LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
opening of the oral cavity
PATHOGEN
- Substance or microorganisms that
causes disease or damage tissue
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- Important for the protection of the
body
- Lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic
vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, and
thymus
- Carries fluid in one direction
 Fluid Balance
 Lipid Absorption
 Defense
LYMPH
- Fluid inside the lymphatic capillaries
- Substance in plasma (ions, proteins,
gases, nutrients) and substance such
as hormones, enzymes and waste
products
LACTEALS
- Lymphatic vessels where lipids and
other substances are absorbed
CHYLE
- A content why the lymph is white
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
- Tiny, closes-ended vessels
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Present in most tissues except : CNS,
bone marrow, epidermis and cartilage
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
- Resemble small veins
- Have beaded appearance because
they have valve
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
- Empties right upper limp, right head,
right neck
THORACIC DUCT
- Lymphatic vessel from the rest of the
body
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
- Tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
LYMPHATIC TISSUE
- Housing many lymphocytes and other
defense cells, such as macrophages
TONSILS
- Paired palatine tonsils, pharyngeal
tonsils, lingual tonsils
PALATINE TONSILS
- Located on each side of the posterior
- “The Tonsils”
PHARYNGEAL TONSIL
- Located near the internal opening of
the nasal cavity
ADENOID
- When the pharyngeal tonsil is
enlarged
LINGUAL TONSIL
- Posterior surface of the tongue
TONSILLECTOMY
- Removal of tonsil
LYMPH NODES
- Rounded structures like small seeds
or almond
 Inguinal Nodes (Groin)
 Axillary Nodes (Armpit)
 Cervical Nodes (Neck)
CAPSULE
- Dense connective tissue that
surrounds each lymph node
TRABECULAE
- Extension of capsule and subdivide
lymph nodes into compartments
LYMPHATIC NODULE
- Dense aggregation of tissue
- Areas of tissue within lymph nodes
LYMPHATIC SINUSES
- Spaces between the lymphatic tissue
that contain macrophages
GERMICAL CENTERS
- Lymphatic nodules containing the
rapidly dividing lymphocytes
SPLEEN
- Size of clenched fist, located on the
left
- Filters blood instead of lymph
- Functions as blood reservoir
- Has an outer capsule and trabeculae
WHITE PULP
- Lymphatic tissue surrounding the
arteries within the spleen
RED PULP
- Associated with the veins
SPLENECTOMY
- Removal of spleen
THYMUS
- Bilobed gland roughly triangular in
shape
- Site for maturation of T Cells
 - Located in the superior mediastinum - Movement of WBC towards chemicals
- Each lobe is surrounded by thin PHAGOCYTOSIS
connective tissue CAPSULE - Ingestion and destruction of particles
- TRABECULAE from the capsule divide by PHAGOCYTES
each lobe into LOBULES EUTROPHILS
CORTEX - Most important phagocytes
- Dark-staining area - Small phagocytic WBC
MEDULLA - First WBC to enter infected tissues
- Lighter-staining portion of the lobules PUS
IMMUNITY - Dead neutrophils
- Ability to resist damage from MACROPHAGES
pathogens - Most important phagocytes
IINATE IMMUNITY - Monocytes that leave the blood
- Non-specific immunity MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
- Body recognizes and destroys - Forms by monocyte and macrophage
pathogen but the response is the - Phagocytes with a single, unlobed
same each time nucleus
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY - Macrophages are given specific
- Specific immunity names
- Body recognizes and destroys  Dust Cells (Lungs)
pathogen but the response improves  Kupferr Cells (Liver)
each time  Microglia (CNS)
SPECIFICITY BASOPHILS
- Ability of adaptive immunity to - Derived from RBM, motile WBC that
recognize a particular substance can leave the blood and enter
MEMORY infected tissue
- Ability of adaptive immunity to MAST CELLS
remember - Nonmotile cells in connective tissue
IMMUNE derived from RBM
- Response is rapid and effective EOSINOPHILS
PHYSICAL BARRIERS - Participate in inflammation associated
- Prevents the pathogens and with allergies and asthma
chemicals from entering the body NK Cells
 Skin and mucous membranes - Natural Killer Cells
 Tears, saliva, and urine - Types of lymphocyte, account up to
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS 15%
- Molecules responsible for many - Recognize classes of cells in general
aspects of innate immunity rather than specific
 Histamine INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
COMPLEMENT - Involves many chemicals and cells
- Group of more than 20 proteins found LOCAL INFLAMMATION
in plasma - Inflammatory response confined to
INTERFERONS specific area
- Proteins that protect the body against SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
viral infection - Inflammatory response that is
- “Save Yourself!” generally distributed throughout the
WBC body
- Most important cellular components ANTIGEN
of immunity - Substances that stimulate adaptive
- Produced in RBM immune response
CHEMOTAXIS FOREIGN ANTIGEN
 - Introduced from outside of the body
ALLERGIC REACTION
- Foreign antigen that produce
overreaction of immune system
SELF-ANTIGEN
- Molecules in the body that produces
to stimulate immune response
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
- Self-antigen stimulate unwated
destruction of normal tissue
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- Involves B-CELLS and protein called
ANTIBODIES
ANTIBODIES
- Produced by PLASMA CELLS
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- Involves the action of T-CELLS
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
- Produce the effect of cell mediated
immunity
HELPER T-CELLS
- Promote the activities of both cell and
antibody mediated immunity
STEM CELLS
- In RBM giving rise to all blood cells
STEM CELL – B CELL PRODUCE – B CELL
MATURE – LYMPH NODE
- End of each arm of the antibody
CONSTANT REGION
- The rest of the antibody
IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig)
- Other name for antibody because
they are globulin proteins
- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
- Individual is exposed to an antigen
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
- Person or an animal develops
immunity and transferred to
nonimmune individual
ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
- Natural exposure to an antigen
ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
- Introduced into an individual to
stimulate the immune system
- Example is VACCINATION
PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
- Antibodies are transferred from a
mother to her child
PASSIVE ARTIFICIIAL IMMUNITY
- Collecting antibodies from one source
and introducing them to an infected
individual
- ANTISERUM

STEM CELL – T CELL PRODUCE – T CELL

MATURATION IN THYMUS – LYMPH NODE

ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
- Cell membrane proteins of
lymphocyte
MHC MOLECULES
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
Molecules
- Glycoprotein that has binding sites for
antigen
- Serving trays
MHC I
- Found in the membrane of most
nucleated cells
MHC II
- Found in the membranes of antigen
presenting cells
ANTIBODIES
- Proteins produced in response to
antigen
- Y shaped molecules
VARIABLE REGION
URINARY SYSTEM
- Major excretory system of the body
1. EXCRETION
- Kidneys removes waste from the
blood
2. REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME
AND PRESSURE
3. REGULATION OF THE
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES IN HE
BLOOD
4. REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID Ph
5. REGULATION OG RBC SYNTHESIS
6. REGULATION OF VITAMIN D
SYNTHESIS
KIDNEYS
- Behind the peritoneum or
RETROPERITONEAL
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INGESTION
- Consumption og solid/liquid foods
DIGESTION
- Breakdown of large organic molecule
ABSORP