ELECTRICITY

CHAPTER MAPPING

Electric V o l t 1V = 1J/C
V=W/q

Electric Current Ampere lA =1 C's

Ohm's law

Resistance R=V/ Ohm (E)

Factors Affecting Resistance

Nature of Material Length R L Area of Cross Section R dYA

Resistivity p=RA/

Combination of Resistors

Series Combination Parallel Combination

Same same
V Different Different
Reff IncreasesS Reff Decreases

Rer Rs+Ra+ Rs
 Heating Effects of Electricity

Joule's Law of Heating

H PRt H H VIT

Applications

Electric Bulb Electric Heater Fuse

Material- Material- Material-

Tungsten Nichrome Combination of
Tin& Lead

Electric Power Unit Watts (W)

P=VI=PR
NOTES

Electric current: The rate of flow of electric charges in unit time is called current.

The of
strength electric current, I q/t= ne/t. Unit is Ampere.
=

Charge flows through the conductor only when the potential at two ends of the
conductor are different. Thus positive charge flows from the higher potential to the lower
potential and negative from lower to higher. The direction of current is taken as the
direction of flow of positive charge.

Electric Potential Difference We define the electric potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit carrying some current as the work done to move a unit charge
from one point to the other.

Potential
difference (V) between two points
V= W/Q
= Work done (WCharge ()
The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)
I Volt = 1 Joule/ Coulomb

Note: The potential difference is measured by means of an instrument called the

voltmeter. The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between which
the potential difference is to be measured.

Ohm's Law : Ohm's law states that at constant temperature the current passing
through
the conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between the ends of the
conductor. i.e. Val
V= IR
R=V/
Where R is a constant known as the resistance of the conductor. Resistance is
something which opposes the flow of electric charges. The unit resistance is Ohm ( )

Graph

I
of this graph gives R ie. as slope increases R aso
Slope of this graph gives 1/R. ie. as slope Slope
increases
increases R decreases
 Factors affecting resistance of conductor
Nature of the conductor.
)
:Resistance of the conductor is directly
i) Length of the conductor
conductor. (R a)
proportional to the length of the
Area of cross-section: Resistance
of a conductor is inversely proportional
(ii)
cross-section. ( R a 1/A)
to the area of
Therefore Ra l/A
R=p l/A. p- Resistivity
P RA1
defined the
and l=l unit, p =R. Resistivity of a material is
as
When A=lsq.unit
of cross-section.
resistance of that material in unit length and unit area

material does not changes with length or area of cross

Note: Resistivity of a given of the
section. ( i.e. there will not any change in resistivity when the area or length
conductor increases or decreases.)
>Combination of resistors
connected in end to end connection then such
Series combination: If resistors are

combination is known as series combination.

In series combination (1) effective resistance increases.

(i) current (1) flows through all resistors are equal.
resistor may different.
(ii) Potential difference across each
i.e. V =Vi+ V2
I Ri + IR2
w
I Ref. =

fig.
Ref. R i + R2
If *n' equal resistors of resistance °R" are connected in series then the effective
resistance is 'nR".

Parallel combination: in parallel combination of resistors

Effective resistance decreases.
Current () flows through each resistors may different.
Potential difference for ever y resistance is same.

I= 1+2
(V/Refr) = ( V/R1+ V/R:)

(1/ Rer) =
(1/R1+ 1/R2
If'n' equal resistors of resistance 'R" are connected in paralle!, then the effective
Fig
resistance is R/n.

Joule's law of heating effect

This law implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(i) directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance,
(i) directly proportional to for
resistance
a current, given and
(ii) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the resistor
Electric The
Power
energy dissipated per unit time is called the Power dissipated.
Power P VI=F'R = V/R
Its unit is Watt (W). I W=1 J/s.Hence Ws is a unit of energy. The commercial
unit of electrical energy is kWh.

Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current

Electric Bulb: It when it becomes too hot. Therefore aa

produces light
material which can produce high heat with out burning is required to make

the filament of a bulb. Tungsten is used for making bulb because it has

high resistivity and high melting point.

Fuse: It has to be work in a manner that it should burn when high current

is passing through it. Therefore a material which can produce high heat
but should melt at high temperature. An alloy of tin and lead is
used for making fuse wire because it has high resistivity and low melting

point.
Electric Heater: Its produces heat when current is passing through it. The
commonly used material for making heater is Nichrome wire. It has high
resistivity and high melting point.