RESEARCH GROUP - 1 10 1 MAPAGMAHALpdf

PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Lingayen, Pangasinan
i
CHILD ABUSE AMONG FILIPINO FAMILIES IN

LINGAYEN, PANGASINAN
DATUIN, RENCE LENNARD T.

DE GUZMAN, MA. ANDREA B.
LAURETA, RENZ Y.
MAGAYAGA, MA. REINA A.
MEJIA, MIKKA M.
PASCUA, HAIRAH KEITHLEY S.
QUINTO, JAMES GABRIEL S.
SANTOS, ALEJANDRO M.
VENTAYEN, MICAH V.
A Research Study
Presented to Ms. Jocel A. Tamondong, MAEd
English 10 Teacher, Pangasinan National High School
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those
who have supported and contributed to the completion of this study. Without their
assistance, guidance, and encouragement, this work would not have been possible.
Ms. Jocel A. Tamondong, our adviser, Grade 10 English Teacher of Pangasinan
National High School, for helping and guiding us on conducting this researcher and
mentoring us on conducting our research
The Grade 10 Learners (Regular 1-6), who served as respondents of the study
and who didn’t hesitate to answer the questions and participate in this study for they have
not been afraid to speak up, and share their stories and experiences.
To Family and Friends, who have been there all throughout our journey, who kept
on inspiring us to pursue everything and reminding us that
Above all, to the Heavenly Father, for continuously guiding and taming our
doubts, worries, and fears. Truly and deeply we realized that the things we once feared the
most doing, turned out to be our driving force to seek more of wisdom and understanding
of the unknown. All glory and honor belongs to Him.
- The Researchers
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DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate this piece of work to those people who extended
their helping gands and made this dream within reach:
To their group mates - who have always been there to support each other and become
victorious through this battle they were all meant to fight together.
To their dedicated teachers - who have all helped them when they sought guidance and
brought them comfort all willpower in times of difficulties, who purposely lessened their
workload for purpose of this study.
To their families - who gave them their love and support for the researches to pursue this
study when they needed it most. Truly, they are the best supporters one could ask for.
To the Ominipotent, Omniscient and Omnipresent God,
We look up and dedicated this whole study to our Almighty God who gave the strength,
knowlege, wisdom, protection, and will to continue and keep positive to finish this
research.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………... iv
CHAPTER 1: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Rationale ……………………………………………………………………………... 1
Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………... 2
Paradigm of the Study ..……………………………………………………………... 4
Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………… 5
Assumptions of the Study …………………………………………………………… 5
Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………………………….... 6
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………. 6
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….......... 7
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Lterature ………………………………………………………………….. 8
Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………... 10

v
Bibliography …………..……………………………………………………………... 15
PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH
1
Chapter 1
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Rationale
“The true character of a society is revealed in how it treats its children”

- Nelson Mandela
In the Philippines, even before the pandemic, children experienced high prevalence
of violence whether at home, in school, the workplace, community or during dating,
according to the 2015 National Baseline Study on Violence against Children by the Council
for the Welfare of Children and UNICEF Philippines. Research also has expanded
understanding of the physical and behavioral health, academic, and economic
consequences of child abuse and neglect. It is important for us to conduct this study because
no one is safe from being abused, especially children.
According to Donald F. Kline (Child Abuse and Neglect, 1977) there are as many
specific causes of child abuse and neglect as there are abused and neglected children. Some
students of the phenomena argue that the problem is only symptomatic of greater social
and economic problems. Poverty, breakdown of the nuclear family, drug and alcohol abuse
are some of the factors associated with the physical abuse, neglect, sexual molestation and
physiological and emotional abuse of children.
Child abuse and neglect knows no boundaries and may occur and reoccur, most
abusers are individuals who are unable to deal with their own problems. In many cases, the
abusers have learned whatever they might know about parenting from poor models. Thus,
what was learned as a child is repeated as an adult and the cycle of child abuse and neglect
begins anew. (p.12-13).
According to an article from The Guardian (2022) One in five children aged between
12 and 17 were subjected to grave instances of online sexual abuse while using the internet
in the Philippines in 2020, research suggests. Researchers who surveyed 950 children found
a fifth of those who used the internet had experienced online sexual abuse over the past
year, such as being blackmailed or coerced with money to engage in sexual activities, or
having intimate images shared without their consent. The study of resilience, emotion
regulation, proactive coping and sexual abuse demands a particular context.
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Every person seeks to behave adaptively within her context and above that, different
people develop their own unique response tendencies, cognitive orientation, emotional
preparedness and structures and values (Kitaama & Markuss, 1999). Bronfenbrenner
(2005) emphasizes the significance of the impact of family factors such as stability,
predictability, proper supervision and love as the most important force in a child’s
movement. For law enforcement, the investigation of child abuse is a critical and sensitive
issue that affects the safety and well-being of children nationwide.
Law enforcement personnel often have the difficult task of determining if a child’s
injury is accidental or deliberately inflicted. As an answer to the aforesaid concerns about
Child abuse, it pushed the researcher to study and determine what are the signs and
symptoms of child abuse, the helpful wats to be done if one is a suspect of child abuse and
to know the level of understanding of the respondents regarding child abuse.
REFERENCES:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/18Elh1SnrLtdk8tPQdKhh5pp74sHAr3yH/view?fbclid=IwAR1iKvCltFj9ROz
RDIFTsWI9wbiceLF_o34m3_Qy_THVAbLiOO0kvv7_UCM
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/21/one-in-five-older-children-philippines-online-sexual-
abuse
https://repository.up.ac.za/?fbclid=IwAR0SjU2fyvNMDPUOIIfTNPJ51_t-
rkgD7K_v2YR_bfBqvSry3gHSlXkR1wM
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
This study is based on theoretical support of social learning theory which is based
on the idea that one of the most provocative recent findings has been the apparent declining
rate of child maltreatment, the first decline since it began being rigorously tracked. Even
though rates of child maltreatment are decreasing, large numbers of children are still
maltreated. An estimated 5 1,256,600 children were maltreated during 2005-2006 (17.1 per
1,000 children), according to the Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and
Neglect (NIS–4; Sedlak et al., 2010). In a representative sample of youth in the United
States, as many as 60.6% reported being victimized or witnessing victimization; 10% of
these children had been maltreated (Finkelhor, Turner, Ormrod, & Hamby, 2009).
Still, there is converging evidence child maltreatment is on the decline. NIS–4 results
indicated a statistically significant decline in the frequency of child sexual abuse, with a
marginal decrease in child physical abuse and child emotional abuse (Sedlak et al., 2010).
During the 1990s, substantiated cases of child sexual abuse by child protective agencies
decreased by 39% (Jones, Finkelhor, & Kopiec, 2001). Between 1993 and 2004, child
maltreatment and child victimization as assessed in the National Victimization Survey (a
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nationally representative survey of children and adolescents) declined by 40-70%, after a

peak in 1993 (Finkelhor & Jones, 2006). The evidence suggests that the frequency of
physical and sexual maltreatment has declined, with a possible decline in child neglect
masked due to changes in reporting (Jones, Finkelhor, & Halter, 2006).
There are several possible influences on this decline in child maltreatment. During the
1980s and 1990s, substantial funding and attention were devoted to child sexual abuse
prevention and intervention (both community and criminal justice based). Perhaps these
activities were effective public health measures (Jones & Finkelhor, 2003). Additional
economic changes and increased use of psychiatric medication by would-be perpetrators
might also contribute to the decline in physical and sexual maltreatment. Moreover, the
decline could be reflective of a change in awareness of and decreasing tolerance of physical
and sexual abuse of children.
4
Reports Regarding Child Abuse among Filipino Families in Lingayen,
Pangasinan
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
- Profile of Grade
10 Learners in 1. Preparation and
terms of: collection of data
A. Age through surveys The Factors, Effects
B. Sex 2. Analysis and and Prevention of
C. Address interpretation of the Child Abuse among
D. Parent’s Data gathered: Filipino Families in
Occupation A. Profile of Lingayen,
E. Parent – Child students Pangasinan
Relationship 3. Preparation of
F. Child abuse findings/results
experience
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the factors that lead to Child Abuse among Filipino
Families in Lingayen, Pangasinan
1. How may the profile of the respondents he described in terms of:
A. Age
B. Sex
C. Address
D. Parents Occupation
E. Child Abuse Experience
2. How are we going to know if a child is experiencing child abuse?
3. What is your understanding regarding child abuse?
4.What are the helpful ways to be done if one is a suspect of child abuse?
5. Do you consider "generational trauma" a reason for an adult to abuse a child
Assumption of the Study
The study is based on the following assumptions:
1. Child neglect and abuse often occur together and with other forms of family violence,
such as intimate partner abuse.
2. Children may be neglected or abused by parents and other caregivers or relatives,
people living in the child's home, or people who have occasional care responsibilities
(such as teachers, coaches, and clergy).
3. Poverty and young, single parenthood are associated with higher risks of physical
abuse.
4. Abuse should be suspected when a pattern of new and previous injuries suggests that
the injury was not accidental, when injuries do not match the caregiver's explanation, or
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when children are not developmentally able to do things that could result in their injury
(such as an infant turning on a stove).
5. Children should be protected from further harm by means that may include
involvement of Child Protective Services and/or law enforcement agencies,
hospitalization, counseling for caregivers and children, and assistance for the family in
providing safe and appropriate care.
Scope and Delimitation

The main purpose of this study is to determine the factors leading to Child Abuse among
Filipino families in Lingayen, Pangasinan. The study considers the reasons why Child
Abuse is present among the families of these children and students and what are the effects
of Child Abuse among the students who have experienced such. The research is limited to
the High School students of Pangasinan National High School during the Academic Year
2022-2023. All information and conclusions were gathered through questionnaires and
were obtained only from the students of Pangasinan National High School from all levels.
Significance of the Study

The study is conducted to find out the factors that lead to Child Abuse among Filipino
families in Lingayen, Pangasinan. The study will merit the following:
Children. This study will help children how to take action in defending themselves
against abuses
Students. This study will help them be aware if their friends are victims of abuse and
also learn how to take action against abuses
Parents. The result of the study could serve as a reflection of the way they discipline or
act against their children and how such actions can affect a child in every way
Future Researchers. The result of the study can serve as basis for further study on
preventing child abuse
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Definition of Terms
To develop a wider knowledge and better comprehension of the topic, the following
terms are defined in the context of this research.
Child Abuse. Any intentional harm or mistreatment to a child under 18 years old with a
broad range of behaviors that involve risk for the child that are generally categories (1)
physical abuse, (2) sexual abuse, (3) neglect, and (4) emotional maltreatment whether
committed by a parent, relative, caretaker, or another individual.
Child. It refers to a person who has not attained under the age of 18.
Emotional Abuse. It is when a child is treated in a way that negatively impacts their
emotional development and even their social and intellectual development. It involves
attempts to frighten, control, or isolate you.
Neglect. It happens when a child’s basic need is not met including food, healthcare, and
personal hygiene.
Physical abuse. It refers to any harmed or physical injury inflicted or caused to a child
intentionally.
Parent-Child Relationship. It describes the special and important relationship that exists
between a parent and kid. It is the one who fosters the child’s social, emotional, and
physical growth
Parent. It pertains to a person who is a caregiver of a child/children.
Sexual Abuse. It is characterized by inappropriate sexual remarks, gestures or physical
advances which are unwanted and make a person feel uncomfortable, intimidated or
degrade their dignity where a perpetrator can be member of the family, relative,
acquaintance or stranger.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter constitutes a summary of related literature and selected related studies
which significantly provide a background for the discussion and analysis of findings in this
recent study.
Related Literature
Child abuse is a distinct social phenomenon It has its own attributes and occurs in
different contexts, it is often implied that child abuse happens only in families and to
children in difficult circumstances. However, child abuse occurs in all levels of social
classes and in various circumstances. Kitzinger (1996) stated that the abuse is premised on
the notion of the child as a younger, smaller and weaker person. Child abuse, like rape, is
an issue of power-of adults abusing their power over children.
The competency paradigm not only recognizes children’s strengths, possibilities and rights
but also recognizes their resiliency, resilience is defined as “a universal capacity
which allows a person, group or community to prevent, minimize or overcome the
damaging effects of adversity” (Grotberg, 1995). Parenting strategies generally follow
societal norms and expectations. What is considered as the proper way of raising a child is
defined by cultural tradition (Medina, 1991).
All of these groups of children are at risk for abuse, beyond the physical health
hazards faced by street children is the constant exposure to emotional hazards and children
are prone to street fights and are bullied by the older youths. Police officers, misguided
authorities and extortionists harass, abuse and torture them. When arrested, they may also
be unjustly treated or mixed with adult prisoners who may also harass and torture them.
Due to their involvement in what is considered deviant behavior, street children are
often arrested by the police. Police data show that a majority (52.2 percent) had been
arrested previously. About 70.27 percent of the arrests happened during anti-vagrancy or
police raids. The children were suspected of committing a crime or using prohibited drugs.
The children were also arrested for engaging in fights, violating the curfew and vandalism.
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The arrested children are treated no differently from the adult offenders. They
experience various kinds of physical and mental abuse from the police and adult prisoners
(DSWD-NGSD-UNICEE,1988; Lamberte, 1994). These include intimidation and threats,
beatings and other forms of humiliation. They are placed in the same cells as the other
offenders, thus exposing them to further abuse.
Where abuse occurs, it becomes a difficult decision for a child to make as to whether
to say something, especially where a parent, and thus the usual confidant of a child, is the
abuser. Children are unlikely to know of other avenues to which they can turn (Hooper,
2005). They fear that they will not be believed or taken seriously, or that their experiences
were their fault and they did something to deserve the abuse that they received.
Where young people are unable to disclose their experiences, again boys and girls
cope with the knowledge and emotions differently, girls are more likely to internalize their
experiences of abuse and turn these experiences on themselves through a number of
conditions such as depression, self-harm, suicidal tendencies, eating disorders, low self-
esteem, and psychological disorders. In contrast, boys are more likely to externalize their
experiences of abuse, often becoming aggressive, and abusive, and more likely to offend
or become involved in alcohol and substance misuse (Mutale, 2006; and Department of A
Literature Review into Children Abused and/or Neglected Prior Custody 14 Justice Canada,
2005.
In addition to, the work of Fergusson and Lynskey (1997) shows that young people
with a harsh/severe history of physical abuse/punishment in their backgrounds are
increasingly likely to engage in criminal activity, they also discussed the links between
certain types of abuse and the types of offending that may occur as a result. While they
found that physical abuse was unrelated to offenses involving property, clear and
significant associations were found between reports of physical abuse and the risk of
violent offending (Fergusson and Lynskey, 1997).
The physical impacts of abuse are considerable. Certainly, physical abuse itself can
manifest itself in a number of ways-hitting, shaking, choking, biting, kicking, punching,
burning, poisoning, suffocating, or being held underwater may be inflicted on a child,
resulting in a number of injuries that cause pain, suffering, medical problems (such as
‘shaken baby syndrome”) and, in the most extreme cases, death (Perry, 2002). These
problems can last long into a child’s adult life, especially when such abuse can leave
physical and mental scaring, sometimes including brain damage.
Furthermore, a number of researchers have concluded that there are lasting biological
effects and neurobiological impacts of child maltreatment that can be linked to offending
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behavior (Anda et al, 2006; De Bellis, 2001; Heide and Solomon, 2006): Long-term
changes in the brain associated with child maltreatment include significantly smaller total
brain cerebral volumes (DeBellis, 2001). Electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities,
decreased size of the corpus callosum (a large bundle of neurons that transmit information
between the two hemispheres), impaired function of the cerebellar vermis (the central
region of the cerebellum; helps inhibit limbic system structures), decreased function of
pathways in the right brain and limbic system, and changes in neurotransmitter
concentration and function. Abnormal development of the brain can lead to cognitive
deficits; affect dysregulation, lack of empathy, rage, and aggression. (Heide and Solomon,
2006:229)
Research Studies
The following part of the paper further discusses in greater detail what substantially
aided the researcher to interrelate research-related studies regarding Child Abuse among
Filipino Families and the various factors which contribute to the increase in child abuse
cases.
To begin with, as cited by the Union of Catholic Asian News (UCA News, 2022),
one in every three or four children experience some acts of sexual abuse before they reach
18. In a nation like the Philippines where 17.7 million people live in dire poverty, such
overcrowding and compact living have negative harmful effects on family life.
Child physical and sexual abuse exploded as a result, recent statistics of the number of
child victims being referred to protection healing centers have shown that the sexual abuse
of children by parents has greatly increased. In addition, child abuse has been happening
since the past and has become a prevalent issue not only in the Philippines, but also in all
children across the world which affects their physical, emotional, and psychological well-
being
Across the world, significant numbers of children experience maltreatment, resulting

in life-long consequences for victims as stated by World Health Organization (WHO,
2016). Every year an estimated 3.3 million to 10 million children are exposed to domestic
violence in their homes (Carlson, 1984; Straus, 1992) and studies investigating the
prevalence of child abuse find that almost 900,000 children are classified as maltreated by
parents and other caretakers (United States Department of Health and Human Services
[USDHHS], 2006).
According to a study entitled A Perspective on Child Abuse in the Philippines:
Looking at Institutional Factors (Velayo, 2006) violence against children continues to be a
pressing problem such violence is often manifested in the form of abuse in many Third
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World countries. Cases of physical and sexual abuse, as well as those considered "abuses
of neglect," continue to be of major societal concern
Responses to child maltreatment in the Global South in particular are under-
researched and under-conceptualized. In the Philippines, despite the significance and
impact of child maltreatment (Ramiro et al. 2010), policy and research on this topic remain
in its infancy. These abuses can lead to anxiety, depression, problems with self-control,
lower self-esteem, and also an increased risk of experiencing future violence victimization.
According to a study conducted by the Council for the Welfare of Children (2016),
eighty percent (80%) of the 3,866 respondents aged 13-24 years had experienced some
form of violence in their lifetime, whether in the home, school, workplace, community or
during dating. The estimated total prevalence of violence against children among males
was 81.5 percent and 78.4 percent among females and about 78.8 percent of children aged
13-<18 years encountered these experiences of violence compared to 80.9 percent among
the older group, the following are the lifetime and current prevalence of various forms of
violence during childhood;
Firstly, about 3 in 5 respondents (66.3%) experienced any form of physical violence
during childhood, more than half (60%) of these cases happened in the home. In particular,
one in two (54.5%) received corporal punishments in the home such as spanking with a
bare hand, rolled paper or small stick, and pulling the hair, pinching or twisting of ears,
while a third (30.3%) suffered from more severe forms of abuse such as slapping, kicking,
smothering, tying, drowning and burning.
Not only does child abuse happen in homes, sadly but also happens in schools, about
14.3 percent of those who attended school experienced physical violence in school. The
most common forms of physical violence that happen in schools include pinching (32.5%),
being hit with an eraser or chalk (31.5%), twisting ears (25.8%) as well as spanking with a
bare hand, rolled paper or small stick (23.5%) by a teacher or an adult in the school.
Overall, this form of abuse is described as a way to discipline children, granting
physical punishments to their children such as spanking, slapping, hitting with a belt, or
any object as a way to make a child “disciplined.” Physical punishment was commonly
used to discipline children in the Philippines in the past due to a variety of cultural, social,
and historical factors
According to a study by Cempron, et al. (2012), discipline in the Filipino culture is
often carried out as corporal punishment, which, if carried to the extreme would constitute
an abusive situation. The study revealed that the most common form of abuse was physical
abuse in the form of hitting, followed by child rape, spousal abuse in the presence of the
child, and verbal assault, respectively.
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The study concluded that child abuse damages the child not only physically but also
psychologically, the parents’ low socio-economic status contributed to the stress and
trauma of the child, they may not have had access to parenting resources or education that
could have provided them with more effective and non-violent ways of disciplining their
children. In addition to this, one factor to consider was also the lack of awareness about
alternative methods, many parents were not aware of alternative methods of discipline that
could be used instead of physical punishment.
It should be noted that child abuse does not only range from physical abuse, sexual
abuse, and abuses of neglect but there was also psychological abuse, the lifetime prevalence
of psychological violence during childhood was estimated at 59.2 percent. This indicates
that almost 3 out of 5 children have been verbally abused, threatened, and/or abandoned by
their parents or guardian. A third (33.0%) of the children aged 13-<18 years reported having
experienced psychological violence in the past 12 months.
About a third experienced psychological violence in their homes, in school, and the
workplace while one in four in the community had such experiences. About 13.5 percent
were verbally abused and/or threatened while dating their partners.
And mostly, the most known form of child abuse is sexual abuse, it can start from
catcalling, verbal blackmail, and verbal insistence until it becomes child exploitation,
sexual harassment, rape, forced sex, and other forms of sexual abuse. About 17.1 percent
of children aged 13-<18 years experienced any form of sexual violence while growing up,
a prevalence of 1.6 percent was noted in the past 12 months and more males claimed to
have such experiences.
The prevalence of overall sexual violence in the community was 7.8 percent, and
unwanted sexual touching was the most common form of sexual violence in the
community. In most cases, perpetrators of overall sexual violence in the community were
neighbors, strangers, gangsters/addicts, and others (adult men, chatmate/text mate, female
friend, and brother’s friends) and the most commonly cited methods used by the
perpetrators were verbal although giving gifts and favors, being drugged or given alcohol,
physical assault, and threats were also common.
Without a doubt, sexual abuse in children becomes more severe, about 3.2 percent of
children and youth experienced forced consummated sex (anal, oral, and/or vaginal) during
childhood and the prevalence for males was 4.1 percent, significantly higher than the 2.3
percent among females who experienced forced consummated sex. However, the lifetime
prevalence estimates of forced consummated sex among males was double the prevalence
of females in the school setting (2.1% compared with 1.1%, respectively).
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According to a study by Barrada, et al. entitled Childhood Sexual Abuse, Sexual

Behavior, and Revictimization in Adolescence and Youth: A Mini Review (2019),
childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is considered an activity aimed at providing sexual pleasure,
stimulation, or sexual gratification to an adult who uses a minor for this purpose, taking
advantage of the situation of superiority. CSA can have devastating consequences for the
child.
Suffering further episodes of sexual victimization during adolescence and early
youth is common among victims of CSA, authors such as Walker et al. (2017) concluded
in their meta-analysis that the prevalence of revictimization reached almost 50% of the
cases. Some studies have reported that female victims of CSA are three to five times more
likely to suffer further sexual assault than those who have not suffered from CSA (Pereda
et al., 2016; Godbout et al., 2019).
In cases of child abuse, adults with certain issues are the perpetrators of these abuses,
in an article published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCA, 2019) they
defined risk factors as characteristics that may increase the likelihood of experiencing or
perpetrating child abuse and neglect, but they may or may not be direct causes. A
combination of individual, relational, community, and societal factors contribute to the risk
of child abuse and neglect.
Although children are not responsible for the harm inflicted upon them, certain
factors have been found to increase their risk of being abused and or neglected and there
are still risk Factors for victimization as stated by CDCA. Individual risk factors include
children younger than 4 years of age and children with special needs that may increase
caregiver burden (e.g., disabilities, mental health issues, and chronic physical illnesses).
There are several risk factors for perpetration, one of which is the individual risk
factors. These include caregivers with drug or alcohol issues, with mental health issues
(e.g, depression), who don’t understand children’s needs or development, who were abused
or neglected as children, and even who are young or single parents or parents with many
children. There are also family risk factors including families that have household members
in jail or prison, families who are isolated from and not connected to other people (extended
family, friends, neighbors), families experiencing other types of violence, including
relationship violence and families with high conflict and negative communication styles
Lastly, the community risk factors include communities with high rates of violence
and crime, communities with high rates of poverty and limited educational and economic
opportunities, communities with high unemployment rates, and communities with easy
access to drugs and alcohol. The Child Maltreatment 2021 report provides an overview of
community risk factors associated with child abuse and neglect and risk factors include
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inadequate housing and homelessness, poverty, parental substance abuse, domestic

violence, and parental mental health issues.
With all these given pieces of information, the researchers’ was enlightened and
guided in pursuing and conceptualizing the study. Through analysis, it has unveiled
significant findings, identified key themes, and discussed their implications. These
concepts in the research literature of this study from foreign and local sources widened the
researcher ‘s knowledge of the factors of child abuse, the cause and effect of these abuses
in a child, and the origin of these abuses on how it starts. Likewise, these gave the
researcher insights on how to prevent child abuse and how we can stop such abuses not
only for the child or the respondent’s overall development but also for the improvement of
every parent’s method of disciplining their child
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19
Appendix
A
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

JOCEL A. TAMONDONG
Teacher III
Pangasinan National High School
Ma’am:
Warm Greetings!
For our requirements in our subject English 10, we students of 10 - 1 Mapagmahal

namely: Renz Y. Laureta, Alejandro M. Santos., Ma. Andrea B. De Guzman, Rence Lennard
T. Datuin, Ma. Reina A. Magayaga, Mikka M. Mejia, Hairah Keithley S. Pascua, James
Gabriel S. Quinto, Micah V. Ventayen. We would like to ask permission to conduct a research
in relation to our study entitled Child Abuse among Filipino families in Lingayen,
Pangasinan.
Your consent and support for this study would be of immense value and greatly
contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field. Your participation will be duly
acknowledged in any publications resulting from this research.
Very truly yours,
10-1 Mapagmahal Students (Group 1)

Researchers
Approved by:
JOCEL A. TAMONDONG, MAEd

English 10 Teacher
20
Appendix
B


Warm Greetings!

namely: Renz Y. Laureta, Alejandro M. Santos., Ma. Andrea B. De Guzman, Rence Lennard
T. Datuin, Ma. Reina A. Magayaga, Mikka M. Mejia, Hairah Keithley S. Pascua, James
Gabriel S. Quinto, Micah V. Ventayen. We would like to ask permission to conduct a research
in relation to our study entitled Child Abuse among Filipino families in Lingayen,
Pangasinan.
Your consent and support for this study would be of immense value and greatly
contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field. Your participation will be duly
acknowledged in any publications resulting from this research.
Very truly yours,

Researchers
Approved by:

English 10 Teacher
21
Appendix
C
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY


Dear Participants:
Greetings of peace!

namely: Renz Y. Laureta, Alejandro M. Santos., Ma. Andrea B. De Guzman, Rence Lennard T.
Datuin, Ma. Reina A. Magayaga, Mikka M. Mejia, Hairah Keithley S. Pascua, James Gabriel S.
Quinto, Micah V. Ventayen. We would like to ask permission to conduct a research in relation to
our study entitled Child Abuse among Filipino families in Lingayen, Pangasinan.
In this regard, I am seeking your approval for me to conduct my study and gather data
from our fellow Grade 10 learners as my research subjects from your institution – Pangasinan
National High School. Please be assured that your participation will be treated with the utmost
confidentiality.
Any information you provide will be kept strictly confidential, and all data will be
anonymized to ensure your privacy. The data collected will be used solely for research purposes
and will be reported in an aggregated and anonymized manner in any publications or
presentations resulting from this study.
Very truly yours,

Researchers
Approved by:

English 10 Teacher
22
Appendix
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Profile of the Grade 10 Learners
Directions: Please fill out this form with your information and honestly answer the following
questions for the sole purpose of profiling as a requirement for the research entitled: CHILD
ABUSE AMONG FILIPINO FAMILIES IN LINGAYEN, PANGASINAN.
GRADE 10. Note: (*=required)
Age: Sex: Male Female
Section:
Address (Barangay Name):
Parent’s Occupation: Employed Specify occupation: _______________________
Unemployed Specify who: _________________________
Self-employed Specify who: _______________________
Retired Specify who: _____________________________
1. Do you know about child abuse? (It is any form of maltreatment by an adult, which
is violent or threatening for the child)*
Yes
No
2. How much do you know about child abuse?*
A Lot A Moderate Amount Not At All
A Good Amount A Little

23
Appendix
3. Are you aware if you are being/were abused? (physical, mental, psychological,
verbal, etc.)*
Yes
No
4. Who are you living with at home?*

Family
Friends
Relatives
5. Have you ever been abused as a child? (At home, at school, etc.)*
Yes
No (If 'No', please proceed to questions 10-12)
6. Have you experienced any of the following scenarios? If 'Yes', check one or more
from the choices.
Physical (slapping, punching, kicking, pinching, etc.)
Verbal (yelling, screaming, swearing, etc.)
Sexual (unwanted kissing or touching, rape, catcalling, etc.)
Child Neglect (not providing basic items such as food, water, clothing,
a safe place to live, medicine, or health care)
Psychological/Emotional (threating you harm, intimidation, humiliation, etc.)

24
Appendix
7. Does the following factors apply to the adults around you that led them to do such
abuses to you?
Drug and alcohol issues
Were abused or neglected as children
Mental health issues (depression, etc.)
Doesn't understand children’s needs or development
Uses spanking and other forms of corporal punishment for discipline
With anger issues or justifying violence or aggression
Other: ________________________________________________________
8. Can you share a little story of how did you experience 'child abuse'? (At home,
school, etc.)
9. What are the effects of these abuses to you?

25
Appendix
10. Is "generational trauma" a reason for an adult to abuse a child?*
Yes
No
11. Is physical discipline (anything gone to cause pain, discomfort in response to your
child's behaviors such as slapping, kicking, etc.) considered to be a suitable
punishment for children?*
Yes
No
12. What are the helpful ways to be done if one is a suspect of child abuse?*
26
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Datuin, Rence T.
Birthdate: May 6, 2006
Birthplace: Bolingit, San Carlos, Pangasinan
Age: 16
Marital Status: Single
Address: Poblacion, Lingayen, Pangasinan
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Magsaysay Elementary School
2012 - 2019
Secondary: Pangasinan National High School
2019 - 2023
27
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: De Guzman, Ma. Andrea Victoria B.
Birthdate: June 30, 2007
Birthplace: Lyceum North Western University Hospital,
Dagupan City
Age: 15
Nationality: Binmaley, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Binmaley Catholic School
2012 - 2019
2019 – 2023
28
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Laureta, Renz Y.
Birthdate: December 10, 2006
Birthplace: Lingayen, Pangasinan
Age: 16
Address: Pangapisan North, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Pangapisan Elementary School
2012 - 2019
2019 – 2023
29
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Magayaga, Ma. Reina A.
Birthdate: January 6, 2007
Age: 16
Address: Dulag, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Dulag Elementary School
2012 - 2015
Lingayen 1 Central School
2015 - 2019
2019 – 2023
30
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Mejia, Mikka M.
Birthdate: October 30, 2007
Birthplace: Domalandan East Lingayen, Pangasinan
Age: 15
Address: Domalandan East, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Domalandan East Elementary School
2012 - 2019
2019 - 2023
31
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Pascua, Hairah Keithley
Birthdate: August 10, 2007
Birthplace: Maniboc, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Age: 15
Address: Dulag, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Dulag Elementary School
2012 - 2019
2019 – 2023
32
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Quinto, James Gabriel S.
Birthdate: February 21, 2005
Age: 18
Address: Poblacion, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Grace Baptist Learning Center
2012 - 2019
2019 – 2023
33
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Santos, Alejandro M.
Birthdate: February 4, 2007
Birthplace: Pasig City General Hospital, Pasig City
Age: 15
Address: Quibaol East, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Calauag Central College
Calauag, Quezon
2012 - 2016
St. Joseph’s Children’s Center of the UMSH
Pasig City, Metro Manila
2016 - 2019
Secondary: Pinagbuhatan High School
Pasig City, Metro Manila
2019 - 2022
2022 – 2023
34
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Ventayen, Micah V.
Birthdate: May 29, 2007
Birthplace: Region I Medical Center, Dagupan City
Age: 15
Address: Pangapisan North, Lingayen, Pangasinan
Primary: Magsaysay Elementary School
2012 - 2019
2019 - 2023

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PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

CHILD ABUSE AMONG FILIPINO FAMILIES IN

DATUIN, RENCE LENNARD T.

Ms. Jocel A. Tamondong, our adviser, Grade 10 English Teacher of Pangasinan

mentoring us on conducting our research

on inspiring us to pursue everything and reminding us that

of the unknown. All glory and honor belongs to Him.

their helping gands and made this dream within reach:

workload for purpose of this study.

To the Ominipotent, Omniscient and Omnipresent God,

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….. i

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………… iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………... iv

CHAPTER 1: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………... 2

Paradigm of the Study ..……………………………………………………………... 4

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………………… 5

Assumptions of the Study …………………………………………………………… 5

Scope and Delimitation …………………………………………………………….... 6

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………. 6

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….......... 7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Lterature ………………………………………………………………….. 8

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………... 10

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

“The true character of a society is revealed in how it treats its children”

nationally representative survey of children and adolescents) declined by 40-70%, after a

Reports Regarding Child Abuse among Filipino Families in Lingayen,

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

10 Learners in 1. Preparation and

terms of: collection of data

A. Age through surveys The Factors, Effects

B. Sex 2. Analysis and and Prevention of

C. Address interpretation of the Child Abuse among

D. Parent’s Data gathered: Filipino Families in

Occupation A. Profile of Lingayen,

E. Parent – Child students Pangasinan

F. Child abuse findings/results

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Assumption of the Study

The study is based on the following assumptions:

such as intimate partner abuse.

2. Children may be neglected or abused by parents and other caregivers or relatives,

(such as teachers, coaches, and clergy).

(such as an infant turning on a stove).

involvement of Child Protective Services and/or law enforcement agencies,

providing safe and appropriate care.

Scope and Delimitation

Significance of the Study

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Across the world, significant numbers of children experience maltreatment, resulting

According to a study by Barrada, et al. entitled Childhood Sexual Abuse, Sexual

inadequate housing and homelessness, poverty, parental substance abuse, domestic

Maiquilla et al. Child Protection and Maltreatment in the Philippines: A

PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

For our requirements in our subject English 10, we students of 10 - 1 Mapagmahal

Very truly yours,

10-1 Mapagmahal Students (Group 1)

JOCEL A. TAMONDONG, MAEd

PANGASINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Pangasinan National High School

For our requirements in our subject English 10, we students of 10 - 1 Mapagmahal