Members with slender elements

Checking the width- thickness ratio:

For Flange: For Web:

𝒃𝒇 𝒉
λf= λw=
𝟐𝒕𝒇 𝒕𝒘

𝑬 𝑬
λrf= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔√ λrw= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗√
𝑭𝒚 𝑭𝒚
λrf > λf The flange is not slender λrw < λw web is slender

𝑘𝐿 𝐸
a.. when ≤4.71√𝑄𝐹 (or Fe ≥ 0.44QFy)
𝑟 𝑦
𝑄𝐹𝑦
Fcr = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝑄Fy

𝑘𝐿 𝐸
b. when > 4.71√𝑄𝐹 (or Fe < 0.44QFy)
𝑟 𝑦

Fcr = 0.877Fe

𝜋2 𝐸
Fe = (elastic critical buckling stress)
𝑘𝐿 2
(𝑟)

Q = net reduction factor accounting for all slender compression elements.

Q = 1 for members without slender element.
Q=QsQa for member with slender elements section.

User Note: for cross-sections composed of only unstiffened slender elements Qa =1 then Q=Qs
For cross-section composed of only stiffened slender Qs=1 ,then Q=Qa . For cross-section composed of
both stiffened and unstiffened slender elements Q=QsQa. For cross-section
Composed of multiple unstiffened slender elements ,it is conservative to use the smaller Qs , from the more
slender element in determining the member strength for pure compression.

505.7.2 Slender Stiffened Element, Qa

The reduction factor Qa for slender stiffened element

Is defined as follows:
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
Qa = (505.7-16)
𝐴𝑔

Ag = total gross area

Aeff = summation of the effective areas of the cross
Section based on reduced effective width be.
The reduced effective width, be, is determined as follows;
1. For uniformly compressed slender elements with
𝑏 ℎ 𝐸
or ≥ 1.49√ except flanges of square and rectangular section of uniform
𝑡 𝑡𝑤 𝑓
thickness:

𝐸 0.34 𝐸
be = 1.92t √𝑓 [1 − 𝑏 √ ]≤ b (505.7-17)
( ⁄𝑡) 𝑓

Where; f is taken as Fcr with Fcr calculated based on Q=1.0

2. For flanges of square and rectangular slender element section of uniform thickness
𝑏 𝐸
≥ 1.40√
𝑡 𝑓
of uniform thickness:
 𝐸 0.38 𝐸
be = 1.92t √ [1 − √𝑓 ] ≤ b (505.7-18)
𝑓 (𝑏⁄𝑡 )

𝑃𝑛
Where: f=
𝐴𝑔
𝑃𝑛
Note: In lieu of calculating f= , which requires alteration , f may be taken equal to Fy. This will result
𝐴𝑔
in a slightly conservative estimate of columns available strength.

3.) For axially loaded circular sections:

𝐸 𝐷 𝐸
When, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝐹𝑦 < < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝑡 𝐹𝑦

0.038𝐸 2
Q =Qa= 𝐷 +3 (505.7-19)
𝐹𝑦( )
𝑡

Example Problem:
Determine the nominal compressive strength of a W360 x 44 of A992 steel column having a length
of 4 m. and is fixed both ends. (Fy=345 MPa)
Properties of W360 x 44
Ag = 5710 mm2
d= 351 mm kdes = 19.9 mm kdet = 28.6 mm
bf= 171 mm K1 = 19.1 mm
tf= 9.78 mm tw =6.86 mm
rx = 146 mm ry = 37.8 mm

Checking the width- thickness ratio:

For Flange: For Web:

𝒃𝒇 𝟏𝟕𝟏 𝒉 (𝟑𝟓𝟏−𝟐(𝟏𝟗.𝟗)
λf= = =8.74 λw= = =45.36
𝟐𝒕𝒇 𝟐(𝟗.𝟕𝟖 𝒕𝒘 𝟔.𝟖𝟔

𝑬 (𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑬 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)
λrf= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔√𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔√ 𝟑𝟒𝟓 λrw= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗√𝑭 =. 𝟒𝟗√ 𝟑𝟒𝟓
𝒚 𝒚
λrf= 13.48 > λf The flange is not slender λrw= 35.87 < 45.36 web is slender

calculate the reduction factor Qa for slender element.

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
Qa = from formula (505.7-16)
𝐴𝑔

Calculate the effective width be:

F= Fcr calculated based on Q=1.0

𝐸 200,000 𝐾𝐿 (0.65)(4000)𝐿
4.71√𝐹𝑦 = 4.71√ 345
= 113.4
𝑟
= 37.8
68.78

68.78 < 113.4

𝐹𝑦
Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy 𝐹𝑒

𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 (200000)
Fe = 𝑘𝐿 2
= = 417.26 > 0.44Fy
(68.78)2
(𝑟)
345
Fcr = [0.658 417.26 ](345) = 244.08 MPa
 f= Fcr =244.08 MPa

𝐸 0.34 𝐸
be = 1.92t √ [1 − √𝑓 ] ≤ b (505.7-17)
𝑓 (𝑏⁄𝑡 )

b= h= d-2(kdes) = 351-2(19.9) = 311.2 mm

(b/t) = 311/6.86 = 45.36
𝐸 0.34 𝐸
be = 1.92t √𝑓 [1 − 𝑏 √ ] ≤ b
( ⁄𝑡) 𝑓

200,000 0.34 200,000

be = 1.92(6.86) √ 244.08 [1 − (45.36) √ 244.08 ] ≤ b
be = 296.13 < 311.2

Aeff = Ag –(htw -betw) =5710-⟮(311.2(6.86)-(296.13(6.86)⟯

= 5606.62
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 (5606.62)
Qa = = =0.982
𝐴𝑔 5710

Calculation of the nominal strength

𝐸 200,000 𝐾𝐿 (0.65)(4000)𝐿
4.71√ = 4.71√ = 114.44 = 68.78
𝑄𝐹𝑦 (0.982)345 𝑟 37.8

68.78 < 114.44

𝑄𝐹𝑦
Fcr = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ]QFy

𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 (200000)
Fe = 𝑘𝐿 2
= = 417.26 > 0.44Fy
(68.78)2
(𝑟)
(0.982)(345)
Fcr = [0.658 417.26 ](345) = 241.18 MPa

Pn = Fcr Ag = 241.18 (5710) = 1377.14 KN

LRFD Design Compressive Strength

Pu = 0.90 ( 1377.14 ) = 1239.43 KN
ASD Allowable Compressive strength
1377.14
Pa = = 824.63 KN
1.67
502.4.1 Classification of Section for Local Buckling

Section are classified as compact , non-compact , or slender element section. For a section to qualify as compact its
flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs and the width – thickness ratios of its compression
elements must not exceed the limiting width-thickness ratio λp ,from tables 502.4.1 and 502.4.2 . If the width-
thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceed λp but does not exceed λr from tables 502.4.1 and
502.4.2, the section is noncompact. If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceed λr , the section is refer to as a
slender-element section.
Table 502. 4.1 Limiting width-Thickness Ratio Compression Elements
Case Description of Width - Limiting width-thickness ratio
element thickness
ratio λp λr Example
(compact ) (non-
compact )
1 Flexure in flanges of
𝐸 𝐸
rolled I- shaped b/t 0.38√ 1.0√
sections and 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
channels

2 Flexure in flanges of
𝐸 𝐾𝑡 𝐸
doubly and singly 0.38√ 0.95√
symmetric I- b/t 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
shaped built -up
sections

3 Uniform
compression in
flanges of rolled I-
shaped sections
𝐸
placed projecting b/t N.A 0.56√
from rolled I- 𝐹𝑦
shaped sections
outstanding legs of
Unstiffened Elements

pairs of angles in
continuous contact
and flanges of
channels
4 Uniform
compression in
flanges of built-up b/t N.A
𝐾𝑡 𝐸
I- shaped sections 0.64√
and plates or angle 𝐹𝑦
legs projecting from
built-up I- shaped
sections

Uniform
compression in legs
5 of angles, legs of b/t N.A
𝐾𝑡 𝐸
double angle with 0.45√
separators and all 𝐹𝑦
others unstiffened
elements
6 Flexure of legs of b/t
𝐸 𝐸
single angle 0.54√ 0.91√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

7 Flexures in flanges of b/t

𝐸 𝐸
Tees 0.38√ 1.0√
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

8
Uniform compression N.A
d/tw 𝐸
in stems of Tees 0.75√
𝐹𝑦
9 Flexure in web of
doubly symmetric
𝐸 𝐸
I- shaped sections h/tw 3.76√ 5.70√
Elements
Stiffened

and channels 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦

10 Uniform Compression
in web of doubly N.A.
h/tw 𝐸
symmetric I- shaped 1.49√
sections 𝐹𝑦
 Flexures in webs hc/tw ℎ𝑐 𝐸
√ 𝐸
11 Of singly – symmetric ℎ𝑝 𝐹𝑦 5.70√
I- shaped sections 2 𝐹𝑦
𝑀𝑐
(0.54 − 0.09)
𝑀𝑦
≤ ℎ1

12 Uniform compression
in flanges of
𝐸
rectangular box and b/t 1.40√
𝐸 𝐹𝑦
hollow structural 1.12√
section of uniform 𝐹𝑦
thickness subject to
bending or
compression; flange
cover plates and
diaphragm plates
between lines of
fasteners or weld

Problem 2:
Determine the axial compressive strength
Of an HSS 8 x 4 x 1/8 with an effective length
Of 4.573m.
Use Fy = 46 KSI, (317.143 MPa) use K=1
Properties:
L= 4.573 m
Ix= 9.53 x 106 mm4
Iy= 3.29 x 106 mm4
Ag = 1742 mm2
Fy = 318 MPa

𝐼 3.29 x 106
r=√ = √ =
𝐴 1742
ry = 43.458

Flexural buckling:
Pn = Fcr Ag
𝐾𝐿 𝐸
= 105.25 ; 4.71√ = 118.12
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝐾𝐿 𝐸
Therefore ; ≤ 4.71√
𝑟 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑦
Fcr = [0.658 ]Fy 𝐹𝑒

𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 (200000)
Fe = 𝑘𝐿 2
= = 176.177> 0.44Fy
(105.25)2
(𝑟)
318
Fcr = [0.658176.177 ](318) = 149.39 MPa
Pn = Fcr x Ag = 260.24 KN

Check width to thickness ratio;

𝑏 101.6−1.5(3.2)(2) 𝐸
= = 28.75 < 1.40√𝐹𝑦 ok.
𝑡 3.2
ℎ 203.2−1.5(3.2)(2) 𝐸
= = 60.5 > 1.40√𝐹𝑦 not ok
𝑡 3.2

𝐸
1.40√ ( but f can be taken as Fy)
𝑓
 200000
1.40√ = 35.11
318
ℎ
Because is not ok., meaning you have to solve the effective h in order to solve the A eff.
𝑡
Solving for actual h = 203.2 - 1.5(3.2)(2) = 193.6
𝐸 0.34 𝐸
he = 1.92t √ [1 − √𝑓 ] ≤ h (505.7-17)
𝑓 (ℎ⁄𝑡 )
200000 0.34 200000
he = 1.92(3.2) √ [1 − √ ] 129.812 mm < 193.6 ok
318 60.5 318

Aineff. = (193.6-129.812)(3.2)(2) =408.24 mm2

Aeff. = (1742-408.24) =1333.76 mm2

Local Buckling : Qs = 1.0

Q= QsQa therefore Q= Qa
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
Qa = from formula (505.7-16)
𝐴𝑔

1333.76
Qa = =0.766
1742

𝑘𝐿 𝐸
.. when ≤4.71√𝑄𝐹 (or Fe ≥ 0.44QFy)
𝑟 𝑦

200,000 𝑘𝐿
4.71√(0.766)(318) =134.96 > 𝑟

𝑄𝐹𝑦
Fcr = [0.658 𝐹𝑒 ] 𝑄Fy
0.766(318)
Fcr = [0.658 176.177 ] (0.766)(318)= 136.83 MPa
Pn = 136.83(1742) = 238.258 KN (Governing nominal strength)