READI

NGSi
nPHI
LIPPI
NEHI
STORY Someaut
hor
sdef
inehi
stor
yasast
udyofhi
stor
ical
per
spect
ive.I
nreconst
ruct
ingt
hepast
,ahi
stor
iancan
Mai
ntopi
c1:
Int
roduct
iont
oHi
stor
y besubj
ect
ive;
aft
eral
lhei
shuman,
fal
l
ibl
eandcapabl
e
er
ror
.
Lesson1:
Hist
ory
:Int
roduct
ionandHi
stor
ical
Sour
ces
 Peopl
e’
smemor
iesar
efi
l
ledwi
thbi
as,sel
f
HI
STORY—r
efer
stot
hest
udyandi
nter
pret
ati
onbya
r
ight
eousness, pr
ide, v
ani
ty, spi
nni
ng,
hi
stor
ianont
hedat
aandot
hersour
ceoft
hepast
obst
ruct
ionandout
ri
ghtl
i
es.Eachhashi
s
human act
ivi
ty,peopl
e,soci
eti
es and ci
vi
li
zat
ions
own f
rame of r
efer
ence or a set of
l
eadi
ngt
othepr
esentday
.
i
nter
lock
ing v
alues,l
oyal
ti
es assumpt
ions
Thr
eei
mpor
tantconcepti
nthedef
ini
ti
on: i
nter
estandpr
inci
pleofact
ion.

1.
Hist
oryasweal
lknowi
sbasedonpastev
ent
s.  The hi
stor
ian i
sinf
luenced by hi
s own
env
ironment
, i
deol
ogy
, educat
ion and
2.I
tisi
nter
pret
edbysomeoneusual
l
ybyhi
stor
ian. i
nfl
uence.Hi
sint
erpr
etat
ionoft
hehi
stor
ical
Theygat
her
,di
scar
dandi
nter
prett
hesour
cest
hat f
act i
s af
fect
ed by hi
s cont
ext and
t
heyencount
er. ci
rcumst
ances.I
t’
sli
ket
heI
ndi
anpar
abl
eof
an el
ephantand t
he bl
i
nd men,hi
stor
ians
3.Fi
nal
l
yandt
hemosti
mpor
tanthi
stor
yrel
yondat
a
hav
edi
ff
erenthi
stor
ical
per
spect
ive.
and document
s whi
ch hi
stor
ian cal
las hi
stor
ical
sour
ces. Li
ket
heI
ndi
anpar
abl
eofanel
ephantandt
hebl
i
nd
men,
hist
ori
anshav
edi
ff
erenthi
stor
ical
per
spect
ive.
HI
STORY’
SSUBJECTMATTER
Becausecer
tai
nev
ent
shappenedsol
ongagoand
HI
STORYANDTHEHI
STORI
AN
because somet
imes t
he ev
idence i
sincompl
ete,
hi
stor
ianshav
edi
ff
erentappr
oachesandv
iewsabout
Hi
stor
ian i
s an ex
per
t or st
udent of hi
stor
y,
whathappened i
nthe past
.Thi
sist
he subj
ect
ive
especi
al
lyt
hatofa par
ti
cul
arper
iod,geogr
aphi
cal
nat
ure ofhi
stor
y,one hi
stor
ian cl
ai
ms an ev
ent
r
egi
onorsoci
alphenomenon.
happened a cer
tai
n way
,whi
l
e anot
her di
sagr
ee
Dut
iesofahi
stor
ian: compl
etel
y.Thebestappr
oachi
stodoal
lwecant
o
r
econst
ructasf
ull
yaspossi
bleourpi
ctur
eoft
hepast
.
 Seekhi
stor
icalev
idenceandf
act
s•I
nter
pret Todot
his,mostschol
arsusehi
stor
iogr
aphyorwhat
f
act
s t
heycal
lhi
stor
yofhi
stor
y.

 Or
gani
zesf
act
schr
onol
ogi
cal
l
y. SOURCESOFHI
STORY

The hi
stor
ian t
her
efor
e, i
s r
esponsi
ble f
or  Tangi
bler
emai
nsoft
hepast
.
r
econst
ruct
ingt
hepast
.
 I
tisanobj
ectf
rom t
hepastort
est
imony
Accor
dingt
oGot
tschal
k:“
Onl
yapar
tofwhatwas concer
ning t
he paston whi
ch hi
stor
ians
obser
vedi
nthepastwasr
emember
edbyt
hosewho dependi
nor
dert
ocr
eat
ethei
rowndepi
cti
on
obser
vedi
t,onl
yapar
tofwhatwasr
emember
edwas oft
hepast
.
r
ecor
ded;onl
y a par
tofwhatwas r
ecor
ded has
sur
viv
ed,
onl
yapar
tofwhathassur
viv
edhascomet
o THREEKI
NDSOFSOURCES
t
hehi
stor
ianat
tent
ionMor
eov
eronl
yapar
tofwhati
s
1. Pr
imar
ySour
ces
cr
edi
blehasbeengr
asped,
andonl
yapar
tofwhathas
been gr
asped can ex
pounded ornar
rat
ed by t
he
2. Secondar
ySour
ces
hi
stor
ian.
”
3. Ter
ti
arySour
ces
A.
Pri
mar
ySour
ces Ar
chi
ves col
l
ectand pr
eser
ve or
igi
nalr
ecor
ds of
not
abl
efi
gur
esandor
gani
sat
ions.
 Test
imony ofan i
ndi
vi
dualwho was a
par
ti
ci
panti
noradi
rectwi
tnesst
otheev
ent Memoi
r—st
ory orr
ecor
d composed f
rom per
sonal
t
hati
sbei
ngdescr
ibed. obser
vat
ionandex
per
ience.

 I
tisadocumentorphy
sical
obj
ectwhi
chwas Fi
vemai
ncat
egor
iesofPr
imar
ySour
ces
wr
it
tenorcr
eat
eddur
ingt
het
imeundera
st
udy
. 1.Numer
icalRecor
ds—i
ncl
udeanyt
ypeofnumer
ical
dat
ainpr
int
edorhandwr
it
tenf
orm
 Those sour
ces wer
e pr
esent dur
ing an
ex
per
ienceort
imeper
iodandof
ferani
nsi
de 2.Or
alSt
atement
s—i
ncl
udeanyf
orm ofst
atement
v
iewofapar
ti
cul
arev
ent
. madeor
all
ybyaney
ewi
tness.I
tmay
bet
hroughv
ideo
r
ecor
dings,
audi
orecor
dings,
ort
ranscr
ibed.
 Pr
imar
ysour
cesar
echar
act
eri
zed byt
hei
r
cont
ent
,regar
dless of whet
her t
hey ar
e 3.Rel
i
cs—any obj
ect
s whose phy
sicalor v
isual
av
ail
abl
einor
igi
nalf
ormat
,inmi
crof
il
m,i
n char
act
eri
sti
cscanpr
ovi
desomei
nfor
mat
ionabout
di
git
alf
ormatori
npubl
i
shedf
ormat
. t
hepast
.Incl
udear
ti
fact
s,r
uinsandf
ossi
l
s.

Pr
imar
ySour
ces:
Rel
i
cs

Fi
vemai
ncat
egor
iesofPr
imar
ySour
ces: Ar
ti
fact
s—an obj
ect made by a human bei
ng,
t
ypi
cal
l
y an i
tem ofcul
tur
alorhi
stor
icali
nter
est
.
1.
Wri
tt
enSour
ces (
Bal
angi
gabel
l
s)

—wr
it
tenorpr
int
edmat
eri
al
sthathav
ebeenpr
oduced Rui
ns—t
hephy
sicaldest
ruct
ionordi
si
ntegr
ati
onof
i
nonef
orm oranot
hersomet
imei
nthepast
. somet
hing ort
he st
ate ofdi
si
ntegr
ati
ng orbei
ng
dest
roy
ed.(
Cagsawa Rui
ns – Dar
aga,Phi
l
ippi
nes
—Theymaybepubl
i
shedmat
eri
al
ssuchast
rav
elogue, (
FEBRUARY1,
1814)
.)
t
ranscr
ipt
ionofspeech,aut
obi
ogr
aphi
es,j
our
nal
sor
newspaper
s(LaSol
i
dar
idad)
. Fossi
l
—ther
emai
nsori
mpr
essi
on ofapr
ehi
stor
ic
or
gani
sm pr
eser
vedi
npet
ri
fi
edf
orm orasamol
dor
—They can be al
so i
n manuscr
ipt f
orm or any casti
nrock
handwr
it
tenort
yper
ecor
dthathasnotbeenpr
int
ed.
Ex
ampl
eoft
hesei
sar
chi
valmat
eri
al
s,memoi
rs,
diar
y, 4.I
mages—i
ncl
udes phot
ogr
aph,post
ers,pai
nti
ngs,
per
sonal
let
terorcor
respondence. dr
awi
ngcar
toonsandmaps

Pr
imar
ySour
ces:
Wri
tt
enSour
ces Pr
imar
ySour
ces:
Images

Tr
avel
ogue—amov
ie,book
,ori
l
lust
rat
edl
ect
ureabout Phot
ogr
aph—api
ctur
emadeusi
ngacamer
a,i
nwhi
ch
t
hepl
acesv
isi
tedandex
per
iencesencount
eredbya ani
magei
sfocusedont
ofi
l
m orot
herl
i
ght
-sensi
ti
ve
t
rav
eler
. mat
eri
aland t
hen made v
isi
ble and per
manentby
chemi
cal
treat
ment
,orst
oreddi
git
all
y.
Newspaper
—apr
int
edpubl
i
cat
ion(
usual
l
yissueddai
l
y
orweek
ly)consi
sti
ngoff
oldedunst
apl
edsheet
sand Pai
nti
ngs—Af
orm ofv
isualar
twher
epai
ntori
nki
s
cont
aini
ngnews,f
eat
urear
ti
cl
es,adv
ert
isement
s,and usedonacanv
asor
,mor
eof
teni
nthepast
,wooden
cor
respondence. panel
sorpl
ast
erwal
l
s,t
odepi
ctanar
ti
st’
srender
ing
of a scene or ev
en of an abst
ract
, non-
Ar
chi
valMat
eri
al
—isusual
l
yav
ail
abl
einper
sonatt
he r
epr
esent
ati
onal
image.
(Spol
i
ari
um –JuanLuna)
.
Ar
chi
ves,
butcansomet
imesbeaccessedonl
i
ne.
Car
toon—asi
mpl
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
hef
eat
uresofi
ts
subj
ect
sinahumor
ousl
yex
agger
atedway
,especi
al
ly REPOSI
TORI
ES—A PLACE, BUI
LDI
NG, OR
asat
ir
ical
onei
nanewspaperormagaz
ine. RECEPTACLE WHERE THI
NGS ARE OR MAY BE
STORED.
Map—a di
agr
ammat
icr
epr
esent
ati
on ofan ar
ea of
l
andorseashowi
ngphy
sical
feat
ures,
cit
ies,
roads,
etc. LI
BRARY:cur
atedcol
l
ect
ionofsour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ion
andsi
mil
arr
esour
ces,sel
ect
edbyex
per
tsandmade
B.
Secondar
ySour
ces accessi
blet
oadef
inedcommuni
tyf
orr
efer
enceor
bor
rowi
ng.
 I
nter
pret
sandanal
yzespr
imar
ysour
ces.
ARCHI
VE:anaccumul
ati
onofhi
stor
icalr
ecor
dsort
he
 These sour
ces ar
e one or mor
e st
eps
phy
sical
placet
heyar
elocat
ed.
r
emov
edf
rom t
heev
ent
.
MUSEUM:ani
nst
it
uti
ont
hatconser
vesacol
l
ect
ionof
 I
tispr
epar
edbyani
ndi
vi
dualwhowasnot
ar
ti
fact
sandot
herobj
ect
sofar
ti
sti
c,cul
tur
al,
hist
ori
cal
,
di
rectwi
tness t
o an ev
ent
,butnotwho
andsci
ent
if
ici
mpor
tance.
obt
ainedhi
sorherdescr
ipt
ionoft
heev
ent
f
rom someoneel
se. HI
STORI
CALSOCI
ETY:anor
gani
zat
iondedi
cat
edi
n
pr
eser
ving,col
l
ect
ing,r
esear
chi
ng,and i
nter
pret
ing
 Secondar
ysour
cesmayhav
epi
ctur
es,v
otes
hi
stor
ical
evi
dences.
orgr
aphi
csofpr
imar
ysour
cesi
nthem.

 Somet
ypesofsecondar
ysour
cesar
ehi
stor
y
t
ext
book
, pr
int
ed mat
eri
al
s (
ser
ial
s or Mai
ntopi
c1
per
iodi
cal
s whi
ch i
nter
pret pr
evi
ews
r
esear
ch)
,bi
ogr
aphi
es,nonf
ict
iont
extsuch Lesson2:
Hist
ori
cal
Cri
ti
ci
sm
asnewspaper
,magaz
ine,j
our
nal
s,wor
ksof
cr
it
ici
sm andi
nter
pret
ati
on. A.
Def
ini
ti
on

 I
tis al
so k
nown as t
he hi
stor
ical
-cr
it
ical
met
hod.
C.
Ter
ti
arySour
ces
 I
tisabr
anchofcr
it
ici
sm t
hati
nvest
igat
est
he
 Thel
astk
indofsour
cesi
sthet
ert
iar
ysour
ce. or
igi
noft
extorsour
cei
nor
dert
ounder
stand
t
hewor
dbehi
ndt
het
ext
.
 I
t pr
ovi
des t
hir
d hand i
nfor
mat
ion by
r
epor
ti
ngi
deasanddet
ail
sfr
om secondar
y  Thepr
imar
ygoalofhi
stor
icalcr
it
ici
sm i
sto
sour
ce. di
scov
er t
he t
ext pr
imi
ti
ve or or
igi
nal
hi
stor
ical
cont
extandi
tsl
i
ter
alsense.
 An ey
ewi
tness i
s mor
e r
eli
abl
e t
han
t
est
imonyatsecond hand,whi
ch i
s mor
e  The secondar
y goal seek
s est
abl
i
sh a
r
eli
abl
ethanhear
sayort
ert
iar
ysour
ces. r
econst
ruct
ionofhi
stor
icalsi
tuat
ionoft
he
aut
horandr
eci
pient
soft
het
ext
.
 Thi
s does notmean t
hatt
ert
iar
y sour
ces
hav
e no v
alue,mer
elyt
hatt
hey i
ncl
ude  Mor
eov
er,i
nor
derf
orsour
cet
obeusedas
pot
ent
ial
foranaddi
ti
onal
lay
erofbi
as. ev
idencei
n hi
stor
y,basi
cmat
ter
sabouti
ts
f
orm andcont
extmustbeset
tl
ed.
 Someex
ampl
esoft
hisk
indofsour
cear
e
ency
clopaedi
a,al
manac,Wi
ki
pedi
a,YouTube,  Thesear
etwot
ypesofhi
stor
icalcr
it
ici
sm
di
cti
onar
ies,messageboar
ds,soci
almedi
a namel
y:ex
ter
nalcr
it
ici
sm (
inv
est
igat
est
he
si
tesandot
hersear
chsi
tes. document
s f
orm) and i
nter
nal cr
it
ici
sm
(
inv
est
igat
est
hecont
entoft
hedocument
s).
B.
Addi
ti
onal
Goal
ofHi
stor
ical
Cri
ti
ci
sm anachr
oni
sti
c.

 Hi
stor
ical cr
it
ici
sm seek
s gr
eat
er  Anachr
oni
sm meansoutoft
imeoror
der
,
under
standi
ngoft
het
ext
sbyanal
yzi
ngt
he somet
hingt
hatcoul
dnothav
ebeent
her
eat
hi
stor
icalandsoci
alcont
ext
sinwhi
cht
hey t
hatpar
ti
cul
art
ime.I
tcoul
d be a per
son,
dev
eloped. t
hingori
deapl
acedi
nawr
ongt
ime.Bei
ng
abl
e t
o spot anachr
oni
sm i
s i
mpor
tant
 Thegoalofhi
stor
icalcr
it
ici
sm,t
radi
ti
onal
l
y, becausei
thel
psust
estt
her
eli
abi
l
it
yofa
has been t
otr
yto under
stand t
he t
ext
’s sour
ce.I
fa sour
ce i
s unr
eli
abl
ethen we
meani
ngi
nit
sor
igi
nalcont
extandt
oanswer pr
obabl
yshoul
dnotusei
t.
quest
ionsaboutt
het
ext
,suchas:Whowr
ote
i
t?Whenwasi
twr
it
ten?Whatel
sehappeni
ng  Ex
ampl
ecanbef
oundi
nRi
zal
’
sal
l
egedl
yfi
rst
att
het
imeofi
tswr
it
ing?Howdi
ditcomet
o poem “Sa Ak
ing Mga Kabat
a”wher
e we
bei
nthef
orm wehav
eitt
oday
?Whatdi
dit coul
dfi
ndt
hewor
d“k
alay
aan.
”Ri
zal
admi
tt
ed
meant
othepeopl
ewhof
ir
str
eadorhear
dit
? t
hathef
ir
stencount
eredt
hewor
dthougha
Mar
cel
oH.DelPi
l
ar’
str
ansl
ati
onofRi
zal
’
s
 Hi
stor
icalcr
it
ici
sm has al
so of
ten sought essay“El
AmorPat
ri
o”.Ri
zal
wrot
ethi
sessay
answer
stot
heev
er-el
usi
vequest
ionofwhat i
n 1882 whi
l
ethe poem supposedl
y was
i
s cal
l
ed “
aut
hor
iali
ntent
”:Whatdi
dthe wr
it
tenbyhi
mint
hey
ear1869.
aut
hori
ntendf
ort
hist
extt
omeani
nhi
sor
hert
imeandpl
ace?  Thesecondst
epi
stodet
ermi
net
heaut
hor
’s
handwr
it
ing,
signat
ureorseal
.
C.
Ext
ernal
Cri
ti
ci
sm
 Wecancompar
ethehandwr
it
ingofpar
ti
cul
ar
 Thi
sty
peofcr
it
ici
sm l
ook
sfort
heobv
ious aut
hort
ohi
sot
herwr
it
ings.Obv
ioussi
gnof
si
gnoff
orger
yormi
srepr
esent
ati
on. f
orger
yini
ncl
udepat
chwr
it
ing,hesi
tat
ionas
r
eveal
edbyi
nkbl
obs,pausesi
nthewr
it
ing,
 Thi
sty
peofcr
it
ici
sm t
est
stheaut
hent
ici
tyof
t
remorcausi
ngpoorl
i
nequal
i
tyander
asur
es.
t
hesour
ces.
Howev
er,somepeopl
ear
ehi
ghl
ysk
il
ledi
n
 I
tisi
nter
est
ed i
nthewr
it
ing st
ylesoft
he i
mit
ati
ngot
her
shandwr
it
ing.Ev
enask
il
led
ey
ewi
tnessandhi
signor
anceoft
hef
act
s. f
orgercan be caughtbecause t
he actof
wr
it
ingi
sask
il
lisl
ear
nedt
hroughr
epet
it
ion
 The hi
stor
ian al
so anal
yzes t
he or
igi
nal unt
ili
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het
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al
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ermi
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ermi
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poem SaAk
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etyofway
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Ear
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ore under
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)  I
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 I
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 Thef
our
tht
esti
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cref
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t
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 I
nter
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 For ex
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ualev
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ake.  I
tinv
est
igat
est
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entorsubst
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hor
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iew.
 The f
if
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est of aut
hent
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he
pr
ovenanceorcust
odyoft
hedocument
.  Thi
sty
peofcr
it
ici
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est
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i
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t
hesour
ce.
 Pr
ovenancei
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igi
nofear
li
est
k
nown hi
stor
yofdocument
s.I
ttr
acest
he F.
TestofCr
edi
bil
i
ty
r
oot
sofanysour
ce.
 The f
ir
stst
ep i
sthe i
dent
if
icat
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he
 The ot
hert
wo t
estofaut
hent
ici
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hor
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semant
icsandher
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tdet
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fthewi
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 Semant
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inghi
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ks.
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ermi
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oft
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extandwor
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nthi
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eps hi
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ami
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eoft
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met
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meneut
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nal
l
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l
llookf
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sper
sonalat
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tudes,
i
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ethani
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pret
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 Manyhi
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hor
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zal
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ak
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oughtt
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ONOFTHEDI
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ON

 Thet
hir
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epi
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hecr
edi
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i
tyoft
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assi
fi
edi
ntof
ourmaj
or
sour
cei
sit
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l
it
ytot
ell
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rut
h. gr
oups namel
y: document
s, numer
ical
r
ecor
ds,
oral
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ement
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eli
cs.
 Hi
stor
iansex
ami
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ewi
tness
i
stot
heev
ent
.  Ther
e ar
ethr
ee k
inds ofsour
ces namel
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pr
imar
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ces,secondar
y sour
ces,and
 Thecl
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cei
stot
heev
entwhi
chi
t t
ert
iar
ysour
ces.
pur
por
tst
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themor
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t
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ogi
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atehi
stor
icaldescr
ipt
ionof  Reposi
tor
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imar
ysour
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i
brar
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ual
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stor
ianal
sol
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ve,
museum,
andhi
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ical
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ety
.
f
ort
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enceoft
heey
ewi
tness.
 Hi
stor
icalcr
it
ici
sm i
nvest
igat
est
heor
igi
nof
 Basi
cal
l
ytheyl
ookf
ort
heback
groundoft
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extorsour
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n or
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o under
stand t
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horl
i
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th,ageorsoci
al wor
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ndt
het
ext
.
st
atus.
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ter
nalCr
it
ici
sm r
efer
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neness
 Thel
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ort
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epi
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sar
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at
tent
ionoft
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tness. hi
stor
ical
studi
es.

 Whet
hert
hesour
ceswi
tnesst
heev
entonl
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nter
nal
Cri
ti
ci
sm r
efer
stot
heaccur
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par
tl
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entf
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entoft
hedocument
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st
artt
ofi
ni
sh.
Mai
n Topi
cII
:Cont
entand Cont
ext
ualAnal
ysi
s of
 Thef
our
thst
epi
sthewi
l
li
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otel
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ect
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imar
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rut
h.
A.
Back
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hor
/Cr
eat
or
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fthe ey
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tness i
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orced or
somebody t
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m t
otel
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hing Fi
rstt
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t
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d. sk
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hororcr
eat
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imar
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l
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ground,educat
ionalat
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nment
,rel
i
gion
 I
ftheey
ewi
tnesswant
stohi
desomet
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or andmanyot
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sshal
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venpr
ior
it
yinpr
esent
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sonal
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ali
d. t
hebi
ogr
aphyoft
heaut
hor
.Speci
alat
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al
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vent
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ir
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ourst
epsoft
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estof
 Thel
astst
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ookf
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robor
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on. cr
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i
tydi
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evi
ousmodul
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Back
groundoft
heDocument
/Pr
imar
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ce v
isualsour
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ook
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oradepi
cti
on t
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lyex
agger
ati
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i
ket
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.Mostoft
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imar
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ce we wi
l
l
pr
imar
ysour
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it
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ssowewi
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venat
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ion.Nex
tist
o at
tent
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imar
ysour
ce.How canwe
l
ocat
ewher
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ound.The f
indbi
asi
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dchoi
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ti
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tor
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imar
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cesmaybef
oundi
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ovi
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i
ttl
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mat
iont
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l
i
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ivat
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,butwi
thsomewhatofbi
tt
er.
Theyhav
e
canesast
hickast
hel
eg,i
nwhi
cht
heydr
aw of
fthi
s
(
TRAVELOGUE) ANTONI
O PI
GAFETTA'
S FORST
l
i
quor
,and t
heyf
ast
en t
hem t
othe t
ree f
rom t
he
VOYAGEAROUNDTHEWORLD.
ev
eni
ngt
il
lnex
tmor
ning,andf
rom t
hemor
ningt
othe
Sat
urday
,the 16t
h ofMar
ch,1521,we ar
ri
ved at ev
eni
ng,becauset
hisl
i
quorcomesl
i
ttl
ebyl
i
ttl
e.Thi
s
day
break i
n si
ghtofa hi
gh i
sl
and,t
hree hundr
ed pal
m pr
oducesaf
rui
tnamedcocho,whi
chi
sasl
arge
l
eaguesdi
stantf
rom t
hebef
ore-
ment
ionedThi
eves’ ast
hehead,
ort
her
eabout
s:i
tsf
ir
sthuski
sgr
een,
and
i
sl
and.Thi
sisl
eisnamedZamal
.Thenex
tdayt
he t
wof
inger
sint
hick
ness,i
nitt
heyf
indcer
tai
nthr
eads,
capt
ain-
gener
alwi
shedt
olandatanot
heruni
nhabi
ted wi
thwhi
cht
heymak
ethecor
dsf
orf
ast
eni
ngt
hei
r
i
sl
andneart
hef
ir
st,t
obei
ngr
eat
ersecur
it
yandt
o boat
s.Undert
hishuskt
her
eisanot
herv
eryhar
d,and
t
akewat
er,
alsot
oreposet
her
eaf
ewday
s.Hesetup t
ick
ert
hant
hatofawal
nut
.Theybur
nthi
ssecondr
ind,
t
hei
rtwot
ent
sonshor
efort
hesi
ck,andhadasow andmak
ewi
thi
tapowderwhi
chi
susef
ult
othem.
k
il
ledf
ort
hem. Undert
hisr
indt
her
eisawhi
temar
row ofaf
inger
’s
t
hick
ness,whi
cht
heyeatf
reshwi
thmeatandf
ish,as
Monday
,the18t
hofMar
ch,
aft
erdi
nner
,hesawaboat wedobr
ead,andi
thast
het
ast
eanal
mond,andi
f
comet
owar
duswi
thni
nemeni
nit
:uponwhi
cha any
onedr
iedi
themi
ghtbr
eadofi
t.Fr
om t
hemi
ddl
eof
capt
ain-
gener
alor
der
edt
hatnooneshoul
dmov
eor t
hismar
rowt
her
ecomesoutacl
earsweetwat
er,
and
speakwi
thouthi
sper
missi
on.Whent
hesepeopl
ehad v
erycor
dial
,whi
ch,wheni
thasr
est
edal
i
ttl
e,and
set
tl
ed,congeal
s,andbecomesl
i
keanappl
e.When ofSt
.Laz
arus.Thi
sregi
onandar
chi
pel
agoi
sint
en
t
heywi
sht
omak
eoi
ltheyt
aket
hisf
rui
t,t
hecoco,
and degr
eesnor
thl
ati
tude,andahundr
edandsi
xty
-one
l
eti
tgetr
ott
en,andt
heycor
ruptt
hismar
row i
nthe degr
eesl
ongi
tudef
rom t
hel
i
neofdemar
cat
ion.
wat
er,t
hen t
heyboi
lit
,and i
tbecomesoi
lint
he
mannerofbut
ter
.Whent
heywantt
omak
evi
negar
, Fr
iday
,the 22nd ofMar
ch ,t
he abov
e-ment
ioned
t
heyl
ett
hewat
eri
nthecocoa-
nutgetbad,andt
hey peopl
e,whohadpr
omi
sedust
oret
urn,cameabout
puti
nthesun,
wheni
ttur
nst
ovi
negarl
i
kewhi
tewi
ne. mi
dday
,wi
tht
woboat
sladenwi
tht
hesai
dfr
uitcochi
,
Fr
om t
hisf
rui
tmi
l
k al
so can be made,as we sweetor
anges,av
esselofpal
m wi
ne,andacock
,to
ex
per
ienced,f
orwescr
apedt
hismar
rowandt
henput gi
veust
ounder
standt
hatt
heyhadpoul
tr
yint
hei
r
i
twi
thi
tswat
er,
andpassedi
ttr
oughacl
oth,
andt
hus count
ry,sot
hatweboughtal
lthet
heybr
ought
.The
i
swasmi
l
kli
ket
hatofgoal
s.Thi
ski
ndofpal
mtr
eei
s l
ordoft
hispeopl
ewasol
d,andhadhi
sfacepai
nted,
l
i
ket
hedat
e-pal
m,butnotsor
ugged.Twooft
hese andhadgol
dri
ngssuspendedt
ohi
sear
s,whi
cht
hey
t
reescanmai
ntai
naf
ami
l
yoft
enper
sons:
butt
heydo nameSchi
one,
andt
heot
her
shadmanybr
acel
etsand
notdr
aw wi
neasabov
e-ment
ionedal
way
sfr
om one r
ingsofgol
dont
hei
rar
ms,wi
thawr
apperofl
i
nen
t
ree,butdr
aw f
rom onef
orei
ghtday
s,andf
rom t
he r
oundt
hei
rhead.
Wer
emai
nedatt
hispl
aceei
ghtday
s:
ot
herasl
ong.Fori
ttheydi
dnot
,ot
her
wiset
het
rees t
hecapt
ainwentt
her
eev
erydayt
oseehi
ssi
ckmen,
woul
ddr
yup.
Int
hismannert
heyl
astahundr
edy
ear
s. whom hehadpl
acedont
hisi
sl
andt
oref
resht
hem:
andhegav
ethem hi
msel
fev
erydayt
hewat
eroft
his
Thesepeopl
ebecamev
eryf
ami
l
iarandf
ri
endl
ywi
thus, sai
dfr
uitt
hecocho,whi
ch comf
ort
ed t
hem much.
andex
plai
nedmanyt
hingst
ousi
nthei
rlanguage,
and Neart
hisi
sl
eisanot
herwher
ether
ear
eak
indof
t
oldust
henamesofsomei
sl
andswhi
chwesawwi
th peopl
ewhowearhol
esi
nthei
rear
ssol
arget
hant
hey
ourey
esbef
oreus.*
Thei
sl
andwher
etheydwel
tis canpasst
hei
rar
mst
hrought
hem;t
hesepeopl
ear
e
cal
l
ed Zul
uam,and i
tis notl
arge.
*As t
heywer
e Caphr
e,t
hati
stosay
,Gent
il
es,andt
heygonak
ed,
suf
fi
ci
ent
lyagr
eeabl
eandconv
ersi
blewehadgr
eat ex
ceptt
hatr
oundt
hei
rmi
ddl
est
heywearcl
othmade
pl
easur
ewi
tht
hem.Thecapt
ainseei
ngt
hatt
heywer
e oft
hebar
koft
rees.Butt
her
ear
esomeoft
hemor
e
oft
hisgood condi
ti
on,t
o do t
hem gr
eat
erhonour r
emar
kabl
eoft
hem whowearcot
tonst
uff
,andatt
he
conduct
edt
hem t
otheshi
p,andshowedt
hem al
lhi
s endofi
tther
eissomewor
kofsi
l
kwi
thaneedl
e.
goods,
thati
stosay
,cl
oves,
cinnamon,
pepper
,gi
nger
, Thesepeopl
ear
etawny
,fat
,andpai
nted,andt
hey
nut
meg,mace,gol
dandal
lthatwasi
ntheshi
p.He anoi
ntt
hemsel
ves wi
tht
he oi
lofcoco nut
s and
al
sohadsomeshot
sfi
redwi
thhi
sar
ti
ll
ery
,atwhi
ch sesame,t
opr
eser
vet
hem f
rom t
hesunandt
hewi
nd.
t
heywer
esomuchaf
rai
dthatt
heywi
shedt
ojump Thei
rhai
risv
erybl
ackandl
ong,
reachi
ngt
othewai
st,
f
rom t
heshi
pint
othesea.Theymadesi
gnst
hatt
he andt
heycar
rysmal
ldagger
sandk
niv
es,or
nament
ed
t
hingswhi
cht
hecapt
ainhadshownt
hem gr
ew t
her
e wi
th gol
d,and many ot
hert
hings,such as dar
ts,
wher
ewewer
egoi
ng.Whent
heywi
shedt
oleav
eus, har
poons,andnet
stof
ish,l
i
ke.
.
..
..
.
.,andt
hei
rboat
s
t
heyt
ookl
eav
eoft
hecapt
ainandofuswi
thv
erygood ar
eli
keour
s.
manner
sandgr
acef
ulness,
promi
si
ngust
ocomeback
t
oseeus.Thei
sl
andwewer
eatwasnamedHumunu; TheMondayofPassi
onweek
,the25t
hofMar
ch,and
nev
ert
hel
ess,becausewef
oundt
her
etwospr
ingsof f
eat
sofourLady
,int
heaf
ter
noon,andbei
ngr
eadyt
o
v
eryf
reshwat
erwenamedi
ttheWat
eri
ngPl
aceof depar
tfr
om t
hispl
ace,
Iwentt
othesi
deofourshi
pto
goodsi
gns,
andbecausewef
oundher
ethef
ir
stsi
gns f
ishandput
ti
ngmyf
eetonaspart
ogodownt
othe
ofgol
d.Ther
eismuchwhi
tecor
alt
obef
oundher
e, st
orer
oom,
myf
eetsl
i
pped,
becausei
thadr
ained,
and
and l
arge t
rees whi
ch bearf
rui
tsmal
l
ert
han an If
ell
int
otheseawi
thoutanyoneseei
ngme,
andbei
ng
al
mond,and whi
char
eli
kepi
nes.Ther
ewer
eal
so neardr
owni
ngbyl
uckIf
oundatmyl
efthandt
hesheet
manypal
m t
reesbot
hgoodandbad.I
nthi
spl
ace oft
hel
argesai
lwhi
chwasi
nthesea,Icaughthol
dof
t
her
e wer
e many ci
rcumj
acenti
sl
ands,on whi
ch i
tandbegant
ocr
youtt
il
ltheycamet
ohel
pandpi
ck
accountwe named t
hem t
he ar
chi
pel
ago ofSt
. meupwi
tht
heboat
.Iwasassi
stednotbymymer
it
s,
Laz
arus,
becausewest
ayedt
her
eont
hedayandf
east butbyt
hemer
cyandgr
aceoft
hef
ount
ainofpi
ty.
Thatsamedaywet
ookt
hecour
sebet
weenwestand dor
ades,whi
char
erat
herl
argef
ish,andoft
hesor
t
sout
hwest
,andpassedami
dstf
oursmal
li
sl
ands,t
hat abov
e-ment
ioned,and he gav
e hi
m sev
eralot
her
i
stosay
,Cenal
o,Hui
nanghar
,Ibusson,
andAbar
ien. t
hings.Thecapt
aingav
ethi
ski
ngar
obeofr
edand
y
ell
ow cl
oth,madei
ntheTur
kishf
ashi
on,andav
ery
Thur
sday,t
he28t
hofMar
ch,hav
ingseent
heni
ght f
iner
edcap,andt
ohi
speopl
ehegav
etosomeof
bef
oref
ir
euponani
sl
and,att
hemor
ningwecamet
o t
hem k
niv
es,
andt
oot
her
smi
rr
ors.
anchoratt
hisi
sl
and;
wher
ewesawasmal
lboatwhi
ch
t
hey cal
l Bol
oto,wi
th ei
ght men i
nsi
de,whi
ch Af
tert
hatr
efr
eshment
swer
eser
vedupt
othem.The
appr
oachedt
heshi
poft
hecapt
ain-
gener
al.Thena capt
aint
oldt
hek
ingt
hrought
hesai
dint
erpr
eter
,that
sl
aves oft
he capt
ain’
s,who was f
rom Sumat
ra, hewi
shedt
obewi
thhi
m,cassicassi
,thati
stosay
,
ot
her
wise named Tr
apr
obana,spok
efr
om af
art
o br
other
s.Towhi
cht
hek
inganswer
edt
hathedesi
ret
o
t
hesepeopl
e,whounder
stoodhi
stal
k,andcamenear be t
he same t
owar
ds hi
m.Af
tert
hatt
he capt
ain
t
othesi
deoft
heshi
p,butt
heywi
thdr
ewi
mmedi
atel
y, showedhi
m cl
othsofdi
ff
erentcol
our
s,l
i
nen,cor
al,
andwoul
dnotent
ert
heshi
pfr
om f
earofus.Sot
he andmuchot
hermer
chandi
se,andal
lthear
ti
ll
ery
,of
capt
ainseei
ngt
hatt
heywoul
dnott
rustt
ousshowed whi
chhehadsomepi
ecesf
ri
edbef
orehi
m,atwhi
ch
t
hem ar
edcap,andot
hert
hings,whi
chhehadt
ied t
hek
ingwasmuchast
oni
shed;af
tert
hatt
hecapt
ain
andpl
acedonal
i
ttl
epl
ank
,andt
hepeopl
eint
heboat hadoneofhi
ssol
dier
sar
medwi
thwhi
tear
mour
,and
t
ookt
hem i
mmedi
atel
yandj
oyousl
y,andt
henr
etur
ned pl
acehi
mint
hemi
dstoft
hreecomr
ades,whost
uck
t
o adv
ise t
hei
rki
ng.Two hour
s af
ter
war
ds,or hi
m wi
thswor
dsanddagger
s.Thek
ingt
houghtt
his
t
her
eabout
s,wesawcomet
wol
ongboat
s,whi
cht
hey v
eryst
range,andt
hecapt
aint
oldhi
m,t
hrought
he
cal
lBal
l
anghai
,ful
lofmen.I
nthel
argestoft
hem was i
nter
pret
er,
thatamant
husi
nwhi
tear
mourwaswor
th
t
hei
rki
ngsi
tt
ingunderanawni
ngofmat
s;whent
hey ahundr
edofhi
smen;
heanswer
edt
hati
twast
rue;
he
wer
eneart
heshi
poft
hecapt
ain-
gener
al,t
hesai
d wasf
urt
heri
nfor
medt
hatt
her
ewher
eineachshi
ptwo
sl
avespok
etot
hek
ing,who under
stood hi
m wel
l
, hundr
edl
i
ket
hatman.Af
tert
hatt
hecapt
ainshowed
because i
nthese count
ri
es t
he k
ings k
now mor
e hi
m agr
eatnumberofswor
ds,
cui
rasses,
andhel
met
s,
l
anguagest
hant
hecommonpeopl
e.Thent
hek
ing andmadeoft
wooft
hemenpl
aywi
tht
hei
rswor
ds
or
der
edsomeofhi
speopl
etogot
othecapt
ain’
sshi
p, bef
oret
hek
ing;
het
henshowedhi
mtheseachar
tand
whi
l
sthewoul
dnotmov
efr
om hi
sboat
,whi
chwas t
heshi
p compass,and i
nfor
med hi
m how hehad
nearenough t
o us.Thi
swasdone,and when hi
s f
oundt
hest
rai
ttocomet
her
e,andoft
het
imewhi
ch
peopl
eret
urnedt
otheboat
,hewentawayatonce.
The hehadspenti
ncomi
ngal
sooft
het
imehehadbeen
capt
ain gav
e good ent
ert
ainmentt
othe men who wi
thoutseei
ng any l
and,atwhi
ch t
he k
ing was
camet
ohi
sshi
p,andgav
ethem al
lsor
tsoft
hings,
on ast
oni
shed.
whi
chaccountt
hek
ingwi
shedt
ogi
vet
hecapt
aina
r
atherl
argebarofsol
i
dgol
d,andachestf
ull
ofgi
nger
. Att
heendt
hecapt
ainask
edi
fhewoul
dbepl
eased
Howev
er,t
he capt
aint
hank
ed hi
m v
ery much but t
hatt
woofhi
speopl
eshoul
dgowi
thhi
mtot
hepl
aces
woul
dnotacceptt
hepr
esent
.Af
tert
hat
,wheni
twas wher
etheyl
i
ved,t
oseesomeoft
het
hingsofhi
s
l
ate,wewentwi
tht
heshi
psneart
othehousesand count
ry.
Thi
sthek
inggr
ant
ed,
andIwentwi
thanot
her
.
adobeoft
hek
ing.
WhenIhadl
anded,
thek
ingr
aisedhi
shandst
othesk
y,
Thenex
tdaywhi
chwasGoodFr
iday
,thecapt
ainsent andt
urnedt
oust
wo,andwedi
dthesameashedi
d;
onshor
ethebef
ore-
ment
ionedsl
ave,whowasour af
tert
hathet
ookmebyt
hehand,andoneofhi
s
i
nter
pret
er,t
othek
ingbeghi
mtogi
vehi
mformoney pr
inci
palpeopl
etookmycompani
on,andl
edusunder
somepr
ovi
si
onsf
orhi
sshi
ps,sendi
nghi
m wor
dthat a pl
ace cov
ered wi
th canes,wher
ether
e was a
hehadnotcomet
ohi
scount
ryasanenemy
,butasa bal
l
anghai
,thati
stosay
,aboat
,ei
ght
yfeetl
ongor
f
ri
end.Thek
ingonhear
ingt
hiscamewi
thsev
enor t
her
eabout
s,r
esembl
i
ngaf
ust
a.Wesetwi
tht
hek
ing
ei
ghtmen i
n a boat
,and ent
ered t
he shi
p,and uponi
tspoop,al
way
sconv
ersi
ngwi
thhi
m bysi
gns,
embr
aced t
he capt
ain,and gav
e hi
m t
hree chi
na andhi
speopl
est
oodupar
oundus,wi
tht
hei
rswor
ds,
di
shes cov
ered wi
thl
eav
es f
ullofr
ice,and t
wo spear
s,and buck
ler
s.Then t
hek
ing or
der
ed t
o be
br
oughtadi
shofpi
g’
sfl
eshandwi
ne.Thei
rfashi
onof sev
eralt
hings.I
nthei
sl
andbel
ongi
ngt
othek
ingwho
dr
ink
ingi
sint
hiswi
se,t
heyf
ir
str
aiset
hei
rhandst
o camet
otheshi
pther
ear
emi
nesofgol
d,whi
cht
hey
heav
en,
thent
aket
hedr
ink
ingv
essel
int
hei
rri
ghthand, f
indi
npi
ecesasbi
gasawal
nutoranegg,
byseek
ing
andex
tendt
hel
efthandcl
osedt
owar
dst
hepeopl
e. i
nthegr
ound.Al
lthev
essel
swhi
chhemak
esuseof
Thi
ski
ngdi
d,andpr
esent
edt
omehi
sfi
st,sot
hatI ar
emadeofi
t,andal
sosomepar
tsofhi
shouse,
t
houghtt
hathewant
edt
ost
ri
keme;Idi
dthesame whi
chwaswel
lfi
tt
edupaccor
dingt
othecust
om of
t
hingt
owar
dshi
m;sowi
tht
hiscer
emony
,andot
her t
hecount
ry,
andhewast
hehandsomestmant
hatwe
si
gnsoff
ri
endshi
ps,webanquet
ed,andaf
ter
war
ds saw among t
hesenat
ions.Hehad v
erybl
ackhai
r
suppedwi
thhi
m. comi
ngdownt
ohi
sshoul
der
s,wi
thsi
l
kcl
othonhi
s
head,andt
wol
argegol
dri
ngshangi
ngf
rom hi
sear
s,
Iat
efl
esh on Good Fr
iday
,notbei
ng abl
eto do he had a cl
oth ofcot
ton wor
ked wi
th si
l
k,whi
ch
ot
her
wise,and bef
oret
he hourofsupper
,Igav
e cov
eredhi
mfr
om t
hewai
stt
othek
nees,
athi
ssi
dehe
sev
eralt
hingst
othek
ing,
whi
chIhadbr
ought
.Ther
eI wor
eadagger
,wi
thal
onghandl
ewhi
chwasal
lof
wr
otedownsev
eralt
hingsast
heynamet
hem i
nthei
r gol
dit
ssheat
hwasofcar
vedwood.
Besi
deshecar
ri
ed
l
anguage,andwhent
hek
ingandt
heot
hersaw me uponhi
m scent
sofst
oraxandbenz
oin.Hewast
awny
wr
it
e,andIt
oldt
hem t
hei
rmannerofspeech,t
hey andpai
ntedal
lov
er.
wer
eal
last
oni
shed.Whent
hehourf
orsupperand
come,t
heybr
oughtt
wol
argechi
nadi
shes,ofwhi
ch Thei
sl
andoft
hisk
ingi
snamedZal
uanandCal
agan,
onewasf
ull
ofr
ice,
andt
heot
herofpi
g’
sfl
esh,
wit
hit
s andwhent
hist
wok
ingswi
sht
ovi
si
toneanot
hert
hey
br
othandsauce.Wesuppedwi
tht
hesamesi
gnsand comet
ohunti
nthi
sisl
andwher
ewewer
e.Oft
hese
cer
emoni
es,andt
henwentt
othek
ing’
spl
ace,whi
ch k
ingst
hepai
ntedk
ingsi
scal
l
edRai
aCal
ambu,
andt
he
wasmadeabui
l
tli
keahaygr
ange,cov
eredwi
thf
ig ot
herRai
aSi
ani
.
andpal
mleav
es.I
twasbui
l
tongr
eatt
imber
shi
gh
abov
ethegr
ound,
andi
twasnecessar
ytogoupst
eps OnSunday
,thel
astdayofMar
ch,andf
eastofEast
er,
andl
adder
stoi
t.Thent
hek
ingmadeussi
tonacane t
hecapt
ainsentt
hechapl
ai
nashor
eear
lyt
osaymass,
mat
,wi
thourl
egsdoubl
edaswast
hecust
om;af
ter andt
hei
nter
pret
erwentwi
thhi
mtot
ellt
hek
ingt
hat
hal
fanhourt
her
ewasbr
oughtadi
shoff
ishr
oasti
n t
heywer
enotcomi
ngonshor
etodi
newi
thhi
m,but
pi
eces,andgi
ngerf
reshgat
her
edt
hatmoment
,and onl
ytoheart
hemass.Thek
inghear
ingt
hatsentt
wo
somewi
ne.Theel
destsonoft
hek
ing,whowast
he deadpi
gs.Wheni
twast
imef
orsay
ingmass,t
he
pr
ince,camewher
ewewer
e,andt
hek
ingt
oldhi
mto capt
ainwentashor
ewi
thf
if
tymen,
notwi
tht
hei
rar
ms,
si
tdownnearus,whi
chhedi
d;t
hent
wodi
sheswer
e butonl
ywi
tht
hei
rswor
ds,
anddr
essedaswel
laseach
br
ought
,oneoff
ish,wi
thi
tssauce,andt
heot
herof onewasabl
etodr
ess,andbef
oret
heboat
sreached
r
ice,
andt
hiswasdonef
orust
oeatwi
tht
hepr
ince.
My t
heshor
eourshi
psf
ir
edsi
xcannonshot
sasasi
gnof
compani
onenj
oyedt
hef
oodanddr
inksomucht
hat peace.Atourl
andi
ngt
het
wok
ingswer
ether
e,and
hegotdr
unk
.Theyusef
orcandl
esort
orchest
hegum r
ecei
vedourcapt
aini
naf
ri
endl
ymanner
,andpl
aced
ofat
reewhi
chi
snamedAni
me,
wrappedupi
nleav
es hi
m bet
weent
hem,andt
henwewentt
othepl
ace
ofpal
msoff
igt
rees.Thek
ingmadeasi
gnt
hathe pr
epar
edf
orsay
ingmass,whi
chwasnotf
arf
rom t
he
wi
shedt
ogot
orest
,andl
eftwi
thust
hepr
ince,wi
th shor
e.Bef
oret
hemassbegant
hecapt
aint
hrew a
whom wesl
eptonacanemat
,wi
thsomecushi
ons quant
it
yofmuskr
osewat
eront
hoset
wok
ings,and
andpi
l
lowsofl
eav
es.Nex
tmor
ningt
hek
ingcameand whent
heof
fer
tor
yoft
hemasscame,t
het
wok
ings
t
ookmebyt
hehand,andsowewentt
othepl
ace wentt
oki
sst
hecr
ossl
i
keus,
butt
heyof
fer
ednot
hing,
wher
ewehadsupped,
tobr
eak
fast
,butt
heboatcame andatt
heel
evat
ionoft
hebodyofourLor
dtheywer
e
t
ofet
chus.Thek
ing,bef
orewewentaway
,wasv
ery k
neel
i
ngl
i
keus,
andador
edourLor
dwi
thj
oinedhands.
gay
,andk
issedhourhands,andwek
issedhi
s.Ther
e Theshi
psf
ir
edal
lthei
rar
ti
ll
eryatt
heel
evat
ionoft
he
camewi
thusabr
otherofhi
s,t
hek
ingofanot
her bodyofourLor
d.Af
tert
hatt
hecapt
ainhadsome
i
sl
and,accompani
ed by t
hree men.The capt
ain- swor
d-pl
aybyhi
speopl
e,whi
chgav
egr
eatpl
easur
eto
gener
aldet
ainedhi
mtodi
newi
thus,
andwegav
ehi
m t
hek
ings.Thenhehadacr
ossbr
ought
,wi
tht
henai
l
s
andcr
own,
towhi
cht
hek
ingsmader
ever
ence,
andt
he
capt
ain had t
hem t
oldt
hatt
hese t
hingswhi
ch he (
PROCLAMATI
ON) ACT OF PROCLAMATI
ON OF
showedt
hem wer
ethesi
gnoft
heemper
orhi
slor
d I
NDEPENDENCEOFTHEFI
LIPI
NOPEOPLE
and mast
er,f
rom whom he had char
ge and
commandmentt
opl
acei
tini
tal
lpl
aceswher
ehe I
nthet
ownofCav
ite-
Viej
o,Pr
ovi
nceofCav
ite,t
his
mi
ghtgoorpassby
.Het
oldt
hem t
hathewi
shedt
o 12t
hday
sofJune1898:
pl
acei
tint
hei
rcount
ryf
ort
hei
rpr
ofi
t,becausei
fther
e
BEFORE ME,Ambr
osi
o Ri
anz
ares Baust
ist
a,War
came af
ter
war
ds any shi
ps f
rom Spai
ntot
hose
Counsel
l
or and Speci
al Del
egat
e desi
gnat
ed t
o
i
sl
ands,onseei
ngt
hiscr
oss,t
heywoul
dknowt
hathe
pr
ocl
ai
m and sol
emni
ze t
his Decl
arat
ion of
hadbeent
her
e,andt
her
efor
etheywoul
dnotcause
I
ndependencebyt
heDi
ctat
ori
alGov
ernmentoft
he
t
hem anydi
spl
easur
etot
hei
rper
sonsnort
hei
rgoods;
Phi
l
ippi
nes,pur
suantt
o,and byv
irt
ueof
,adecr
ee
andi
ftheyt
ookanyoft
hei
rpeopl
e,onshowi
ngt
hem
i
ssued by t
he Engr
egi
ous Di
ctat
or Don Emi
l
io
t
hissi
gn,
theywoul
datoncel
ett
hem go.Besi
dest
his,
Agui
nal
doyFamy
,
t
hecapt
aint
oldt
hem t
hati
twasnecessar
ythatt
his
cr
ossshoul
dbepl
acedont
hesummi
toft
hehi
ghest Theunder
signedassembl
ageofmi
l
it
arychi
efsand
mount
aini
nthei
rcount
ry,sot
hatseei
ngi
tev
eryday ot
her
soft
hear
mywhocoul
dnotat
tend,aswel
las
t
heymi
ghtador
eit
,andt
hati
ftheydi
dthus,nei
ther r
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
hev
ari
oust
owns,
t
hunder
,li
ght
ning,
nort
het
empestcoul
ddot
hem hur
t.
Thek
ingst
hank
edt
hecapt
ain,
andsai
dtheywoul
ddo Tak
ingi
ntoaccountt
hef
actt
hatt
hepeopl
eoft
his
i
twi
l
li
ngl
y.Thenheask
edwhet
hert
heywer
eMoor
sor count
ryar
eal
readyt
ir
edofbear
ingt
heomi
nousj
oke
Gent
il
es,andi
nwhatt
heybel
i
eved.Theyanswer
ed ofSpani
shdomi
nat
ion,
t
hatt
heydi
dnotper
for
m anyot
herador
ati
on,
butonl
y
Becauseofar
bit
rar
yar
rest
sandabusesoft
heCi
vi
l
j
oinedt
hei
rhands,l
ook
ingupt
oheav
en,andt
hatt
hey
Guar
dswhocausedeat
hsi
nconni
vancewi
thandev
er
cal
l
edt
hei
rGod,Aba.Hear
ingt
his,t
hecapt
ainwas
undert
heex
pressor
der
soft
hei
rsuper
iorof
fi
cer
swho
v
eryj
oyf
ul,onseei
ngt
hat
,thef
ir
stk
ingr
aisedhi
s
att
imeswoul
dor
dert
heshoot
ingoft
hosepl
aced
handst
othesk
yand sai
dthathewi
shed i
twer
e
underar
restundert
hepr
etex
tthatt
heyat
tempt
edt
o
possi
blef
orhi
mtobeabl
etoshowt
heaf
fect
ionwhi
ch
escapei
nvi
olat
ionofk
nownRul
esandRegul
ati
ons,
hef
eltt
owar
dshi
m.Thei
nter
pret
erask
edhi
mforwhat
whi
chabuseswer
elef
tunpuni
shed,andbecauseof
r
easont
her
ewassol
i
ttl
etoeati
nthatpl
ace,
towhi
ch
unj
ustdepor
tat
ionsofi
l
lust
ri
ousFi
l
ipi
nos,especi
al
ly
t
hek
ingr
epl
i
edt
hathedi
dnotr
esi
dei
nthepl
ace
t
hosedecr
eedbyGener
alBl
ancoatt
hei
nst
igat
ionof
ex
ceptwhenhecamet
ohuntandt
oseehi
sbr
other
,
t
heAr
chbi
shopandf
ri
arsi
nter
est
edi
nkeepi
ngt
hem i
n
butt
hathel
i
vedi
nanot
heri
sl
andwher
ehehadal
lhi
s
i
gnor
ance f
or egoi
sti
c and sel
fi
sh ends, whi
ch
f
ami
l
y.Then t
hecapt
ain ask
ed hi
m i
fhehad any
depor
tat
ionswer
ecar
ri
edoutt
hroughpr
ocessesmor
e
enemi
eswhomadewaruponhi
m,andt
hati
fhehad
ex
ecr
abl
ethant
hoseoft
heI
nqui
si
ti
onwhi
chev
ery
anyhewoul
dgoanddef
eatt
hem wi
thhi
smenand
ci
vi
li
zednat
ionr
epudi
atesasat
ri
al
swi
thouthear
ing.
shi
ps,t
o putt
hem underhi
s obedi
ence.The k
ing
t
hank
ed hi
m,and answer
ed t
hatt
her
e wer
etwo
Hadr
esol
vedt
ost
artar
evol
uti
oni
nAugust1896i
n
i
sl
ands t
he i
nhabi
tantofwhi
ch wer
eis enemi
es;
or
dert
oregai
nthei
ndependenceandsov
erei
gnt
yof
howev
er,t
hatf
ort
hepr
esenti
swasnott
het
imet
o
whi
cht
hepeopl
ehadbeendepr
ivedbySpai
nthr
ough
at
tackt
hem.Thecapt
aint
her
efor
esai
dtohi
mthati
f
Gov
ernorMi
guel
LopezdeLegaz
piwho,
cont
inui
ngt
he
God per
mit
ted hi
m t
oret
urn anot
hert
ime t
othi
s
cour
se f
oll
owed by hi
s pr
edecessor Fer
dinand
count
ry,hewoul
dbr
ingsomanyment
hathewoul
d
Magel
l
an who l
anded on t
he shor
es ofCebu and
putt
hem byf
orceunderhi
sobedi
ence.Thenhebade
occupi
edsai
dIsl
andbymeansofaPactofFr
iendshi
p
t
hei
nter
pret
ert
ell
them t
hathewasgoi
ngawayt
odi
ne,
wi
thChi
efTupas,al
thoughhewask
il
ledi
nthebat
tl
e
andaf
tert
hathewoul
dret
urnt
opl
acet
hecr
ossont
he
t
hatt
ookpl
acedi
nsai
dshor
est
owhi
chbat
tl
ehewas
summi
toft
hemount
ain.
Thet
wok
ingssai
dtheywer
e
pr
ovok
ed by Chi
ef Kal
i
pul
ako of Mact
an who
cont
ent
,andont
hatt
heyembr
acedt
hecapt
ain,and
suspect
ed hi
sev
ildesi
gns,l
andedoft
heI
slandof
hesepar
atedf
rom t
hem.
Boholbyent
eri
ngal
soi
ntoaBl
oodCompactwi
thi
ts
Chi
efSi
kat
una,wi
tht
hepur
poseofl
atert
aki
ng by count
ryand t
her
evi
ndi
cat
ion ofoursov
erei
gnt
yis
f
orcet
heI
slandofCebu,andbecausehi
ssuccessor assur
ed.
Tupasdi
dnotal
l
owhi
mtooccupyi
t,
hewentt
oMani
l
a,
t
hecapi
tal
,wi
nni
ngl
i
kewi
set
hef
ri
endshi
pofi
tsChi
efs And hav
ing as wi
tness t
othe r
ect
it
ude of our
Sol
i
manandLak
andul
a,l
atert
aki
ngpossessi
onoft
he i
ntensi
onst
heSupr
emeJudgeoft
heUni
ver
se,and
ci
tyandt
hewhol
eAr
chi
pel
agoi
nthenameofSpai
nby undert
hepr
otect
ionofourPower
ful
andHumani
tar
ian
v
irt
ueofanor
derofKi
ngPhi
l
ipI
I,and wi
tht
hese Nat
ion,TheUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
ica,wedoher
eby
hi
stor
icalpr
ecedent
sandbecausei
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ernat
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aw pr
ocl
ai
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t
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it
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l
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ecogni
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Thatt
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e and hav
ethe r
ightt
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ree and
l
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ti
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uti
oncannotbeputi
ndoubt
i
ndependent
;thatt
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eceasedt
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eal
l
egi
ance
whi
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medbutnotcompl
etest
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ledbyt
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t
othecr
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n;t
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lpol
i
ti
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paci
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oposedbyDonPedr
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Don Emi
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io Agui
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esi
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i
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andt
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,li
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reeandI
ndependentSt
ates,t
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est
abl
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Bat
oandaccept
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ernor
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eWarandPeace,
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-
Gener
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imoDeRi
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cialt
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nto al
l
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egul
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it
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ngagener
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ce,
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lot
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ldepor
tedandconv
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I
ndependentSt
ateHasr
ightt
odo,
byr
easonoft
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ful
fi
ll
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erms,
af
tert
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ruct
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azaofCav
ite,DonEmi
l
io Andi
mbuedwi
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m conf
idencei
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vi
nePr
ovi
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Agui
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nd our
sel
vest
o suppor
tthi
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andnosoonerhadhegi
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ici
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ourHonor
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r
evol
uti
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nrev
oltont
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Spani
shcont
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musCav
ite- Wer
ecogni
zed,appr
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ati
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ltheor
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Vi
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o,undert
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ine emanat
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theDi
ctat
orshi
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abl
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shed
I
nfant
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ated, t
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uti
onar
y mov
ement byDon Emi
l
io Agui
nal
do whom we r
ever
e as t
he
spr
eadi
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i
kewi
l
dfi
ret
oot
hert
ownsofCav
iteandt
he Supr
emeHeadoft
hisNat
ion,whi
cht
odaybegi
nst
o
ot
her pr
ovi
nces of Bat
aan,Pampanga,Bat
angas, hav
eal
i
feofi
tsown,i
ntheconv
ict
iont
hathehas
Bul
acan,
Laguna,
and Mor
ong,
some of t
hem wi
th beent
hei
nst
rumentchosen byGod,i
nspi
teofhi
s
seapor
tsandsuchwast
hesuccessoft
hev
ict
oryof humbl
eor
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n,t
o ef
fect
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ether
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ion oft
his
ourar
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ymar
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nthe unf
ort
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ecount
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oret
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.DonJoseRi
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hi
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oni
alr
evol
uti
ont
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ir
stment
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pedout
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Andi
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SPEECH BEFORE THE JOI
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UNI
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gr
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Mor
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Andl
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at
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gni
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em oft
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amous Soci
ety oft
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Fort
henat
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noybecamet
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KATI
PUNAN”whi
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tsbl
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t
hatanswer
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rpr
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reedom.Formy
sel
f
i
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ori
sei
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reest
ars,
andourchi
l
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si
gni
fyi
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hree pr
inci
pal I
sland of t
hese
f
ather
.Hi
sloss,t
hreet
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sa
Ar
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Luz
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ightandt
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Four
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ear
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oat
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Congr
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m t
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ear
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.Buthi
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t
housandsofot
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s-Senat
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publ
i
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ait
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.Yet
,
near
.Butf
orNi
noy
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ong and cr
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li
onpeopl
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r
eser
ved.
Thedi
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oral
readyk
newt
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m t
o hi
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ave.And so began t
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abodymer
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obei
mpr
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themust r
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ont
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oughtmet
odemocr
acy
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br
eak
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i
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by- f
amoushome,
theCongr
essoft
heUni
tedSt
ates.
one;t
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nst
it
uti
ons ofdemocr
acy
,the pr
ess,t
he
congr
ess,
thei
ndependenceofj
udi
ci
ary
,thepr
otect
ion The t
askhad f
all
en on myshoul
der
s,t
o cont
inue
oft
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l
lofRi
ght
s,Ni
noyk
eept
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tal
i
vei
n of
fer
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cal
ter
nat
ivet
oourpeopl
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hi
msel
f.The gov
ernmentsoughtt
o br
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m by
Ar
chi
bal
dMacl
ei
shhadsai
dthatdemocr
acymustbe
i
ndi
gni
ti
esandt
err
or.Theyl
ook
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m upi
nat
iny
,
def
endedbyar
mswheni
tisat
tack
edbyar
ms,and
near
lyai
rl
esscel
li
nami
l
it
arycampi
nthenor
th.They
wi
tht
rut
hwheni
tisat
tack
edbyl
i
es.Hef
ail
edt
osay
st
ri
ppedhi
m nak
edandhel
dat
hreatofasudden
howi
tshal
lbewon.
mi
dni
ghtex
ecut
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erhi
s head.Ni
noy hel
d up
manf
ull
yunderal
lofi
t.Ibar
elydi
daswel
l
.Forf
ort
y- Ihel
dfastt
oNi
noy
’sconv
ict
iont
hati
tmustbeby
t
hreeday
s,t
heaut
hor
it
ieswoul
dnott
ellmewhathad t
heway
sofdemocr
acy
.Ihel
doutf
orpar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
n
happenedt
ohi
m.Thi
swast
hef
ir
stt
imemychi
l
dren t
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ect
iont
hedi
ctat
orshi
pcal
l
ed,
eveni
fIk
new
andIl
eftwehadl
osthi
m. i
twoul
dber
igged.Iwaswar
nedbyt
hel
awy
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he
opposi
ti
on,t
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ant
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aver
iskofl
egi
ti
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ingt
he
When t
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alf
or
f
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esul
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ear
lygoi
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der
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ore
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ent
.ButIwasf
ight
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orl
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or
ami
l
itar
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ssi
on.Ni
noychal
l
engedi
tsaut
hor
it
y
t
hepeopl
einwhosei
ntel
l
igence,
Ihadi
mpl
i
citf
ait
h.By
andwentonaf
ast
.Ifhesur
viv
edi
t,t
henhef
eltGod
t
heex
erci
seofdemocr
acyev
eni
nadi
ctat
orshi
p,t
hey
i
ntendedhi
mforanot
herf
ate.Wehadl
osthi
m agai
n.
woul
dbepr
epar
edf
ordemocr
acywheni
tcame.And
For not
hing woul
d hol
d hi
m back f
rom hi
s
t
henal
so,i
twast
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new bywhi
chwe
det
ermi
nat
iont
oseehi
sfastt
hrought
otheend.He
coul
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eni
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ermsdi
ctat
edby
st
opped onl
y when i
t dawned on hi
m t
hat t
he
t
hedi
ctat
orshi
p.
gov
ernmentwoul
dkeephi
sbodyal
i
veaf
tert
hef
ast
haddest
roy
edhi
sbr
ain.Andso,wi
thbar
elyanyl
i
fei
n Thepeopl
evi
ndi
cat
ed mei
n a el
ect
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ull
y
hi
sbody
,hecal
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edof
fthef
astont
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hday
.God mar
ked by gov
ernment t
hugger
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raud.The
meanthi
mforot
hert
hings,hef
elt
.Hedi
dnotk
nown opposi
ti
on sweptt
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ect
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ner
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ear
t
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lydeat
hwoul
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il
lbehi
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tyoft
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thank
stoa
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imi
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thbar
elyat
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oft
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li
ament
.Now,
Iknewourpower
.
Atanyt
imedur
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,Ni
noycoul
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e
madeasepar
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thadi
ctat
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passomany Lasty
ear
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cessofar
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of hi
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nasnap el
ect
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democr
acyt
hati
nher
esi
nourr
aceandani
mat
est
his obl
i
ged.Wi
thov
erami
l
li
onsi
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heydr
aft
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chambercoul
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l
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odi
e.Hehel
douti
nthe t
ochal
l
enget
hedi
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orshi
p.AndI
,obl
i
ged.Ther
esti
s
l
onel
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nessofhi
scel
landt
hef
rust
rat
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il
e,t
he t
he hi
stor
y t
hat dr
amat
ical
l
y unf
olded on y
our
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nat
ivet
othe i
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it
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Yousaw anat
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medwi
thcour
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it
y, y
eart
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st
and f
ast by democr
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nst t
hreat
s and t
her
e wi
l
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h nat
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ocal
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n posi
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thi
naboutay
earf
rom apeacef
ulbut
t
ear
sasar
medgoonscr
ashedt
hepol
l
ingpl
acest
o nat
ionalupheav
alt
hatov
ert
urnedadi
ctat
orshi
p,we
st
ealt
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l
ots.But j
ust t
he same,t
hey t
ied shal
lhav
eret
urnedt
oful
lconst
it
uti
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gov
ernment
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t
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e Gi
vent
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okendowni
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it
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pr
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vesf
ori
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tat
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he i
snosmal
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edecessorsetasi
de
end oft
hedaybef
oreanot
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raud coul
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espectf
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ight
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Manyofy
ouher
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ongs.Byt
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imehef
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pol
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cyofy
ourcount
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owar
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s.We,t
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l
ipi
nos gr
ownt
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ethansi
xteent
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hinkt
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t
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ouf
orwhaty
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anci
ng l
essonher
etobel
ear
nedaboutt
ryi
ngt
ost
if
leat
hing
Amer
ica’
sst
rat
egi
cint
erestagai
nsthumanconcer
ns wi
thameansbywhi
chi
tgr
ows.
Idon’
tthi
nk
i
l
lumi
nat
est
heAmer
icanv
isi
onoft
hewor
ld.Theco-
chai
rmanoft
heUni
tedSt
atesobser
vert
eam,i
nhi
s any
bodyi
norout
sideourcount
ry,concer
nedf
ora
r
epor
ttot
he Pr
esi
dentsai
d,“
Iwaswi
tnesst
o an democr
ati
candopenPhi
l
ippi
nesdoubt
swhatmustbe
ex
traor
dinar
ymani
fest
ati
onofdemocr
acyont
hepar
t done. Thr
ough pol
i
ti
cal i
nit
iat
ives and l
ocal r
e-
t
heFi
l
ipi
nopeopl
e.Theul
ti
mat
eresul
twast
heel
ect
ion i
ntegr
ati
on pr
ogr
ams,we mustseek t
o br
ing t
he
ofMr
s.Cor
azonAqui
noasPr
esi
dentandMr
.Sal
vador i
nsur
gent
sdownf
rom hi
l
lsandbyeconomi
cpr
ogr
ess
Laur
elasVi
ce-
Presi
dentoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.
” andj
ust
ice,
showt
hem t
hatwhi
cht
hebesti
ntent
ioned
amongt
hem f
ight
.Aspr
esi
dentamongmypeopl
e,I
When a subser
vient par
li
ament announced my wi
l
lnotbet
rayt
hecauseofpeacebywhi
chIcamet
o
opponent
’sv
ict
ory
,thepeopl
ethent
urnedouti
nthe power
.Yet
,equal
l
yand agai
n,no f
ri
end ofFi
l
ipi
no
st
reet
sandpr
ocl
ai
m ai
dedmet
hePr
esi
dentofal
lthe democr
acywi
l
lchal
l
enget
his.Iwi
l
lnotst
andbyand
peopl
e.And t
ruet
othei
rwor
d,when a handf
ulof al
l
ow ani
nsur
gentl
eader
shi
ptospur
nourof
ferof
mi
l
it
aryl
eader
s decl
ared t
hemsel
ves agai
nst t
he peaceandk
il
loury
oungsol
dier
sandt
hreat
enournew
di
ctat
orshi
p,t
he peopl
eral
l
ied t
othei
rpr
otect
ion. f
reedom.
Sur
ely
,thepeopl
etak
ecar
eoft
hei
rown.I
tisont
hat
f
ait
handt
heobl
i
gat
ioni
tent
ail
sthatIassumedt
he Yet
,Imustex
plor
ethepat
hofpeacet
otheut
most
.
Pr
esi
dency
. Forati
tsend,
what
everdi
sappoi
ntmentImeett
her
eis
t
hemor
albasi
sforl
yi
ngdownt
heOl
i
vebr
anchof
Asacamet
opowerpeacef
ull
y,soshal
lIk
eepi
t.That peaceandt
aki
ngupt
heswor
dofwar
.
i
smycont
ractwi
thmypeopl
eandt
omycommi
tment
t
oGod.Hehadwi
l
ledt
hatt
hebl
ooddr
awnwi
thal
ast St
il
l
,shoul
ditcomet
othat
,Iwi
l
lnotwai
verf
rom t
he
shal
lnoti
nmycount
rybepai
dbybl
ooddr
awnbyt
he cour
sel
ai
ddownbyy
ourgr
eatl
i
ber
ator
.
swor
dbutbyt
ear
fulj
oyofr
econci
l
iat
ion.Wehav
e
sweptawayabsol
utepowerbyal
i
mit
edr
evol
uti
ont
hat “
Wit
hmal
i
cet
owar
dsnone,wi
thchar
it
yforal
l
,wi
th
r
espect
edt
hel
i
feandf
reedom ofev
eryFi
l
ipi
no. f
ir
mnessi
nther
ightasGodgi
vesust
oseet
her
ight
,
l
etusf
ini
sht
hewor
kwear
eint
obi
ndupt
henat
ion’
s
Now,
wear
erest
ori
ngf
ull
const
it
uti
onal
gov
ernment
. wounds.Tocar
eforhi
m whoshal
lhav
ebor
net
he
Agai
n,as we r
est
ore democr
acy by t
he way
s of bat
tl
eandf
orhi
swi
dowandf
orhi
sor
phanst
odoal
l
democr
acy
,soar
ewecompl
eti
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onal whi
ch mayachi
eveand cher
ish a j
ustand l
ast
ing
st
ruct
uresofournewdemocr
acyunderaconst
it
uti
on peaceamongour
sel
vesandwi
thal
lnat
ions.
”
t
hatal
readygi
vesf
ullr
espectt
otheBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.A
Li
keAbr
aham Li
ncol
n,Iunder
standt
hatf
orcemaybe
necessar
ybef
oremer
cy.Li
keLi
ncol
n,Idon’
trel
i
shi
t. f
reewor
lddef
ensesi
nthePaci
fi
c.Thesear
eonl
ytwo
Yet
,Iwi
l
ldowhat
everi
ttak
est
odef
endt
hei
ntegr
it
y oft
hemanybur
densmypeopl
ecar
ryev
enast
heyt
ry
andf
reedom ofmycount
ry. t
obui
l
dawor
thyandendur
inghousef
ort
hei
rnew
democr
acy
.Thatmayser
veaswel
lasar
edoubtf
or
Fi
nal
l
y,mayIt
urnt
othatot
hersl
aver
y:our$26bi
l
li
on f
reedom i
nAsi
a.Yet
,nosoonerasonest
onel
ai
dthan
f
orei
gndebt
.Ihav
esai
dthatweshal
lhonori
t.Yet
,the t
woar
etak
enaway
.Hal
fourex
por
tear
nings,
$2bi
l
li
on
meansbywhi
chweshal
lbeabl
etodosoar
ekept dol
l
arsoutof$4bi
l
li
ondol
l
arswhi
chi
sal
lwecanear
n
f
rom us.Many oft
he condi
ti
ons i
mposed i
nthe i
nther
est
ri
cti
vemar
ketoft
hewor
ld,mustgot
opay
pr
evi
eousgov
ernmentt
hatst
olet
hisdebt
,cont
inuet
o j
ustt
hei
nter
estonadebtwhosebenef
itt
heFi
l
ipi
no
bei
mposedonuswhonev
erbenef
it
edf
rom i
t. peopl
enev
err
ecei
ved.

Andnoassi
stanceorl
i
ber
ali
tycommensur
atewi
tht
he St
il
lwef
oughtf
orhonorandi
fonl
yforhonor
,weshal
l
cal
ami
tyt
hatwasv
est
edonushav
ebeenex
tended. pay
.Andy
et,shoul
dwehav
etor
ingt
hepay
ment
s
Yetour
smusthav
ebeent
hecheapestr
evol
uti
onev
er. f
rom t
hesweatofourmen’
sfacesandsi
nkal
lthe
Wi
thl
i
ttl
ehel
pfr
om ot
her
s,weFi
l
ipi
nosf
ulf
il
ledt
he weal
th pi
l
ed by t
he bondsman’
stwo-
hundr
ed f
if
ty
f
ir
stand t
he mostdi
ff
icul
tcondi
ti
on oft
he debt y
ear
sofunr
equi
tedt
oil
.Yet
,toal
lAmer
icans,ast
he
negot
iat
ion,t
he f
ullr
est
orat
ion ofdemocr
acy and l
eadert
o a pr
oud and f
ree peopl
e,Iaddr
ess t
his
r
esponsi
ble gov
ernment
.El
sewher
e and i
n ot
her
s quest
ion,“
Hast
her
ebeenagr
eat
ert
estofnat
ional
t
imes,amor
est
ri
ngentwor
ldeconomi
ccondi
ti
ons, commi
tmentt
othei
deal
syouhol
ddeart
hant
hatmy
mar
shalpl
ansandt
hei
rli
kewer
efel
ttobenecessar
y peopl
ehav
egonet
hrough?Youhav
espentmanyl
i
ves
compani
onsofr
etur
ningdemocr
acy
. andmucht
reasur
etobr
ingf
reedom t
omanyl
ands
t
hatwer
erel
uct
antt
orecei
vei
t.Andher
e,y
ouhav
ea
When Imetwi
th Pr
esi
dentReagan,we began an
peopl
ewhowant
sitbyt
hemsel
vesandneedonl
ythe
i
mpor
tant di
al
ogue about cooper
ati
on and t
he
hel
ptopr
eser
vei
t.
”
st
rengt
heni
ngoff
ri
endshi
pbet
weenourt
wocount
ri
es.
Thatmeet
ing wasbot
h a conf
ir
mat
ion and anew Thr
eey
ear
sagoIsai
d,Thanky
ouAmer
icaf
ort
he
begi
nni
ng.Iam sur
eitwi
l
lleadt
oposi
ti
ver
esul
tinal
l hav
enf
rom oppr
essi
onandt
hehomey
ougav
eNi
noy
,
ar
eas of common concer
n.Today
,we f
ace t
he my
sel
fandourchi
l
drenandf
ort
het
hreehappi
est
aspi
rat
ion ofa peopl
e who hav
eknown so much y
ear
sofourl
i
vest
oget
her
.TodayIsay
,joi
nusAmer
ica
pov
ert
yandmassi
veunempl
oymentf
ort
hepast14 aswebui
l
danewhomef
ordemocr
acy
;anot
herhav
en
y
ear
s.Andy
etof
fert
hei
rli
vesf
ort
heabst
ract
ionof f
ort
he oppr
essed so i
tmay st
and as a shi
ning
democr
acy
. t
est
amentofourt
wo nat
ions’commi
tmentt
othe
f
reedom.
Wher
everIwenti
nthe campai
gn,sl
um ar
ea or
i
mpov
eri
shedv
il
lage.Theycamet
omewi
thonecr
y,
democr
acy
.Notf
oodal
thought
heycl
ear
lyneededi
t
butdemocr
acy
.Notwor
k,al
thought
heysur
elywant
ed
i
tbutdemocr
acy
.Notmoney
,fort
heygav
ewhatl
i
ttl
e
t
heyhadt
omycampai
gn.Theydi
dn’
tex
pectmot
o
wor
kami
racl
ethatwoul
dinst
ant
lyputf
oodi
ntot
hei
r
mout
hs,cl
othes on t
hei
rback
,educat
ion i
nthei
r
chi
l
drenandgi
vet
hem wor
kthatwi
l
lputdi
gni
tyi
nthei
r
l
i
ves.ButIf
eelt
hepr
essi
ng obl
i
gat
ion t
orespond
qui
ckl
yast
hel
eaderoft
hepeopl
esodeser
vingf
oral
l
t
heset
hings.

We f
ace a communi
sti
nsur
gency t
hatf
eeds on
economi
cdet
eri
orat
ionev
enaswecar
ryagr
eatoft
he