1.

Result and Discussions

Figure 1ll

Figure: _ illustrates the temperature vs. time graph from a simulation involving a jet with a 2 mm
diameter, a 5 h/d ratio, and a flow rate of 4 liters per minute. It was observed that there is a delay
in the formation of the thermal boundary layer after the fluid impacts the plate. The temperature
at the stagnation point decreases more rapidly than at points further away. This suggests that heat
transfer is most efficient at the stagnation point and gradually decreases towards the edges of the
plate.

Figure: _ demonstrates of graph of Nusselt number versus time for the same simulation
mentioned in previous paragraph. It can be seen that the highest heat transfer is achieved at
stagnation point right after thermal boundary layer is formed. At the beginning of cooling
process, heat transfer is higher near the center of plate and decreases away from the center
towards edge of plate. As simulation proceeds and plate start to cooldown, due to high heat
transfer at center in the beginning plate cools faster at center, thus reducing temperature
difference between plate and water and reducing heat transfer with time. Thus, as simulation
proceeds, Nusselt number at points near the center is observed to be lower compared to Nusselt
number of points near to edge of plate.
Effect of Flowrate on Nusselt number:
In above Figures: _, _ and _ is graphical representation of Nusselt number versus h/d ratio por 2-
mm, 4-mm and 6-mm jet diameter respectively. It was observed that for each of these diameters
4 LPM flow rate is superior to both 3 and 2 LPM. And 3 was found to be better than 2 LPM flow
rate.

For 2 mm diameter at their optimum h/d ratio, 4 LPM flow rate shows 2.57% heat transfer
improvement compared to 3 LPM, while a considerable improvement of 6.27% compared to 2
LPM. Whereas 3 LPM performs at 3.58% better than 2 LPM.

As for 4 mm diameter at their optimum h/d ratio, 4 LPM flow rate shows 3.09% better heat
transfer than 3 LPM, while a considerable improvement of 6.18% compared to 2 LPM, and 3
LPM performs at 3.60% better than 2 LPM.

For 6 mm diameter at their optimum h/d ratio, 4 LPM flow rate shows 2.57% better heat transfer
than 3 LPM, while a considerable improvement of 18.25% compared to 2 LPM. Whereas 3 LPM
performs at staggering 15.52% better than 2 LPM.

Effect of Jet diameter on Nusselt Number:

By comparing above Figures: _, _ and _, is was observed that 2 mm jet diameter was superior to
both 4 and 6 mm jet diameters. Further 4 mm is seen to be better than 6 mm.

At all diameters under their optimal state for flow rates and h/d ratio, it was observed that jet
diameter of 2-mm shows heat transfer improvement of 22.2% compared to 4-mm diameter,
while a significant increase of 37.71% compared to 6-mm diameter. While 4-mm jet diameter
was superior to 6-mm by 12.70%. it is concluded that smaller jet diameter is gives more higher
heat transfer than larger ones.

Effect of h/d ratio on Nusselt Number:

From Figures: _, _ and _, the effect h/d ratio has on heat transfer can be observed. The optimum
value of h/d ratio defers for 2 mm jet diameter form the other two diameters.

For 2 mm jet diameter optimum h/d ratio is observed to be 5. Whereas for both 4 mm and 6 mm
jet diameter optimum value of h/d ratio is observed to be 3.
Effect of x/d ratio on Nusselt Number:

Figure: _ shows graph of Nusselt number versus x/d at different flowrate. The above graph is of
the simulation that shows best performance among all the others i.e., 2 mm jet diameter and 5 h/d
ratio. The 𝑥/𝑑 ratio is crucial for analyzing the heat transfer characteristics of a jet as it interacts
with the plate. Here, x represents the horizontal distance from the center of the plate where jet
first contacts the plate, known as the stagnation point, to another point on the plate surface along
the radial direction and d denotes the jet diameter. The 𝑥/d ratio therefore measures the radial
spread of the jet's influence from the stagnation point and is in assessing the distribution of heat
transfer away from the stagnation point across the plate.
The highest heat transfer occurs at the stagnation point where the jet impacts the plate. A
hydraulic jump, characterized by increased turbulence, is observed between points two to four,
corresponding to flow rates of 4 LPM and 3 LPM. This jump, caused by higher flow rates and
resulting in increased jet velocity, leads to a slight decrease in heat transfer just below the jump.
It is also observed that heat transfer decreases away from the stagnation point on plate surface as
velocity of water decreases due to friction between propagating surface and plate.

Effect of Reynolds number on Nusselt number

It's essential to highlight the role of the Reynolds number, which effectively encapsulates the
combined impact of both nozzle diameter and flow rates on heat transfer.
Figure _: depicts a graph illustrating the relationship between Reynolds number and Nusselt
number. It's important to emphasize that, for each Reynolds number plotted on the graph, the
corresponding Nusselt number was selected based on its highest value obtained during
simulation. This is because for a single Reynolds number numerous values of Nusselt number
can be obtained as the simulation is transient, thus various values of Nusselt can be obtained for
different time step.

Additionally, when plotting a graph of Reynolds versus Nusselt number, where all possible
Nusselt numbers for a single Reynolds number are averaged and plotted, the resulting curve
exhibits a similar nature. However, by utilizing the maximum values of the Nusselt number for
each Reynolds number, the resulting graph becomes more comprehensible and easier to interpret.

Nu vs Re (h/d=3, max. value at stagnation pt.)

9000
8000
7000
Reynold's Number

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Nusselt Number

Analysis of the graph reveals that increasing the flowrate for nozzle diameters of 4 mm and 6
mm does not lead to a significant increase in the Nusselt number. However, when the diameter is
further reduced to 2 mm, the flowrate has a much greater influence on the Nusselt number, with a
substantial increase observed at higher flowrates. It is to be noted that last three points on the
curve corresponds to 2 mm diameter, while the prior points correspond to 4-mm and 6-mm jet
diameter.