ENGINEERING DRAWINGS AND PLANS

COURSE DESCRIPTION This laboratory course is designed to develop abili es needed to develop,
accurately locate, and interpret dimensions on and read engineering drawings.

COURSE OUTLINE Student shall develop and demonstrate the concepts enumerated herewith;

1. Introduc on the design process

 Drawing instrument and uses

 Types of lines and le ers
 Dimensions and their types
 Planning of sheet
 Types of Engineering Drawings
 Geometric Construc ons and Engineering Curves, Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola

A. Professional Roles

B. Documenta on

2. Use of architectural and engineering scale

A. Measuring components of working drawings

B. Preparing Sketches

3. Freehand Sketching and Le ering techniques

A. Use of tools

B. Professional Standards

4. Theory of orthographic projec ons

A. 3-view Drawings

B. Eleva ons

C. Sec ons

5. Symbols and conven ons used in architectural and engineering working drawings.

6. Interpre ng working drawings by type and rela onships Building drawings.

 Building symbols
 Types of building drawings, processed drawing, submission drawing, working drawing and
comple on drawing.

A. Site plan

B. Floor Plan

C. Founda on and Floor framing Plan

D. Roof Framing Plan

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E. Sec ons

F. Details

G. Exterior and interior Eleva ons

H. U lity Plans

7. Working Drawing content by drawing type

A. Structural

B. Electrical

C. Mechanical and Plumbing

8. Common Code requirements

A. Rela onship to plan check documents

B. Rela onship to documents and drawing

9. Common specifica on informa on

A. Organiza on

B. Division Content

C. Descrip on of materials

9. Coordina on of architectural drawings with structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing plans.

10. Introduc on to bridge drawing

11. introduc on to building informa on modeling.

INTORDUCTION TO DESIGN PROCESS

The design process is like crea ng a blueprint for a building. It starts with brainstorming ideas, sketching
rough plans, refining those plans, and finally, producing a detailed design before construc on begins. It is
the roadmap for turning ideas into structures.

The design process for the construc on of a building involves a series of steps to ensure that the final
structure meets func onal, aesthe c, and safety requirements.

Key stages in the design process

1. Preliminary Planning:

 Objec ve: Define the purpose and scope of the building project.
 Ac vi es:
 Conduct a needs assessment to understand the requirements of the building.

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 Establish project goals, budget constraints, and melines.

 Iden fy poten al challenges and constraints such as zoning regula ons or environmental
considera ons.

2. Conceptual Design:

 Objec ve: Develop ini al design concepts based on project requirements.

 Ac vi es:

 Create rough sketches and diagrams to explore different design ideas.

 Consider spa al rela onships, func onality, and aesthe c aspects.

 Engage in ini al discussions with stakeholders to gather feedback.

3. Schema c Design:

 Objec ve: Refine the chosen concept into a more detailed and feasible design.

 Ac vi es:

 Develop floor plans, eleva ons, and basic structural details.

 Begin to incorporate key design elements, materials, and building systems.

 Assess the overall feasibility of the design in terms of cost and technical requirements.

4. Design Development:

 Objec ve: Finalize the design and address technical details.

 Ac vi es:

 Create detailed drawings, including specifica ons for materials and finishes.

 Collaborate with engineers to integrate structural, electrical, and mechanical systems.

 Evaluate the design's compliance with building codes and regula ons.

5. Construc on Documents:

 Objec ve: Produce detailed documenta on for construc on.

 Ac vi es:

 Generate comprehensive construc on drawings and specifica ons.

 Include details on founda ons, structural elements, HVAC systems, electrical layouts, etc.

 Ensure all necessary permits and regulatory approvals are obtained.

6. Bidding and Contractor Selec on:

 Objec ve: Solicit bids from contractors and select the construc on team.

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 Ac vi es:

 Develop bid packages containing project details for contractors.

 Evaluate bids based on cost, experience, and proposed construc on methodologies.

 Select a contractor and establish a contract.

7. Construc on:

 Objec ve: Implement the design and bring the building to life.

 Ac vi es:

 Mobilize the construc on site and begin site prepara on.

 Follow the construc on meline and milestones.

 Regularly inspect and ensure adherence to the design and quality standards.

8. Post-Construc on Evalua on:

 Objec ve: Assess the completed building and address any issues.

 Ac vi es:

 Conduct a final inspec on to ensure compliance with design specifica ons.

 Address any punch list items or deficiencies.

 Gather feedback from stakeholders and document lessons learned for future projects.

9. Occupancy and Maintenance:

 Objec ve: Transi on the building for use and establish ongoing maintenance.

 Ac vi es:

 Obtain occupancy permits and cer fica ons.

 Hand over the building to the owner and occupants.

 Establish a maintenance plan and provide necessary documenta on.

Throughout the design process, collabora on and communica on among architects, engineers,
contractors, and stakeholders are crucial to ensure a successful and well-executed construc on project.
Each stage builds upon the previous one, leading to the crea on of a func onal and aesthe cally pleasing
building.

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Drawing Instruments and Tools

Drawing instruments and tools are essen al for crea ng accurate and detailed drawings in various fields,
including engineering and architecture.

1. Pencils:

Uses: Pencils are versa le and used for sketching, dra ing, and shading. Different hardness grades (e.g.,
2H, HB, 2B) provide varying levels of darkness and precision. Pencils are graded based on their hardness
or so ness, which affects the darkness and smoothness of the marks they produce. The standard scale for
pencil hardness is known as the HB scale. Here's an enumera on of common pencil hardness grades:

1. 9H - 8H - 7H - 6H - 5H - 4H - 3H - 2H - H:These pencils are on the harder side of the scale. They

produce light marks and are suitable for fine lines and detailed technical drawings.

2. F (or FH):Falling between H and HB, the F grade is rela vely hard, producing slightly darker lines
compared to the harder pencils. It's a good choice for general-purpose wri ng and drawing.

3. HB:The middle point on the hardness scale. HB pencils are versa le and commonly used for
everyday wri ng and drawing. They offer a balance between hardness and darkness.

4. B - 2B - 3B - 4B - 5B - 6B - 7B - 8B - 9B:These pencils are on the so er side of the scale. They

produce darker and so er lines, making them suitable for shading, sketching, and ar s c drawings.
The higher the number, the so er and darker the pencil.

5. F-9B (or F-8B):Some manufacturers use an F designa on to indicate a pencil that falls between F
and B on the scale. Similarly, F-9B or F-8B would be so er than 8B.

6. 10B and Above:Extremely so pencils that create very dark and broad strokes. These are typically
used for expressive ar s c work and shading.

Hardness grades may vary slightly between different pencil manufacturers. Addi onally, ar sts and
designers o en have personal preferences for specific grades based on their drawing style and the effects
they want to achieve in their work.

2. Drawing Pens:

Uses: Technical drawing pens, with various nib sizes, are used for crea ng fine, consistent lines. They are
especially valuable for precision work in architectural and engineering drawings. drawing pen nib sizes:

 Ultra-Fine (0.05mm):

 Extremely fine p for intricate details and precision work. Ideal for technical drawings and fine
lines.

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 Extra Fine (0.1mm):

 Very fine p suitable for detailed work and precision. O en used for fine lines in illustra ons and
technical drawings.

 Fine (0.3mm):

 Versa le size for general-purpose drawing. Offers a balance between precision and line weight,
suitable for various styles and applica ons.

 Medium (0.5mm):

 Commonly used for everyday drawing tasks. Offers a balance between line weight and detail,
suitable for a range of ar s c styles.

 Bold (0.7mm):

 Thicker lines for bolder and more prominent strokes. Suitable for emphasizing outlines and adding
emphasis to specific areas.

 Broad (1.0mm and above):

 Broad nibs are used for bold and expressive lines. They are suitable for filling in large areas and
crea ng bold strokes with a significant line weight.

 Brush Pens:

 Instead of a fixed nib size, brush pens have a flexible, brush-like p that allows for varying line
thickness based on pressure. They are o en used for calligraphy and expressive illustra ons.

 Calligraphy Pens:

 These pens come in a variety of nib sizes and shapes, allowing for a range of line widths and styles
in calligraphy and ar s c le ering.

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3. Compass:

 Uses: A compass is used to draw circles, arcs, and perfect curves. It consists of two arms, one with
a pointed end and the other with a pencil or pen holder.

4. T-Square:

 Uses: The T-square is a straightedge with a perpendicular edge (head) that helps in drawing
horizontal lines with precision. It is crucial for maintaining straight and parallel lines in dra ing.

5. Set Square (Triangle):

 Uses: Set squares, available in 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 configura ons, assist in drawing angled lines
and checking right angles. They are fundamental tools for technical drawings.

6. Protractor:

 Uses: A protractor measures and draws angles. It is par cularly useful in crea ng accurate
geometric shapes and ensuring correct angular rela onships in drawings.

7. French Curve:

 Uses: French curves are flexible templates with curved edges. They assist in drawing smooth,
freehand curves that are challenging to achieve with a compass.

8. Templates:

 Uses: Templates come in various shapes and sizes, providing predefined shapes such as circles,
squares, rectangles, and symbols. They ensure consistency and save me in drawing repe ve
elements.

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9. Dra ing Machine:

 Uses: A dra ing machine is a mechanical device that aids in drawing parallel lines and angles. It is
mounted on the drawing board and helps maintain accuracy in dra ing.

10. Erasers:

 Uses: Erasers are used for correc ng mistakes and refining drawings. Different types, such as
kneaded erasers and vinyl erasers, are suitable for various surfaces and drawing mediums.

11. Drawing Board:

 Uses: A drawing board provides a stable surface for drawing. It o en includes a parallel mo on or
dra ing machine to ensure straight and parallel lines.

12. Compass Divider:

 Uses: Similar to a compass, a compass divider helps in dividing distances accurately and can be
used for propor onal scaling.

13. Scale Ruler:

 Uses: Scale rulers are marked with different scales, allowing for easy conversion of measurements
from the drawing to the actual size. They are crucial for maintaining accuracy.

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14. Drawing Paper:

 Uses: Various types of drawing paper cater to different drawing mediums (pencil, ink, etc.) and
scales. Choosing the right paper is essen al for achieving the desired results.

15. Mechanical Pencils:

 Uses: Mechanical pencils with fine lead diameters (e.g., 0.5mm) provide precision and consistency
in drawing. They eliminate the need for frequent sharpening.

Understanding and using these drawing instruments efficiently is essen al for producing accurate and
professional-quality drawings in fields like engineering, architecture, and design. Each tool serves a specific
purpose in achieving precision and clarity in technical drawings.

TYPES OF LINES AND LETTER

A variety of line styles graphically represent physical objects. Types of lines include the following:

 visible – are continuous lines used to depict edges

directly visible from a particular angle.
 hidden – are short-dashed lines that may be used
to represent edges that are not directly visible.
 center – are alternately long- and short-dashed
lines that may be used to represent the axes of
circular features.
 cutting plane – are thin, medium-dashed lines, or
thick alternately long- and double short-dashed
that may be used to define sections for section
views.

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 section – are thin lines in a pattern (pattern determined by the material being "cut" or
"sectioned") used to indicate surfaces in section views resulting from "cutting". Section lines
are commonly referred to as "cross-hatching".
 phantom – (not shown) are alternately long- and double short-dashed thin lines used to
represent a feature or component that is not part of the specified part or assembly. E.g.
billet ends that may be used for testing, or the machined product that is the focus of a
tooling drawing.

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Lines Exercises

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Engineering Le ering

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Dimensions

Dimension elements
Dimensioning a drawing also identifies the tolerance (or accuracy) required for each dimension.

1. Dimension — the numerical value that defines the size, shape, location, surface texture, or
geometric characteristic of a feature.

2. Basic dimension — a numerical value defining the theoretically exact size, location, or
orientation relative to a coordinate system. Basic dimensions are enclosed in a rectangular
box & have no tolerance.

3. Reference dimension — a numerical value enclosed in parentheses, provided for

information only.

4. Dimension line — a thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension.

5. Arrows — symbols at the ends of dimension lines showing the limits of the dimension,
leaders, and cutting plane lines.

6. Extension line — a thin, solid line perpendicular to a dimension line, indicating which
feature is associated with the dimension.

7. Visible gap — there should be a visible gap of 1 mm between the feature's corners and the
end of the extension line.

8. Leader line — a thin, solid line with arrow drawn under an angle & indicating the feature
with which a dimension or note is associated.

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9. Limits of size — the largest acceptable size and the minimum acceptable size of a feature.

10. Plus and minus dimension — the allowable positive and negative variance from the
specified dimension.

11. Diameter symbol — a symbol indicating that the dimension shows the diameter of a circle.
The symbol used is the Greek letter phi Ø.

12. Radius symbol — a symbol indicating that the dimension shows the radius of a circle. The
radius symbol used is the capital letter R.

13. Tolerance — the amount that a particular dimension may vary.

Basic concepts and principles

 The unit of measurement for dimensioning should be in accordance with the policy of the
user. On a drawing for use in American industry for manufacturing, all dimensions are
in inches, unless otherwise stated.

 Most countries outside of the United States, including Canada, use the metric system of
measure, or the international system of units (SI), which is based on the meter.
EXERCISES

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Isometric and Orthogrpic drawing

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