ĐỀ THI THẬT

IELTS READING
TRÊN GIẤY
NGÀY 30/3/2024
(Kèm đáp án)
 READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
pages 2 and 3.

Why good ideas fail

As part of a marketing course, two marketing experts comment on a hypothetical case study
involving TF, a fictional retail giant specializing home furnishing. The experts give concrete
solutions and advice to assist students
Hypothetical case study:
TF became a retail success in the 1970s when it succeeded in spotting homeware trends and
meeting the needs of its then trendy young customers. However, by 2004, the TF stores were
failing and a rethink was clearly necessary. Tibal Fisher, TF’s founder and CEO, decided to
change its focus under the new brand name of TF’s NextStage. His aim was to recapture the
now ageing customers that had given him his early success and target consumers aged 60+
with devices and gadgets specifically designed to assist them with the problems associated
with ageing: mobile phones with screens that were easy to read; kitchen gadgets with
comfortable grips; electronic devices that were eas to set ad adjust. TF’s market research
proved to be very positive, showing strong consumer support for the products.
In 2007, the stores were remodelled at a cost of US$40 million and the new brand was
launched. Each store was made more comfortable and featured a coffee shop to help increase
traffic – Tibal had predicted that if they could get customers into the stores then the products
would sell themselves. However, by 2009 it was clear that the idea was a failure and the stores
consistently remained empty. Customers complained that the new stores felt like a senior
center and reminded them that they were growing old.
Feedback from experts:
Expert 1: Donna Sturgess, global head of innovation, GlaxoSmithKline
The TF team's customer research efforts are a classic case of missing the subconscious associations
at work in consumers’ minds. Tibal and his executives looked only at surface attitudes. Since those
attitudes make up a relatively small part of the total consumer response, the executives are clueless
about the reason for the poor sales. It’s critical for companies to understand that every customer
relates to a brand emotionally, and it's those emotions that trigger - or block – purchases.
That's why we've focused on using emotional strategies behind branding for a number of years now.
A great example is Alli (pronounced ‘ally’), a drug to aid weight loss. The product deals with a highly
emotional issue, so in marketing it, we faced the same challenge that the new TF stores are facing:
the very thought of buying the product reminds
Customers that they have problems they feel negatively about. In the case of TF’s NetStage, the
problems are age and infirmity. In the case of Alli, the problems are excessive weight and all its
consequences. There's always a risk that consumers’ negative feelings will discourage them from
starting or staying on a diet. So, after extensive market research, we took a number of steps to inject
positive emotions into the whole process of using the product.
First we came up with a name that sounds like a helpful partner. We also aimed to make the container
both beautiful and functional - something that didn’t just hold pills but could later be used to store
diet guides and recipes. Traditional market research is unlikely to uncover ideas like this, so we use
a wide variety of techniques. Even simple techniques such as one-on-one interviews, or
ethnographical observation that involves going into people's houses to examine their behavior, can
provide valuable data.
Expert 2: Alex Lee, president of OXO International, maker of OXO Good Grips household
products
This retailer can get back on track by remembering a principle that applies to consumers or general
and those aged 60+ in particular: they’re attracted by brands they associate with the type of people
they’d like to be - not the type they really are. That’s why marketing campaigns for surf gear feature
surfers, not the city dwellers who will wear the products while doing their shopping.
I was reminded of this principle a few years ago when we wanted to find out how far we could apply
our design philosophy making things easier to use in order to move from our core business, kitchen
tools, into other products. We conducted what are known as focus groups, where participants were
asked to look at photos of people and pick those they perceived to be users and nonusers of our
products. Consistently they picked people who looked fit as the sort who would use our products, and
people who looked old and boring as the sort who wouldn't. Yet the participants, all owners of our
products, looked a lot more like the latter than the former.
Although the needs of elderly users and those with deteriorating vision or dexterity are very much
taken into consideration when we develop new designs, we try to offer products that appeal to 20-
and 30-year-olds. We believe that referring to these products as helping tools would serve only to
harm the brand in our customers’ eyes. That's why our philosophy of universal design, which Involves
creating products that are comfortably usable by the largest possible range of people, is never
explicitly stated as part of our marketing position.
We've found that market research doesn’t need to be very sophisticated. For instance, we have
conducted simple surveys in the lobby of our building offering free products. In exchange for
people’s opinions. Some may call this unscientific but we have uncovered great insights this way.
Sometimes the most important signals come from an executive's own instincts. In Tibal Fisher's
case, this could have told him what his surveys and focus groups didn't: 60-plus-year-olds won't
support a business that expects them to act their age.

Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 The TF NextStage stores planned to sell products to make life easier for older people.
2 TF’s market research indicated that people liked the products.
3 It cost more than expected to remodel the TF stores.
4 The TF NextStage coffee shops sold their own brand of food and drink.
5 TF NextStage customers liked the atmosphere in the new stores.

Questions 6-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

Feedback from experts

Donna Sturgess
Problems with customer research
• TF team limited their research to attitudes that occur at a 6 ………………
level in customers' minds
 • TF didn't consider customers’ emotions
How many company dealt with a similar problem:
• Product: Alli
• Use: help people achieve 7 ………………….
• Marketing aim: help customers see the product in a positive way by:
- giving the product a 8 ...................... that seems helpful and supportive
- giving the product a reusable 9 …………………….
Market research:
• does not need to be complex
• good information can come from interviews or studying the 10 ………………….. of
consumers in the home

Alex Lee
Problem:
• customers are attracted to the ideal not the reality, e.g ads for surf gear
How my company dealt with a similar problem:
• we organized 11 ………………… to find out hat images customers associate
with our products
• we do not call our products helping tools in our marketing campaigns
Market research:
• can be basic, e.g. by doing 12 ………………….
• company executives should follow their 13 ……………………
 READING PASSAGE 2

The return of monkey life

Rain forest trees growing anew on Central American farmland are helping scientists find ways for
monkey and agriculture to benefit one another.

A. Hacienda La Pacifica, a remote working cattle ranch in Guanacaste province of northern Costa
Rica, has for decades been home to a community of mantled howler monkeys. Other native primates-
white-faced capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys were once common in this area, too, but vanished
after the Pan-American Highway was built nearby in the 1950s and most of the surrounding land was
cleared for cattle-raising. At Hacienda La Pacifica, however, an enlightened ranch owner chose to
leave some strips of native trees growing. He used these as windbreaks to protect both cattle and their
food crops from dry-season winds. In the process, the farmer unwittingly founded a unique laboratory
for the study of monkeys.
B. Ken Glander, a primatologist from Duke University in the USA, is studying La Pacifica’s monkeys
in an effort to understand the relationship between howlers and regenerating forests at the edges of
grazing lands. Studying such disturbed woodlands is increasingly important because throughout much
of the New World Tropics, these are the only forests left. In the 18th century, tropical dry forests once
covered most of Central America, but by the 1980s less than two percent remained undisturbed, and
less than one percent was protected.
C. Howlers persists at La Pacifica, Glander explains, because they are leaf-eaters. They eat fruit when
it is available but, unlike capuchin and spider monkeys, do not depend on large areas of fruiting trees.
Glander is particularly interested in howlers’ ability to thrive on leaves loaded with toxins- poisonous
substances designed to protect the plants. For leaf-eaters, long-term exposure to a specific plant toxin
can increase their ability to neutralize the poisonous substances and absorb the leaf nutrients.
Watching generations of howlers at La Pacifica has shown Glander that the monkeys keep their
systems primed by sampling a variety of plants and then focusing on a small number of the most
nutritious food items. The leaves that grow in regenerating forests, like those at La Pacifica, are
actually more howler-friendly than those produced by the centuries-old trees that survive farther
south. In younger forests, trees put most of their limited energy into growing wood, leaves, and fruit,
so they produce much lower levels of toxin than do well-established, old-growth trees.
D. The value of maturing forests to primates is also a subject of study at Santa Rosa National Park,
about 35 miles northwest of La Pacifica. Large areas of Santa Rosa’s forests had at one time been
burnt to make space for cattle ranching and coffee farming, thereby devastating local monkey habitat.
But in 1971 the government protected the area by designating it a National Park, and species of
Indigenous Lees which had been absent for decades began to invade the abandoned pastures.
Capuchins were the first to begin using the reborn forests, followed by howlers. Eventually, even
spider monkeys, fruit-eaters that need large areas of continuous forest, returned. In the first 28 years
following protection of the area, the capuchin population doubled, while the number of howlers
increased sevenfold.
E. Some of the same traits that allow howlers to survive at La Pacifica also explain their population
boom in Santa Rosa, Howler reproduction is faster than that of other native monkey species. They
give birth for the first time at about 3.5 years of age, compared with seven years for capuchins, and
eight or more for spider monkeys. Also, while a female spider monkey will have a baby about once
every four years, well-fed howlers can produce an infant every two years. Another factor is diet.
Howlers are very adaptable feeders, and only need a comparatively small home range. Spider
monkeys, on the other hand, need to occupy a huge home range. Also crucial is fact that the leaves
howlers eat hold plenty of water, so the monkeys can survive away from open streams and water
holes. This ability gives them a real advantage over capuchin and spider monkeys, which have
suffered during the long, ongoing drought in the area.
F. Alejandro Estrada, an ecologist at Estacion de Biologia Los Tuxtlas in Veracruz, Mexico, has been
studying the ecology of a group of howler monkeys that thrive in a habitat totally altered by humans:
a cacao plantation in Tabasco state, Mexico. Cacao plants need shade to grow, so 40 years ago the
owners of Cholula Cacao Farm planted figs, monkeypod and other tall trees to form a protective
canopy over their crop. The howlers moved in about 25 years ago after nearby forests were cut. This
strange habitat seems to support about as many monkeys as would a same-sized patch of wild forest.
The howlers eat the leaves and fruit of the shade trees, leaving the valuable cacao pods alone.
G. Estrada believes the monkeys bring underappreciated benefits to such plantations, dispersing the
seeds of fruits such as fig and other shade trees, and fertilizing the soil. Spider monkeys also forage
for fruit here, though they need nearby areas of forest to survive in the long term. He hopes that
farmers will begin to see the advantages of associating with wild monkeys, which could include
potential ecotourism projects, ‘Conservation is usually viewed as a conflict between farming practices
and the need to preserve nature,’ Estrada says. ‘We’re moving away from that vision and beginning
to consider ways in which commercial activities may become a tool for the conservation of primates
in human-modified landscapes.’

Questions 14 – 17

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once

14 a reason why newer forests provide howlers with better feeding opportunities than older forests
15 a reference to a change in farmers’ attitudes towards wildlife
16 a description of the means by which howlers select the best available diet for themselves
17 figures relating to the reduction of natural wildlife habitat over a period of time

Questions 18 – 21

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

Why do howlers have an advantage over

other Central American monkeys?

Howler monkeys have a more rapid rate of 18 …… than either capuchin of spider monkeys.
Unlike the other local monkey species, howlers can survive without eating 19 ….., and so can live
inside a relatively small habitat area. Their diet is more flexible, and they are able to tolerate leaves
with high levels of 20…..Howlers can also survive periods of 21 … better than the other monkey
species can.

Questions 22-26
Look at the following features (Questions 22-26) and the list of locations below.
Match each feature with the correct location, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of Locations

A Hacienda La Pacifica

B Santa Rosa National Park

C Cholula Cacao Farm

22 It has seen the return of native tree species.

23 It supports only one species of native monkey.

24 Its monkey population helps the agriculture of the area.

25 It is home to populations of all three local monkey species.

26 Its landscape was altered by the construction of a transport link.

 READING PASSAGE 3

The value of research into mite harvestmen

Few people have heard of the mite harvestman, and fewer still would recognize it at close range. The
insect is a relative of the far more familiar daddy longlegs. But its legs are stubby rather than long,
and its body is only as big as a sesame seed. To find mite harvestmen, scientists go to dark, humid
forests and sift through the leaf litter. The animals respond by turning motionless, making them
impossible for even a trained eye to pick out.' They look like grains of dirt.' said Gonzalo Giribet, an
invertebrate biologist at Harvard University
Dr Giribet and his colleagues have spent six years searching for mite harvestmen on five continents.
The animals have an extraordinary story to tell they carry a record of hundreds of millions of years
of geological history, chronicling the journeys that continents have made around the Earth. The
Earth's landmasses have slowly collided and broken apart again several times, carrying animals and
plants with them. These species have provided clues to the continents' paths.
The notion of continental drift originally came from such clues. In 1911, the German scientist Alfred
Wegener was struck by the fact that fossils of similar animals and plants could be found on either
side of the Atlantic. The ocean was too big for the species to have traveled across it on their own.
Wegener speculated correctly, as it turned out that the surrounding continents had originally been
welded together in a single landmass, which he called Pangea.
Continental drift, or plate tectonics as it is scientifically known, helped move species around the
world. Armadillos and their relatives are found in South America and Africa today because their
ancestors evolved when the continents were joined. When South America and North America
connected a few million years ago, armadillos spread north, too. Biogeographers can learn clues about
continental drift by comparing related species. However, they must also recognize cases where
species have spread for other reasons, such as by crossing great stretches of water. The island of
Hawaii, for example, was home to a giant flightless goose that has become extinct.
Studies on DNA extracted from its bones show that it evolved from the Canada goose. Having
colonized Hawaii, it branched off from that species, losing its ability to fly. This evolution occurred
half a million years ago, when geologists estimate that Hawaii emerged from the Pacific.
When species jump around the planet, their histories blur. It is difficult to say much about where
cockroaches evolved, for example, because they can move quickly from continent to continent.
This process, known as dispersal, limits many studies. 'Most of them tend to concentrate on particular
parts of the world.' Dr Giribet said. I wanted to find a new system for studying biogeography on a
global scale.
Dr Giribet realized that mite harvestmen might be that system. The 5,000 or so mite harvestmen
species can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Unlike creatures found around the world
like cockroaches, mite harvestmen cannot disperse well. The typical harvestman species has a range
of fewer than 50 miles. Harvestmen are not found on young islands like Hawaii, as these types of
islands emerged long after the break-up of Pangea.
According to Assistant Professor Sarah Boyer, a former student of Dr Giribet. 'It's really hard to find
a group of species that is distributed all over the world but that also doesn't disperse very far.'
What mite harvestmen lack in mobility, they make up in age. Their ancestors were among the first
land animals, and fossils of daddy longlegs have been found in 400 million-year-ago rocks.
Mite harvestmen evolved long before Pangea broke up and have been carried along by continental
drift ever since they've managed to get themselves around the world only because they’ve been around
for hundreds of millions of years, Dr Boyer said. Dr Boyer, Dr Giribet and their colleagues have
gathered thousands of mite harvestmen from around the world, from which they extracted DNA.
Variations in the genes helped the scientists build an evolutionary tree. By calculating how quickly
the DNA mutated, the scientists could estimate when lineages branched off. They then compared the
harvestmen's evolution to the movements of the continents. The patterns are remarkably clear.' Dr
Boyer said.
The scientists found that they could trace mite harvestmen from their ancestors on Pangea. One
lineage includes species in Chile South Africa, Sri Lanka and other places separated by thousands of
miles of ocean. But 150 million years ago, all those sites were in Gondwana which was a region of
Pangea.
The harvestmen preserve smaller patterns of continental drift, as well as bigger ones. After analyzing
the DNA of a Florida harvestman, Metasiro americanus, the scientists were surprised to find that it
was not related to other North American species. Its closest relatives live in West Africa. Dr Boyer
then began investigating the geological history of Florida and found recent research to explain the
mystery.Florida started out welded to West Africa near Senegal. North America than collied into
them Pangea was forming. About 170 million years ago, North America ripped away from West
Africa, taking Florida with it. The African ancestors of Florida’s harvestmen came along the ride.
Dr Giribet now hopes to study dozens or even hundreds of species, to find clues about plate
tectonics that a single animal could not show.
Questions 27-32
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
27. Why is it difficult to find mite harvestmen?
A. They are too small to see with naked eye
B. They can easily be confused with daddy longlegs
C. They are hard to distinguish from their surroundings
D. They do not exist in large numbers in any one place
28. Why are mile harvestmen of interest to Dr Giribet and his colleagues?
A. They have been studied far less than most other species
B. They show the effects of climate on the evolution of animals
C. They have an unusual relationship with plants and other animals
D. They provide evidence relating to a field of study other than insects
29. What factor contributed to Wegener's idea that present-day continents used to form a
single landmass?
A. changes in the level of the ocean
B. the distance that species could travel the lack of certain fossils on one side of the Atlantic C.
similarities in living conditions on both sides of the Atlantic
30. What point is made by the reference to armadillos?
A. regions have both separated and become connected
B. certain animals could travel longer distances than others.
C. the oldest species of animals are likely to be found in Africa,
D. there is a tendency for animals to spread in a particular direction
31. Which of the following is stated in the fifth paragraph?
A. Hawaii is a habitat that cannot support large birds.
B. Hawaii is an attractive habitat for certain species of birds.
C. flightless birds are more likely to become extinct than others.
D. the Hawaiian goose became flightless after it had reached Hawaii.
32. Why is evidence from cockroaches of limited value?
A. they spread too fast
B. they multiply too quickly.
C. they are found in too few places.
D. they have divided into too many species.
Questions 33-36
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 33-36
on you answer sheet, write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
33. The colonization of Hawaii by geese provides evidence of continental drift
34. The reason why mite harvestmen don’t exist on Hawaii can be explained
35. The DNA of certain species has evolved more quickly than that of others
36. Dr Boyer’s theory concerning the origins of Florida is widely accepted
Question 37-40
Complete the summary using the list of words A-1 below.
Write the correct letter A-l in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
List of words
A branches
B fossils
C drift
D DNA
E evolution
F Pangea
G dispersal
H ancestors
I continents
The age and evolution of mite harvestmen
Some of the first creatures to live on land were the (37)…….. of mite harvestmen. Boyer, Giribet
and others study differences in the (38)……. of these insects, and trace the development of a
number of (39)…….. of the species.
Their evolution appears to reflect changes in the location of (40)……… . For example, the same
type of mite harvestman is found in places that are now far apart but used to form Gondwana, part
of a huge landmass.
ANSWER KEYS
 PASSAGE 1
Đáp án Giải thích
Tibal Fisher, TF's founder and CEO, decided to change its focus under the
new brand name of TF’s NextStage. His aim was to recapture the now
1 TRUE ageing customers that had given him his early success and target
consumers aged 60+ with devices and gadgets specifically designed to
assist them with the problems associated with ageing:
TF's market research proved to be very positive, showing strong
2 TRUE
consumer support for the products.
In 2007, the stores were remodeled at a cost of US $40 million and
3 NOT GIVEN
the new brand was launched.
In 2007, the stores were remodeled at a cost of US $40 million and the
4 NOT GIVEN new brand was launched. Each store was made more comfortable and
featured a coffee shop to help increase traffic
However, by 2009 it was clear that the idea was a failure and the stores
consistently remained empty. Customers complained that the new
5 FALSE
stores felt like a senior center and reminded them that they were
growing old.
The TF Team's customer research efforts are a classic case of missing the
6 surface subconscious associations at work in consumers' minds. Tibal and his
executives looked only at surface attitudes.
A great example is Alli (pronounced 'ally’), a drug to aid weight loss.
7 weight loss
The product deals with…
First we came up with a name that sounds like a helpful partner. We
8 name
also …
First we came up with a name that sounds like a helpful partner. We also
aimed to make the container both beautiful and functional - something
9 container
that didn't just hold pills but could later be used to store diet guides and
recipes
Even simple techniques such as one-on-one interviews, or
10 behaviour ethnographical observation that involves going into people's houses to
examine their behavior, can provide valuable data.
this principle few years ago when we wanted to find out how far we
could apply our design philosophy of makings things easier to use in
order to move from our core business, kitchen tools, into other products.
11 focus group
We conducted what are known as focus groups, where participants
were asked to look at photos of people and pick those they are
perceived to be users and nonusers of our products.
We’ve found that market research does not need to be very
12 (simple) sophisticated. For instance, we have conducted simple surveys in the
lobby of our
Sometimes the most important signals come from an executive's own
13 instincts
instincts. In Tibal Fisher's case, …
 PASSAGE 2
Đáp án Giải thích
14 - C “ In younger forests, trees put most of their limited energy into growing
wood, leaves, and fruit, so they produce much lower levels of toxin than
do well-established, old-growth trees.” → Những rừng cây ít năm sẽ
không thể có chất lượng thức ăn tốt bằng rừng già.)
15 - G “Conservation is usually viewed as a conflict between farming practices
and the need to preserve nature,’ Estrada says. ‘We’re moving away from
that vision and beginning to consider ways in which commercial activities
may become a tool for the conservation of primates in human-modified
landscapes.’” → Thay đổi thái độ của người làm nông đối với việc bảo vệ
rừng
16 - E “Howlers are very adaptable feeders, and only need a comparatively small
home range. Spider monkeys, … water holes.” → Chọn chế độ ăn phù hợp
17 - B “In the 18th century, tropical dry forests once covered most of Central
America, but by the 1980s less than two percent remained undisturbed,
and less than one percent was protected.” → Số liệu cụ thể
18 - Đoạn E, “Howler reproduction is faster than that of other native monkey
Reproduction species. They give birth for the first time at about 3.5 years of age…”
19 - Fruits Đoạn D, “Eventually, even spider monkeys, fruit-eaters that need large
areas of continuous forest, returned.”
20 - Toxins Đoạn C, “Glander is particularly interested in howlers’ ability to thrive on
leaves loaded with toxins-poisonous substances …”)
21 - Drought Đoạn E, “This ability gives them a real advantage over capuchin and
spider monkeys, which have suffered during the long, ongoing drought in
the area.”)
22 - B Đoạn D, “species of Indigenous Lees which had been absent for decades
began to invade the abandoned pastures.”)
23 - C Đoạn F, “ group of howler monkeys that thrive in a habitat totally altered
by humans: a cacao plantation in Tabasco state, Mexico.”)
24 - C Đoạn G, “Estrada believes the monkeys bring underappreciated benefits
to such plantations, dispersing the seeds of fruits such as fig and other
shade trees, and fertilizing the soil.”)
25 - A Đoạn A, “Hacienda La Pacifica, a remote working cattle ranch in
Guanacaste province of northern Costa Rica, has for decades been home
to a community of mantled howler monkeys. Other native primates-
white-faced capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys were once common
in this area, too,…”)
26 - A Đoạn A, “but vanished after the Pan-American Highway was built nearby
in the 1950s and most of the surrounding land was cleared for cattle-
raising.”
 PASSAGE 3
Đáp án Giải thích
27 - C
28 - D
29 - B
30 - A
31 – D
32 – A
33 - No
34 - Yes
35 – Not given
36 – Not given
37 – H
38 – D
39 - A
40 – I
TỪ VỰNG HỮU ÍCH
 PASSAGE 1
Loại
STT Từ vựng Phiên âm Nghĩa Ví dụ
từ
giả thuyết, The case study presented a
1 hypothetical adj. /haɪˈpɒθətɪkəl/ không có hypothetical situation to analyze
thật marketing strategies.
TF is a fictional retail giant
2 retail adj. /ˈriːteɪl/ bán lẻ
specializing in home furnishing.
chuyên môn The company specializes in
3 specialize v. /ˈspɛʃəlaɪz/
hóa manufacturing sports equipment.
TF was successful in spotting
4 trend n. /trend/ xu hướng
homeware trends in the 1970s.
lấy lại, giành Tibal aimed to recapture his early
5 recapture v. /ˌriːˈkæptʃər/
lại success by targeting older customers.
nhắm mục The marketing campaign targeted
6 target v. /ˈtɑːrɡət/
tiêu young professionals.
người tiêu Understanding consumers is crucial
7 consumer n. /kənˈsjuːmər/
dùng for successful marketing.
The marketing campaign failed to
8 subconscious adj. /ˌsʌbkənˈʃəs/ tiềm thức address consumers' subconscious
associations.
Traditional market research only
9 surface adj. /ˈsɜːrfəs/ bề mặt
explores surface attitudes.
Positive emotions can trigger
10 trigger v. /ˈtrɪɡər/ kích hoạt
purchases.
tật nguyền, The marketing campaign focused on
11 infirmity n. /ɪnˈfərmɪti/
bệnh tật the infirmities of aging.
The company aimed to inject positive
12 inject v. /ɪnˈdʒɛkt/ tiêm, truyền
emotions into the brand.
The product design aimed to be both
13 functional adj. /ˈfʌŋkʃənəl/ chức năng
beautiful and functional.
Ethnographical observation involves
14 ethnographical adj. /ˌɛθnəˈɡræfɪkəl/ dân tộc học studying people's behavior in their
natural environment.
xấu đi, suy The product design considered users
15 deteriorate v. /dɪˈtɪəriorˌeɪt/
giảm with deteriorating vision.
The design addressed the needs of
16 dexterity n. /dɛkˈsterɪti/ sự khéo léo
users with limited dexterity.
phổ biến, The company focused on creating
17 universal adj. /juːnɪˈvɜːsəl/
toàn cầu products with universal design.
hiểu biết sâu Market research can provide valuable
18 insight n. /ˈɪnsaɪt/
sắc insights into consumer behavior.
Tibal's instincts could have guided
19 instinct n. /ɪnˈstɪŋkt/ bản năng
him to better marketing strategies.
 PASSAGE 2
Nghĩa tiếng
STT Từ vựng Phiên âm Ví dụ
Việt
The ranch is located in a
1 remote adj. rɪˈmoʊt xa xôi
remote area.
The owner of the ranch made
2 enlightened adj. ɪnˈlaɪtnd sáng suốt an enlightened decision to
leave some trees growing.
The ranch has become a
phòng thí
3 laboratory n. ˈlæbrətɔːri natural laboratory for the study
nghiệm
of monkeys.
The forests have been
4 disturbed adj. dɪˈstɜːbd bị phá vỡ
disturbed by human activity.
Howlers persist in La Pacifica
5 persist v. pərˈsɪst tồn tại
because they are leaf-eaters.
Capuchin and spider monkeys
6 depend on v. dɪˈpɛnd ɒn phụ thuộc vào depend on large areas of
fruiting trees.
phát triển Howlers are able to thrive on
7 thrive v. θraɪv
mạnh leaves loaded with toxins.
Howlers have developed the
8 neutralize v. ˈnjuːtrəlaɪz vô hiệu hóa
ability to neutralize toxins.
chất dinh The leaves of regenerating
9 nutrient n. ˈnjuːtriənt
dưỡng forests are rich in nutrients.
The study has been
10 generation n. ˌdʒɛnəˈreɪʃən thế hệ conducted over several
generations of howlers.
Howlers prime their systems
11 prime v. praɪm chuẩn bị by sampling a variety of
plants.
được thành Old-growth trees are well-
12 established adj. ɪˈstæblɪʃt
lập established.
Old-growth trees are those
13 old-growth adj. ˌoʊldˈgroʊθ nguyên sinh that have survived for
centuries.
(Spanish) đại La Pacifica is a large cattle
14 hacienda n. haˈθjɛndə
điền trang ranch.
nhà linh Ken Glander is a primatologist
15 primatologist n. praɪˈmeɪtələdʒɪst
trưởng học who studies monkeys.
mantled howler mantled howler loài khỉ rú lông The study focuses on mantled
16 n.
monkey monkey choàng howler monkeys.
white-faced White-faced capuchin
white-faced khỉ capuchin
17 capuchin n. monkeys are once common in
capuchin monkey mặt trắng
monkey this area.
 Spider monkeys are once
18 spider monkey n. spider monkey khỉ nhện
common in this area.
The farmer used the trees as
19 windbreak n. ˈwɪndˌbreɪk rào chắn gió windbreaks to protect his
cattle.
20 grazing land n. ˈgreɪzɪ đất chăn thả
The study investigates the
trưởng thành
21 mature adj. məˈtʃʊər value of mature forests to
(đối với rừng)
primates.
Burning the forests devastated
22 devastate v. ˈdɛvəˌsteɪt tàn phá
local monkey habitat.
The government designated
23 designate v. ˈdɛzɪɡneɪt chỉ định
the area a National Park.
Indigenous trees began to
24 indigenous adj. ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs bản địa invade the abandoned
pastures.
sự gia tăng The howler population
25 population boom n. population boom đột biến về experienced a population
dân số boom in Santa Rosa.
Howler reproduction is one of
26 trait n. treɪt đặc điểm the traits that allows them to
survive.
Howler reproduction is faster
27 reproduction n. rɪˌproˈdʌkʃən sinh sản
than other monkeys.
Spider monkeys need large
28 continuous adj. kənˈtınjʊəs liên tục
areas of continuous forest.
The fact that howler leaves
29 crucial adj. ˈkruːʃəl then chốt
hold water is crucial.
The monkeys have suffered
30 ongoing adj. ˌɒnˈgoʊɪŋ đang diễn ra during the long, ongoing
drought.
phát triển Howlers thrive in a habitat
31 thrive v. θraɪv
mạnh altered by humans.
Alejandro Estrada has been
32 ecology n. ɪˈkɒlədʒi sinh thái học studying the ecology of howler
monkeys.
môi trường The howlers moved in after
33 habitat n. ˈhæbɪtæt
sống nearby forests were cut down.
The monkeys thrive in a
34 altered adj. ˈɔːltəd thay đổi habitat totally altered by
humans.
The howlers live in a cacao
35 plantation n. plænˈteɪʃən đồn điền
plantation.
The shade trees form a
36 canopy n. ˈkænəpi tán cây protective canopy over the
cacao plants.
 The monkeys disperse the
37 disperse v. dɪˈspɜːrs phát tán
seeds of fruits.
The monkeys may help
38 fertilize v. ˈfɜːtɪlaɪz bón (đất)
fertilize the soil.
Spider monkeys also forage
39 forage v. ˈfɔːrɪdʒ kiếm ăn
for fruit here.
Ecotourism projects could
du lịch sinh
40 ecotourism n. ˌɛkoʊˈtʊərɪzəm benefit from the presence of
thái
monkeys.

PASSAGE 3
Nghĩa tiếng
STT Từ vựng Loại Phiên âm Ví dụ
Việt
The mite harvestman is a relative
1 relative (of) n. ˈrelətɪv (əv) họ hàng (của)
of the daddy longlegs.
The mite harvestman has stubby
2 stubby adj. ˈstʌbi lùn, ngắn cũn
legs.
The mite harvestman's body is
3 sesame seed n. ˈsɛsəmi siːd hạt vừng
only as big as a sesame seed.
Scientists sift through leaf litter to
4 sift through v. sɪft θruː sàng lọc
find mite harvestmen.
The animals respond by turning
5 motionless adj. ˈmoʊʃənˌlɛs bất động
motionless.
The story told by mite
nhà địa chất
6 geologist n. dʒiˈɒlədʒɪst harvestmen is of interest to
học
geologists.
Mite harvestmen carry a record
geological dʒiəˌlɒdzhɪkəl
7 n. lịch sử địa chất of hundreds of millions of years
history ˈhɪstəri
of geological history.
The animals chronicle the
8 chronicle v. ˈkrɑːnɪkl ghi chép journeys that continents have
made.
The Earth's landmasses have
9 collide v. kəˈlaɪd va chạm
slowly collided and broken apart.
These species have provided
10 clue n. kluː manh mối
clues to the continents' paths.
The notion of continental drift
11 drift n. drɪft trôi dạt
originated from such clues.
Wegener speculated correctly
12 speculate v. ˈspɛkjuleɪt suy đoán about the continents being joined
together.
 The continents had originally
13 weld v. wɛld hàn, kết hợp been welded together in a single
landmass.
Pangea is the name given to the
14 landmass n. ˈlændmæs khối đất liền single landmass that existed
millions of years ago.
Biogeographers study the
nhà sinh địa lý
15 biogeographer n. baɪoʊˌdʒiˈɒgrəfər distribution of species and how it
học
relates to geography.
The giant flightless goose in
16 extinct adj. ɪkˈstɪŋkt tuyệt chủng
Hawaii is now extinct.
The Canada goose evolved into
17 evolve v. ɪˈvɒlv tiến hóa
the giant flightless goose.
When species jump around the
18 blur v. blɜːr trở nên mờ mịt
planet, their histories blur.
This process, known as
19 dispersal n. dɪˈspɜːrsəl sự phát tán
dispersal, limits many studies.
Most studies tend to concentrate
20 concentrate on v. ˈkɒnsəntreɪt ɒn tập trung vào
on particular parts of the world.
quy mô toàn He wanted a system for studying
21 global scale n. ˈgloʊbəl skeɪl
cầu biogeography on a global scale.
Harvestmen are not found on
22 emerge v. əˈmɜːrdʒ xuất hiện young islands like Hawaii, which
emerged long after...
What mite harvestmen lack in
23 lack v. læk thiếu
mobility, they make up in age.
Their ancestors were among the
24 ancestor n. ˈænˌsɛstər tổ tiên
first land animals.
Fossils of daddy longlegs have
25 fossil n. ˈfɒsɪl hóa thạch been found in 400 million-year-
ago rocks.
The scientists could estimate
26 lineage n. ˈlɪniɪdʒ dòng dõi
when lineages branched off.
By calculating how quickly the
27 mutate v. ˈmjuːteɪt đột biến
DNA mutated...
evolutionary They built an evolutionary tree
28 n. ɪˌvɒljuːʃənəri triː cây tiến hóa
tree based on DNA variations.
The patterns are remarkably
29 remarkable adj. rɪˈmɑːrkəbl đáng chú ý
clear.
Gondwana One lineage includes species in
30 Gondwana n. ˌgɒndˈwɑːnə (siêu lục địa places that were once part of
cổ) Gondwana.
The harvestmen preserve smaller
31 preserve v. prɪˈzɜːrv bảo tồn
patterns of continental drift.
After analyzing the DNA of a
32 analyze v. ˈænəlaɪz phân tích
Florida harvestman...
 recent nghiên cứu Dr. Boyer then began
33 n. riˈsɛnt rɪˈsɜːrtʃ
research gần đây investigating recent research...
34 mystery n. ˈmɪstəri bí ẩn ...to explain the mystery.