The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (1)

Remark:
(2)
(3)
(4)
 THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL (5)

The process of finding antiderivatives is called antidifferentiation or integration.

Thus, if
(6)
(7)
(8)
 (9)

The effectiveness of the Fundamental Theorem depends on having a supply of

antiderivatives of functions. We therefore restate the Table of Antidifferentiation
Formulas in the notation of indefinite integrals.
• Any formula can be verified by differentiating the function on the right side
and obtaining the integrand. For instance
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
 EASY TO RECOGNIZE SUBSTITUTIONS
Example :

Example :

Example :

Example :
 LESS APPARENT SUBSTITUTIONS
Example :

Example :
 When Substitution Fails
Example :
Calculus, Early Transcendentals by Dennis G. Zill and Warren S. Wright (p-277, Fourth Edition).

Exercises

Indefinite Integral of Natural logarithm of a Function

 Example

Example

Example
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙)
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 . 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

= 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 ) + 𝒄
• Similarly evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals