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Chemistry Chemical bonding

Chemistry Grade 11

Chemical Bonding

Do the questions be Carefully

Q. 1. What is the covalence of Al in AlCl3? Q. 8. What is the Lewis dot structure of AlN?

Ans. The covalence of Al in AlCl3 is 3.

Q. 2. MgCl2 is covalent or ionic compound. Ans.

Q. 9. What is the Lewis dot structure of NH3?

Ans. Ionic compound
Q. 3. CCl 4, CHCl3 , CH2Cl2 which is covalent?
Ans.
Ans. All these compounds are covalent.
Q. 4. True or False –
(a) Ionic bonds are formed by metals with non-
metals.
Ans. True Q. 10. What change in energy takes place when a
(b) Covalency can be mutual sharing or one sided molecule is formed from its atoms?
donation of electrons. Ans. There is a decrease in energy.
Ans. True
Q. 11. O 2, O+
2 , O 2 what is the decreasing bond order.
–

(c) N2 to N 2+ bond length increases.

Ans. True Ans. Species Bond order
(d) More is the bond order, more is the bond length O2 2.0
between atoms.
O+ 2.5
Ans. False 2

(e) I2 , Cl2 , Br2 and F2 all have single covalent bond. O2 –

1.5
Ans. True. Decreasing bond order is –
(f) Dipole moment of BeCl2 = 0. O2+ > O2 > O2
–

Q. 12. H+
2, H2 which is more stable?
Ans. True
Ans. Species Bond order
(g) All linear molecules have zero dipole
+
moment. H2 0.5
Ans. False H2 1.0
Q. 5. The [BF4] has what covalence?  More is the bond order, more stable will be
–

the species.
Ans. Four Hence, H2 is more stable. (1)
Q. 6. NH3 and NH+
4 have what co-valencies? Q. 13. N 2 , O2 , F2 arrange in decreasing order of
stability.
Ans. NH3 has three covalency while NH+
4 has four Ans. Species Bond order
covalency.
N2 3.0
Q. 7. Lewis dot structure of ...
O2 2.0
F2 1.0
Ans. As we know that more is the bond order, more
will be the stability of species.

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Chemistry Chemical bonding

\ Decreasing order of stability – Q. 16. Dipole moment of hydrogen halides decreases

N2 > O 2 > F 2 (1) from HF to HI. Why?
Q. 14. Among CO2, BeCl2, ICl4– and SF6, which has Ans. Since the atomic radius increases and
zero dipole moment? electronegativity decreases from HF to HI,
Ans. therefore dipole moment of hydrogen halides
All these molecules/ions have zero dipole
decreases from HF to HI.
moment.
Q. 17. Which of the following molecules show super
Q. 15. Among SO 2 and CO2, which has zero dipole
octet?
moment?
CO 2, ClF3, SO2, IF5
Ans. CO 2 has zero dipole moment.
Ans. ClF 3 and IF5 molecules show super octet.

Do the questions be Carefully

Q. 1. The combination of atoms to form molecules is (ii) H 2SO4
based on octet rule. Give two limitations of this
rule.
Ans. (i) It cannot explain the formation of molecules
like BeF 2, BF3 in which the central atom has
less than 8 electrons in its valence shell.
(ii) It cannot explain the formation of molecules
such as PF5 , SF6 etc. in which central atom
has more than eight electrons in its valence
shell.
Commonly Made Error or
l Students forget to cite examples.
Q. 2. (i) Draw Lewis structure of :
(a) CO 32– (b) NH4+ ions.
(ii) Why H2SO4 has an exception Lewis
structure?
Because it has more than 8 valence electrons
Ans. (i) Lewis dot structure for : around the central atom i.e., 12. Thus,
exceeds the octet rule. It is an exception of
(a) CO 32–
Lewis structure.
Q. 3. Which are isostructural species (same shape) –
+
NO 2, CO 2, BeCl2, BCl3 ?
+ +
Ans. NO 2 O N O
or
+
O N O
or
+
O=N= O (Linear shape)

(½) CO2 O C O
(b) NH4+
or
O=C= O
(Linear shape)

BeCl 2 Cl Be Cl
or
Cl — Be — Cl (Linear shape)

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Chemistry Chemical bonding
points of ionic compounds are higher than
Cl B Cl covalent compounds.
BCl3
Cl Q. 7. Which out of CH3F and CH 3Cl has a higher
dipole moment and why?
or Ans. Dipole moment of CH3Cl is greater than that of
CH 3F. The C–F bond in CH3F is smaller than C–
Cl — B — Cl Cl bond length in CH 3Cl.
(Trigonal planar The charge separation in C–F bond is more
Cl shape) than in C–Cl bond as fluorine being more
+
electronegative than chlorine. The bond length
Hence, NO2, CO2 and BeCl 2 are isostructural has greater effect than the charge separation.
species i.e. these species have same shape. (2) Hence, the dipole moment of CH 3Cl is greater
than that of CH3 F.
Commonly Made Error
Q. 8. Define the term chemical bond. What are its
l Students forget to mention the type of shape. different types?
Ans. The attractive forces which hold the constituent
Answering Tip atoms in molecules of species in lattices etc. is
called a chemical bond.
l Students must show electron dot structure to
explain. They are of the following types :
(i) Electrovalent or ionic bond (ii) Covalent bond
Q. 4. What is the difference between bond enthalpy (iii) Coordinate or dative bond (iv) Metallic
and bond dissociation enthalpy? bond (v) Hydrogen bond (vi) van der Waals
forces.
Ans. Bond enthalpy is defined as the amount of Q. 9. Why covalent bonds are called directional
energy required to break one mole of bonds of a bonds whereas ionic bonds are called non-
particular type between two atoms in a gaseous directional?
state. Ans. A covalent bond is formed by the overlap of
The bond dissociation enthalpy refers to the half-filled atomic orbitals which have definite
energy needed to break a particular bond in the directions. Hence, covalent bond is directional.
compound by homolysis. In ionic compounds, each ion is surrounded by
Q. 5. Determine the number of bond pairs and lone a number of oppositely charged ions and hence
pairs of electron on nitrogen atom in NO3 ion.
–

there is no definite direction.

Q. 10. Explain why bond angle of NH 3 is greater than
that of NF3.
Ans. Structure of NO3
–

Ans. Both NH3 and NF 3 are pyramidal in shape with

one lone pair on N. However, as F has higher
–

O=N— O
|
O
In nitrogen atom, no. of valence electrons = 5
As negative charge is present so,
So, the number of valence electrons = 5 + 1 =
6. One O-atom forms double bond with N-atom
and two O-atoms shared with two electrons of
N-atom.
\ 3 O-atoms shared with 8-electrons of N-atom.
\ Number of bond pairs (or shared pairs) = 4
and Number of lone pairs = 0
Q. 6. Give reasons –
(i) Ionic compounds are soluble in water
while covalent compounds are mostly
insoluble in water.
(ii) Ionic compounds have higher melting
points than the covalent compounds.
Ans. (i) Since ionic compounds are polar in nature,
so these compounds are soluble in water
but covalent compounds are generally
non-polar so these are insoluble in water.
(1)
(ii) Since ionic compounds possess strong
electrostatic forces of attraction, so melting
electronegativity than H, the electron pair is
attracted more towards F in NF3, i.e., the bond
pairs of electrons are away from N or in other
words, distance between bond pairs is more.
Hence the repulsions between bond pairs in NF3
is less than in NH 3. Thus, the lone pair repels the
bond pairs of NF3 more than it does in NH3. As a
result, the bond angles decreases to 102.4° only.
Q. 11. Why HCl is polar whereas Cl2 molecule is non-
polar?
Ans. In Cl 2, both atoms have same electronegativity.
Hence, the shared pair of electrons is attracted
equally by both and remains exactly in the
centre. No end acquires negative or positive
charge. In HCl, chlorine is more electronegative
than H. Hence, shared pair of electrons is more
attracted towards chlorine which, therefore,
acquires negative charge while H acquires
positive charge.
Answering Tip
l The concept of polar and non polar must be very
clear to the student.
Q. 12. Draw the Lewis dot structure of CO 32– ion.
Ans. Total no. of valence electrons of CO 3
= 4 + 3 × 6 = 22

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Chemistry Chemical bonding

Total no. of valence electrons on CO32– Hence, we represent structure of O3 along with
= 22 + 2 = 24 formal charges as follows.
The skeletal structure of CO2–
3 is
2–
O
O C O
Answering Tip
In the above structure, octet of oxygen is not  Represent the electrons clearly while drawing the
complete. Hence, multiple bonding is required structure.
between C and O.
Q. 14. In both water and diethyl ether, the central
atom viz. O-atom has same hybridization. Why
do they have different bond angles? Which one
has greater bond angle?
Ans. Both water and diethyl ether have the central
atom O in sp3 hybrid state with two lone pairs of
electrons on O.
Commonly Made Error
 Students show the structure without explaining
how the valence electrons are calculated.
O O

Q. 13. Calculate formal charge on each oxygen atom H 104.5°

H C2H5 110°
C2H5
of O 3 molecule and write its structure with But due to the greater repulsion between two
formal charges. U ethyl (C2H5) groups in diethyl ether than
Ans. Lewis structure of O3 is between two H-atoms in H2O result in greater
2 bond angle (110°) in diethyl ether than 104.5° in
O that of water (H2O).
1 3 Q. 15. (a) How bond energy varies from N 2+ to N 2
–

O O and why?
Formal charge = [total number of valence electrons
(b) On the basis of molecular orbital theory,
in the free atom] - [total number of non-bonding
(lone pair) electrons] - 1/2[total number of bonding what is similarity between (i) F2 , O2–2 ,
(shared) electrons] (ii) CO, N 2, NO+?
Ans. (a) Both N2+ and N2 – has almost same bond
1
Formal charge on O (1) = 6 – 4 – (4) = 0 energy, though N2– is slightly less stable
2 and hence it has less bond energy than
1 N2 + due to the presence of greater number
Formal charge on O (2) = 6 – 2 –

(6) = +1 of electrons in the antibonding molecular

2
orbitals.
2–
1 (b) (i) Both F2 and O2 have same bond order
Formal charge on O (3) = 6 – 6 –

(2) = – 1. i.e. 1 and so possess same bond length. (ii)

2
All of them have same bond order and
bond length.

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Chemistry Chemical bonding

Q. 1. Which does not show resonance CO32–, BO 3– 3 Ans. O–O bond lengths in ozone molecule are equal
SO42–? because of resonance between its structures. (1)
Ans. BO 3–
3 does not show resonance. Q. 6. Predict the geometry of XeF4 molecule.
Q. 2. True/False – Ans.
More is the number of resonating structures,
more is the stability of that molecule/ion.

Ans. True
Q. 3. Resonance involves shifting of p electrons with
lp, negative charge, positive charge or all. It possesses square planar geometry.
Q. 7. Calculate the number of bond pairs and lone
Ans. All. pairs in SF6 molecule.
Q. 4. Discuss the shape of the following molecules Ans. 16S = 2, 8, 6 = 1s2, 2s 22p6, 3s 23p4
based on VSEPR theory : BCl3, SiCl4 S contains 6 valence electrons, all these 6
electrons are used to form bond with six F
atoms. So, it has six bond pairs.
Ans. (i) BCl 3 : Trigonal planar
No of lone pairs = Valence electrons-bond pairs
Cl =6–6
120° =0
B
Q. 8. Explain why NF 3 is pyramidal but BF is
Cl Cl triangular planar? &
[No lone pair of electrons on B] Ans. In NF3, N is surrounded by three F-atoms. N
(ii) SiCl4 : Tetrahedral contains 5 valence electrons ( 7N = 2, 5). Its three
electrons are used to form bond with three F –
atoms, so one lone pair of electrons is present
in this molecule on N-atom. It shows lp – bp
repulsion which is more than bp – bp repulsion.
So, its shape is pyramidal. (½)
While in BF 3, B is surround by three F-atoms.
[No lone pair of electrons on Si] B contains three valence electrons (5B = 2,3).
Q. 5. Explain why O–O bond lengths in ozone It does not have lone pair of electrons. So, its
shape is trigonal planar.
molecule are equal.

Q. 1. Which has maximum bond angle? Structure of BeCl2

CH4, BeCl 2, NH3. Arrange in decreasing order.

Ans. Structure of CH4

Structure of NH3

N 107°
H HH

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Chemistry Chemical bonding
(Bond angle decreases due to lp – bp repulsion) Q. 4. Draw the resonating structures of NO 2– .
\ Decreasing order of bond angle –
BeCl 2 > CH 4 > NH3 Ans. Resonating structures of NO2– :
Q. 2. Which has nearly same bond angle?
+ +
NH4, CCl 4, CH3
+
Ans. Structure of NH 4 Q. 5. ClF3 is T-shaped but BF 3 is planar. Explain.

Ans. ClF3 : 35Cl

= 2, 8, 18, 7
= 1s2, 2s 22p6, 3s23p63d10, 4s 24p5
Cl has 7 valence electrons. Out of these, three
valence electrons are used to form bonds with
Structure of CCl4 three F-atoms. So, it contains three bps and two
lps.

+
Structure of CH3 Due to lp-lp repulsion, ClF3 is T-shaped.
BF 3 : 5B = 2, 3
= 1s2, 2s 22p1
B has 3 valence electrons. All these three
electrons are used to form bonds with three
F-atoms. So, it contains three bps and zero lp.

+
\ NH4 and CCl 4 have nearly same bond angle.

Q. 3. Which is not see saw shaped?

As there is no lp in BF3, so it is planar.
(a) SF4 (b) XeO2F2 (c) XeOF2 (d) SiCl4
Q. 6. Discuss the shapes of PH 3 and AsF5 using
R [DDE, 2017-18] VSEPR theory.
Ans. XeOF2 and SiCl4 are not see saw shaped. Ans. PH3 : sp3 Hybridization,
(a) SF4 Pyramidal shape.

See saw shape

P
H
H H
(b) XeOF2
AsF5 : sp3d Hybridization
Trigonal bipyramidal shape.
See saw shape

(c) XeOF2

T-shape
(as it has two lone pairs) Q. 7. Account for the following :
(a) BF 3 molecule has zero dipole moment
although B–F bonds are polar.
(d) SiCl 4 (b) The structure of NH3 is pyramidal.

Ans. (a) In case of BF 3 molecule, the three bond

moments give a net sum of zero as the
Tetrahedral resultant of any two is equal and opposite to
the third i.e.,

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Chemistry Chemical bonding

F (iii) H 2O, H 2S (iv) SiF4, C2 H2

F B Ans. (i) CO 2 (ii) CH 4 (iii) H2O (iv) C2H2
M2
M1
F
M 1 and M 2 cancel each other, hence dipole Q. 11. Arrange the following in order of decreasing
moment becomes zero. bond angle, giving reason NO2, NO2+, NO2–
(b) Structure of NH 3 is pyramidal as it contains
Ans. Decreasing order of bond angle –
one lone pair and three bond pairs. If there
was a bond pair instead of a lone pair, the NO+
2 > NO2 > NO2
–

geometry should be tetrahedral. Since,

Reason : This is because NO2+ has no lone pair of
a lone pair is present and the repulsion
between lone pair and bond pair causes the electrons so it is linear and bond angle is 180°.
angle between the bond pairs to reduce to
107°.
l p — bp repulsions
NO2 has one unshared electron.
N
H
H
H
bond pair-bond pair
repulsion (½)
Q. 8. Using the VSEPR theory, identify the type of
hybridization and draw the structure of OF 2. NO2– has one unshared pair of electron.
What are oxidation states of O and F?
Ans. Electron dot structure of OF2 is

O
FO F Or
F F
Q. 12. Give the resonating structures of carbon
Thus, the central atom (O-atom) has 4 pairs
dioxide.
of electrons (2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs). Ans. The resonating structures of carbon dioxide
Hence, oxygen in OF2 is sp3 hybridised and the (CO2) are as follows:
molecule is V-shaped. Oxidation state of F = – 1,
oxidation state of O = + 2.
Q. 9. Account for the following : The experimentally
determined N–F bond length in NF3 is greater
than the sum of the single covalent radii of N Q. 13. Predict the shape of the following molecules
using VSEPR model: (i) NH3 (ii) SF 4
and F.
Ans. This is because both N and F are small and have
Ans. (i) (ii) F
high electron density. So, they repel the bond F
pairs thereby making the N–F bond length 102° S
larger. F
Q. 10. Which of the following has larger bond angle 173° F
in each pair?
(i) CO 2, BF3 (ii) NH 3, CH4

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