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دیزاین هندسی سرک
دیزاین هندسی سرک
Road Geometric
Lecture 1:
Introduction to
transportation
Engineering
Rural Access Improvement Project in four
Northern Provinces in Afghanistan (RAIP IV)
By: Najibullah
Contents:
1. Definition of transportation
2. Mode of transportation
3. Road way
4. Rail way
5. Water way
6. Air way
7. Pipelines
8. Road Transport Characteristics
Definition of transportation
ترانسپورتشن انجنیری عبارت از تطبیق نمودن اساسات علمی
در سیستم پالن نمودن ،Planningطرح کردن ،Designو
اداره نمودن میباشد.
ترانسپورتشن شامل انتقال مردم ،اموال و اجناس شان از یک
جای به جای دیگر (از یک شهر به شهر دیگر ،از یک کشور
به کشور دیگر) میباشد.
Mode of transportation
Mode of Road Geometric
Mode of Road Geometric
Mode of transportation
ترانسپورتشن نظر به خصوصیات فزیکی شان به چهار نوع میباشد.
Lecture 2:
Highway Geometric
Design
Lecture 3:
Road Way
Vertical Curbs
Curbs
Sloping curbs
این نوع کرب به شکل مایل به دو طرف ساحه قیریزی شده اعمار
میگردد و عراده جات میتوانند به آسانی از ساحه سرک به این
ساحه بروند این نوع کرب برای سیستم Drainageبطول سرک
مفید بوده یعنی آب باران میتواند بطول سرک موازی به کرب
جریان نماید و به جای معین انتقال شود.
Curbs
Sloping curbs
معموالً این نوع کرب در جاهاییکه سرک در ساحه پرکاری اعمار
شده باشد در نظر گرفته میشود بخاطر اینکه آب باران جناح سرک
را تخریب نه نماید .معموالً این نوع کرب از مواد کانکریتی
اعمار شده و آب باران را در یک جای مناسب به کانال های آبرو
انتقال میدهد.
Curbs
Extruded curbs
این نوع کرب ها که دارای ارتفاع 23 cmالی 45 cmبوده و به
میل 4:1ویا به شکل عمودی اعمار میگردد و معموالً این نوع
کرب ها در پل ها و یا در سرک های کوهستانی اعمار میگردد.
California Highway 17, Summit Road Overpass
Road
Geometric
Lecture 4:
Super elevation
𝐹 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛′𝑠 2𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑤)
𝑊
𝑚=
𝑔
𝑣2
𝑎=
𝑅
𝑊 𝑣2
𝐹= ∗
𝑔 𝑅
Analysis of Super elevation
Radius Calculation
𝑉2
𝑅= (Metric)
127(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑉2
𝑅= (USCS)
15(𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
Where:
R = حداقل شعاع است
V = سرعت
e = ویراژ یا سوپرایلیویشن
F = ضریب اصطکاک جانبی
AASHTO recommends
AASHTO recommends that maximum superelevation
rates be limited to:
602
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
15(0.04 + 0.12)
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1500 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
Example 1.3
Assume a maximum e of 8% and design speed of 100
km/h, what is the minimum radius?
fmax = 0.12 (from Green Book)
1002
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
127(0.08 + 0.12)
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 393.7 m
For emax = 4%? (Urban situation)
1002
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
127(0.04 + 0.12)
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 491.9 𝑚
Road
Geometric
Lecture 5:
Superelevation
Transition
CL
2% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
0.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.0% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-2% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-3% 3%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-4% 4%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-3% 3%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-2% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.0% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
0.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1.5% 2%
Superelevation Transition
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
2% 2%
Superelevation Transition
انتقال Superelevationطول الزم برای چرخش میل عرضی متقابل از
یک بزرگراه از میل نارمل تاج به میل عرضی به طور کامل در یک
ساختمان superelevationاست.
تاج گذاری
Normal Crown
Tangent Runout/Crown Runoff
Horizontal
Superelevation Runoff
Superelevation = Cross Slope
Superelevation Achieved
Superelevation Transition
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
𝐿r = superelevation ً𝐿 حداقلًطولr = minimum length of
ًمتر؛،runoff superelevation runoff, ft;
∆ = ًبهًفیصدی؛، = ∆ حداکثرًمیلًنسبیmaximum relative gradient,
percent;
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
𝐿r = minimum length of 𝐿r = minimum length of
superelevation runoff, m; superelevation runoff, ft;
∆ = maximum relative gradient, ∆ = maximum relative gradient,
percent; percent;
n1 = number of lanes rotated; n1 = number of lanes rotated;
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
𝐿r = minimum length of 𝐿r = minimum length of
superelevation runoff, m; superelevation runoff, ft;
∆ = maximum relative gradient, ∆ = maximum relative gradient,
percent; percent;
n1 = number of lanes rotated; n1 = number of lanes rotated;
bw = adjustment factor for bw = adjustment factor for
number of lanes rotated; number of lanes rotated;
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
𝐿r = minimum length of 𝐿r = minimum length of
superelevation runoff, m; superelevation runoff, ft;
∆ = maximum relative gradient, ∆ = maximum relative gradient,
percent; percent;
n1 = number of lanes rotated; n1 = number of lanes rotated;
bw = adjustment factor for bw = adjustment factor for
number of lanes rotated; number of lanes rotated;
𝑤 = Width of one traffic lane, m 𝑤 = Width of one traffic lane, ft
(typically 3.6 m) (typically 12 ft)
Minimum length of superelevation runoff
Metric US Customary
𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑛1 𝑒𝑑
𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤 𝐿r = 𝑏𝑤
∆ ∆
𝐿r = minimum length of 𝐿r = minimum length of
superelevation runoff, m; superelevation runoff, ft;
∆ = maximum relative gradient, ∆ = maximum relative gradient,
percent; percent;
n1 = number of lanes rotated; n1 = number of lanes rotated;
bw = adjustment factor for bw = adjustment factor for
number of lanes rotated; number of lanes rotated;
𝑤 = Width of one traffic lane, m 𝑤 = Width of one traffic lane, ft
(typically 3.6 m) (typically 12 ft)
𝑒d = design superelevation rate, 𝑒d = design superelevation rate,
percent percent
Minimum length of tangent runout
Metric US Customary
𝑒𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑁𝐶
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑑
Minimum length of tangent runout
Metric US Customary
𝑒𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑁𝐶
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of 𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of
tangent runout, m; tangent runout, ft:
Minimum length of tangent runout
Metric US Customary
𝑒𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑁𝐶
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of 𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of
tangent runout, m; tangent runout, ft:
𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate, 𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate,
percent; percent;
Minimum length of tangent runout
Metric US Customary
𝑒𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑁𝐶
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of 𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of
tangent runout, m; tangent runout, ft:
𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate, 𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate,
percent; percent;
𝑒𝑑 = design superelevation 𝑒𝑑 = design superelevation
rate, percent; rate, percent;
Minimum length of tangent runout
Metric US Customary
𝑒𝑁𝐶 𝑒𝑁𝐶
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟
𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑑
𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of 𝐿𝑡 = minimum length of
tangent runout, m; tangent runout, ft:
𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate, 𝑒𝑁𝐶 = normal cross slope rate,
percent; percent;
𝑒𝑑 = design superelevation 𝑒𝑑 = design superelevation
rate, percent; rate, percent;
𝐿𝑟 = minimum length of 𝐿𝑟 = minimum length of
superelevation runoff, m superelevation runoff, ft
Road
Geometric
Lecture 6:
Traveled Way
Widening On
Horizontal Curves
𝑤 = 𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑛
Traveled way widening on horizontal curves
𝑤 = 𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑈 + 𝐶 + (𝑁 − 1)𝐹𝐴 +𝑍
Traveled way widening on horizontal curves
𝑤 = 𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑈 + 𝐶 + (𝑁 − 1)𝐹𝐴 +𝑍
𝑈 = 𝑢 + 𝑅 − 𝑅2 − 𝐿2
Traveled way widening on horizontal curves
𝑤 = 𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑈 + 𝐶 + (𝑁 − 1)𝐹𝐴 +𝑍
𝑈 = 𝑢 + 𝑅 − 𝑅2 − 𝐿2
𝐹𝐴 = 𝑅2 + 𝐴(2𝐿 + 𝐴) − 𝑅
Traveled way widening on horizontal curves
𝑤 = 𝑊𝑐 − 𝑊𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑈 + 𝐶 + (𝑁 − 1)𝐹𝐴 +𝑍
𝑈 = 𝑢 + 𝑅 − 𝑅2 − 𝐿2
𝐹𝐴 = 𝑅2 + 𝐴(2𝐿 + 𝐴) − 𝑅
𝑣
𝑍=
𝑅
Traveled way widening on horizontal curves
تعداد خطوط = N
گسترش دولین راه = w
عرض جاده در منحنی = Wc
عرض جاده در مماس = Wn
عرض مسیر از وسیله نقلیه بر منحنی = U
فاصله آزاد جانبی در هر وسیله نقلیه = C
عرض برانگیختن جلو = FA
حد اضافی عرض = Z
عرض مسیر در مماس = u
شعاع = R
فاصله محور وسیله = L
برامدگی پیشروی = A
سرعت طراحی بزرگراه = V
U = 2.44 m
L = 9.15 m
A = 1.22 m
Example
Calculate the widening required for passenger cars on a curve with radius R = 570
ft. and design speed v = 40 mph. The roadway has two lanes and is 22 ft wide on
the tangent section.
U = u + R − R2 − L2 FA = R2 + A(2L + A) − R
U = 7 + 570 − 570 2 − 11 2 FA = 570 2 + 3(2 ∗ 11 + 3) − 570
U =7.11 ft FA = 0.07 ft
v 40 Wc = N U + C + FA + Z
Z= = = 1.68 ft
R 570 Wc = 2 7.11 + 2.5 + 0.07 + 1.68 = 20.1 ft
Lecture 7:
Horizontal
Alignments
R=3000m
R=4000m
Horizontal Alignment
گوالیی های انتقالی معموال در Highwaysشاهراه ها بسیار کم ساخته
میشود.
R=3000m
R=4000m
Horizontal Tangents
میل افقی سرک نظر به طول Lengthو جهت Directionآن مشخص
میگردد .و جهت آن نظر به زاویه Bearingsو زاویه Azimuths
مشخص میگردد.
Horizontal Tangents
:Azimuthsعبارت از زاویه است که مطابق عقربه ساعت از محور
شمال Northاندازه میگردد.
:Bearingsعبارت از زاویه است که مطابق عقربه ساعت یا مخالف
عقربه ساعت از محور شمال Northو یا از محور جنوب South
اندازه میگردد.
Horizontal Curves
عبارت از گوالیی است که از نظر افقی در محالت تغیر جهت افقی بین
دو قسمت مستقیم یک مسیر اعمار میگردد.
Types of Horizontal Curves
:انواع گوالیی های افقی
.انواع گوالیی های افقی قرار ذیل است
– Simple circular curve
– Broken Back curves
– Reverse curves
– Compound curve
– Spiral curve
Types of Horizontal Curves
.1گوالیی های ساده Simple Curves
عبارت از قوس دایروی است که در محالت تغیر جهت افقی بین دو
قسمت یک مسیر را با هم وصل مینماید.
Types of Horizontal Curves
Broken Back Curves .2
گوالیی است که متشکل از دو قوس دایروی به یک جهت و یک فاصله
مستقیم بین دو قوس دایروی میباشد.
Types of Horizontal Curves
.3گوالیی مرکب Compound Curves
گوالیی که از پیوستن چند گوالیی ساده تشکیل میشود و دارای یک
تانجنت مشترک میباشد.
Types of Horizontal Curves
Reverse Curves .4
گوالیی است که متشکل از دو قوس دایروی مساوی الشعاع و یا مختلف
الشعاع بوده و مراکز شان در دو طرف مختلف خط مرکزی مسیر واقع
باشند.
Types of Horizontal Curves
Spiral Curves .5
Elements of Horizontal Curves
R = radius, usually measured to the centerline of the
road, in ft (m),
= central angle of the curve in degrees,
PC = point of curve (the beginning point of the
horizontal curve),
PI = point of tangent intersection,
PT = point of tangent (the ending point of the
horizontal curve),
T = tangent length in ft (m),
M = middle ordinate in ft (m),
E = external distance in ft (m), and
L = length of curve in ft (m).
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
R R
Δ/2 Δ/2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC LC Δ/2 PT
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
∆ R R
𝐿𝐶 = 2𝑅 sin
2 Δ/2 Δ/2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC LC Δ/2 PT
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
R R
𝐿 = 0.0174533 𝑅∆
Δ/2 Δ/2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
∆ R R
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 Δ/2 Δ/2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
R R
5729.578
𝐷= (𝑈𝑆𝐶𝑆) Δ/2 Δ/2
𝑅
1718.87
𝐷= (𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐)
𝑅 O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
R R
𝑅 Δ/2 Δ/2
𝐸 = 𝐵𝑉 = −𝑅
∆
cos
2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
R R
∆
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑅 1 − cos Δ/2 Δ/2
2
O
Elements of Horizontal Curves
PI
V
T Δ
L E
B
M
A D C
PC Δ/2 PT
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
R R
∆ = 𝐴𝑂𝐶
Δ/2 Δ/2
O
Degree of curvature
زاویه مماسی عبارت از زاویه است که طول قوس مقابل آن 100 ft
باشد و در سیستم Metricطول قوس مقابل آن 30 mباشد.
رابطه بین زاویه مماسی و شعاع قرار ذیل است:
𝑎𝐷 100′
°
=
360 2𝜋𝑅′
5729.58
Da = 𝑎𝐷
𝑅
• In metric system
360°
1718.87
= 𝑎𝐷
2R 𝑅
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
2𝜋𝑅𝑣 ∆𝑠
𝑆𝑆𝐷 =
360
180(𝑆𝑆𝐷)
∆𝑠 =
𝜋𝑅𝑣
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
2𝜋𝑅𝑣 ∆𝑠 Where
𝑆𝑆𝐷 =
360 Ms = Line of sight
SSD = Stopping sight
180(𝑆𝑆𝐷) distance
∆𝑠 =
𝜋𝑅𝑣 R = Radius
90 ∗ SSD
Ms = 𝑅𝑣 1 − cos
𝜋𝑅𝑣
𝜋𝑅𝑣 −1
𝑅𝑣 − Ms
SSD = cos
90 𝑅𝑣
Road
Geometric
Lecture 08:
Sight Distance
dr = vtr
v – design speed
tr - Reaction time
• AASHTO
2.5 seconds for stopping sight distance
Stopping Sight Distance
Braking distance:
𝑣2
𝑑𝑏 =
2𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺)
db = braking distance
g = acceleration of gravityتعجیلًجاذبیًزمین
f = coefficient of friction between tires and pavement
ضریبًاصطکاکًبینًتایر وًآسفالت
G = average grade, dimensionless ratio (m/m)
Table 2:5 (coefficient of friction and stopping sight distances)
EXAMPLE: 1.1
Determine minimum stopping sight distance on a
– 3.5% grade for a design speed of 110 km/h.
S = dr + db
Stopping Sight Distance
Reaction distance:
𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑣𝑡𝑟 = 110 2.5 s = 76.4 m
ℎ 3600 𝑠/ℎ
Stopping Sight Distance
Braking distance:
f = 0.28 (Table 1:1)
G = - 0.035 (given)
2
1000 𝑚/𝑘𝑚
𝑣2 110 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
3600𝑠/ℎ
𝑑𝑏 = = = 194.4 𝑚
2𝑔(𝑓 ± 𝐺) 2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 (0.28 − 0.035)
Lecture 09:
Vertical
Alignments
y = roadway elevation
x = distance from PVC
c = elevation of PVC
– Also usually design for equal-length tangents
• i.e., half of curve length is before PVI and half after
First Derivative of Function
• مشتق اول تابع میل را ارایه میکند:
𝑦𝑑
𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑥 +
𝑥𝑑
• در x = 0 ،PVCمیباشد پس
𝑦𝑑
=𝑏 = 𝐺1
𝑥𝑑
قبال ذکر
• G1عبارت از میل اولی میباشد به ) (ft/ft or m/mکه ً
شد.
Second Derivative of Function
• مشتق دوم تابع تغیر میل را ارایه میکند.
𝑦𝑑2
2
𝑎= 2
𝑥𝑑
• aمساوی است به:
𝐺2 − 𝐺1
=𝑎
𝐿2
• پس میتوانیم که مشتق دوم تابع را طوری ذیل بنویسیم.
𝑦𝑑2 𝐺2 − 𝐺1
2
=
𝑥𝑑 𝐿
Offsets
• Offsets are vertical distances from initial
tangent to the curve
Offsets
• Offsets are vertical distances from initial
tangent to the curve
Offset Formulas
AL
Ym offset at the curve midpoint
800
AL
Yf offset at the end of the curve
200
‘K’ Values
• Equals the algebraic difference between intersecting
tangent grades divided by the length of curve, or
A/L in percent per ft (m)
𝐿
𝐾=
𝐴
1 𝑔2 − 𝑔1
𝐾= →𝑟=
𝑟 𝐿
• The K-value can be used directly to compute the
high/low points for crest/sag vertical curves
– xhl = K |G1|
– Where x = distance from the PVC to the high/low point
Example:
A 400 ft. equal tangent crest vertical curve has a PVC
station of 100 + 00 at 59 ft. elevation. The initial grade is
2.0 percent and the final grade is -4.5 percent. Determine
the elevation and stationing of PVI, PVT, and the high
point of the curve.
PVI
PVT
PVT
PVT
PVT
• y = -0.8125x2 + 2x + 59
• High point is where dy/dx = 0
• dy/dx = -1.625x + 2 = 0
• x = 1.23 stations
Find elevation at x = 1.23 stations
• y = -0.8125(1.23)2 + 2(1.23) + 59
• y = 60.23 ft
Example:
A -2.5% grade is connected to a 1.0% grade by means of a
180 m vertical curve. The PVI. station is 100+00 and the
PVI. elevation is 100.0 m above sea level. What are the
station and elevation of the lowest point on the vertical
curve?
𝐿
𝐾= = 0.51428 𝑠𝑡𝑎/%
𝑔2 − 𝑔1
Station of the low point:
At low point, g = 0
𝑠𝑡𝑎
𝑥 = 𝐾 𝐺1 = 0.5143 2.5% = 1.29 = 1 + 29
%
Station of PVC = 100 + 00 − 0 + 90 = 99 + 10
Station of low point = 99 + 10 + 1 + 29
= 100 + 39
Solution:
𝐿
𝐾= = 0.51428 𝑠𝑡𝑎/%
𝑔2 − 𝑔1
Station of the low point:
At low point, g = 0
𝑠𝑡𝑎
𝑥 = 𝐾 −𝐺1 = 0.51428 −2.5% = 1.29 = 1 + 29
%
Station of PVC = 100 + 00 − 0 + 90 = 99 + 10
Station of low point = 99 + 10 + 1 + 29
= 100 + 39
Elevation of BVC:
𝑦0 = 100.0 𝑚 + −0.9 𝑠𝑡𝑎 −2.5% = 102.25 𝑚
Elevation of low point:
𝑦