Russian Literature XXXVIII (1995) 129-148

North-Holland

OBPA3 C E B E P H O F O P b l B A K A B PYCCKOITI
JIHTEPATYPE POMAHTH3MA
(HA HPHMEPE H~HYlJIHH 'PbIBAKH'
H. H. F H E R H q A )

OTTO BOELE

0. BBe~eHne

~ a H a a a cvavbu rtpejlcTaaJi•eT cofofl rIOnbITKy onpeJ~eJ~rITb OCHOBHble

tIepTbI o f p a a a "ceBepHoro pbIfaKa" B paMKax pyccKoro pOMaHTI43Ma.
O6pa3 9TOT, Ha rlepBblfl B3FJDIJ~, B ortrtcan~i,I ceBepHoro rIen3a>ra
BblIIO.rlH~leT qHCTO opHaMeHTaJIbHylO ~yHKI_Lr4IO.OJI.HaKOOH 3aBOeBaJI
TaKOe npoyHoe MeCTO raK rtnj~er:c B JmTepaTypHo~ CTaJmaatt~I~I Ce-
Bepa, aTO npeBpaTHamHcb noaT~t B c ~ o n o - c n r H a ~ (FHHa6ypr 1974:
26), BbI3bmaeT BeCbMa onpe~eaenHs~e accom~aL~mL HOaTOMy npn
yHOMHHaHHH pbI6aKa BO3HHKaeT He CTOJIbKO KOHKpeTHbII~I,BH3yaTIh-
m,n~ o6pa3, CKOnbKO yCTO~q~tBOe, e c ~ I yro~HO, MHqbaqecKoe 11pe~-
CTaBJIeHHe O ceBepe KaK 0 ~I~KOI~IHyCTbIHe. B pe3yJ~hTaTe Modem,
o6nr~Ka ceBepHoro pb~6aKa y~re B 3HaqHTe$tbnol~ CTeIIeHH aa~ana.
TeM He MeHee, o6pa3 ceBepHoro pb~6ara He Tar y>r ~aaeK OT
pea.rtbHOCTa aMrti,ipviqeci<o~. Hej~apoM 3TOT o6pa3 qacTo nO~tBJiaeTca
B TBopqecTBe 3penoro IIyu.IKI,IHa. CypoB~,ItI pr~I6ar, ~[B$t~IOIJ2n~iCa
OJ~rtI,IM rt3 3JIeMeHTOB ceBepHoro KOJIOptlTa, B KaKO~-TO CTeIIeHrI
Mon<eT 6b~TLycnoBnocTr~IO,no n H r a r He ~mCTO~ta6cTpaKttHett.
HHaae ~eno O6¢TOHT B Tpa~HI~aOHHblX p~i6attrnx n~nnnnax (:9.
qbOH I~ci~cTa, tiE).K. BponHepa, Piscatariae CaHHa3apo), r~c CTaTHqHO
npHcyTCTByeT coBepmeHHO yCnOBHbn~ ~I4TepavypHhIi~ o6paa p~,i6ara.

0304-3479/95/$09.50 © 1995 - Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

130 Otto Boele

CypoBbI~l 6b~T pbI6aKOB TaK >~e TOJIbKO aer~apnpyeTc~, a He H3-

o6pa>KaeTc~, nOCKOnbKy onHcaHHe HHII~eTbl HapymHno 6b~ H ~ n n H -
qeCKHfl nOKOfl, a c~eROBaTenbHO, ~pOTHBOpeqHnO 6hi Oco6eHHOCTgM
RaHHOrO a<aHpa. P~i6attKa~ 6e~HOCTb OCMblCJIHBaeTcg 3~ecb B Hep-
BylO o,-Iepe~ KaK ~o6po~eTe~b. B npe~rtCnOBrtI~ K CBOHM Fischer-
gedichte (1794) BponHep rtpaMo 3aaB~iaeT, 'aTO p~6aKrt B rI~rIn~tI~aX
~OJI)KHBI 6blTb VI306pa~eHb~ B COOTBeTCTBHH C rtpr~po~ofl, no TOJIbKO
c rpac~4nott rtpi~po~ofl ("nach der sch6nen Natur"):

Sie mtissen sich als Landleute auszeichnen, aber vonder ge-

falligsten Seite. Einfalt, aber liebenswtirdige Einfalt, Offenher-
zigkeit, aber liebenswtirdige Offenherzigkeit, [...] sie sollen
Menschen sein, wie man sie vielleicht nirgend antrifft, aber wie
man sie vielleicht anzutreffen hoffen kann.
(Bronner 1794: 7-8)

JIto6oIIbITHO, qTO B 'PbI6aKax' H. H. FHe~IHqa ~Ba THIIa -- H)IHJI/IH-

qecKHfi pbi6aK H ceBepHblfl ps16aK pyccKoro pOMaHTH3Ma -- KaK-TO
cKpem~BatOTCa H 06pa3ytor CBOeO6pa3nblfl r146px4,~,Korop~1fl ~ CTa-
MeT o6~eKTOM Moero Hccne~OBaH~.
HacvoamHfl a n a ~ a - ~ c c n e ~ o B a a H e COCTOHT H3 ~ByX qacwefl. B
nepBofl - a n o c T a p a m c b ~OKa3aTl,, qTO, rlOCTaBHB i~eJIbIO Co3~aTI~
COBpCMeHHylO HaI.U4OH~.]IbHylO H~H/IJIHIO (1.1), FHe~Hq CO3HaTeJISHO
H36pan B KaqecTBe nepcoHa>Ke~ ps~6aKOB, a He nacTyXOB. Bs~6op
~TOT K TOMy )KC o6ycJIOBJICH")I<aapOBOl~InaM~Tb~O" pLI6aU~<Ofl ~ n -
JIHH, KOVOpa~ CBOel~TOHaI~SHOCTbIOcymeCTBeHHO OWJII~IqaeTcgOT Tpa-
hHIIHOSHOfl nacvymecKofl HhUnnHH (1.2). ~ a n e e g n o s c m o , KaK B
'Ps~6aKax' p a 3 n H ~ e Me>K~ay IIaCTyXOM ~I ps~6aKOM BO3BO]LHTC,ff B
IIOH.qTHe OIIHO3HI~HH, ceMaHTHqeCKH TO>K)IeCTBeHHOe IIpOCTpaHCT-
BeHHOfl OCI~ "~or-ceBep" (1.3). BTOpO~t pa3~ten nOCBameH opHaMeH-
Ta~bHOfl qbyHKIU4rI ps~6aKa KaK 3neMeHTa cyMpaaHO~t rtpv~po~a ce-
Bepa. YTOqHVIB nOHaTVIe "ceBepHoro n e f l 3 a ~ a " , a nocTapa~ocb MOTr~-
BapOBaT~, TO nopa3HTem, Hoe npe~noqTeHae, KOTOpOe pyCCKHe pOMaH-
T~K~ o K a 3 a ~ qbarype pb~6aKa B CTI4$t~3at~r~vIceBepa KaK 6ecnJIORHOfl
IlyCTbIHH (2.1). O~HaKO H 3~eCb IIOpOtO IIpOCKa$lb3blBalOT H~HJIIII4-
,aecrrte HOTKa (2.2). B noc~e~HeM pa3~eae a OCTaHOB:nOCr~Ha o6pa3e
ceBepHoro p~,i6aKa B rIefl3a~Hofl sirtpviKe 3penoro HymKvma (2.3).
 O6pa3 cenepHoro p~tSaga B pyCCKOM pOMaHTI43Me 131

1.1. 'ebI~,aKI4' K,qK HaHl4OHa3ll,Ha..'rl 14~I4.1IIII.'I..'t

'Pb~6aKH' FHe~nqa nOaBH~HCb B 1821 r o s y , Korea B ~rITepaTypHbIX

Kpyrax pa3jiHqHblX HaIIpaBjieHH~ ~HCKyTHpOBajiH O HaKHOHaJ-IBHOI~
H~HJIJIHH. CeHTHMeHTajiBHa.q H~HIIJIH~I B ~yxe FecHepa, ~el~CTBHe KOTO-
po~ npoHcxo~aT B "3OnOTOM BeKe", BocnpHHHManacs HOBO~ pOMaHT~-
aecKot/ mKonott KaK ycTapeBmaa r~ HeecTeCTBeHHaa (Bar~ypo 1978:
119-121; ~aHajieBCKnfl 1984: 78-84). B OTJIHaHe OT rjiaBHoro npe~cTa-
BHTeji~[ H TeOpeTHKa FecHepOBCKOfl HRHnjiHH B pyccKofl JiHTepaType
BJIaJIHMHpa IIaHaeBa, FHe~Iq BepHji, qTO BO3MO>KHO C03~aTB COBpe-
MeHHym H~HjiaamO rI3 Hatt~OHaahHbIX 3aeMeHTOB (Ba~ypo 1978: 129).
1-Io er o IIOH~qTH~IM, CoBpeMeHHBIfl 6biT I'IOCTaBnHJI ~OCTaTOqHO HHTe-
pecHblfl MaTepHaji, KOTOpblM MOYx<HO6bI~O 3aIIOJIHHTb Tpa)~HI~aOHHhle
qbopMbl. B n~tHjijirm ya<e ynoManyToro BpOHHepa 'Der Fischer bei
H o l e ' , HOCYfy~HBr_neflHCTOHHHKOM~J'IR 'PBI6aKOB', MeCTO ~eMCTBH~IHe
H~eHTHqbHKHpyeTc~ C KaKOfl-jin60 KOHKpeTHOfl MeCTHOCTBIO. FHe~vIq,
HalTpOTHB, 17epeHOCHT Cto>KeT H3 yCJIOBHOFOMHpa pbI6aLtKOfl H~HJInHH
B HeTep6ypr, nLa cnettHqbH~ecKne nepTb~ cpa3y >~e y3HaBaeM~,l (HeBa,
6eaaa HOHB), a Tpa~HLtHOHHBIXH~HnJIHqeCKHX r~epcoHa~efl 3aMeH~eT
HeBCKHMH pb~6aKaMH. HpH 3TOM, He TaK y ~ H Ba>KHO, qTO pyCCKHfi
6BIT B 'PBI6aKax' BBICTylIaeT B rny6OKO "FpeI_tH3HpOBaHHOM" BH~e. 1
FJIaBHoe 3~ecb - cTpeMJIeHHe FHe~Hqa "pycHqbHI~HpOBaTb" H~II.I~IJII.I-
qeCKylO II033HIO, a HMeHHO, KOI-IKpeTH3HpoBaTBxy~o>KeCTBeHHblfl MHp
CTOJIb yCnOBHOrO >KaHpa KaK ~HIjinHa.
Pbi6attKaa H~HIJIJI~a FHe~Hqa HaqHHaeTc~ C Tpa~HI~HOHHOfl )Iji~l
9TOFO a<aHpa 9KClIO3HKHH, r~e onHc~mamTca 6~TOB~e yCnOBHa aeflcT-
By~O~r.~I4X JIHLt (cTaporo H MOjiO~OrO pbI6aKa). H x Tpy~ na3~maeTca
"neqa~,Hb~M", onI4 x o p o m o 3HaKOMbI C H y ~ o f l , O~HaKO nX 6e~HOCTb
IIpHBjieKaTejibHa HMeHHO IIOTOMy, HTO 3TO "~feCTHaYt6e)~HOCTb". HO He
6e~HOCT~, repoeB I4~t~jijil.i~I Ba>~Ha ~'Ia aBTOpa, a a x HpOCTO~CmHe,
r~aBHaJ~ qepTa pbI6aKOB, KOTOpOIYl OH ~IBHO CHMnaTI43tIpyeT. Pb~6aK~I
HeO~HOKpaTHO IIO~qepK~IBa1OT (H 3TO I/O~TBep>I<~aeTc~ B pemammr~e
MOMeHTbl), qTO HX HpOMblCeji "qHCTbII~I H qeCTHbll~". CTapmHtt H3 pbl-
6aKOB - Ol-IblTHbÂl~l, IIOFJ-IOII~eHHblI~I 3a6OTaM~I O pb~6aL~KOM IIpOMbICjie --
TO H ~e~o HaHOMHHaeT CBOeMy Mjia~meMy co6paTy 0 qyBCTBe Rojira. A
TOT, 6ecneqHbltt IOHOma, 6 o n b m e BpeMeHH y~ejiaeT Hrpe Ha CBHpe~II4,
He~<enH CBOHM O6~I3aHHOCT~M. E r o npHcTpaCTHe K IleCH~[M Bbl3blBaeT
BO3MyU/eHHe 17pH3eMjieHHoro cTapHKa, qh~l )KH3Hb uo~qHHeHa pbl6aI~-
KOMy 6blTy: TO OH qHHHT CeTH, TO BapHT yxy. CJ-IOBOM, OH IIOJ'IHOCTblO
COOTBeTCTByeT CBOefl cpene, TOMy rlpocTpaHCTBy, KOTOpOe eMy OTBe-
~en o B npoaaBe~eHr~H - ManeH~,Kr~tt OCTpOB Ha HeBe, Ha KOTOpOM >~n-
ByT TOJIbKO psI6arH. 3aTO Mjia2~m~Ifl p~x6a~, OTrIjib]B Ha p ~ 1 6 a ~ y , npH-
qaaHBaew K npOT~BOnOjiO>rHOMy 6epery, r~e noc~e yRaql.iofl Jioaa~t
 13 2 Otto Boele

OT~aeTcg CBOeMy H3JHO6~eHHOMy3aH~TmO. Ero Hrpa Ha CBHpeJ~H IIpH-

BJIeKaeT BHHMflHHe"HMeHHTOFO 6apHHa", KOTOpb~fftripHr~aiiIaeT ps~6a-
Ka B CBOfl TepeM. l-lpeo~o~leB CMyriIeHHe, MOYIO~Ofl pbI6aK BbICTyriaeT
rtepe~ 60~pCKOfl CeMbefl a B 3HaK 6J~aro~apHocTr117o$tyqaeT OT 6aprIHa
~oporyIo CBHpeJ~b H HOBbII~ HeBO~. OH riOCIICI.I_IHOOTripaBYtgeTC~t ~OMO~
H BOCTOQ:>KeHHOpaccKa3~,maeT 06 ~}TOMcTapnry.

1.2. H,~14.ri.rl14tleCK14enepcoHa~n: IlaCTyXn I4 pbI6aK~

B 'Ps~6aKax' FHe~Hq IIOIIb~Ta.rtc~Ipa3OMKHyTBrpaHH~y Me>I<~y~a~ieKrlM

OT BCJtKOI~ peaJIBHOCTH MHpOM HJ~HJIJIHH H CoBpeMeHHBIM 6BITOM. B
CB~I3H C 9THM MHe rlpej~cTaBJi~eTc~t 3HaMeHaTe.IIBHblM, qTO B KaqecTBe
IlepcoHa>refl FHejIHq ~I36pa~I He 17acTyxoB, a HeBCKHX pbI6aKOB, rio
MHeHHiO A. M. KyKyJIeBHqa, aBTopa ripeBocxoj~HOfi CTaTBH O 'Pb~6a-
Kax', 9TO O6CTO~tTe~bCTBO I4MeJIO ~ a ~ e "rlpi4HiLrilirtaJibHOe 3HaqeHHe",
eCYlH yqecTb qTO B HJ~HJI.IIHaXIIaHaesa ~el~fCTBylOTO~HH IIacTyxH (Ky-
Ky~IeBrlU 1939: 291; CM. TaKx<e ,/IaHrI~ieBcI<vi~t 1984: 79). O~rtaKo co
cJiejIylomrlM 3aMe~iaHrleM Kyi<y~ieBa~a Tpy~HO corJIacrlrsca:

OTKa30T TpaJIHI2HH 6yKOIIHHeCKOI~IHj1H.IIJIHH He 6blJI IIOCJIe-

J1OBaTeJIBHO IIpOBejIeH FHej1HHeM jlO KOHILa. OTj~e~BHBIe 3J~e-
MeHTLI ee B TeKCTe 'Psl6aKOS' Bce x<e IIpHCyTCTByIOT. TaK,
naliprtMep, HHCTpyMeHT, Ha KOTOpOM rtrpaeT MOJIOROfl pbl-
6at:, Ha3BaHHaCT.V1.tlseI~l_teSHrIIlefl.
(KyI<yJxeBria1939: 292)

YlpI4 BCeM yBa>reHHrt K KyKyJIeBrlqy ~ He MOry He OTMeTHTb, Ha MOI~I

B3F.IISI,~, OIIII460qHOe Cy>I<ReHHe: IIpHCyTCTBHe 6yKOJII4qecKI.IX ~IIeMeH-
TOB B 'P~,I6aKax' ripI4IIHCblBaTb rlHepr2rtI4 >raHpa. YIIOMrlHaH~Ie IlaCTy-
///Be2q ILeBHHILbIKyKyJIesrlq 060CHOBblSaeT TeM, qTO "[...] rl2;rlJIJII,Iqec-
Kant Tpa2;I,II~I,I~ CO BpeMeH t~eoKprlTa CB~I3blBa.lla IIpOCTOHapoJ~I-Iy~O
IleCHIO C rlacTyulecKHM 6bn'OM" (TaM >Ke, 292). CaMO rio ce6e 3TO I-ia-
6mo~eHi,Ie HeCOMHeHHO BepHo, OJIHaKO KyKy~eBHq He~ooILeHI,IBaeT
rioYleMHqeCKHfi CMblC.II9THX 6yKOJlrtqeCKI,IX "OCTaTKOB".
J~e.l-IO B TOM, qTO B 'PbI6aKax' C.IIblILIaTC~ OTFOJIOCKH ~OBOJIbHO
cTapofl RrtCKyCCHI40 ripaBoMepHOCTH yqaCTl,I~/ pbl6aKa KaK FJIaBHOFO
IlepcoHa>ra B I,IJ~I4~Y~HqeCKO12HO93HH. (I)OHTeHeIIh, K IlprlMepy, I,ICKmO-
qaJi pbI6aKOB rt3 papa JleflCTBylOIIlrtX 5II4I~, MOTHBHpy~I CBOe MHeHI4e
TeM, qTO T~l>reJIblfl TpyJ~ p~,~6aKa HapymaeT FapMOHI4IO I,t~I4.rl.rlHqecKoro
IIOKOa (Fontenelle 1688: 167). IIOCTOaHHaa 6opr~6a pt,16aKOB 3a B~,I-
>rHBaHl.ie He J]~oIIyCKaeTTOil 6ecIIeqHOCT~I, KOTOpa~ CBOflCTBeHHa IIa-
CYylJ_IecroIt XZH3HH.2 T~t>i<e~Ib]~ Tpy~ KaK apryMeHT 6SIJI y ~ e BblJ~BHHyT
 06pa~ cenepHoro p~6alca a pyCCKOM pOMaHTIIaMe 133

FH12tOMOM KoT~eTe, roTopbll~ K TOMy 3Ke 3aMeTI4~, qTO Heo6xo~I4MOCTb

co6~o~aTr~ THIIIHHy Ha p~6a~Ke He BJt>KeTC~I C 6ec~eqHr~M ~ei-iHeM,
CTOab I.ieOT'beMneM~,~M OT rIaCTyXOB (Colletet 1970: 12-13). Ho y ~ e
yl'IOM~iHyTbll~ ~ . K. BpOHHep a rrpe~i,iCnOB~in K CBOHM Fischergedichte
6epeT p b ~ 6 a r o a IIOK 3amaTy n iio~qepic.tIaaeT, c O~HOI~ CTOpOHbI -- a x
Tpy~on~o6i~e, ocnoBononara~o~ee pb~6attroro o6paaa >rHaHH, a c ~ y -
rOl~ CTOpOHb¿ -- 6ea~eabe, r~pr~cy~ee nacTyxaM.

Das Gliick der Hirten grtindet sich eigentlich auf Gesch~fts-

losigkeit, das Gliick der Fischer aber auf frohe Tatigkeit: das
erste liegt von uns zu welt entfernt, und hat weniger moralischen
Werth, obschon es fiir die meisten reizender sein m6chte; das
andere aber liegt uns nahe, ist erreichbar, spornt mehr zu
Anstrengung unserer Krtifte an, und hat hiermit grSsseren mora-
lischen Werth, obschon es vielleicht weniger Reitze hat.
(Bronner 1794, II: 10-11)

FHeJ~Hq, IIO BceIt Bepo~iTHOCTH, 6bI.rI 3HaKOM C paccy>I<~eHHJtMH ]~pOH-

Hepa. 3 H XOTa ~kI~aKTI,IqecrI~tt CMblCJ'I, xaparTepnbi~ ~na BpOHHepa, y
Hero CI~a~,HOnpi~raymeH, ace-Tara OH ncxoaaT aa TO~ n<e onrmaattrIn
"p~6ar-r~acTyx'. IIoaeaeHqecro~ xaparTeprtcTHre, ~anHo~ BpOHHep-
OM, JtBHO COOTBeTCTByeT OTpblBOK 1,I3 'PbI6aKOB', r~e c T a p m a ~ pm6aK
yr~peraeT Mna~mero a 3IeFKOMblCIIHH:

3HaTh, Jlpyr MOI~~o6eaH~Ii~, Ta>KeJ1 Te6e TpyJI pI,~6OJ~OBa?

TaK J~yqme 6 c CBHpeJ~b~OOCTa.qc~ Tbl jlOMa IIpH cTajle.
TaM ~CHOe He60, TaM ~lCHble ,/~yr.I.IHH IleCHH
TaM MH~bIe ~IO~qM: a 3~ecb, 6paT, i~ mona, KaK He60,
CypoBbI: 3~ecr~ xae6a He Bl,inoemb, BbIl~aqeIIIb aerqe.
(Fne~,~ 1984: 161)

KOHeqHO, aTO CJIOBa pbi6aKa, a He caMoro FHe~i4qa, Tor~a KaK y Bpon-

Hiepa MbI I,IMeeM ~e~o c MeTa-BbICKaabIaaHrleM aBTopa 06 t,I~ISt~rlqec-
i<nx nepcoHa>rax KaK TaKOBblX. O~HarO MO~a.rlbHag cnertaqbHra pb~-
6attKotI r i ~ n i ~ i ~ c ee yCTaHOBKOtt Ha rpy~oa~o6ae i~ "Beceny~o ~te~-
Tem, HOCTh" (BpOHHepOBCKOe "frohe Ttitigkeit") o6mrp~,maeTca H y FHe-
~i,iqa. IlacTymecr~fl o6pa3 >KH3HI.t y Hero HpgMO accotti~r~pyeTca c
6ecIIeqHOCTbIO, HeCOBMeCTtlMOfl C cypoBbIM 6bITOM pbI6aKoa. OTCIO~a
ablTeKaeT HpaBCTBeHHa~[ Cytl~HOCTb pb16at~KOrO peMecna, KOTOpyto ~e-
r~apHpyeT cTapmHfl p~,~6ar.

Ho npoMbICe~ pbI6Hbll~l eCTb I~pOMblCeJ1 qI,'ICTBII~ H qeCTHbllYI:

PbI6aK He r'y6rlTe.rlb, CBOeI~tOH pyKH He KpOBaBHT;
134 Otto B o e l e

Pr~i6aK He O6MaHr~HK, TOBap npo~aeT He rlO,I].~e.rIbHbIl~,

(FHe~r~a 1984: 161)

XoH CO6bITH~ KaK 6hi IIoHpbmaeT TBepHoe y6e)KHeHHe c T a p m e r o pb~-

6aKa, 6yHTO p~,I6attKoe peMecjio HCKJI~oqaeT BCHKOrO poHa pa3BJieqe-
HttH H 6e3Hejibe. MjiaHtuero pL~6aKa ITpl~rjiama~oT B TepeM "He C
pI,16Ofl', KaK OH CaM BHaqa~e IIOHyMaji, a "c cBHpejib~O'. OJ~HaKo rI
cTapmi41~ p~I6aK S qeM-TO 17paB. BapI4H IIpI43HaeT TaYtaHT M~antuero
p~,~6aKa, HO OHHOBpeMeHHO IIpH3bIBaeT e r o "He JIeHHTSCH B I/pOMblC-
Jie'. I"IOMHMO CBHpejiH, OH HapI~T eMy HOBblffl HeBoH 3a e r o "pa3yMHble
p e y H " ( " H a m npoMi, lceji 'aI~CTt,I~ I~ qeCTHbI~" [169]), KOTOpb~e, Ha ca-
MOM ~ejie - OTFOJIOCOK IIOCTO~IHHblX HpaBCTBeHHblX HaCTaBJIeHH~t
c T a p m e r o p~,~6aKa. H e cJ~yqal~HO, qTO HMeHHTbI~ 6ap~IH, BblCTyrlaIO-
~.~H~ KaK c B o e r o poHa cyHsH, rlOBTOpHeT CJIOBa H3 art~rpaqba: "Ta-
JIaHTbl OT 6 o r a , 6OFaTCTBO -- OT pyK qejioBeKa".
B ~ejiOM, HeJ/b3H CKa3aTb, qTO C06blTHfl OKa3blBalOT CHJIbHOe BJII,I-
SHr~e Ha cy;aJ,6y p~X6aKOB (XOTH, 6 e a y c a o s H o , r I o c e m e a n e 6 o g p c K o r o
TepeMa - yHrlKaJIl~HbIl~l Cjiyqai~ B ~H3Hr~ Mjian.mero pbl6aKa). MO:~HO
TaK>Ke npej~rIojiaraTb, HTO n e p B a a HeyHaqHaa JIOBJIH CTaHeT IIOBOHOM
~JIH BO30~HOBJIeHHH crIopa Me)Kj~y pBI6araMrL H3HaqajibHbll~ rropgHOr
'PB~6aKax' He HapymeH, n aTO BrIOJIHe COOTBeTCTByeT >KaHpOBOfl
crIeI/~qbHKe H~HJIJIHH: cKy~HOCTb C06BITHffl, CtoTKeTHaH CTaTHqHOCTB
(B6schenstein-Sch~ifer 1976: 10).
CTpeMHCb Co3HaTb HaI~HOHaJIbHyIO HHHJIJIHIO, I"HeHHq o6paTHJICil
KOHKpeTHO K pbI6aRKOl~ HHHJIJIHH, T. e. K TOI~I )KaHpOBOI~ pa3HOBHH-
HOCTH, KOTOpaH TpaHH~I,tOHHO BOCIIpHHHMaJIaCb KaK CJII,IIMKOM rpy6aH
c acTexrp~ecKo~ rto3a~Hr~, rIOCl<Oji~y He "r~e-Ho-oTop~ana" OT ~ei~cT-
BI4TeJIbHOCTH (neJ~apoM BpOHHep yTBep)KJ~aeT, t~T0 p~,~6aUKoe c q a c x s e
HOCTH)KHMO: "[...] liegt uns nahe, ist erreichbar"; CM. B~,Ime). HMeHHO
"rpy6ocT~," p~,~6attI(Oi~ HHHmII,m, T. e. ee OTHOCI,ITem,HO 6ojib~.r.~a~ IIpH-
6JIH)KeHHOCTb K Hel~CTBttTeYlI~HOCTH,Ha CaMOM Hejie, HBJIHeTCH O~HHM
rt3 rlperlMyLLIeCTB, CrlOCO6CTBy~OttU,IX ~OCTI,I~eHH~O L~ejiI4, T. e. c03Ha-
HHIO HaIIMOHajiI~H01Y[H~HJIJIHH.

1.3. H a c T y x I4 p~I6aK -- zor I4 CeBep

~ o c~ix riop peqb t u n a HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO O pbi6aKax KaK H ~ j i j i r I -

qeCKHX n e p c o H a : ~ a x . TOT IIOpa3I,ITeJ/bHbll~l qbarT, qTO He~lCTBrIe 'Pb~6a-
KOB' IIpOHCXOHHT B I I e T e p 6 y p r e , Ha ceBepe, He rlpOCTO 3HaMeHaTejieH
KaK HaIDIOHaJIhHa~ KaTeropHH, HO H 3HaqI,ITejieH B CBOe~ OCHOBe,
nOCrOjibKy yBH3aH C MOHa~bHOr~ r~ aCTeTi~qecrco~ cneur~dpHKO~ psi-
6attKO~ nHrUIjim,I.4
 O6pas ce~epHoro p~)dara B pyCCKOM pOMaHTI43Me 135

H c c n e ~ y a OCHOBHble pa3HOBHg~IOCTH neilaaa<eit B pyccroia noa-

ann, M. H. ~)IImTel~tt B CBOe~ r H a r e Hpt4po~a, M~4p, TaI~HI/IK ~ce~TeH-
HOiL.. aHaJiH3ttpyeT 06ycJIOBYlCHHOCTLTpHag,bI: ~aHp-IIe)t3a:sK-I/O~TH-
qecHoe MrlpoomYmenrle.

Boo6me aCTeTHHeCKO-CTHJIHCTHqeCKHepa3HOBHjIHOCTHnei~-
3ax<eia BOCXO~$1T, OHeBI4jIHO, K TeM 06II~HM THIIaM IIO~TH-
HeCKOFO MHpooLKyI~eHH~, KOTOpBIe HaI'nKIIHOBBIpa3HJIHCBB
~anpOBOM paa~teneann noaarm Ha o~y ~I anera~, rtannnn~ n
6anna;ay. Tar, z~ean~,nr~ nelaaa>r [Tpa~nI.trlOHnbtPI lOCUS
amoenus, O.B.] MO)KHO COOTHeCTH C ~,<anpoM H,~rtnnHH, a
6ypHbI/t [HMelOTC~I B BI4JIy rpoM, BeTep, cyMpaI<, O . B . ] - C
)l<aHpOMO~lbI.
(gmtrreian 1990: 148-149)

XOTfl ~IIMTelYlH TOJI/aKO HaMeqaeT KaKHe-TO o6tt~rIe TeH~eHn~IH, ona-

c a g c b BO3BeCTH HX B p a 3 p ~ 3aKOHOMepHOCTel~, CaMO IIpe~IIO)HeHHOe
COOTHOIIIeHHe oIIpe~eYleHHblX THIIOBJIaH~iIiadpTa c pa3HblMH >KaHpaMH
H HM COOTBeTCTByIOII.IHMMHpOOILIyII-~CHHeMHe BbI3blBaeT COMHeHHI~. I(
~TOMy MO3KHO eILIC ~06aBHTI% qTO HaqHnag C Hoc~e~Helt HeTBCpTH
XVIII BeKa, Iiel~i3a)HH, KaK H306pa3HTeYtbHbI~ 3JIeMeHT, pa3JIHqaIOTCg
He TOJILKO >IgaHpOBO~ IIpHHagJte;~gHOCTbIO, HO H OTHOCHTeJIbHOI~I6nH-
30CTIaIO K O~HOMy H3 IIOYtIOCOBKJIHMaTHqCCKOffIOIIII03HLIJ4H tOFoCCBep,
CTOJIb 3HaHHMOI~ ~-DI BOCC03~aHHg pOMaHTHqeCKOI~ KapTHHbI MHpa.
~e$Io B TOM) qTO IIO~ BJIH~tHHeM 'IlecHe~t OccnaHa' a o6IKeeBpo-
n e i l c r o r o nnTepeca H CKaH~HHaBCKOI~ MHdponorHH, K KOHny X V I I I
BeKa BO3HHKaeTMOBOYlbHOr p y 6 o e n CTaTtlqHOe pa3Menenne "IO>KHOrO"
n "ceBepHoro" nelI3ax<e~, r o T o p o e OTqaCTH HacnaaBaeTca Ha cymecT-
Bymmyto >KaHpOBym CnCTeMy (06 yBneqeHnH B POCCHH O c c a a a o M a
ceBepHoi~ TeMaTrmoit BOO6me CM. IIIapbInKHH 1972; JIeBHH 1980; van
Baak 1988). CaM no ce6e nMeanLHbiil nei~3aa< He O6Z3aTenbHO BOC-
IIpHHHMa.rlC~I KaK tO>KHblffl, IIOCKOYlbKyxapaKTepHoi~ qepTo~ TpaMH~H-
OHHOFO lOCUS amoenus'a B 6 y x o n n x e gBJDIeTCJt KaK pa3 ero r e o r p a -
dpHqecKa~ HeHpHKpeHneHHOCTb, HeocyIKeCTBHMOCTb KaK BpeMeHHOi~,
TaK H npocTpaHCTBeHHOtt ero noHanH3attnn. TeM He MeHee, Ha py6e>Ke
XVIII BeKa n BIIJIOTb MO IIOCYle~IIJ-IHXOTFOJIOCKOB pOMaHTH3Ma nMeaJ~b-
HbllYl nei~3a~<, HCIIOJIHeHHbI~ pOCKOIIIH H 6naroMaTn, MOr BbI3BaTb
tO~I<Hble accoaHatmH, IIOCKOYIbKyOH MblCJIHJICg KaH MHaMeTpanbHag
IIpOTHBOIIOJIOYKHOCTI~ yCYlOBHOMy ceBepHOMy neIt3a>Ky B Myxe OC-
CHaHa. BOT IIOqeMy yHblYlbl~ naH~tuaqbT anerHn, Ma>Ke e c z a OH He
HMe~I HHHaKoFo I/p~Moro OTHOmeHH~ H KapTHHaM CeBepa, MOt BCe-
TaKn o6pacTaT~ ceBepHblMH KOHHOTaIIHgMH. I'Io~I Bo3Mel~CTBHeMTaK~X
MblCnHTenea ~aH MOHTeCH~e, :>KepMeH~I Me CTan~, HI. Me t;OH-
136 Otto Boele

CTeTTeHa H ~Ip. TaKHe KaqeCTBa KaK yHI~IYlOCTb,rpycTb, yrpIOMOCTb H T.

~. CTaJIH OReHPIBaTI~CJI K a K THIIHqHO ceBepHble. 5
HeMbICJIHMO ]~a H He IIpo~yKTHBHO pa36HBaTb ~<aHpOByIO CHCTeMy
Ha qeTKO orpaHr~qeHHMe ~pyr OT ~pyra "~a<Hs~e" ~ "ceBepHMe" rpyn-
IIbi, IIOCKOJIbKy 3 H a q H M O C T b 9T01~ OIIII03H~HH I/Jig )KaHpOBOl~ IIpO6JIe-
MaTtII<H He cne~yeT IIpeyBenHqHBaTb. O]~IaKo H e H p a B o M e p H o T a K ~ e
yTBep)K~aTb, qTO OHa BOO6II~e He HpO~B~I~eTC~ B oIIpe]~eJ~eHHMX >KaH-
pax. B H3BeCTHOI~ CTeIIeHH ynpomas, MO)KHO cza3aTb, qTO H~J~TIH-
~ecKas no~3~s (nacTymecr~as, B Oco~eHHOCTH) BCe-TaKH TgrOTeeT K
IO)KHOMy IIOJ~K)cy, XOTg ~TO He o3HaqaeT, qTO ee "IO)KHOCTb" ]~OYDKHa
9KCHJ~H~HpOBaT~C~.
KaKHe IIocne~CTBH~I HMeeT Bce ~9TO ~J-I$I p ~ 6 a t t ~ o ~ n ~ n ~ H H ,
KOTOpa~I CBOeI~I TOHaJIbHOCTbIO $1BHO OTnHqaeTc~l OT HaCTyIIIeCKOlYlIIO-
~B3HH.9 Bec~Ma HHTepecHO, qTO O603HaqeHHOe B 'P~I6aKax' HpOTHBO-
IIOCTaBneHHe nacTyxa p~ 6aK y Hp~IMO COOTBeTCTByeTIIpocTpaHCTBeH-
HOI~ OIIII03H~HH Ior-ceBep. TaK, "~CHOe He60", KOTOpOe cTapLun~I pM-
6aK yIIOMIIHaeT B CBOeI~ Ha3H~aTenbHOl~ peqH, CB~I3aIIo C rIacTytuecKoll
~KH3HI~IO, Tor~a KaK "cypOBOMy He6y" COOTBeTCTByeTpbI6aI~KHl~ IIpO-
MMcen. I-IOKa3aTe~IbaO H o6paII~eHHe cTapnKa K M ~ a ~ e M y p~16axy:
cHa~ana ~poHr~aecKn Be>Kn~BOe ( " ~ y r MO~ nIO6e3HbIl~"), HOTOM 60-
n ee Tpe3Boe ~I cypoBoe ("6paT"), T. e. B COOTBeTCTBHH C HpOTHBOIIO-
CTaBneHrieM HM CaMHM pa3BepHyTbIM: "MHnoe-cypoBoe" n "HacTyx-pM-
6aK". I(oHeqHO, ~HXOTOMHIO "~CHOe He60-cypoBoe He60" MO~<HO HH-
TeprtpeTrtpoBaTb He TOnbKO KaK OHHO314t~H~O "~or-ceBep" HO rt KaK
"cytua-Mope", HO 3TO OTHtO~b He H c r ~ o q a e T IIpocTpaHCTBeHHyIO HnFI,
ecnH y r o ~ q o , "KnHMaTOnOFHqecKyIO" TpaKTOBKy. ~O CHX Hop HH O~-
H~M ~3 nccneaoBaTene~t He yHOMHHa.qocb, qTO p b ] 6 a r n FHe~nqa - ~TO
~>~aHe, noHaBmne B IIeTep6ypr, no Bone cy~b6bl. C CaMOFO Haqa.qa
MbI y3HaeM, qTO

FOHHMMe Hy~<~O~H3 MH.rIOrOKpa~ pO~HOrO,

Ha npoM~icen BMeCTenpHmnH 3eMJInKHHa ~y~<6nHy.
( F n e ~ 1984: 159)

XOTff cI<y~Hoe om~caHHe po~tHbI pb16aKOB He BblXO~eVIT3a npe~e~bl

yCJIOBHOrO H~Hn~HqecKoro neIt3aa<a, Bce >Ke 3~ecb npoCMaTpHBaeTca
06pa3 p o ~ I n b I caMoro I~ne~tlqa - YKpanHbI (K npHMepy, yIIOMHHaHIIe
M$Ia~IIIHM pBI6aKOM yKpaHHCKOI~ KO63BI).60Ka3BIBaeTcJt, 'PBISaKH'
nHmeab~ o n n o ~ , secbMa xapaKTepHo~I ~,~a HZ;HnnHqecKoro x p o H o r o n a
q e p T M - e~HCTBa MecTa, T. e. "BeKOB0il IIpHKpeHneHHOCTH :~HaHH
IIOKOJIeHHI~t K O~HOMy MeCTy" (BaXTrlH 1986: 258). O6a pM6aKa pO~OM
C IOta, IIpHqeM ae~ M~a~mero pb~6ara 6bin "Ih~CTyXOM ropeMblqHl~IM',
a y>re OTett - pbx6aKOM (FneaHq 1984: 160). T ar~M o6pa3oM, OCb
 06pa3 cenepHoro pm6aKa ~ pyCCKOM pOMaHT~43Me 137

"YKpaaHa-HeTep6ypr" 0or-ce~ep) Har,na~smaeTca Ha ceMaHTHqecrym

IIpOTHBOIIO.IIO::~KHOCTb"rtacTyx-psi6aK" n O6slrpsmaeTc~ >raHpoBaa l~a-
MaTh " r p y 6 0 ~ " psI6a~tro~ H~r~nnnn.
B TO >re BpeM.q FHe~r~q He OTCTynaeT OT OCHOBHOFOTpe6oBaHna
BpOHHepa, Kaca~orJIeroca COOTBeTCTBHYI~t3o6pa>reHr~a ps~6aKOB Kpa-
cr~Boi~ npHpo~e. "HeBcKr~e TyH~pbI', yl-lOMaHyTble B 3HaMeHHTOM OHH-
canto4 6eaoia HOqH, HpOH3BO~qT BneqaTneHr~e COqHSIX IIyrOB, a cypo-
BOe ceBepHoe He60, Ha KOTOpOe ccs~naeTca cTapmrtYt psl6aK, npe~I-
cTaeT B KaKOM-TO nYleHHTeYlSHOMCKa3OqHOM BH~e. H~HYtYtH~tFHe~IHqa
BCe-TaKH OcTaeTc~ BecsMa 14;R~43731HtteCKOi3.

2.1. ,lI~e pa3HOBH~HOCT14 CeBepHoFO nei43a)Ka

Ylpe>r~e qeM paCCMOTpeTb o6pa3 pbl6aKa KaK ~tH~Ierc ceBepHoro MHpa,

yTOqHHM TepMI4H "ceBepHblYt naH~maqbT" rt ero Mo~aYtSHO-aMO~HO-
HaYtsHytO oKpacKy B paMKaX pOMaHTH3Ma. YIo~ C3/OBaMrI "ceBepHsI~
naH~maqbT" He 06~t3aTeYtSHO cne~yeT HOHHMaTS ne~3a>r B ayxe OCCH-
alia, XOTa 3aqacTy~o OHH COBna~a~oT. I-IocKOIIbKy neCHn OccHaHa BOC-
npHHHMa.qHCS raK ~BeTbl ceBepnoia HO93HH, H CeBep B npe~poMaH-
TH3Me o6pacTall FepoHqeCKHMH KOHHOTa~HaMH, TO ceBepHsIIt IIelYI3a:~K
B ~yxe OccHaHa qacTo 06Hapy>rHBaeTC~ TaM~ F~e 3aTpaFHBaeTc~I Fe-
p o n q e c r a ~ TeMaTHKa. I/I3J/IO6JIennaa Hpe~CTaBHTeII~MH rpa>r~aHCKOl~
n o a 3 n n TeMa 50pSSbl C THpaHCTBOM Tpe60Bana ~Ji~ cBoero xy~o)KeCT-
BeHHOFO BOHIIOIIIeHH~I HMeHHO FpO3HbIX CK~J/H pa3~ylII~BaBIIII/IXC~
CTI/IXPII~.7
~ p y r o ~ , MeHee "YlHTepaTypnoi~" yCnOBHOCTS~O ceBepHoro naH~I-
iiIa~Ta aB$iaeTcJt yHMYlMI~IIel~3a>r, KOTOpMI~ xapaKTepeH THI/2HHOI~,
HH3KHM FOpH3OHTOM H CIIHJtHHeMMeSa c 3eMIIel~t HJIH C MOpeM (~}H-
IIITel~H 1990: 148-151). ~)TO MO:hKHOHpoHYI3IIOCTpHpOBaTS Ha nprIMepe
n~aeCTHOrO onHcaHr~a ¢PrIHcroro aam~Ba B 'Me~HOM BCa~Hrtre', BS~-
CTpOeHHOM aeTKO nO roprIaOHTa~rt:

F~le npea<~le OpHHCKHI~IpSI6OnOB,

Heqan~nbt~ nacLmor npnpo~J,~,
O~HH y HH3KHX6eperoB
13pocan B IteBe~OMMeBO~bI
CBOl~lBeTXHI~IHeBOjI...
(I-[ylI.IKHH 1977, IV: 274-275)

Co3~aeTc~ BHeqaTneHHe OhHOO6pa3HO~, nYtOCKO~t, npH3eMHCTO~ ny-

CTbmI~. H TOJtbrO nocae KOCMOrOHHqecKoia~e~Te~bnocrr~ I l e r p a IIep-
BOrO Mttp o 6 p e r a e r Tpev~e (BepTrtKa~bnoe) naMepeHae ("Ha TBMbI he-
13 8 Otto Boele

COB, 143 TOn14 6 n a t / BOSHeCC~ ns~mHo, rop~en14BO') (TonOpOB 1995:

289).
HTaK, H~IOCKHfl ceBep, $lHmeHHblfl BCRKOI~ repo14qecKofl Harpya-
KH, 6eCKOHeqHag HyCTBIHR, aMopqbHOe IIpOCTpaHCTBO, HalIOM14HalO-
ILIee IIepBo6BITHBIit x a o c - BOT qTO COCTaBJIReT MHp 6e~HOrO pbI6aKa.
EFO IIpHCyTCTBHe TO~IBKO IIO~tIepKHBaeT 6e3YlIO~HOCTB oKpeCTHOCTeI~.
O6pa3 n ~ o c K o r o ceBepHoro nell3aa<a C03~aeTcR nepeqHcJIeHHeM He-
MHOFOqHC$IeHHBIX npeAMeTOB, KOTOpb~e BBIpHCOBBIBalOTCR Ha qbone
c e p o r o H HH3KOFO He6OCKnOHa. O~Hoo6pa3He ~TOII KapTHHBI yCHJIH-
BaeTc~ C HOMOnlb~O TaKHX o6OpOTOB KaK " n H m b H3pe~Ka', " n H m b
KOl~-r~e", I/oc~e q e r o ylTOMHHaeTc~ l~pe~MeT H~IH 3ByK, KOTOpBII~ HO-
p a x a e T CBOel~ CJlyqal~HOCTBtO, 14 a a x e HeHy3KHOCTBIO. HMeHHO TOr~a
IIORB~I~eTCa pb~6aK:

H Bee B FHy6OKOMCHe nOMOpne xpyroM.

JIHrrrbH~pe~iKap~x6apb KTOBapan~aMB3b~BaeT,
JIHIIIb 9XO FJIaC eFO IIpOTSDKHOIIOBTOp~eT
B 6e3MOnBnnHOanOM.
('Ha pa3BannHax 3aM~a B IIIsetmn'; BaTmm~OB 1989, I: 166)

...OcTpOB ManbIfl
Ha B3MOpI,e BI,~eH. HHOF~a
HpIc~anHT C HeBO~OMTyna
Pb~6aK Ha nOBne 3ano3~anbxfl
H 6C~Ht,n~ y:~KHHCBOIYIBapHT
('Me~HLIfl BCaRHm<';IIymK~H 1977, IV: 287)

H n n z;aa<e:

J'IHmb KOB-r~C Ha MCJIHpa36HTa~ n a ~ , s

O6e306pa;~KeHHOfl XOpMOIO
TopqnT Ha/l 5ypnoIo BOnnOIO,
O6JIOMOK :~aJIKnl~I 6BITH~I[
Ha HeBO~, K cBae IIpHKpCIIJICHHBII~I,
Ko~-Fllc ~CpHCK)ttU4~IB HCCKC,
HaHOMtIHaCT MBICJIHCOHHOI~I,
HTO HenOBCKHeB~aJIeKC!..
('Strandwcg'; TyMaHCKHfl1972, I: 299)

YHbIJIOCTB H O~HOo6pa3He p~,~6aaKofl :~K143H14, OmyTHMble B TaIGIX

CTpOKaX KaK "6e~HbIl~ y~KHH" H "O6nOMOK ~<aaKH~ 6bITHg', IIO~-
TBep:~aIOTC~I H KapTHHaM14 CaMOfl npHpo~bi. B 'Me~HOM BCa~HHKe~
TOIIK14e H HH3KrIe 6epera (IIpHCTan14me pbl6aKa) IIpOT14BOIIOCTaBJIg-
IOTCR "O>KHBJIeHHbIM 6eperaM" HeTep6ypra, Ha KOTOpBIX "rpoMa;~bI
CTpOl~Hble TeCHRTCR'. KpoMe TOFO, B OTJIHHHe OT pb16aKKoro Mope-
 06pa3 cenepnoro p~6ara B pyccroM pOMaHTPI3Me 139

rlJIaBaHH~l, 6ectteJIbHoro i4 HcpenlHTe:lbHOrO, rlocJierleTpoBcKoe J~BH-

>reHHe xapaKTepHo, B rlepBylO oqepeJ~, cTpeMHTeJIbHOCTblO.

A Hbmqe TaM, rj~e cKpOMHOKpanHcb

Pbt6a~rHe qenab[ 6peroB,
C 6ecI~eHnbIM 6peMeHeM noMqannc~
OTBa)I<HI,ICOHMHII~acy~OB.
('Top)l<eCTBennr,II~l ~eHb CTOJIeTHflOT OCHOBaHH~Irpa~a
CB. IIeTpa Ma~t~ 16 JIH-q 1803'; Bo6po~ 1988: 50)

IIOCKOIIbKy ceBepHI,]~t pbi6aK >rHBeT B "IIyCTblHe", T. e. 3a rtpej~enaMr:

Ky$tbTypHoro IIpOCTpaHCTBa, TO TaKHe 1-lpHJ:aFaTeJIbHble KaK "I-IyCTblH-
HblM" H "J~HKHffI" BO3BOJIeqTCH B IIOH.qTHe yCTOI~IqHBbIX 91-IHTeTOB. Ta-
KnMr: OHH a BocnpaHHMaIOTC~ B KOHTerCTe nOJ:O6H~IX ore:caring:
"[...] B poJ~14He MOe~ / Me>rAy nyCT~mHStX p~z6apet1" ('PycnaH H
JhojIM14J:a'; IIymKHH 1977, IV: 18); "Ban3 Kons~ nacMypHoxa, cpej~s
~4rd4x p~t6ape~t" ('HocnaHr:e H. M. M<ypaB~eBy>-A<nOCTOny>';
BaT~OmKOB 1989, 1: 224); "TyT BcTpeT14nH Hac p~6a~¢, ~r~O:U4rpy6~e
~4~7~rK_r4e,BblpocmHe Ha x:taJ~HO~i CTHXHH,IIO~ IIIyMOM BaJIOB MOpCKHX
H He3HaKOMbIe C yYtbI6KO~O ~py>reJHO6HOrO IIp14BeTCTBH~" ('OcTpOB
BopHroJ:~M'; KapaM3HH 1971: 610); "JIBa XOJ:Ma ¢U¢r~4eBOCCTaJ:14 H3
3~,16e~ - / K a K TeMa BnTa3e~ -- TaM ~eZH~ p~6apetI / M e m , Ka~OT no
BOJ~e, C HaTaHyT~M aeTprInOM" ('ForJ~aH~'; J~as~I~OB 1832: 322). Bo-
06I~e-TO xapaKTepHo, qTO ceBepHb~ 6hiT B n306pa>reHH14 pOMaH-
THKOB CB~3aH TOJIbKO C pb~6an~KHM HpOMblCJIOM. OXOTHHKH, KpecTB~-
He H HacTyxH nortpocTy OTCyTCTBytOT.8

2.2. tI~z¢Jr3r~-uecKa~CeMaHTHKa CeBOpHOFOploI~,~K,q

"OTCTpaHeHHOCTb" pbI6aKa Bb]pa>raeTca He TOJIBKOI/pocTpaHCTBeHHO.

BO BpeMeHHOM n~aHe OH TO>re He COOTBeTCTByeT 06mHM qe.qo-
BeqeCKHM KaTerOpHflM ~I Hpeg,CTaBJI~eT CO60fi CBOeFO poJIa BHeBpe-
MeHHOe flBJIeH~Ie. I'IOgTOMy o6pa3 CeBepHoro pbl6aKa corlp~>ren c MH-
qbOHOgTHqecKofi ceMaHTHKOfi IIOTOI/a HY[14 HaBOJ~neuHa, KOTOpaa Tar
HarJLqJ~HO o6blrpbmaeTc~ B caaaH c acxaToJ:orHe~ 1-leTep6ypra (CM.
AHaHqbepoa 1991; JIOTMaH 1984). 9TO, 6e3ycnoano, rtpoaaHnoo, a
KOJIbl~eBOl~ KOMIIO3HI~HH 'Mej~Horo Bcaj~HHKa', B BCTyTIJIeHHH H qbH-
Hane KOTOpOro MbI CTanKHBaeMca C 6eJ~HbIM pbl6aKOM. Korea >re OH
IIOgBJ-tSteTC.q BTOpOI~ pa3, TO He IIpOH3BOJIHT BIIeqaTJIeHHe y~I3BHMOFO
IlaCbIHKa HpHpoj~bl. HaIIpOTHB, OH nopa>raeT CBOe~ HeBO3MyTHMOC-
Tb~O nepeJ~ J:HttOM MOpCKOI~ICTHXHH H CHOCO6HOCTBIO K He~ npHcrto-
ca6JmsaTLca (AJinaTos 1967, II: 67).
140 Otto Boele

Oc06bll~l riHTepec B aTOM l~jiaHe npeRcTaBjiaeT CTHXOTBOpeHHe

'l-Io~eog~HbI~ ropo~' M. A. ~MttTpHeea, e KOTOpOM cTapbltt pbI6aK
paccKa3bIBaeT CBOeMy IIJIeMgHHHKy 0 ropo~te, HOFJIOII~eHHOMMOpeM.
Ha3BaHne ropoRa ~KO6b~ 3a6~TO ("OTToro, ~TO He po~qoe / H He
naMaTHO OHO'; J~M~Tpr~eB 1972, II: 60), HO mrirm~, KOTOpbIll TOp~nT
H3 BO~BI H BO BpeM~I 6ypn cJIy3KHT IIpHqajiOM ~II~I JIOROK p~6aKOB,
KOHeHHO, cpa3y, KaK gBHa~I IIprlMeTa, a~pecyeT Mac K I-IeTpoIIaBJIOB-
CKO~I KperiOCTrL ~MHTpHeB Ha3Baji 'HO~BO~q~H~ ropo~' ~d4~rm4C~/,
HTO, Koneqno, cjie~IyeT BOCIIpHHHMaTb KaK HpOHHIO. O~naKo ~TO He
HCKjiIoqaeT H ~pyroro TOJIKOBaHH~I:MOJI, B CKpOMHOMcyII~eCTBOBaHHH
pbl6aKOB 3ajio)KeHa npocTa~ ~HTel~CKaJt My~pocTb.

2.3. CeBepm, iB p~,x6aK ~ trett3a~Hott .rr~p~e Ilym~..HHa

,/~ng I-lymKHHa 06pa3 p~6aKa He CB~I3aH HCKJItOqHTejihHO C ceBepoM.

B CTrtXOTBOpeHHrI '3eMjig H Mope', HariHCaHHOM BO BpeM~ IO>KHO~t
CCbInr.~I, peqb H~eT TaK>Ke O "cypOBOM pb~6aKe". ORHaKO IOr 3Recb He
MapKHpOBaH. 3HaqHMOI~I gBji~eTCg TOJIbKO OIIriO3HI_I~PI~IHeripeRcKa3ye-
MOfflMopcKoI~ CTHXHHH Ha~e>KHOIt cymH:

3eMji~ MHe Kay<eTcHBepne~t,

H >ranor MHe pb~6aK cypoB1,[~:
~r~HBeTHa yTfIOMOHqenHe,
Hrpanmae cjieno~I IIyHHHhl.
(HyIIIKHH1977, II: 24)

HymKI~Ha, HalO rIojiaraT~,, i~HTepecoBajia npe~<Re Bcero y~I3BHMOCTb

pb~6aKa B CTOJIKHOBeHHHCO CTHXHel~. Og~HaKO, eCJIH tOt riO OTHOIIIe-
HHm K pbl6aKy He MapKHpOBaH, TO ceBep qame Bcero pe3Ko O603Ha-
qeH, KaK, HarIpHMep, B Ha6pocKe "KorRa n o p o ~ BOCrtOMrtHaHI,e"
(1830):

IIe~an~,H).xia OCTpOB-- 6eper RHKOi~,

YceaH RHKOIO6pyCHHKOI~,
YB~nmei~ TyHRpO~OnoKp~IT
H xJIa,~HOI~IIIeHOtO IIO,I]~IBIT.
CIoRa IIOpoto IIpHHJIBIBaeT
OTBa:~HBII~IceBepHbII~Ipsx6aK,
3~icch HCBOJIMOKpt,t~ paccTHyiaeT
H CBOfipa3BO2inTOH o~ar.
(HymK~H 1977, III: 204)
 O6pa3 CeBepHOrO pbt6aKa B pyccKoM pOMaHT~3Me 141

B aTOl~ CBJt3H yMeCTHO y~asaTb Ha ROBO3~BHO 3no6ortBiTHOe BS~cKa-

3B~BaHHe AHHB~ AXMaTOBOlYi B CTaTBe 'I"IyI.I_IKHHH HeBCKOe B3MOpbe',
KOTOpafl I~e~IHKOMrlOCBflnleHa aTOMy OTpBIBKy.

lIeTep6ypr ~I~ IlymK~4Ha scerna - ceBep. Korea OH COqn-

HI4~T CTHXH, TO BceF~a KaK 6hi Haxo~HTGJt Ha KaKOM-TO OT-
~laJIeHHOM Iore. TeM 6oaee 'OTpBIBOK' HaHHcaH B [~O0731HHe
(O~Ta6ps 1830).
(AXMaTOSa 1986, II: 122)

Op~FHHaaSHOCT~, ceBepHoro ~aHRmaqbTa 'OTpbmKa' cpa3y ~<e o6pa-

maeT Ha ce6s BHHMaHHe. 3a HCKYlIOqeHHeM Bblpa>KeHr~a " 6 e p e r ~ -
KO~", KOTOpOe ~e~CTB~ITeJ~bHO~BTt~eTCfl O~,HHM FI3 CaMhIX FI3JHO67[eH-
HblX TOIIOCOB B rte~t3aTKHOfl 3~HpI~Ke poMaHTr~3Ma, o m t c a n ~ e BblCTpO-
eHO r~3 CBe>K~tX, e m e He TpoHyTblX 3~nTepaTypo~ ~t306paanTenbHb~X
aJIeMeHTOB ("yBaRmaa TyHRpa", "xna~Ha~ neHa"). YnoM~uaeMblfl
3~eCb pb~6aK KaK 6b~ nepe~Kan BCIO aBO3IIO~kItO ceBepHorO rte~laa>ra B
3~npHKe HymKHHa. 9 E r o o6pa3 onlynlaeTca B 'Ocrape', HanncauaoM
e m e B 3~HtteflcKHe FO~hl. 10 TO, qTO pb~6aK "coxpaHH3~C~" ~t B nO3~Hefl
~I~tpr~Ke, HaBepH~Ka FOBOpHT O TOM, HTO ~TIJt I l y m r H H a OH BHO3~He
rapMOH~pOBan rI pea~nCTHqeCKOMy rI3o6pa)KeHr~o ceaepHoro 3~anR-
tuaqbTa.
H o YlymKHHa HaqriHaeT HHTepecoBaTb y)Ke n o6pa3 pbI6aKa KaK
TaKOBO~t. B pe3yJ~bTaTe erO opHaMenTanbHafl qbyHKRH~t OTCTyr[aeT Ha
3a~HHfl n~IaH, TorRa KaK HeKOTOpbIe ceMaHTr~qecr~e cnoa, Ro c~x Hop
e m e He klClIOIIh3OBaHHble, pe3KO OTTeH~K)TCfl.TaK B H3BeCTHOM aHTO-
a o r n ~ e c r o M nOCBameHHn JIOMOHOCOBy ' O T p o r ' a~Tya~naripyeTca
6 H S n e ~ c r a a C~MBOnaKa p~6aKa Kar ~OBt~a yMOa (MaTa. 4:18-20):

HeBO~I pb~6aK paCCTH~aa nO 6pery CTyReHOFOMOpa.

MaasqnK OTIIynOMOraa. OTpOK, OCTaBbps~6aKa!
Mpe)KH r~HbIeTe6a O~H~aloT, r~nb~e 3a6OTbI:
by~em~ yMbl y~OB~aTb, 6yRems nOMO~H~K ~/apsM.
(1-lym~un 1977, III: 172)

TyT MBI y>Ke KacaeMca Npo6JteMbl BOCIIpHYlTH~I3-[OMOHOCOBa B alIOXy

pOMaHTH3Ma. HO aTO o c o 6 a a TeMa, KOTOpaa 3~ec~ He 6yAeT paccMa-
TpHBaTLCa. ,qCHO, qTO pOMaHTHqeCKOe MrtpOBO33peHrIe npe;~cTaBanao
)KH3HeHHblffl IIyTb 3-[OMOHOCOBa B CaMOM repo~tqeCKOM BrtRe, qTO Fe-
HHfl ero HeH36e>KHO Ot~eHHBaJ~c~ B CBeTe eFO COI~HaTIbHOrO I~poHc-
XO)K~eHrta. TO, qTO OH 6hIJI CblHOM pbI6aKa Ha cypOBOM cesepe, BOC-
lIeBaJIocb pa33IHqHblMH IIOaTaMH H B CaMblX pa33IHqHlolX x a H p a x (Ha~-
r etch K riopTpeTaM, Rpy)KeCKrIe n o c n a H a a , Top)KeCTBeHHbIe O~bI, ny-
631HttrtCTHKa r~ T. ~.). Pa3yMeeTca, KB~tHTaCCeHttHa aTOfl xBane6no~
142 Otto Boele

nnTepaTyps~ - He ps~6at~r.ne KOpHH J-IOMOHOCOBa, a TO, HTO OH HX npe-

o~oyleJ/ (IIyIIIKHHCKOe "OTpOK, OCTaBb pbl6aKa"). Ho HeJII~3Jt He OT-
MeTHTb, tITO ~ a ~ B KOCMOrOHnqeCKOM MHqbe HeTep6ypra, TaK rI B
MO~enHpOBaHr~r~ JIOMOHOCOBa KaK ~ e M n y p r a , KaK ' I I e T p a BenHKoro'
pyccKott JmTepaTypb~, TO x a o T H q e c K o e HaqaJio, KOTOpOe Heo6xo~/I~IMO
IIpeo~oJIeTb, O2IHKeTBOp~[eTC~ ceBepHb~M pbI6aKOM.

3. 3aK~Rgt~eH~4e

B 2I~ITepaTypHOl~ CTI4JI~I3alIkItt ceBepa 3Haq~ITeIIbHOe MeCTO OTBe~eHO

p~6aKy. 9TO HaBOgJtT Ha MblCJIb, qTO pOMaHT~IKkI yCMaTpI~BaJIkI He-
k-yIO CBJ/3I~ Me)K~¢ IIOBe~eHqeCKOfl xapaKTepr~CTHKOtt pb~6aKa H ceBe-
pOM KaK 3HaMeHaTeJieM He TOYlbKO KJIHMaTOJIOrHqeCKtIX IIp~I3HaKOB,
HO I/ oIIpe~eJIeHHOFO (cypoaoro) MeHTaJIHTeTa. ~ T a CBg3b IIpocJIe-
>KHBaeTc~ ~a>Ke B 'P~6aKax' FHe~Hqa, KOTOpblfl IIOIIblTaJIC~l C03~aTb
CoBpeMeHHytO H~HYlYIHIOHa OCHOBe I~a~I4OHaJIbHbIX ~JIeMeHTOB. ~ I J t
p e t u e H H ~ 9TOil 3a~aqH OH n e p e H e c MCCTO ~el~ICTBHJt H3 yCJIOBHOrO
MHpa rI~I~JIJII4rI B Y I e T e p 6 y p r ~i 06paTrIJICg HMeHHO K pbI6aL~KOi~H~J~n-
JIH~I, KOTOpa~ Tpa~HKHOHHO BOCIIpHHtIMaJIaCb KaK CJIHIIIKOM rpy6ag, n
B 'Pb~6aKax' cypoBocTI, psi6ata<oro 6b~Ta 3aTyLUeBaHa, HO OHa He
HCK2IIOqaeTcR ("B n e q a m , Hb~X T p y ~ a x ' ) , a ~a>Ke CTaHOBtITC~I rlpe~-
MeTOM p a 3 r o B o p o B Me>I<gS' pb~6aKaMH. B tteJ~OM MO)KHO CKa3aTb, qTO
B 60~bmHHCTBe paCCMOTpeHHblX TeKCTOB npeo6~a~aeT o6pa3 "ne-
qaJ//,Horo l~aCblHKa r~prIpO~3,¿", 9TO o~yttlaeTca ~aa<e B Haqa~e 'PbI-
6aKOB'. O)IHaKO 3~ecb y ~ e l ~ p o r n ~ b i B a e T H "i~r~i3~rtqecKi~fl" pb~6aK.
Pa3BHTr~e ~roro o6pa3a Ha6~maaeTca B TBopaeCTBe IIymr.~Ha n ~Mr~-
TpHeBa.

FpOHHHFeHCKHI~yHHBepCHTeT
 06pas CeBepHOrO pt,t6a~,a B pyCCKOM pOMaHTIf3Me 143

IIPHMEHAHHH

~)TO 6blIlO n o ~ e ' - I e a o ]~e.I'IHHCKHM,KOTOpBII~ HHCaJI, qTO "[...] H3-HO~

py6Hma neTep6yprcK•x pbI6aKOB BI~HeK)TC~ Cr.rIa~I,I rpeqecKoro
XHTOHa, H pyccKI4MH CJIOBaMH, pyccKoI~ pe~mrO HpHKpBITLI IIOH$1THH
•a~CTO jlpeBnr~e..." (BeJmHCK~4~ 1981: 211).
J-IK)6OHBITHO, qTO BoHpoc 0 pr~I6a~IKOll H,IIHJ'ITIHHn o - n p e m H e M y am'ya-
YleH H ~II~I CoBpeMeHHBIX $1HTepaTypOBe~OB, KOTOpbIe IIBITaIOTC~IBbDIC-
HHTb caMy CyTb IdJIHJIJIHHeCKOI~I IIOB3HH. Hpo6~leMy, C KOTOpOPl OHM
CTa.rIKHBaIOTC~, MOX<HO CBeCTH K cYle~lyIoIlleMy; OTHOCHTB HJIH He OT-
HOCHTb pI,~6aRKHe H~.HJIJ'IHH K pacCMaTpHBaeMoI~ maHpOBO~ pa3HOBIZ~-
HOCTm B CBOe~ KHnre Micro-Harmony. The Growth and Uses of the
Idyllic Model in Literature BepmHn HeMorlaHy C03HaTeIIBHO He OCTa-
HaB.rIHBaeTca Ha p~,t6ar~Kofi ~tHnnnH. ~n~ Hero CaM TepMHH "pb~6at~-
KaJI HJIHJIJIH~I" CTaHOBHTCH COMHHTeJIBHBIM.

I doubt whether one can really speak about Fischeridyllen: the

presence of the sea is too strong and disturbing to permit the
growth of an idyllic society on what is but a thin band sur-
rounding the sea - the shore.
(Nemoianu 1977: 17)

FHejIHH, HaBepHgKa, 6bIJI 3HaKOM C ~)THMH cym)IeHHaMH BpOHHepa.

Hpe~HCJIOBHe 6BLrIO OHy6JIHKOBaHO BO BTOpOM TOMe H3,1],aHH.q 1794
ro~la (n BO BTOpOM TOMe nepeH3;aaH~ 1812 ro~la), B KOTOpBII~IBomna H
rt~nnr~a 'Der Dichter bei Hofe' (HaryeBcI<i~Yl1902: LXXX-LXXXI).
HpHMep TOFO, qTO H.~HJLrlHqeCKHe C~eHbI MOmHO I~epeHeCTH name Ha
ceBep Poccrm, nazi OnaTb me Bpouaep B cBoeia rta~mtrm 'Nina, oder die
erschte Fischerin' ('HaHa r~na nepBas pst6a,~ra'), rne B onocpe;aoBaano~
qbopMe paccra3biBaeTca HCTOpHJIBOaHHKHOBeHH~IpI,16ar~KOrO peMec.rla
(BponHep 1794, III: 221-268). H~HnnrIa aaqrlHaeTca c O6CTOnTeJIbHOFO
ormcaHHa 3HMHeFO neI~3ama, Bt,i,l~epmaHHoro B CaMBIX cypOBblX TOHaX,
HTO He HMeeT HHHeFo o 6 m e r o c 3HMHHMH Hj],H.I'LrlH.qMHFecaepa, r~e,
HaHpOTHB, HyBCTByeTca BOCXameHae 3~IMHefi KpacoTo~t (CM. 'Daphnis',
'Lycas, oder die Erfindung der Gtirten', 'Der Herbstmorgen'). Y BponHepa
ne~CTBHe n p o n c x o ~ T B Ca6HprL TO,aaexa, Ha 6eperax O6r~. C HacTy-
H.rIenHeM BeCHM BcKpBIBaeTca pera, 6oa~,maa nb~naa 06pymHBaeTc~
Ha H36yrrrKy HHHBI H yHOCHT reporiH)O B HaHpaBJ~eHHH .JIe,I~OBHTOFO
oKeaHa. HHHa nona,aaeT Ha ueo6trraeMbl~t OCTpOB, r~e HeOmI4j~aHHO
IIpHXO~HT effl B rO.rlOBy cqacT.rlHBa.q (H CoBepLtleHHO HOBa..q ,I~.IL¢IqeJio-
BeHeCTBa) MBICJ'IB -- HO~MaTB pbI6y. Bnaro~apa aTOMy CO{SBITHIO OHa
OcTaeTca B mHBBIX, rtOKa ~)~OH, ee BO3JI~6fleHHB~, He cnacaeT ee
OKOHqaTeJIBHO Ha JIOBKO cpa6OTaHHO~t HM ~IO~Ke.
144 Otto Boele

H e n b 3 g nri IIpe~nono)KriTb, tlTO npri BCeX p a 3 n n ~ n ~ x KaK B c I o ~ e T e ,

TaK ri B TeMaTriXe, 6poi-mepoBcKa~ H.~e~ ceBepa KaK ia~rinnriqecKoro
XpOHOTOna oKa3a.ua B rieKoTopoIt cTenenri BnI,IgHrie Ha l"HejLr4qa? HoKa
MHe tie y~anocr, yCTaHOBriTI,, Kaxoe ri3~aHrie 6b~no eMy ri3BeCTHO. I I e p -
Boe ri3~aririe rglrinnri~l B p o m i e p a B~,imno B li~oprixe B 1794 r., B TpeTri~l
(IIOC.Ue~riiil:l) TOM KOTOpOro BOmna ri,ILr,I.u.rlrig 'Hriria rinHH nepBag p~,~-
6 a , ~ a ' . B 1812 r. 6pOHriepoBc~rie vamanriri neperi3;aaBanricb B Belle,
O;~Ha~O lie nOnHOCT~,IO. Br~mri Braiiymeiir~t TOm,KO riepBb~e ~ a TOMa
(HaryeBci<rifl 1902: L X X X - L X X X ) , T. e., ynOMaHyTas rtttnnnrig He 6~,i-
n a ony6HriKOBaHa. Ecnri FHe/~kIq non~,30BaJ~c~ IIocne~nriM ri3~aHrieM,
TO, 6e3ycJIOBriO, OH He 3HaJI O Cri6ripCKOfl HRnnnriri B p o n n e p a . H T o u I a
BOHpOC O BO3MO~<HOM 3ariMCTBOBaHriri riCK~I~oqaeTc~.
CM. de S t a l l 1959: 180-181, a TaK~<e ee 3HaMeHriTbIfl poMan KopnHa
n a n HTac~nu ( Corinne, ou L 'Itadie, 1807); oco6~,i~ riHTepec npe~cTa-
B.rlgeT ri KHrira IXI. Re EOHCTeTTeHa tI~aOBeK IOFa n tlcaoBeK Ceaepa
NaN Bart.,rune r.anMaTa ( L ' b o m m e du Midi et L ' h o m m e du Nord, ou
1'influence du climat, 1824).
Taxa:a "aBTo6riorpaqbriqecxag" TpaKTOBKa BnOY~He o6ocrioBaiia, llO-
cKoar, x y TeMa roa<anHHiia Ha c e ~ e p e Poccriri BCTpe,~aeTc~ HeO~HOKpaTriO
ri B nripm<e FHHe~ri~a. HaiipriMep, B 'IIpmoTHHHO' (1820):

ECTb Kpa~t, pO~HO~I MHe Kpaia 3eqbHpOB n e r x o K p ~ n ~ I x ;

TaM He60 ri 3eMJ/g ri BO3~yx Mne MiiJIefl!
[...]

3nec~ qaCTO rio XOnMaM 6 p o ~ a ~ C MOel~IMetrroIo)

M cri~Ir_tee B r n y m n 6e3~<ri3HeHHMX necoB
J~ 3 x o ceBepa BeqepHelO nopo~o
B y ~ n rapMonriei~ FoMepOBMX CTriXOB.
( r n e ~ * t 1984: 91)

TaK, B IIepBOM ~e/ICTBIIH Tpare~HH~e~opa FJIriHKI,I Beab3CH Hall OCBO-

6oarAeHHaJ~ F o a a a H ~ n X (1808) riaxohriM cne/Lwontee onricaririe "~peB-
Hero" AMCTep~aMa:

TeaTp npe~cTaBnaeT 3aMOX HHcnapoB, oKpy>xeHnbtfl JIeCOM;

C IIpaBo~ CTOpOHLI BhlCOKHe rope1, Ha HIIX BrI~riO HecKonbKO
):Ij2eBHriX 3aMKOB. J l y n a CBeTriT.
(F.qiiHra 1958: 57)

~TO en~e O~HO nO~tTBep>K~eHrie, wro OCCHariOBCKrilYl nari~nadpT TaXOfl

>I<e yCnOBHbIrt r a K i~.j~eanbriLxlt nefl3a~< KnaccriqecKoro locus a m o e n u s ' a .
IIpaB~a, cTapbIfl (I)rinH B ' P y c n a r i e ri JIIO~MH~Ie ) B MOJIO~]IOCTri 6LI~I
naCTyXOM, n o npri 3TOM 3HaMeHaTeJIbHO, qTO n b r r a g c b IIpOH3BeCTH Bne-
HaTneHIIe Ha HariHy, OH 0 6 p a m a e T c g 3a n o ~ e p ~ K o ~ K p~>~6aKaM.
 0 6 p a s CeBepHOFO p~,)6aKa ~ pyCCKOM pOMaHTI'I3Me 145

H BbI3BaJICMe$IbIXp~,~6aXOB
HCKaT~, onacHocTel~ H 3naTa.
(HymKHH 1977, IV: 16)

HHI~IMH c.qOBaMH, B oqepemlo~l pa3 HOJ~HepKHBaeTcH cypoBOCTb H

oHaCHOCTb pl, I6al2KOlt >KH3HH B OTHI4XlI4e OT MHpHOI~ 6e3MHTeX<HOCTH
IlaCTyXOB.
H n a a CeKe~ c 6 n n x a e T STOT OTpbmoK (XOTH n MnMOXOnOM) C orm-
caaneM Bacrtnl, eBcxoro OCTpOBaB qbrlna~ie 'MeAHOrO BCa~HrlKa' (CeKell
1976: 141). Ho Bcelt BepOHTHOCT~, OHa Tor~a eme He ycnena o3na-
KOMHTbCH C CTaTbel~ AHHbI AXMaTOBO~t, ony6nnI<OBaHHO~ TOJII)KO B
1974 r. (nanncana B 1963 r.). 3necb AXMaTOBa BnepBb:e Bbicxa3ana
MSICnb, aTO OTp~moK "Korzta nopo~ BocnoMnHanbe" cne~ceT conocTa-
BnHT~ KaK c 'Me~tnbIM Bca~nKOM', TaK n C 'YennHeHH~IM ~OMnKOM'.
IIo ee Mnenmo, B Ha6poc~e onnc~maeTcs OCTpOB "Fonona)t", T. e. ce-
BepHas CTOpOHa OCTpOBa, r~e, no npe;aanmo, 6~taa noxoponen~I nH-
Tepo ~te~a6pnCTOB (AxMaTOBa 1986: 119-121).
I0 ' O c r a p ' - HBHOOccHaHOBCKOenpOH3Be~eHne:

rio Jlope IIyTHHK ILIeJI, HanpacHo TOMHbI OHH

Hoqnera MHpHOFO HCKaYlHB TbMe I~JCTOlYl.
Ilemep~i HeT npe~ HHM, Ha 6epere yI'plOMOM
He BH~HT XHX<HHI)I)Hacnej~,H p~i6apH;
('Ocrap'; Hymr~na 1977, I: 33)

CaM pl~I6aK, npaBj~a, OTCyTCTByeT, HO eFO OTCyTCTBHeMapKrlpOBaHHO. H

XOTg 3j~ecb HeT nemepbt, (nemepa - O6H3aTeflbHM~ aTpH6yT OccHaHOB-
cKoro ne)isa>Ka), TeM He MeHee 6eccnopHo, qTO ' O c r a p ' HanncaH B
Tpa~amm OccHaaa.
II J;I, KOHeqHO, He xoqy cKa3aTb, qTO FHej~Hq, IIOCTaBHBce6e TaKyIO 3a-
Aaqy, MOt Han~ICaTb TOdIbKO pbi6ai~Kne ~I~rlnnrm. Ho OAHO ero cTpe-
MneHne K KOHKpeTH3aI2HH I4~4JInnqecKoI'O MHpa FOBOpHT O TOM, HTO
BI,I60p pbI6aKOB KaK nepcoHax<e~ 6bin x o p o m o IIpoj~yMaHHI,IM maroM.

BHBJIHOFPA~HSI

A.rlnaTOB, M.B.
1967 'Mej~HI~IIIBca~HHK'. 9r~OZtSl 1Io n c r o p n n pyCCKOrO HcKyccTBa
(B ~ y x TOMaX). MOCKBa.
146 Otto Boele

AHuaqbepoa, H.H.
1991 'jlyma HeTep6ypra.' ]Iyma IIcTep6ypra. I l e r e p 6 y p r ~ocToea-
croro. BbHII, I4 M14C~HeTepSypra (penpHnTn0e BOCHpOHa-
BejleHHe H3~aHH~ 1922, 1923, 1924 rr.). Mocraa.
AxMarosa, A.A.
1986 'HymraH H Heacroe a3Mopbe'. Co~r14nen14J~ s ~ y x rOMaX.
Mocraa.
Barmmroa, K.H.
1989 Cotmnen~L,t a , ~ y x TOMaX. Mocraa.
Baxrrm, M.M.
1986 '~I~OpMl~IapeMelttt rI XpOHOTOtla a pOMaHe', f114TepaTypI-IO-
rpnr14,~ecr14e crar~n. MocKaa, cc. 121-290.
13ezrmcrn~, B.F.
1981 Co6pan14e co,t14nen14~ ~ ~ea~r14 TOMaX, T. VI. MocKaa.
Bo6poa, C.C.
1988 'Top)KeCTBeHHblI~I JIeHb CTO3IeTH~ OT OCHOBaHH~I rpa~a ca.
HeTpa Mafia 16 Jlmt 1803'. H e r e p S y p r B p y c c r o ~ noa31414
( X V I I I - Haqano XX aera). JIeHnurpa~.
Bauypo, B. ~).
1978 'PyccKag H~HJIJIH,~ B anoxy pOMaHTH3Ma'. Pyccr14B pOMa14-
T14SM.JIeHHHrpa~, CC. 118-138.
FHHa6ypr, .rl. ~I.
1974 0 ~14p14Ke (H3~. BTOpOe,~OHOJIHeHHOe).JIeHHHrpa~;.
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