Anatomy of Flowering Plants

{IMPORTANT T E R M S ) 1 - - - - - - - -
• Merirtems: These are the regions in plants, where
celb are perpetually young and are endowed
with the power of d1v1sion
• Trichomes: Trichomes are the epidermal hairs
on the shoot system (stem).
• Casparian Strip: It is a band of thickening made
of lignin and subenn 01: the tangential and radial
walls of the endodennal cells of roots.
• Mesopbyll: The grow1d tissue in a leaf, 1s er.lied
mesophyll.
• Bark: The term bark refers to all the tissues
exterior to the cambial ring.
• Lenticcls: These are the lens-shaped openings
found in the periderm
• Annual Ring: The wood produced during one
growth period, is called an annual ring; it consists
of early wood and late wood. (it

- - - - - - - - - - - ' ( IMPORTANT NOT E S ) 1 - - - - - - - -

1. TISSUES Centra1
• A tissue is defined as a group of cells, that
have a common origin and usually perform a ~~~~:r ~,(
_J ~~~ordia
common function.
• Plant tissues can be classified as follows:
"iissuas
~~;?at;:~ ,,
mens em ~-
5 ' ; ~~~~~:~ical
Axillary bud

t Initials of
root cap
A.t Vascular
{ ~ tissues

Meristemalic
t
Permanent
Root cap
(a) Root Apex
(i' /
(b) Shoot Apex
(differentiating)

Tissues Tissues Fig. 6.1 Apical Menstems

t 3. PERMANENT TISSUES
t
Simple Permanent
t
Complex Permanent • Permanent tissues are those tissu ;s, whose cells
Tir,::iues Tissues have lost the power of cliv1sion and become
(/) Parenchyma (1) Xylem structurally and functionally specialis..:tl for
(( J Collenchyma (ii) Phloem specific functions.
(111 Sclerenchyma
• Permanent tissues are of two types:
(ii,
2. ME.US'!'~MATJC TISSUES - Simple permanent tissues, where the tissue
• Mcrist :i:1atic tissues are those tissues, whose is composed of only one type of cells.
cells M~ capable of dividing. - Complex permanent tissues, where the t:J.ssur; 1~
• 1n plants, the meristematic tissues are composed of more than or,-: type of cells.
located m :;pecific regions, called meristems A. Simple Permanent Tissues:
(Gk meristi:,s-divided). (a
- There are three types of simple permanent
A. Classification of Meri~tcms tissues.
- Based on their position in the plant body, (i) Parenchyma
menstcms are classified into (i) apical
mern,cem, (ii) intercalary meristem and • Cells are thin-walled, isodiametric and are
(iii) lateral mcristem. variously shaped.

84 7~~ ~Biology-XI
 Cell• may be compactly arranged without (b) ~cl~~ --.I. -h.:-J.c '-~of _
i•11crccllular spaces or loosely arranged with o They are r.pherical or oval cells.
mt~..ccllular spaces. o Sclercid!.'. occur in
~ The main functions of parenchyma are
(i) the pulp of fruits like guava, sapota and
:.toragc and <,cc;rction. pear
• Whc.y they possess chloroplasts, they carry (ii) seed coat of legumes
out photosynthesis.
(iii) wall~ of nut fmits and
(iv) leaves of tea
....__.A~---;- Nucleus
Cytoplasm

'1.8""~.... lntercellular
spaces

Fig. 6.2 Parenchyma

, ii; (:ril we .:·m2
..-pCol:cnchym.a cells may be oval, spherical (a) Fibre (b) Sclereid
0r ;:mlygonal m shape. f:g. 6.4 Sclcn:nchyma
-. C-:ll walJ is une'✓enly thickened, with B. Complex P'?, mammt Thmes:
ii ·,,minent th ickenings in the comers. due - There are two compk>:.. pcn1anent tissues in
:.C dcpoi;i1ion of pectin, hem1cellulose and plants. ,
<;dlulos~. (,.) Xy Iem -,:; "'- vi-"" e,l (.._ V.u~ '- id l 1 ~~
.J
... Collcnchyma gives mechanical strength and 1 j V - ,
~ Xylcn} 1s cc-r,cernc'.! w. ·:1 th~ transpbrt c,(
flo.(bility to growing organs like young
water an,1 minerals from the roots to the
<i1 '!!b~ccousJ stems, petioles, etc. stem and leaves.

0),
t ~~----:.,...-Thickened It also provides me:;hanical support to the
1111!)

-~~~-1~~: :~==
I, oome,s plant parts.

~
.. Xylem is composed of xylem vessels, xylem
Cell wall
tracheids, xylem parencbyma and xylem
ff,.0-~ Vacuole fibers.
:4/f[AJ T H - - Protoplasm
( ~J~ --.-- Perfo-
Fig. 6.3 Collenchyma rations
'iii) Sclc..cnchyma S ~ ~ " ',-,0
.J,_
,rt_,,dH~~•- •
\I;J (.. ,~~;::::--Pits
- Sclercnchyma may be fibres or sclere1ds;
cell•, arc d'!ad at maturity. >(f f.J '
.,. Cell wall is thick and lignified with a narrow
lumen.
(t.l F'lbn?'i
and (a) Xyl~m vessel (b) Xylem tracheid
Fig. 6.5 Tracheary Elements
• Tbe xylem fonned in the primary plant
_.,._.. _,,,, ~lryprocambium. 1s known as primary
 'J '~)
1\. \ I Ji~\11\' "iy~(Nll h1111dk-. l>t\ 111\t: rt,, t,1111l11111111'M~•.,. ", th 1h1lity
, h, s,
u\111 11,•,111· ,t1·m 1m·l111k, \) k111
1 ,,,, h d1 1111 ,1 •rnl 11, • >' ni, 11,l ¼{ ,,,,,1 11y phl1J<•111
1

,nd phl11,•111. wl11rh 111•1·111 n~ d1,r1l'l 1• s11,1mls. 11 , ""d ") '1'1"\th , • i\1,111 11:m,
, llkd \,1" 11h1r hun<lh:, II 1hr1c " 1111 l,1111h111111 111 the , 1,1 ul..H
\\ 111 n \) ln111111d phh11·11111i.:l·111 .iloni• thl• ,111111· b11mlk •t , l,,11 ·d 1 , I" •.I , "' 111111 h11111II
1,11h11, l 1111h.- ~11111c ,trnnd). thi.: v,1~rnh11 l>11mlk ,, 1111111,, ,, ,It m,
1· 1 i1lk1l 1·0111111n1. ,. .i: • ~terns 11ml lcnw~ \\ hc•11 \, km 1111.I phh1c 111 ,, l llf 1,h,111: 1htlrrtnr
'' l._•11 ·1 ~ti 'I' 111 rnmhium
pn:~c11t b1•tw1·l'll
1, r,1tl11. ,,!11:1p,1l111~· ,, lib 1,11 h, 1h,1 th,• ,.is,111 •r
\, k-111 11ml phkwm, it 1, ,·nlli:11 tm vpc-n v11~i:uh11 hrn1dl1 1 1 ll1·d ,, r,Hl 1nl hundh- , i:. 1,1,,1,

.......
, 1.,o' @) -~ ·-
- Phloom

Cnmblum
Phlt>OIII
I
_..
I
\
) A
•
wPhloom
I

\
r ::s ~ I.':\ "-- Motoxylom
Mol,1xylnm

F
r}
\~
~1 ~I \.OJ (' Xylo<n
Protoxylr•m
~l 0/ ') - Protoxylflm /
,/ Proto,vh!ln
lncunu
,. 1 rcnjolnl opon. ond;irch (bl ConJ01nt, closed, ondnrch (t•I I 11'('1l

1.,~~..h-( Fli:, 6.tl \'11,rnl11r Hunclk,

C. Gr ·1·,•· ' ·1 h,nf s, stem l'hl cdl~ h,I\ t' 1 tlq•, 1,11w11 l\f ,ubcnn. 1n
\11 t1,•,11cs in a plnnt body except cp1dcrm1~ thl' loin) l,I Cl!-f)tll I Ill ,,, •I'~- ,111 llll'lf n1J1.1l
n,111 vosculnr hundks. constitute the ground nad H111gc11t1ul \\ ,1lb
t\',SUC ll1') rrrkyck cv1npn~c ,, :,·, l,:,, .--. l 1 ~p~•i:1.1li~,-J
- 1 ,n1m11I t1,,uc consists of ~implc pcrmnncnt pt1rc11l'l1\ mo ,·cl ls 111111 r h, 1i1,· ,•11111,,h.•nm,
t1,•,uc.; ltkc pnrcnchymn, collcnchymn and {1·) Ynsculur Bmulks ,1 ~· .~1•'1.II .md 1H:t~ r:.m~:
),ctr·rcnctwmu bc't\\ ccn I\\ l 1 :md SI\, th1111i:,: ,-,,:1tn1\.l11l) 1h~·n.· ,IJ',·
tbur g:n>up~. : , • ti:11:n\'h , , km 1, c,.ud1
5. / !'ii'' OMV rn, DICOTYLEDONOUS ROOT
( ,·i) Pith ,s vi:1;- smnll :md 11uhk l f P,ll\'11.:hynxl \.-dL..:
(i) E•)i<lrrmi~ 1s srnglc layered nnd mnny cell~
be· ir wot hmr, i.:utick 1s nbscnt. 6. AN ,\'ff ... \ OF "110:-.i'I.)( OT\ Lt::DO~<'l'S
(ii) Cort"· 1, mode or several layers ofpnrenchymn ROOT
cell, • fht· stn1ctmc L>f ,'P\\knm~. ~·urtc, _., h'l.km11~
(iii) Er11:it'~1 i>,is consists of a single-layer of cell~ nml p~n1'vck vf ,1 11w:,,,,1l 111l1t ,~,,·mbk~
i~ /l'
Jl... Root hair
cxnctly tho~c- 0r
a c.l1l-;,1 wot.
Epidermis
~Roothair
~~~Ei;-.dem,is

CQlta.,
~~- Endoderrnls ::'.ll.;'\{~r;f-- En:lodemll$
,,_,.__..,...,.--Pel"Cycl"'
~o-- Perlcycte
Pith ~"f--Phloom
Protoxylern =--Mot1x\>k>rn
Melnxylem .,,.---Proto\}·tani
'2-'l"W--- Pholem P11h

1-'it:, t,,') r.s of D1co1 RllOI

l/1/•ro,,,1 ,11 ,'· lt>II ~·,·m.!,: l'ltmts ~7

 ,. rt is composed ot't.icvc 111!,1:. , 1.0I11J1anir,r,~L
xvlt'rn, 1~ phloem patl'IH hym:1 «IJd phloem fibre11
t 111nc<I 1'1nn,nY J1
,.. I he 111 ,1 111 c11rli~r , • fq urc ~n111 er ,.. Siew cells and ·11l1111n1110u cclli; nrc pre cnt
I 111 11 ,, k1ncll
111
1111111 pr "' \ ' in gyrnno~rcrms awl ptcritlr,pl,ytclf, in pld<:e
,11 dnnc,1~11111 . ,~ known of 11icvc tuhcs.
1I p11111·trY
,v1en'1 ·
• 1111
1 he 11111·1 h w d,•nwntc:"' • ,c larger 111 ,. Phloem fibres (Bast rihfl:h) an: the 1,clcren-
n, mttn"kin, 1t ' chyma fibres found in the phloem.
d11m'ns11,11 ·i\rlls the pith • The phloem clement~, formed ,n the primary
I ' hr~
,,. 111 ncms. p,,,tnx} ' 11
t11\\ ,
wwords the plant body by the procn111hi11m, com,tltutc
crnx)•lc111 1,c,
1cc11trd ,11111 111 • f xyleni
p1:r1phc1,. weh nn ' c
lift 'IJl"ClllCIII 0 the primary phloem.
• The first-formed primary phloem 1<1 known
,s calktl c11dmd1 d the pen-
• In roots. pn11oxylc111 hes townrl s stowards as protophlocm; it consists of narrow sieve
phcry(co1tc,), wl11tcmc1axylclll re f tubes.
the p11h (centre). such an arrangement o • The Inter formed pnmi.lry phloem is known
X) 1cm Is called cxarch. as metaphlocm and it con~ist., larger sieve
... The xylem clement~ fonncd later by f~sc1- tubes.
cular and mtcrfnsc1cular cambia constitute • Phloem elements formed later by the fasci-
,ccondan x~ 1cm cular and interfasc1cular cambia, constitute
(11) Phlol'tll / /econdary phloem.
- Phloem I\ concerned \\ ,th ihc lransport of
11rgamc subs1anccs. rnamly from the leaves ?,TISSUE SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
10 d1ffcrcn1 parts of th.: plant body. • There are three tissue sye.tem~ in plants based
·H~v,
I Jf 1 :-;r.-
~l• •,.
•7t~I ''fl ' I
on the structure and locat10n in the plant body.
Sieve pore
They are epidermal tissue system, vasculur
It • ' Sieve lube tissue system and ground or fundamental tissue
member
Pholem ~~~.
parenchyma A. Epidermal 'Tissut: Sy!iten1
Sf II - It consists of the epidermal cells, which
Companion
cell
form the epiderm1~, e,r.idfpval .aependages
(like root hair and ..!r!fhomc~L1nd stomata(
apparatus. c, ' . -0 h. ,

Fi::. •..a Phloem of Ang1o~perms t.J..,,.-d4 , ""I.~-:;0,,r~~~-s-:;..::-..,.::.:.:-('.--t,)-:-'.~T

)_ a--y,N } """"i ,._, ..r-,I ,Ao-,·::,,{;.,, _.,,,,( p

-- ~ 1 ' (7~1--
U
·c·
.•.•.IJ.
¾Y .
I 7 ~

~ ".'-~-,~"\•. \y l\
\ Thin ends •• • "· )

0,
Th,ck reobal .. · \ /
,• I r,,, ~J :, .•
I
Stoma part ,. 1 • I
1 ln'r--n·- - 4 - - - Inner thick wall ,: !, '

, . , /):;:t'
"
' , ~--:,-r---1--
•\ · Stoma I f~ f/ ~
·-~--- .,,;;:.r.--,_,,,__
Chloroplasts
Guard cell
lkl· .,-;•\
' p-·~ .. fi · ,
~
I

- 1--- .~ -
Subs1d1ary ce11---_--C,-. I ,<.@. >'.~ • l I

~" \,r-~i
'{__ ~--

,: --~ ~Stomata! Apparatus

86 "749~eir ~ Biology _ XI
 • hlMIIJO h11111lh'11 1111• l1hll11I, IIHrl jlHly1111 h
/I Ii"',, 1,, II 111111111• IJf/ijJ ,1 It I 11111jl'1 ti ,if
• 111th IN hum 111111 w, II ,I, v"lh1111d 1,111, 111,1 111~1,i
I

1 ,,, 111111111111111
,,1 111111•111 hv11111 ,•ull•1

/ 1111 V11•nll111 l111111111·, 11,i I l,,111" ,, 1J 1,, 1111'1111mr111 ,,J

7. ,\NAIOI\ I\ ttlt' 01( '0 '1 \'J.JCUONfH/N fJI fj11 /111111 IJ/ II I/Ill',
•11i1M
1
,,.,,, J, \Ill••,,,,,, l,1111,ll• ,, I{lllf•1111I (i111f 1,w,1
,11 lq11d11n11l11 1" 1h 1 111111t1111111, 1 l11y,,1 11/ 1, 11 , w11l1 1111111 l'u~, 1, ul,11 , !!t111,,,11,1; 1;c;l•111 tr.
11
, ,t11111111lv II ,~, 11v1•111tl will, 11 111tld1 1111d 11111y 111,11111 l1
1111111 II h1l111J)\I•~ llltd It 11 w •11111111111 / 1111) M1•1l111li11 'I (t11y• ,11, JJ,, 1r.w I'/',,, ,,I 11uf111IJ,
(//I lh11111h11111I• 11111i.lNI~ 11/ II I, w l11y111N '" pJi,, 1•11 fJHlllll• )1y11111,, lh,, 111 ti, 1w• ~11th YJ1l!I. 111111
1·11ll11111 hy11111 n•II~, 111~1 hi,l11w 1l1n 11,Jil,11 ,,1iu h11wll1 ~
(///1 ( '111•t11, 111111~1~,~ '" p1t1'tlll hYlllfl I ,11,- f fJ/// / l'lllt Ill <'IIIIIJ'lllll'l' ,,, ,,,11111',,l1 /11111 1 ~II~
t /1'1 11;111lo1h11•111l• I~ ~tH1.1h l11v,,111il 1111d IIH !'1•11~
ff, ANATOMY f>JI Mf ►NO('O'f YLJ,Hf)/1/<,(Jn
11111 il1 1h ht Nlllll'h 111111!1• 1111il lllltll 1' II I~ 111~11
11,l,111,111111 1111 111t1111h 11111 llllt li'l l~M
(I) Jr,ph1111 111I# lti lllllHfi luy, ,,.,1 ,u,,t
1
111, l, 1,111•" llfi!
t 11) lt111 fryd11 1H 1•111 It 11111~11 111 th, 1•11tl11d1111111•,
llh.llL'III, 111111 Ii I~ 111• ~,.111 1 ,11 II· ,,,,,,, ,111h~gi,
1ll111v1• llw 11lih111 111 111 1111•1111111 h1111dl11N 111
(II) lf)'J10lll'l'llll• L''Jll~i~JI, 11/ tw,, •11 tlm • luy, rn 11/
111, hlllll 111 1A1•111I 11111111 11111,i h 11" <1111111•,1 1il1111
- I pli 11t11111I 111111 NUlrt1111d1y11111 ,,~lh
"). \ ~ 'J ~ ~1 t plihu111I~
r ///) 01·011od '1'1•1111,, IH JI"'' 11<,J, y11ml• ,1111 u,id J11 11 111
:~: 'T\J,i: , ,1t.,( 11v111111111t111~ dlfl1U'llt1Jli1l1•<l 111111 <'lllh,. 1 /t Jillh
~~t\tt>' l~lt'~ ' l'm1:11111t1y111"' (/11) V11n•ul11f' lltUldh•H lltl JIIJHIY 1111d t'Ulf~rd '"
tlu• u,11111111 1IHN1t1 1 lltl y vu, Y 111 ~,11 Ji
~ tll1111Jh )
, c'llo ,, lt1 ~ . , I pJd,,11,1111
< ~ltmHII
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IJ/J
r 11111111111 m1111 1

~ 1!1i fJ r., '11·1 W ~ ,,,

!} '<. j W 'JI (.,f1 Jii.l ' V1U1f,1Jli11
'1~I) •
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ff ...~,
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" rt) t. '0 G:-r ~ •
... • I

' JJ IJ, '!)

I • 1161 r,J)W' , \:~~ t'
~ I{ ll
(ti) I l1t111111f plt111
M,111111111 Ill Pith r· I\)'° (')/ 11,J,) Ii} :x
c,r,1111,11
,11,1111J•J

" "•rft1.-i,tr,t
' (fJ !, ,111',J ,~~,:'rJI/
t1111i.i1t11J
I 1111111!• ' (11) <1111111111 11h11,
I phh~1111I~
I lyp111l1tt111I•
1:111t,u,
IV
,f f5 Iw .
,
y4:rr I
C,Ullt1ltJ
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I f•1111irh111r11~
I 111hnlw111lh
1111111y1111
t ,I
j ~i1Jli,r1J111,I 1y1,11,
111\111 Ill
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M11111wyh1111 ) M,,i.,~yl,1111
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MJ111i1ll111y 1,1y
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)
1•1111 f1
1111A11111111,,1111 11111111 I:.:,
(/1) /\ Jllll 11011 <mlrtt(Jf.ld 0
lo'IU, (1, II 1111111 'ih 111 IS
11'111, /1,ll 1\111111,11•111 't11•111 I ti I

?..•,r.d,--:-. w.rci· 1 % 1/11.1~1·

·------l-
\I

~ _:.,:;,,----------------
 ... :.ii r bundle 1s surrounded by 10. ANATOMY OF MONOC01YLfD{J~Ol.S
b.IMlc5hcath ISO Bl LAT...,RAL LEAF
'tS are c<mJOmt and closed: • The tralJS'. ~rJ! sectum ofa:1 isooila1craHeaf
h a...,d charactenstica11y a an uw-:r and a lov, er c.-pid..orrn • the mmJb:r d
wtom!a ah,'10St equal 011n:b lhc 5wf~
CF DlCOTI'LEDO!'\OUS/
1 \ • Jngrasses.ce:tamcell~or.,ka<bxial('J)idennis
E'\"TRAL Lf.Af along the vem , ar~ mo<lifi~.i1f0. Lu~e. ~
.l • 1he ur;>-• surface 1s covered by adax1al and colC'..: !".>S cells, c a l ~ ~ ~ wf.d
ep1dzmu and the lower surface 15 covered bv cause the lca11cs curl 1cr11ard, :o mimrllJ.5e ,;;a:er
~ ... a SL'lg " 1,, ercd abaxial epidemns. ., loss
<0 The s e ew:Jo~ bytese tv. 0 epiiC.!J!!al ,; Mesophyll i hmnogl!"'~~ ar.d cor.aSJsts ofonly
r..:,, layeiS. caltoorruc mcsop~ffii'sls ,
pal!sade mi spongy parenchyma. • The paralJel i. enatJoa in ihc leaf is rcllected m
spongy parcn-;by;na_

1 • The ~"Jla· bundles represent the midno and the near similar sizes of :he vascular bundles,
1, ~ ~uie; ·,ems. the xylem is adaxial and the phloem except that of .he mam i.em; V"5Clllar bundles
is a 12. f ,I. 1 are conjoint
cl • I~ l "tM' ,1.f--\.l~}.yu..c., ~ (. ~------E:<A.d5!oor;~
=-. .:.
r.✓• • • • V..:.t,:&-:<~U~ c.n,,f ~ . . . . .
~~::::.. ~.. ~~~=::~:::::~ ~~errr15
".:~.. ·:- -~.;.,:_-.-,~...... --•h--~,jfPalisade
Jtt"n.~~q yt,n,,,t
U::oe:r
"'It..>,,- -;,, ,,. .. - ~
r
er·~,::cr,is
....- • -I , -"'! -,.:;.•..:..r~ 1 ; J ~ ~ ,#
-~:"l~~:J ·
•~ ..;..1', ~ '"'• ,.,.. --.,;:.,.
~--;i1~.-:--~-;~4~-~:.:..
- -·~ •-v . ~-' ,.... - , . ~ ~
Par~: ...._......
paronrhuwon~

-~•7.mo ,..,.,..u,
:i.'l~~~~.z,~
e~;_ffi~'¢.-V~~
. - :--
..
M-....Aphytl~
g,,"'!- ,{.:,-:,· -~~.,.r--# ~ Sderenchyma =·"...,...,~=--· ..~ e.J-;,::t~ cheath

✓ -:.
-~~ •·""'::i' 'f:.-J-<,.,_r;.; ;,5=:%} Xy'.em
_..ft.c· • ·--:?Z:-~@7..~- ~._; Phloem
~~ ~:£,;.-'::..
-~- ~ i
.-
~-,..~w:.. ""-space
~ .~ , /;,,:..,.,_. ~ . ~~.. ~ ,!'; .,,.:z
_;...!:, --t;-...;'; ~ - ~.._,
•*.,,....,. _-.•,. .:~r•-.~'7""" \
ffi!•,;;,:.~~
~'tli/;idi""e:t..>:
'i'~i•~;-,o,~n. --
·' ~'?!!)
-~"'>,:;~:.;',Ji'~= .-:r-
-xy1em
..;,:~~~ ./)~j

r~
cf.-/J_'!'~ "\

t ~~-f,._.:_!.;._-{:;,;;- .:,..,_~==r ~~~~~- ~~--;~~

,<__o'-o f -~ '.!3 TS. of Dicot Leaf _ L,/ \ ._- ~
0( 11. OCC -AP.Y GROWlll N DICOT STE.'\1 ~ig, ').l~ T.S. of M<J:io--..oc v.:af --(~ \,t c..i- tl''(I:
·..;- ~ Secoat!ary growth in dtcot stems is llJ ed b 11 ·
mcristems. ac ev y asctcular. mtcrfosckular z.r,rl ccr:: ca:r:bia, the lateral
Eptdenn,s
~~@/Cortex Phe;:em~
t;lj...; a{Pnmary
ty v _......~-., Plle~n ~

~§J~~f§~~ ~\ ~,,
~~~;r-' .. :ta fv... -t.-....
\f,,__..,,,,J>- ~
~Pith
lnterfasacular
cambium
Fig. 6.15 Stages m Secondary Growth of Dicot Stem
'
·
,
ea= ~-
~ry

.ng
\

r+
f'' ,.._, 4
• The m::r:- se mth•clmcss ofstem 1s accomplished

by ~n 111crcasc in the quantity of secondary

Vlieulat lls\uc<,, mainly secondary xylem in
pencycle lying oppoS1tc to the xylem ou
become men.<;tcmatic. gr ps.
• Th_esc S1nps of meri.~!£._~tJc cells 1oin to form
d1cot .tern-. a cambial nn2 undergo d1v1sioos aiia produce
secondary phloem on 1t-; outer side and secondarv
12. SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS xylem on tL'i inner side C,--A.... .J - ~ 'c.-.....4- J
• Some cells of the conjuct1vc tissue on the 1
• Secondary protective ti~-ru:s are also fonncd that -,.,
mner i:d •e of phl'.lem and cenam cells of the replace the epidenn1s: the events nre sunII -
those of d1cot stem ar tu ,-,W,:..:,

1--'89 ~
~~.-...
Anatomy ofFlowermg PiantJ
,.J J...k-c.c.... ru.~ --' ")~ ~
,. ... ~,1...., JCA.
 --
\11~1
J,1
1 .2
1 ..2

!!:fem, lJ
Corl~
Porn;JfY P ~
I
I
,,...._'""'_Ar,nua (11'1{}

S,o(;G!ldaJ":f 1t,an 1
54,r,rµj;Jf/
ph,Oertl (.:J"

Fi2- 6.16 Stages tn Sec.ondary Growlh of Ou:oc l<ool knOWr1 a5 fate

the growing se-.lSOfl (au1umn), 1s
13. WOOD
bark or hard bark 1.
• Botanically, the secondary xylem, is called
wood. 15. LENTJCELS . r. d
• Lenticels are the leno;-slJapcd openings ,oun 1
• The cambium 1s very active 10 spring and
ID the phellem/cork region of woody tree;..
produces xylary clements that are larger m
d11nens1on; this type of wood formed m spnng • At certain region!>. the phc!logcn produces
is called spnng wood or early wood. closely arranged parenchyma cells on the
outer side, instead of the cork cells; such a
.. ""i,i;J. In winter, the cambiwn is less acuve and forms large quantity of parenchyrna cells prodi::ce.G
xylary elements that i:re smaller in dimension,
rupture the epaderrms and fonn lens-shaped
this type of wood formed in winter, is called
autumn wood or late wood. operungs •
• Lenucels permit the exchange of gases oef\.'- cen
Spring wood and aun.unn wood occur as alternate/
the atmosphere and the internal (living) tissues
concentric nngs and the wood produced in a
year, 1s an annual nag. of the stem.
• In old trees, the central core ofwood that consists
of dead dements with highly thickened/lignified
walls, 1s called heart wood. Compfi.-
• The pe ,pberal region of thi;_ _g<:.Q.11~ xvleml merrtary
cehs
wood. is c.11led sa1?,. wo2f!. eorx
cambium
14. BA.fl!{
• Bark refers to all the tissues. exterior to the
vascuhr cambium or cambial nng; 1t is a non-
teehrucal ti;rm; 1t 1:1cludes pbellem. phellogen, '('C~~'iF-~zif,;.:.;-----Secon dary
phellodenn and secondary phloem. cortex
• The bark, which 1s formed early m the growmg
season {spnng), 1s called early bark or soft bark; Fig. 6.17 e
the bark. winch is formed towards the end of _r:--..,
l..";-c.,. c.~O•~ ~,.._
p tJ f: t. v-, " ~ ,.,_
tc1'2-~ u ft. f' 11C. L,~V•""

90 7~un ~ Biology-XI pe; ru ,, c,q.,

--,.~----- $ ( ( N P1i '{ I
Sic• ,_..w,

)J
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS) 1 MARK
1.1. What 11, plant anatomy? 1.22. In the absence of a nucleus, how are the
1.2. Where docs growth occur in plants?
functions of a sieve tube mamtained?
1.3. What km<l of plant tissue 1s found in the 1.23. Name the tissue represented by jute fibres
buds located in the axils of leaves? used m makmg ropes.
1.4. Nnmc the kmd of tissue found at the shoot Or
torm
1 lip. [NCT 2008] Name the dead clements present in phloem.
1.5. The lnwn grass (Cya11odo11 dacty/on) needs 1.24. What is protophloem?
to be mo•.ved frequently to prevent its over- 1.25. What is mcsophyll?
m
growth. Wluch ussuc is responsible for its 1.26. When do you refer to a vascular bundle as
rapid growth? [NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS] a closed bundle?
1.6. Give two examples of lateral meristcm in 1.27. Wnte the appropriate name of A shown in
plant:;, the diagram. [NCT 2009]
1.7. Which type of meristcm 1s cylindrical
mcristem?
1.1). What <lo you mean by permanent or mature A
: nown as lute
cells?
1.9. Name two specialised kinds of parenchyma.
1.10. Wh:it type of cells/tissue provides mechanical
nings founc1 support to growing parts of plants?
11>dy tree, . 1.28. Where is fascicular can ',ium Jor,ated?
1.11. Write the appropriate name at (A) shown in
d n produces the diagram of a fibre. [NCT 2010] 1.29. Where is phloem found in a co1Jo10t vascular
c ells on the bundle?
d :11s; such u A 1.30. The cross section of a plant material showed
ls produced the following features, when viewed under
lens-shaped the microscope.
(a) The vascular bundles were radially
scs between arranged.
·ing) tissur:; (b) Four xylem strands with exarch condition
1.12. Give two examples of fruits having sclereids. of protoxylem.
1.13. Give two examples of complex permanent To which organ should it be assigneJ?
tissues. [NCERT Exemplar]
1.14. N:ime tnc only living cells/component of 1.31. Name the anatomical layer in the root from
:ompU- xylem. which the lateral branches of root arise.
nentary 1.15. How are the vessel members 10 xylem 1.32. What is meant by stele?
m :ells
interconnected?
:ork t.33. What is eonjuctive tissue?
:omb111m 1.16. What is the function of phloem paren-
1.34. Arrange the following in the sequence in
chymn? [NCERT Exemplar] which yoiu would find them in a plant starting
1.17. What category of pennanent plant cell is from the periphery:
ta ;ocor1dory companion cell? Pericycle, Epidermis, Pith, Endodennis,
ortox 1.18. What is the function of a companion cell? Cortex. [NCT 2011]
1.19. Mention any one characteristic of the sieve t.35. Why is the endodermis of a dicot stem
tube members. referred to as starch sheath? [HOTS]
1.20. Name the group of plants where phloem t.36. Name the type of cells/tissue that constitute(s)
parcnchymn 1s absent. the pith.
1.21. What are bast fibres?
Anatomy ofFlowermg Plants 91
 of plniit .
..,1. , . scct1Cln O • nintcrinl
rhr tronsvcrs~
res· 1.41. Ammgc fhe followin1; in tl,c 11cqucncc
you
, shows th1: lo1lowing nnutomicnl featu would find them in ,1 plnnr ffl,1rting from the
(11) the vusculnr huudl~s art' cotiJ'oiitt . ·'
•scnttcrcd pcriphi;ry:
nnd smroundcd by a sclcrcnchymutous bund le
Phcllem, Phclloderm, Phcllogcn
shcuths .(/,) phlo, em iwcncliyiii n 1s. nbsent (NrM<7 r «•mp/or!
What WIil you 1dc1111fy It os? rNC'/:R71 i:11
.• 1.42. Uive one b.i~ic functmnal dilforcncr ~ctwc
1.38, Whll"It ,~ mcnnt by adaxial C!lld cnnis m n phcllogcn Md phull orfcnn /NC !ifli Fxm1 p/ar/
Ieat . 1.43. Why urc cork/phcllcrn cell<; ,mpcrvwu
, !O
cells that mnk:e the lcuvcs cur1 fH07 :S1
. t are the
J.39. Whn wutcr?
m p1ants dunng wntcr stress? 1.44, llow 1s the ngc of 11 tree calculated?
[NCERT Exemplar] 1.45. Why 1s there no secondary growth
in ?
ium [f/OT SJ
1.40. Give the technicnl tenn for {a) cork camb monocot stcm7
(b) secondary cortex. Why is hcnrt wood dark m colo ur? [f/OT S1
1.46.
2 MARKS
SnoRT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I ) hairs. [NrERT Exemplar]
and
2.1. Differentiate between merntemallc a d1cot
pem1anent tissues. 2.J 5. Mention two functions of pen cycle in
2·2• How does the apical meristem differ from root.
dicot
lateral menstem? 2.16. Differentiate between d1cot stem and
root on the basis of their vasc ular bund les
rent
2.3. How are simple permanent tissues diffe t 1s their
tissues? 2.17. What are bu!IJ form cells? Wha
from complex permanent
function?
2.4. (a) Define the term ussue. a dor-
2.J 8. Ditferenl!ate between the anatomy of
(b) Name the kmd of tissue that: s1ventral leaf and that of an 1sob tlater al leaf.
(i) stores starch in potato and 2.19. Differentiate between pnmary grow
th and
(ii) forms the shell in nuts secondary growth.
rences
2.5. Give the structural and functtOnal diffe 2.20. Differentiate between spnng wood and
autumn
between parenchym a and collenchyma
wood.
2.6. How are sclere1ds different from
scleren-
2.21. What 1s meant by·
chyma fibres ?
and (a) early bark and (b) late bark?
2.7. Differentiate between parenchyma 2.22. If one debarks a tree, what parts of
the ::,!ant
sclen:nchy ma. are being removed? [NCERT Exem plar]
and
2.8. Differentiate between collenchyma Or
sclerer.chyma. Name the various kinds of cell layers whic
h
2.9. Write two differences between proto
xylem xt. NCE RTJ
constitute the bark. [In-te
and mc:t:.xylem. fascicular
meta- 2.23. Bnng out the differences between
2.10. How does protophloem differ from cambium and phellogen
pWoem? sap wocd
itions 2.24. Distinguish between heart wood and
2.11 . How are exarch and endarch cond form ed in a d1cot
2.25. How 1s vascular cambmm
different anatollUcally? it differ from that of a d1cot
complex root? How does
2.12. Why are xylem and phloem called stem? [HOT S]
tissues? [NCER7]
study of plant anato my usefu l to
What is their function? 2.26. How is the
2.13. Wbal are guard ceUs? (NCER7]
stem hairs and root us?
::. 14. Distmgmsb between

92 7~ ~ Biology - XI

__ _ _____ -
______
__ __ _ _ _ _
, . . . . _ __ _ _..J.._
 SHORT ;\NSWER TYPE QUESTlONS-1 1)
3 MARKS
3.1. (a) labelled diagram of phloem of
D;;:iw ;:i
(b> What is the name given to such a bundle?
angiospcnns.
(c) How arc xylem vessels arranged?
(b) Name the cells of phloem that
Exemplar] (d') What type of cells constitute the pith?
ce between (1) lack a nucleus
3.6. Answer the followmg with reference to the
(i1) 1s specialised parenchyrna
T Exemplar) anatomy of monocot stem:
pcrv,ous to 3.2. Draw a diagram of the transverse section of (a) How arc the vascular bundles arranged?
[HOTS] a d1cot root and label six parts m 1t. (b) How are the xylem vessels arranged m
.itcd'' 3.3. Answer the following with reference to the each bundle?
r()wth •n ,) anatomy of dicot root: (c) What do you call such an arrangement?
[/!?TS] (a) \7/hcre is pencycle located? (cf) Vascular bundles are closed ones. What
ur> [IIOTSJ Cb) How are xylem vessels arranged? type of tissue 1s Jacking m them?
(c) \Vh;,i do you call such an arrangement? 3.7. Draw a diagram of a portton of the cross
2 M/.Rf<S (d) Which type of cells constitute the section ofa monocot stem and label Sl}( parts
Exemplar] cortex? m 1t.
le in a dicot 3.t.. Draw a neat diagram of TS. ofmonocot root 3.8. What 1s pendcrm? How does periderm
and label the following in 1t: fonnalton take place m d1cot stems?
1 and dicot Ep1dem11s. Cortex, Pencycle, Xylem, Phloem [NCER7] [NCT 2013]
ar bundles. and Endodenms. [NCI' 2012] 3.9. CorJ,; cambium fom1s tissues that form the
at is their 3.5. An:;wcr the following with reference to the cork. Do you agree wtth tlus statement?
ancltomy of dicot stem: Explam. [NCER7]
y of a d0r- (a) \Vhereexactlyar ethecambialcell slocated 3.10. Draw a l11bclled dwg ::m showmg cellular
latcrnJ leaf m the vascular bundle? details in the bark with a :~nticel
owth and LoNG ANsw~R TYPE QUESTIONS )
5 MARKS
5.1. State the location and function of different the structure of stomata with a labelled
andautum11
types of menstems. [NCER7] diagram. [NCER7]
5.2. Draw labelled diagrams of parenchyma, 5.5. Descnbe the internal structure of a dorsiventral
collcnchyma and a sclereid. leaf with the help of labelled cliagram.[NCERT]
5.3. Name the three basic tissue systems in the 5.6. Explain the process of secondary growth
fthc plant flowering plants Give the tissue names under m the stems of woody angiospera;J with
Exr:mplar] each c;ystem [NCER7] the help of schematic diagrams. What is its
5.4. What is stomata) apparatus? Explain sigmficance? [NCER7]
crs which
. NC!:RT) VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
fa•,c1c11lar I. The act1v1ty of cambium is mfluenced by 2. A simple permanent tissue 1s made of only
cnv1romnental factors. In temperate regions, one type of cells. There are three types of
sap wood, where the four seasons are pronounced, simple permanent tissues m plants.
ma dicot the secondary xylem vessels and tracheids (a) What 1s meant by a permanent tissue?
of a dicol produced under different seasons (say in (b) Name the three types of simple permanent
spring and winter/autumn) arc different in tissue in plants.
[/IOTSJ
quantity and size. (c) Which among them 1s present m the pulp
u1 cful ttJ (a) Why nre they different in their sizes?
[NCERTj of fruits like guava?
(b) What are annual rings? (d) What 1s the value taught by these different
(f) Wbat vaJuo is ln,di~ated by such a tissues?

93
 lh lh1111 l
Ihl'l'l' I• I I
phl1s111 111
~1t•111
1,11 \\ h\ f11c tit, \U r\ll,U
lllu•I ~lt'f11 cl dllH t l!
1•1111111~
l~l \\'lt,,1 "'" r1•11J1•t11I , ;,\tulur b11r1.ll,
111 ,11111 h 1•;111(,1 cl lh ptiut I!! U, r
ptt•\'111/
tel \\'!1111 tH' r,11lt11I \-11\"ular l•1111tUcs In
\\ hkh 1•111 C,,r 1h~ ,,11.111 IU\' 1tic, r,,m1<l1
(,.I) 1 w1t,111 tht' ,1111n11 \,m h.'wt't 1 Jrnt

lANSWltRS)
:V'b:R\' sumn ANS" t•:tt T\'I'~' Qll~'.S'l'lONS) I :\IJ\.RK
l. t. l'h1111 111111t1>1ny ,~ tht' ~r.111oh ,,t' ~~11•11,~ th111 ~l11dl1•~
thi, 11111•111111 ~1111~1111~ \ll ph1111, IIIIQl1111, \ll \'\11\IJ'illlll•ll "lh
l.2. ll1,,w1h 111'\'Ut"N in th,• m,•11~111111, In ph111N 1•.1,1, l'hl111•11\ Ill>\\•,- ,1•k1,•11d1\'\IM
1.3. M11u~t,•1111111~ 11~~111• l,J,1, l11,1t,>11bll•l'HI l\1 h' I' \\I th,• fu ~1 (1•1111"_, rtmtll)
1.4, Apl1!nl II\Nbt11m/i11~n~t11mutk 1ls~11~. phl\\\'llh wlws" ~t,•h llll•r, .11't! 11.111,1\1 ,
I.~. l111on'11l11ry 1111•11~1,,,n. l.2~. .i,
t-.k~1>ph,vll 1s th1· ~m11111l tb,1,,.-1,fl, c,: 11 \,,11$1•1.!
vf thln•w,1111"11, ~hl1w1>l,,,,. ,\111t.1i11111tt \~II&
1.(1. 1'us~·1cul111 1-.unhimn 1111\l ph~lk•i:l'n (\~>rl \'llllllllllm).
t.iti. Whl.'t\ tlw , ,is,·ul~1 l>\11\Jk hi.·~, .:1tmt-iurn 1t rs
1.7. l.11t1:ml 11w1ist1•m
t\'t1.'11'\'J I\> IIS \'11*,•1I
1.11. M111m" ,,r 1wmu111~111 Nib m,· tl11'li'-' 1't'll~ wlnl'h lnw->
become ~11 u11hm11ly ,11111 l\1m11l1>11111ly ~1>c1•\11li~~ll l,I7. l'i1s\'i~11lt11 1m111blu111
1111d lo~l lh1• ra1>u111ly Ill dlvill~. UN, 1:usl'll'11hu cmnl1i11m ,~ lll\\tt,'icl III t>..•l\\ 1:,·11 p.hl,><:m
1111,I \\'ll'I\I ht dil'vt sl\'lll l•111t1lks
V>. l'Nicy¢11>, rnmpunio11 c1•lk
l.2'>, ht 11 ,•111\il>illl v,1s,111h11 l>11111lk. phl,l\'111 1s l,,;:.,t(,.i
I. I0. C'olk•noh,vmu 1·i:lls/t1s~uc
t1•w1mls th1• 1>ut1:1 M1k ,,,, p,1 iphl'tl.
I. ll. Luin1·11
(111\1' /1111) l,Jll, l)i\-1>l twl
1.l?. Ouavu, p~m. s11p11tu.
l. 13. Xylom 11ml phlocn,.
\.,\l, Sl\111 1'1111/l"N II> 1111 th,• h~sn,,, that 111\'.' 1'1>\U>sl 11111..-t h'
1
1.14. X)l~•m p111\l11rh)11111 th1> ~ud1>1lt-r111is ,1ml 1,,m,t~b 1>t'pm1·~,,t,• ,11,,111.tt
t.l!i. V~•si ,11 llll'lllhl l S 111\' hm•1'al11111N>h.,d thl'\lll!lh l>lntdks, 1•1>t\im•II\ l' tissu,• un,1 p\th
1wrllll'1\h1>11, in lhuir cmlir1>11111w11 wolls.
I ..U. rh,, plll'1lll hy11ml\\llS ll~l\\' l'l\'~,·11l b1.'l\\,~II '\\ kl\l
1

1.16. ll slC11cs li.>1\11 1rn1tcn11ls. 1i:sins. l111c-;-.. mu! mudll\Sll, t1nd phll11:111 ,,r 1\11,ts. ,~ ,-.111.:,1 ,,,1\111,11"'' 11~11,·
1.17. l'1lrcnchym11 cells 1.34. li1,itl~11111s l\>1l1:'\ l'llll1>,k1111is 1\:111.')\'l,•
I.IS. t'ho comp1111H>n rdls h\)tp In m,1i11t11inintt lhll Pith.
r1 c~s111'tl ~1111fa·11t 111 th,, $i~vu tulws. t..l!i, Sil\Cl' lh1• 1•111l,llll'llllUI 1•1.'lh ,ll\' 11,·h Ill Sl:11\'h )lli.111\s',
l,IIJ. A si1>Vl' 1ubu 111ombc1 tll m111urHy 1>oss11~~os 11 1t Is Nforn,·J l1> .1s stot\'11 ,h1•Jth ~
p~nph1>ti1l cy1opl11sm 11ml II lmw, c~ntrol ,~1cm>lt.1;
t.36. \lt1N1Why11111
thu uucl~us is 11bscn1.
1.37, M1>1\()1'1>t stom
Tho1r end wnlb 11ro po1forntc,d w form sioV\'
1..,11. The ~pi\11'11111$ 1·1>\\'rmt, tlw llt'J',l ~1111:11\' ,,t' th..'
pltllC'~. lu11t'. is n1lkd 11<ta,i.1l ,•pkkmu,.
1.20. Monocmykduns. 1..111. Buthll>tm n•lls
1.21. Phloem Hbn:s nrc culled bust tllircs. thQ)' nro 1hc
1.40. \11) Phl'll1>11~11 th) l'h1•1l\11km1
sclcrcnchynm llbr~,

94 709ed,::,r, e<>tt/t® lliolugy Xi


I. II, l'hdl I'• l'li II( I l'h 11..,h•1111
,, 1, 111,1 11~ 1111 d p111rh11 en
1,,0, (h,ll,1 ,111 111
, , II
l'h,l1,tolinll '•ht1 •'~ 1111 ,111111111111,d~
1.4 \ , I ntl 1,1 ii ~ ii 1111111 II 111
,,I 11 H 11'1
'' I 11 ,1· ,, t1r, 1ft
1,..,. 1' 11•~
S11rnn AN:-;Wl-:lt 'v1•1,:
l',lr111ulh IINIIIIC nrc
,,n,l11wr1I w1lh the
Jllll"t'I nl 11tvl~1u11.
M• ,1•,k1111•1h ll•~IIC~
1111 l11t:111<·d 111 sp11•
1•,lk n•11l1111H, cnllt:cl
1111•rt•o,:11111 111 pl11111H.
I h, V lwlp Ill rrowlh
nl plc1111•,
2.1. , lr•lt-11/ /lfrrl~t1'111~ __
'Jl11> Nl IIIOI INIOIIIS
whirh 1111• loc111cd
:11 llw tips of' wols
,,nd ~111 ml,, Ill\' cnllt:d
.1p1rnl 1111:rhlloms.
I hey help 111 !llOWlh
111 l1·111•th or the
pl11111
'rh~y 101111 prlmury
11•m11u~ of the plnnl-
hody
2.;l. - -
S/111plc• /'11rmn11r11t
11.V\/11'.~
II 1s the IISMIO where
Cl'II~ huvc lust the
priwc1 ofdlv11,in11 und
11ll l'Clls nrc Nimil11r in
slntl'h111• nncl Nhupo.
1 h~y III r l'l•lll'l'rtlCII
wllh Nl0i,ll(1' ~t\:rcllon,
n,r, h.11111•111 111•p111I,
Cl~.
' group of call» 1h01 hnvo
lll'II
l\ij 11111,11 1,,1 .11111111 drp11~1tl1111
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<,umsT10Ns-1 J (II)
,,,,r11111111•11r ns.~111•
I hi.' l'Olls nf' po, nm•
11c1111 lssuo~ hnvo lost
the p11wo1 of divl-
~11111.
l'rrmnni,111 tissues 1110
found in 11h11os1 ull
purl or thu plnnt.
They help in muny
l\lncllonh hkc s1vr-
11~w. 1·01Hluc1ion,
.. rhotosynthcsls, etc.
Lnwml Mt•rl.\'111111,1·
Those moris1cms
which nro found
purnllol lo the outer
Nurfoce or lhe 1111\llltC
pnrt ol'plnnt, ,11'0.:ulh:<l
lntcrnl mcrislcm~.
They help in growth
in thicknes~ of the
pl11nt.
They fonn sccondnry
1lm1os.
---·
C11mplt•.t ,,,,,111111111111
11.~.W('.\'
-
II is tho tissue where
cells hnvl' lost the
powurof<livision, bul
cells nro of dtfTurent
shupcs nnd stmcturc.
· Thuy ut'll mnlnly In-
volvcd 111 conduction
of motcnnls.
mmon
numlwr of 11111111111 111ll(',. An ,mnu11I ring refer• to
the• Wllnd r n•htc,·,1 d11rmg II ycnr nnd include~ the
"P' ing I\ umf 11111I 111111111111 won<I
I..1,. Since n111hh11n 1~ nh 1enl 10 monocol Mem, there
1~ Ill• ~crnndory irnwth ilr 11.
1..1(1, Ilcnll wnotl 1, d111k in colour duo r., the pre.11cnce of
ij\lh~lnnco, ltki, tnnnin 1, rc~ln~. gum~. oil,, etc.
2 MARKS
Sclcrenchyma
(I,) (/) Pnronchyniu
2.~.
-----
l'1irrt1l'''.''llln f'11lltnt:ltyma
.:.----+--
The ~ells nrc TI1c cell wnll bccNncs
11110,
wnllcd. unevenly thickened,
u~uolly al the
come~.
lntorccll1111r spucus lntcrcclluf;ir space11
mny he present ~re generally absent.
Cells retn1n the - Cells lose che
capac11y to d1v1de
cop11c11y Ill dl\·rdr.
even nt m,,tunty
't give~ mcchumcal
Its mum funcuon~
nrc sloru8u nnd tn:ngth und flex1bihty
2.6.
secretion.
,---------_-_-_-_-_-_........
Sclerrlds
11,
___
gro,• 1'1J organs
Scl,:rmd1Jmn Fibns
1-------------
fhc~c cells nre Thc:;c ceils are elon-
irrcgulur 111 ~hnpe gutcd .ind flexible
nnd 1101 clongntcd. with t:ipcnng ends.
Tht·ccllwnllishighly These cells hove
tl11ck.:ncd. with n hgntfied cell \\alb
nurrow lumen.
These ,1re present 1n Fibres arc found
thc pulp of gunvu nnd in nssoc10.1101' I\ 1th
penr fru1L~ and in the phloem (bast fitm..'S l
shells of nuts. nnd xylem {wood
fibre~).
2.7. l'art'nc/1y111a Sdl!rMclo•ma
Cells ore living o.t - Cells arc dead at
llllltltrily. mnturity.
C1ill wnll is thin nnd Cell wnll is evenly
nm<lo of Cl'lluk,sc. tbid.encd with hgnin.
lls llllllll t'unt'lion is - Its muin function is
Sltlrl\!\l' 10 SI\ c mei:hunit-al
Sll"l'llgth
II is fount.I 111 the It 1s fo\lnd in the h}-
COfh)X 1111d pith podcm'1s nn,1 nround
th~· vnsc11lu1 bundll•s
of moncx-ot st.:m.
95
 7- 2.8.
Collenchym11 Sr/,,,.;:;,;i,ym~ - mctnxylcm towurd, tow1infq the pcriph•
2.18

fhe cells nrc nlivc 1 h e ~ d--;;ncl1; the pith/c,•ntrc, tho Cr)', the condition ti
al mnturity. 11111tutily. cond1lmn 1, exarch, cnJarch, PK • Xylem
- Cell wall is unevenly Cell wall is uniformly ,·.g, Xylem of root•, ol Mcm
thickened, wiUi pcctill'
thickcnedwilh hgmn;
thickenings aro promi~ ~omclltm:s lumen is
2.12. - /\ complex tis~uc cons1~t11 or more thon one
type of cells, whi1.h work together a~ a unit for
ncnt in the comers obliterntcd
- It gives stronglh und a common funcllon.
It gives mcchnnicol
flexibility to growing - Xylem cons1~1s r,J' four types of ccll11 trachc1d ,
support 10 tho organ
organs. vessels, xylem fibres and xylem p,ircnchyma, hul
and the fibres nro
carry out the concluet111n of water and minerals
used for mnkrng
ropes/th rends. from the roori. to other parts of the pl:rnt
- It may possess chlo- - ll never possesses - Phloem consists of four types of cells sieve
roplasts and cany out chloroplasts. tubes, companion cells, phloem parcnchyma and
photosynthesis phloem fibres; 11 conducts orgamc substancc:s
- So xylem and phloem .ire complex permanent 2.1
2.8 Colle1tcliy111a Sclere11cl1y111a tissues.
The cells are alive - The cells are dead at :z. 13. - Guard cells arc the specialised t:pidcrmal cells
at maturity. maturity. that surround the stoma; they po~~ess chloroplasts
- Cell wall is unevenly - Cell wall is unifonnly and carry out photosynthesis.
thickened, with pee- thickened with hgnin; - They regulate the opening and closing of stomata
tin; thickenmgs are sometimes lumen is for exchange of gases and transpiration.
prominent in the obliterated
comers. 2.14. Stem Hairs Root Hairs
- It gives strength and - It gives mechanical - Stem hairs are mulu- - Root hairs are u111ccl- 2.2
flexibility to growing support to the organ cellular. lular extensions of
organs. and the fibres are epidermal cells.
used for making
- They help to prevent - They help in absorp-
ropes/threads. 110n of water and
excess water loss
- It may possess chlo- - It never possesses minerals.
ropl?.sts and carry out chloroplasts.
photosynthesis. 2.15. - Lateral roots are initiated from pericycle
- It helps m secondary growth by certam cells
2.9. Protoxylem Metaxy/em
becoming menstemauc.
- It is the first fo1med - It is tl1e later formed Dicot Stem Vt1sc11/ar Dicot Root Vasw/ar
pnmary xylem. primary xylem.
B1111tlles B1111dles
- Thi; vessels are smal- - The vessles are larger
!er in d11nens10n 111 dimension. - Vascular bundles are - Vascular bundles ai;
c;:
ti': conjomt. radial.
2.10. Protophloem Metaphloem - Xylem is endarch. - Xylem 1s exarch.
- The first formed - The later formed - Camb1w11 1s present. - Cambium 1s abse'1t.
pnmary phloem 1s pnmary phloem is
2. 17. - Bulhform Cells are certain adaxial epiderm..11
called protophloem. called metaphloem.
ceUs along tl1e vems, which have become larae
- The sieve tubes are - The sieve tubes are and colourless. "' 2
narrow. larger.
- When bulhform cells arc nirg1d. the leaf surface
2.11. Exarc/1 Contlitio11 E11darcl1 Condition is exposed; when they ar..: flacc1<l, the lea'l.es
curl mwards and the surface 1s not exposed
- When protoxylem - When protoxylem is
is found towards towards the centre/
....!~.':. penphery_ and ... pith and _metaxylem_

96 7 ~ ~Biology-XI
 .A~
"\ 'v.j}
\ 'I'" "·· .
~r •r-rll'('Tl/rlll l.c,,r -
-;,,,h,:;;,-;;:,1111:,.nr
. '. 2.23. ---- ----..------:]
F111, 1<·11/f!,• Cm •l,/rm, Cork Cnml,ium
, ,. , .---::- Ntmihci <11 ~10111111.1111 (1'/,,l/(][(e/1}
Nnntl'I 1' <'I :-11,mal' is I II •
\..
'ltr
I ' t, ,inl nh11u~t cqun on _ii:: r---------1-~-:--:--:-::-:~
I l 1~ th men stem It 1ii the mcn<.,em
nu11c ,,n t t1.; ll u I l ix I'll nud uh11x111I
l111lk'lll11Stllll11tlll'~l'~ll\ I<' • 111 rhc ~t,;lur rcg1011, ou1c;1dc the c;telar
,•,, ,trl.r,ml t·pukn111~. cpulcnms. tns1<lc the vu•,cular region.
Mc~u,ihyll is differ• Mc~ophyll consists hundk~.
cntint<·d int,, palismIc of only spongy It pi o<luc ~ 'ICC<md:i ry It produces secondary
pnrcnchyma cells. vac;c11l,1r t1~~11c-, protective and s!oragc
•1111I spontn pnrcn•
~-h)lllll. li~!.l.les•
Bulliform cell~ nrc It 1s a prm,::ry incr- It 1c; a sr.condary
llulltform c<'lls urc
1stcm, to·mi:d from mcri-:tem, formed
"hsrnt present.
prociirnb1um from the peripheral
Vn~•·nl:ir bundles arc - vnsculnr bundles
urc i;imilar in size, layers of cortex.
ci1,icn•nt in ~1.~c; lhut
,_,r the mi<lnb is the owmg to the pnrallel 2.24. llcnrt Wand I
Sap Wood
L.- ].,, rc~t venation.
- It is the central core -
of wood fo1mc<l a Her
It is the penpheral part
.~ i O • [_-; .i;;:~r:'' Grc>ll't~--1--S_,_•c_n_11_d:-"_rJ_'_G_r_o_,_vt~I,~ a certain years of
of the wood, formed
after certain years of
It r~f<:'1:; to the growti1
--- It refers to the - secondary growth. secondary growth.
I growth in thickness
lcnrth of the plant,
11,
of the plant body,
due to th<' production
- I'. i'l compo!-cd of -
dead cells and darker
ft 1s composed of
living cells and
of more primary by the addition of in •;olom 1:ghter in colour.
1tSSIICS. secondary tissues. I ,.
_ It 1s mainly due to - It is mainly due to
;-p1cal mcristcms. lntcral meristems.
- It h:is no function in i -
cond:.ict1on.
- As 1t contams cx!r.:c- ,
I ' helps
;;:ond11ct::>n.
tn

\s :, :r-.:.; not have

I
tivcs (r,um~. re~.:--•. : ·,cs,. ::xtractives, it
2.20. ')1;ing Woml A11t11m11 Woud tannins. clc.). it 1s ;s iess durable and
- r:1" wood formed - The wood formed more durable and re~ •<;tant to attack
'urmg favourable during unfavourable resistant to attack by by insects and
,,.c,,vth ~cnson (spring m1<:robc~ and insects. 111:c,obes.
growth penods (winter I
nnd summer), is nnd autumn), is cnlled 2.25. - In dicat TJots. V:!~culcr cmnbmm arises as some
called spring wood. autumn wood. cells of the conjuctive l!ssue on the mner eclge of
- fhc cambium is - The cambium is phloem and the cells of pericycle lying opposite
very :ict1vr. nnd the less active and the to the xylem groups, become mer:~tema,ic
sccon<hry xyh:m wood produced has - These patches of menstt>matic cell~ •-:.n and
vcssds ire lnrgcr in vessels of narrow form a cambial nng, which is m1tially ,, .i-.,y m
dimension. dimension. outline, but later bc:-omes circular
- It is lighter m colour. - It is darker in colour. - The vascular cambium is completely secondary
- It h;,s a lower - It has a higher in dicot roots, whereas m dico~ stem the
density. density. fasc1cular cambmm is a primary menstem,
1
while nterfasc1cular ca~bium 1s secondary
2.21. (a) The bark that is fom1ed early in the growth meristem.
scuson, is called early bark. 2.26. (i) The study of plant anatomy is useful in solving
(b) The bark that is formed late m the growth taxonomic problems.
season, 1s called late bark (ii) By annlysing the m1crostructure. adultmtion of
2.22. Sccondnry phlt,cm. scconclary cortex (phelloderm), spices. tea, tobacco, etc. cau be found out.
eorl; cambium (phcllogcn) and cork (phellcm), i.e., (iii) Inferior quality wood can be difterenualed
:ill the tissues outer to the cambinl nng. from the supcnor quality one.
(iv) Extraction of compounds for use as medtcme.
requires knowledge of anatomy.

Anatomy ofFlowering Plants

97