Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16

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Optics and Lasers in Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optlaseng

Improvement on measurement accuracy of high-temperature DIC

by grayscale-average technique
Yun Quan Su, Xue Feng Yao n, Shen Wang, Yin Ji Ma n
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Lab, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, an effective grayscale-average technique is proposed to minimize the thermal disturbance
Received 7 January 2015 in digital image correlation (DIC) measurement method under high-temperature atmosphere environ-
Received in revised form ment. First, both the grayscale-average technique and the simulated high-temperature speckle image are
10 May 2015
developed to investigate the influences of thermal disturbance on DIC method under high-temperature
Accepted 7 June 2015
environment. Second, a high-temperature DIC experiment has been performed to verify the validity of
the proposed grayscale-average technique. Finally, the displacement fields and average thermal strains
Keywords: of several temperature conditions are extracted from the simulated speckle images and the experimental
High-temperature images, also the effects of the image number and the temperature in the grayscale-average technique are
DIC
analyzed. The results will provide a new method for improving the measurement accuracy in DIC full-
Grayscale-average
field deformation measurement under high-temperature atmosphere environment.
Thermal disturbance
Full-field deformation measurement & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In view of the complexity of high temperature environments
[1] and the measurement difficulty of high temperature deforma-
tion and mechanical properties [2], high temperature non-contact
measurement method is not only an important research problem
but also a difficult experimental technology in evaluating high
temperature properties and characterizing high temperature
deformation for high temperature materials and structures such
as nose cone, hot components of aero-engine, leading edge of
airfoil and so on. Digital image correlation (DIC) method [3–8] has
been commonly accepted and widely used for full-field deforma-
tion measurement under high-temperature environment with
prominent advantages of simple optical set-up, adjustable spatial
resolution and low requirement on experimental environment [9].
However, the thermal radiation and thermal disturbance under
high temperature will significantly affect the image fidelity and
make the correlation calculation inaccurate for deformation ana-
lysis due to the massive variation in image brightness and
apparent distortions in image feature. Therefore, the grayscale
quality of high temperature images is a very important factor for
evaluating the deformation information and mechanical response
with high accuracy in non-contact optical measurement.
Both the basic principle and the measurement application on
DIC method under high-temperature environment have been
n
Corresponding authors. Tel.: þ 86 10 62771546.
E-mail addresses: yxf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (X.F. Yao),
mayinji@gmail.com (Y.J. Ma).
widely investigated. Lyons et al. [10] observed the intense decorr-
elation effect due to thermal radiation caused by the test sample,
which made the correlated calculation become invalid for the
measurement of full-field deformation of Inconel 718 superalloy
specimen at elevated temperatures 650 1C. Pan Bing et al. [11]
calculated the coefficient of thermal expansions (CTEs) in x- and y-
directions based on the average thermal strains which are extracted
from the thermal deformation fields of PI/SiO2 composite films at
different temperatures. Li et al. [12] obtained the thermal strains of
aluminum specimen at elevated temperature by combining DIC
method with scanning electron microscope for minimizing the
effect of drift and spatial distortion of deformation images. Grant
et al. [13] extracted high temperature images by suppressing black-
body radiation through the use of filters and blue illumination in
DIC measurement without the use of surface markers or speckles.
Novak et al. [14] obtained the full-field strain mapping of C/SiC
composite in a laser test facility at 1500 1C using DIC technique
based on some optical treatments about illumination, heat haze and
surface contrast. Obviously, both thermal radiation and thermal
disturbance are two main challenges for DIC measuring method
under high-temperature atmosphere environment, which strongly
affect the high temperature image quality and deformation mea-
surement accuracy. The thermal radiation can be efficaciously
eliminated by means of bandpass filter and blue illumination.
However, the method for eliminating the thermal disturbance has
rarely been investigated and reported so far.
In this paper, the grayscale-average technique is proposed to
investigate and eliminate the thermal disturbance effect on
measurement accuracy in DIC method under high-temperature

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.06.003
0143-8166/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16 11

atmosphere environment. Also the zero-mean normalized cross After processing M images using the grayscale-average techni-
correlation (ZNCC) criterion is adopted to evaluate the accuracy que, the grayscale intensity at coordinate ðx; yÞ can be given by
and reliability of DIC calculating results. Finally, the effects of
image number and temperature in grayscale-average technique 1 X
M
1 X
M
1 X
M
gðx; yÞ ¼ g ðx; yÞ ¼ ðf ðx; yÞ þr i ðx; yÞÞ ¼ f ðx; yÞ þ r ðx; yÞ
are analyzed based on the ZNCC criterion. Mi¼1 i Mi¼1 Mi¼1 i
ð4Þ
Then the SNR of the images processed by grayscale-average
2. High-temperature DIC method technique can be expressed as
Pn Pm 2 Pn Pm 2
x¼1 y ¼ 1 ½f ðx; yÞ x¼1 y ¼ 1 ½f
ðx; yÞ
2.1. Basic principle of DIC method SNR ¼ Pn Pm ¼ h  PM i2
2 Pn Pm
y ¼ 1 ½gðx; yÞ  f ðx; yÞ
i ¼ 1 r i ðx; yÞ
x¼1 1=M
x¼1 y¼1

In essence, the DIC method is based on searching for the ð5Þ

maximum correlation by means of the calculation of grayscale
between a certain size of subset in the deformed image g and the Thus, it can be derived from Eqs. (3) and (5) that
reference image f, which can extract the in-plane displacement SNR ¼ M 2 SNR ð6Þ
field (u,v) at different positions. In order to better characterize the
matching quality of high-temperature images, the zero-mean It is obvious that the SNR of the processed images using the
normalized cross correlation criterion is adopted as follows [15]: grayscale-average technique in DIC calculation is M 2 times com-
pared to the SNR of the unprocessed single image, which accounts
Pk Pk
j ¼ 1 ½f ðxi ; yj Þ f   ½gðxi'; yj'Þ  g
i¼1
for great improvement in grayscale quality of high-temperature
C ZNCC ðu; vÞ ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pk Pk qP
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pk images.
2 k 2
i¼1 j ¼ 1 ½f ðxi ; yj Þ  f  i¼1 j ¼ 1 ½gðxi'; yj'Þ  g

ð1Þ
3. High-temperature DIC experiment
where f ðx; yÞ is the grayscale intensity at coordinate ðx; yÞ for the
reference image and gðx' ; y' Þ is the grayscale intensity at coordinate To verify the validity of the proposed grayscale-average tech-
ðx' ; y' Þ for the deformed image. The size of subset is k  k pixels. f nique, a high-temperature DIC experiment is performed by means
and g are the average grayscale intensity values of the reference of a 1200 1C high-temperature heating device as shown in Fig. 1,
and the deformed subsets, respectively. which consists of a heating furnace with an optical observation
window (quartz glass) and a temperature control box. The optical
observation window is fastened on the heating furnace by a metal
2.2. Principle of grayscale-average technique frame and several screws, which is surrounded by the refractory
materials made from quartz. Here, the thermal radiation was
In order to eliminate the effects of thermal disturbance on the suppressed by means of a blue LED illuminant (10 W) and an
deformation measurement accuracy in DIC optical non-contact optical bandpass filter (central wavelength 473 nm).
measurement, the grayscale-average technique is developed in A cuboid silicon carbide specimen with the coefficient of
this investigation. If M images affected by thermal disturbance at thermal expansion (CTE) 5:4  10  6 K  1 [16] was used in this
the given temperature are obtained, the grayscale intensity of the experiment. The natural gray feature of the specimen surface is
affected high-temperature image i at coordinate ðx; yÞ can be considered as the speckles. Fig. 2 shows the typical high-
expressed as temperature images of SiC test sample surface (blue box repre-
g i ðx; yÞ ¼ f ðx; yÞ þ r i ðx; yÞ ði ¼ 1; 2; …; MÞ ð2Þ sents the computational domain) at different temperatures. It is
obvious that the sample surface has lost distinct grayscale contrast
where r i ðx; yÞ is the grayscale error values caused by the thermal in Fig. 2(d), which is caused by the oxidation at about 1000 1C
disturbance. For the image i ðn  m pixelsÞ, the signal to noise In this study, only the thermal environment is considered
ratio (SNR) can be expressed as without mechanical load. The SiC test sample was continuously
Pn Pm 2 Pn Pm 2
heated from room temperature to 1000 1C at a rate of 10 1C/min. A
x¼1 y ¼ 1 ½f ðx; yÞ x¼1 y ¼ 1 ½f ðx; yÞ schematic of the experimental facility is shown in Fig. 3. The
SNR ¼ Pn Pm ¼ Pn Pm ð3Þ
y ¼ 1 ½r i ðx; yÞ
2 2
x¼1 y ¼ 1 ½g i ðx; yÞ f ðx; yÞ x¼1 detailed discussions of the experimental results are conducted in
Section 5.

4. Simulated high-temperature speckle images

4.1. Principle of simulated high-temperature speckle images

The generation principle of simulated high-temperature

speckle images is presented for investigating the influences of
thermal disturbance on deformation measurement accuracy in
high-temperature DIC measurement. The simulated high-
temperature speckle images are generated by means of computer
image processing, which can control the deformation information
and image features. In this study, the formation rule of the
simulated high-temperature speckle images is shown as follows:
Hðx; yÞ ¼ Iðx; yÞ þ dnTðx; yÞ þNðx; yÞ ð7Þ
Fig. 1. 1200 1C high-temperature heating device. where Iðx; yÞ is the original speckle image; Tðx; yÞ is used to
12 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16
Fig. 2. Typical high-temperature images of SiC test sample surface at different temperatures: (a) 100 1C, (b) 400 1C, (c) 800 1C, and (d) 1000 1C. (For interpretation of the
references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. Schematic of the test facility and associated instrumentation.
simulate the grayscale error values caused by the thermal dis-
turbance, which is generated randomly based on the standardized
normal distribution. And d is the disturbance coefficient, which
can reflect the intensity of thermal disturbance at different
temperatures. Nðx; yÞ is the salt and pepper noise function [17]
which is used for simulating the image noise.
The original speckle image is formed by superposition of a
certain number of Gaussian speckles. The grayscale value of the
original speckle image at each point before and after deformation
can be expressed as [18]
( " #)
X
s
ðx  xk Þ2 þ ðy  yk Þ2
I u ðx; yÞ ¼ int I 0k exp 
R2
k¼1
( " #)
X
s
ðx  xk' Þ2 þðy  yk' Þ2
I d ðx; yÞ ¼ int I 0k exp 
k¼1 R2
where int is the rounding function as the grayscale value is an
integer; I 0k is the randomly generated light intensity of the central
position of speckle particle k; s is the number of Gaussian speckles;
R is the size of speckle particles; two-dimensional random vari-
ables ðxk ; yk Þ is the central position of speckle particle k before
deformation while ðxk' ; yk' Þ is its central position after deformation.
In this investigation, the characteristic parameters of the
simulated speckle images are designed as follows: The size of
image is 500  500 pixels; the characteristic length of speckle
particle is three pixels; the number of speckle particle is 3500; the
SNR of image is 60 dB.
To simulate thermal expansion under high-temperature envir-
onment, the typical uniform deformation configurations are used
to generate the speckle image pairs before and after deformation
as follows:
xk' ¼ xk þ u0 þ ux xk þ uy yk ð10Þ
yk' ¼ yk þ v0 þ vx xk þvy yk ð11Þ
where u0 and v0 are the preset displacement components, ux , uy ,
vx and vy are the preset displacement gradient components. In this
study, these preset values are:
8
> u ¼ v0 ¼ 0
< 0
uy ¼ vx ¼ 0
>
: u ¼ v ¼ 0:001 ¼ 1000με
x y
4.2. Determination of disturbance coefficient
The thermal disturbance coefficient is introduced in order to
study the influences of thermal disturbance on deformation
measurement accuracy in DIC method at different temperatures.
During the high-temperature DIC experiment in Section 3, 25
speckle images are captured for each preset temperature and the
average grayscale value of each speckle image is calculated. In fact,
every image would be identical at the same temperature if the
thermal disturbance did not exist. Therefore, the standard devia-
tion of the 25 average grayscale values reflects the intensity of
thermal disturbance at the corresponding temperature. In order to
ð8Þ
obtain the similar thermal disturbance as the high-temperature
DIC experiments, a weight factor α is introduced between the
disturbance coefficient and the standard deviation of the average
ð9Þ grayscale values, which is determined based on the approximate
equivalence of ZNCC coefficient between the experiment and the
simulation at the corresponding temperature.
d ¼ αδ ð12Þ
where δ is the standard deviation of the 25 average grayscale values
for the high-temperature experimental speckle images. In this
study, 25 images at each preset temperature condition (100 1C,
200 1C,…, 900 1C, 1000 1C) are captured; the time interval is about
3–5 s for the sufficient flow of air; the weight factor U X is identified
as 23 by equalizing the average ZNCC coefficient calculated from
simulated speckle images with the average ZNCC coefficient calcu-
lated from 800 1C and 900 1C images captured in high-temperature
DIC experiment. The final thermal disturbance coefficients at typical
temperatures in simulation are shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 shows the
original speckle image and the simulated high-temperature speckle
image with disturbance coefficient U Y (1000 1C).
 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16
5. Results and discussions
5.1. The validity of grayscale-average technique
In order to verify the practicability of grayscale-average tech-
nique, both the simulated speckle images and the high-
temperature experimental images are implemented by means of
image correlation for displacement calculation. For the simulated
speckle images, three different conditions are considered as:
(1) the original speckle images; (2) the speckle images with
disturbance; (3) the speckle images with disturbance processed
by grayscale-average technique ðM ¼ 25Þ. Fig. 6 shows the dis-
placement field U X and U Y calculated from the simulated speckle
images with disturbance coefficient U X (400 1C, reference image)
and U Y (800 1C, deformed image).
It is obvious that the displacement field d ¼ 21:2317 and
d ¼ 21:2317 (Fig. 6(a) and (b)) for the original speckle images
without disturbance are regular as the displacement fields of ideal
thermal expansion. Correspondingly, the displacement field U X and
U Y (Fig. 6(c) and (d)) for the images with disturbance are affected
seriously. However, it can be seen that the displacement field U X and
U Y (Fig. 6(e) and (f)) for the disturbed images processed by grayscale-
average technique are ideal and regular, which are almost the same
as the displacement field U X and U Y (Fig. 6(a) and (b)) for the original
speckle images without disturbance.
In addition, the average thermal strains from simulated speckle
images for the three conditions are extracted from the displacement
Fig. 4. Disturbance coefficient at typical temperatures in simulation.
Fig. 5. Simulated speckle images (500  500 pixels): (a) original speckle image (d ¼ 0 and without noise) and (b) speckle image at 1000 1C ðd ¼ 21:2317 and SNR ¼ 60 dB).
13
fields by DIC calculation procedure, which are listed in Table 1. The
relative error in Table 1 is calculated by the comparison between
the average thermal strain and the preset strain value ð1000μεÞ. It
can be perceived that the results of average thermal strains after
using the grayscale-average technique are more accurate than the
results without averaging image, and the average thermal strains
are very close to the real strains ð1000μεÞ.
The displacement fields calculated from high-temperature
experimental images between 400 1C (reference image) and
800 1C (deformed image) are shown in Fig. 7. It is obvious that
the displacement field U X and U Y (Fig. 7(a) and (b)) for the images
without grayscale-average are distorted, which are affected ser-
iously by the thermal disturbance. The displacement fields (Fig. 7
(c) and (d)) calculated from experimental images processed by
grayscale-average technique ðM ¼ 25Þ accord with the ideal ther-
mal expansion faultlessly, which have been greatly improved
relative to the displacement fields calculated from images without
processing by grayscale-average technique.
Similarly, the average thermal strains from experimental
images are extracted from the displacement fields by DIC calcula-
tion procedure, which are listed in and Table 2. The relative error
in Table 2 is obtained by the comparison between the average
thermal strain and the product of the CTE and temperature
difference (400 1C). The comparison shows that the accuracy on
the measurement of average thermal strain achieves a significant
improvement after using the grayscale-average technique.
Consequently, both the simulated and the experimental results
indicate that the grayscale-average technique is an effective
method to improve the deformation measurement accuracy in
high-temperature DIC measurement.
5.2. The influence of the image number
In order to study the influence of the image number on high-
temperature DIC measurement results using grayscale-average
technique, both the simulated and the experimental images with
different numbers (2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25) are averaged
respectively, and the displacement components are obtained by
DIC calculation procedure. The influences of the image number on
average ZNCC coefficient and standard deviation are shown in
Fig. 8 for the simulated and the experimental images (800 1C and
900 1C). Here, the average ZNCC coefficients are the average of all
subsets in computational domain. Therefore, the standard devia-
tions reveal the undulation degree of the ZNCC coefficients for all
subsets.
It is obvious that the influences of the image number on
average ZNCC coefficients for the experimental images are in good
14 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16

Fig. 6. Displacement fields of simulated speckle images: (a) U X without disturbance, (b) U Y without disturbance, (c) U X with disturbance, (d) U Y with disturbance,
(e) U X with disturbance and grayscale-average, and (f) U Y with disturbance and grayscale-average.

Table 1
The average thermal strains from simulated speckle images (400–800 1C).

Condition The original speckle images The speckle images with disturbance With disturbance by grayscale-average technique (M ¼ 25)

εx εy εx εy εx εy

Average thermal strain 9.997E  04 1.000E  03 8.755E  04 8.869E  04 1.001E  03 9.981E  04

Standard deviation 6.217E  06 6.413E  06 2.828E  04 2.679E 04 3.867E 05 3.153E  05
Coefficient of variation (%) 0.62 0.64 32.3 30.2 3.86 3.16
Relative error (%) 0.03 0 12.45 11.31 0.09 0.19

agreement with the results of the simulated images. With the declines. When the image number increases from 15 to 20, the
increase of the image number, the quantity of average ZNCC growth rate of average ZNCC coefficient is less than 0.1%, which
coefficients ascends while the increment of average ZNCC coefficients indicates the appropriate image number for grayscale-average
 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16 15

Fig. 7. Displacement fields of high-temperature experimental images from 400 1C to 800 1C: (a)U X , (b)U Y , (c) U X with grayscale-average, and (d) U Y with grayscale-average.

Table 2
The average thermal strains from high-temperature experimental images (400–800 1C).

Condition With disturbance With disturbance by grayscale-average technique ðM ¼ 25Þ

εx εy εx εy

Average thermal strain 2.688E  03 2.784E  03 2.541E  03 2.452E  03

Standard deviation 1.923E  03 4.083E  04 6.565E  04 1.763E  04
Coefficient of variation (%) 71.56 14.67 25.83 7.190
Relative error (%) 24.44 28.89 17.64 13.52

technique for minimizing the thermal disturbance is more out-

standing with the increasing images used for grayscale-average
technique.

5.3. The influence of temperature

In order to study the influence of temperature on high-

Fig. 8. The effect of image number in grayscale-average technique.
technique. Meanwhile, the standard deviation of the experimental
results decreases slightly while the standard deviation of the
simulated results descends significantly, which means the average
ZNCC coefficients of all subsets become more stabilized gradu-
ally. The results demonstrate that the effect of grayscale-average
temperature DIC measurement results using grayscale-average
technique, several simulated and experimental images for differ-
ent temperature conditions are averaged ðM ¼ 25Þ respectively,
and the displacement components are obtained by DIC calculation
procedure. The influences of temperature on the average ZNCC
coefficients are shown in Fig. 9.
It is obvious that the influence of temperature on the average
ZNCC coefficients for the simulated images and the experimental
images have the similar trend. However, the ZNCC coefficient with
averaging for the simulated images declines slightly while the
ZNCC coefficient without averaging decreases dramatically with
the increase of temperature. Based on the evolution of the average
ZNCC coefficients for the experimental images, the average ZNCC
coefficient has a sudden decrease (1000 1C), which is not only
caused by thermal radiation and thermal disturbance, but also the
severe oxidation of SiC specimen surface at about 1000 1C under
atmosphere environment. Obviously, the quality of the correlation
16 Y.Q. Su et al. / Optics and Lasers in Engineering 75 (2015) 10–16
Fig. 9. The effect of temperature in grayscale-average technique.
calculation with averaging is better than that without averaging at
each temperature condition. Moreover, the increment of average
ZNCC coefficient increases along with the temperature rises. The
results indicate that the use of the grayscale-average technique is
more imperative at higher temperature on account of the more
intense thermal disturbance, which makes the grayscale-average
technique sufficiently work for obtaining more accurate calcula-
tion results in high-temperature DIC measurement.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, the grayscale-average technique is proposed to
minimize the thermal disturbance effect on measurement accu-
racy in DIC method under high-temperature atmosphere environ-
ment. Both the image number and the temperature are considered
for investigating the effects in grayscale-average technique. Some
important conclusions are summarized as follows:
a) The basic principle of the grayscale-average technique in high-
temperature DIC measurement is proposed, and the distur-
bance coefficient is introduced in the simulated high-
temperature speckle image to investigate the influences of
thermal disturbance on deformation measurement accuracy
in DIC method under high-temperature environment.
b) The influences of the image number on the average ZNCC
coefficients for the experimental images are in good agreement
with the results of the simulated images. The results demonstrate
that the effect of grayscale-average technique for minimizing the
thermal disturbance is more outstanding with the increasing
images used for grayscale-average technique.
c) The influences of temperature on the average ZNCC coefficients for
the simulated images and experimental images have the similar
trend. The results indicate that the use of the grayscale-average
technique is more imperative at higher temperature on account of
the more intense thermal disturbance, which makes the grayscale-
average technique sufficiently work for obtaining more accurate
calculation results in high-temperature DIC measurement.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant nos. 91016007, 11102003 and
11227801) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Pro-
gram of Higher Education (Grant no. 20110002110073).
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