build-up of scales in
heating processes is recovery.
the supply line.
● This type of condenser can be
placed indoors.
● A water-cooled system usually lasts
for years, assuming maintenance is
not neglected.
● Its heat transfer rate is high.

.
 Advantages Disadvantages
● It consumes very little overall energy,
● Due to the scarcity of
which can lead to savings on energy cost
freshwater around the
& consumption
world, few countries can
● It does not require any external power.
afford to use wastewater.
● Since water coolings are more efficient
● Using a water tank makes
than air cooling, the time required for
the system heavy, which
cooling is less.
results in problems during
● The length of the condenser pipe is
home use.
reduced, thereby reducing the work of
the compressor and thus increasing its
efficiency.
● With the inclusion of these condensers,
the net load of the system increases.
THANKYOU