수능특강

수능특강

13_1.
In his 1967 book. Coopersmith first noticed a positive relationship between
self-esteem levels in mothers and their children. But Bednar. Wells,
and Peterson made considerable use of this factor by pointing out that
parents actually show their children the route to self-esteem by how they
handle their own challenges, conflicts, and issues. The impact of parents’
behavior upon the child’s self-esteem is undeniable; given the immaturity
of children, however, parents’ expression of their own resolution of the
self-esteem question is far more influential than what they teach verbally.
Parents who face life’s challenges honestly and openly and who attempt
to cope with difficulties instead of avoiding them thereby expose their
children early to a pro-self-esteem problem-solving strategy. Those who
avoid dealing with difficulties reveal a negative route for handling the
challenges and problems of life. Either way, it is important to remember
that modeling helps set the stage for healthy self-esteem or problems with
it.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The history of self-esteem research.
B. The techniques for improving self-esteem in children.
C. The relationship between parents’ self-esteem and their children’s self-
esteem.
D. The impact of parenting styles on child development.
E. The role of education in developing self-esteem.

2. Who first noticed a positive relationship between self-esteem levels in

mothers and their children?
A. Coopersmith in 1967.
B. Bednar, Wells, and Peterson.
C. Freud in the early 20th century.
D. Skinner through behaviorist experiments.
E. Piaget through stages of cognitive development.

3. According to the passage, how do parents influence their children’s

route to self-esteem?
A. By providing them with material comforts.
B. Through verbal teachings about self-worth.
C. By how they handle their own challenges and issues.
D. By enrolling them in self-esteem building classes.
E. By shielding them from all life’s difficulties.

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4. What is described as more influential on a child’s self-esteem than

verbal teaching?
A. The parents’ educational background.
B. The financial status of the family.
C. The number of siblings a child has.
D. The parents’ expression of their own resolution of the self-esteem
question.
E. The child’s performance in school.

5. How can parents expose their children to a pro-self-esteem problem-

solving strategy?
A. By avoiding all conflicts and issues.
B. By facing life’s challenges honestly and openly.
C. By teaching them only about successes and not failures.
D. By solving all of their children’s problems for them.
E. By never expressing any doubts or vulnerabilities.

6. What negative route do some parents inadvertently model for their

children?
A. Pursuing personal hobbies and interests.
B. Seeking professional help for personal problems.
C. Encouraging children to take on challenges.
D. Demonstrating resilience in the face of setbacks.
E. Avoiding dealing with difficulties.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Verbal instructions from parents are the most crucial factor in
developing a child’s self-esteem.
B. Parents’ behaviors have an undeniable impact on their children’s self-
esteem.
C. Modeling behavior sets the stage for either healthy self-esteem or
problems with it in children.
D. Coopersmith was the first to notice the relationship between parents’
and children’s self-esteem levels.
E. Handling personal challenges well can teach children a positive
approach to problem-solving.

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13_2.
Several different strategies will be used to get us to buy. For new products,
marketers want to motivate us to try their product, so the job is to advertise
it as much as possible to get the word out. With an established product,
marketers will either want us to try it again (reminder advertising), or they
may try to get us to consume more of their product.
A good way to do this is to provide new uses. One brand of baking soda
is a good example. After women entered the job market en masse in the
1960s and there was less time for baking, the company promoted using
the product to keep the freezer and refrigerator smelling clean — and
to change the box every three months. Or when women started earning
significant salaries and getting married later, the diamond industry started
selling diamond rings to women, claiming that the left hand is for “we” and
the right is for “me.’’

1. What is the main focus of the passage?

A. The history of advertising and its impact on society.
B. The evolution of the job market since the 1960s.
C. New uses for traditional household products.
D. Strategies used by marketers to promote products.
E. The influence of economic changes on consumer habits.

2. What is the primary goal for marketers of new products?

A. To create reminder advertising campaigns.
B. To reduce the production cost of their products.
C. To motivate consumers to try their product.
D. To focus exclusively on the diamond industry.
E. To discourage the use of competitor products.

3. How do marketers of established products aim to increase consumption?

A. By limiting the availability of their products.
B. By providing new uses for their products.
C. By increasing the price of their products.
D. By discouraging new entries into the market.
E. By reducing the quality of their products.

4. Which product is cited as an example of finding new uses to boost

consumption?
A. A brand of flour.
B. A type of cooking oil.
C. A brand of kitchen cleaner.
D. A type of laundry detergent.
E. A brand of baking soda.

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5. What new use was promoted for baking soda?

A. To keep the freezer and refrigerator smelling clean.
B. As an ingredient in homemade cosmetics.
C. As a substitute for table salt.
D. To increase the efficiency of washing machines.
E. As a nutritional supplement.

6. How did the diamond industry respond to women earning significant

salaries and marrying later?
A. By stopping diamond production.
B. By marketing diamond rings to men only.
C. By selling diamond rings to women for their right hand.
D. By lowering the quality of diamonds.
E. By emphasizing the importance of traditional marriage.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. New uses for products are a strategy to increase consumer
consumption.
B. Reminder advertising is a tactic for established products.
C. The diamond industry adapted its marketing to changes in women’s
socio-economic status.
D. Marketers only use traditional methods to promote established
products.
E. Advertising strategies vary depending on whether the product is new or
established.

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13_3.
When kids feel forced to do things - or are too tightly regulated in the way
they do things - they’re likely to become less interested in what they’re
doing and less likely to stick with something challenging. In an intriguing
experiment, parents were invited to sit on the floor next to their very young
children - not even two years old - who were playing with toys. Some of
the parents immediately took over the task or barked out instructions (“Put
the block in. No. not there. There!”). Others were content to let their kids
explore, providing encouragement and offering help only when it was
needed. Later, the babies were given something else to play with, this time
without their parents present. It turned out that, once they were on their
own, those who had controlling parents were apt to give up more easily
rather than trying to figure out how the new toy worked.

1. What is the main theme of the passage?

A. The benefits of strict parenting styles.
B. Techniques for teaching children new skills.
C. The importance of play in early childhood development.
D. Methods for encouraging children to be more independent.
E. The impact of parental control on children’s interest and perseverance.

2. How does being too tightly regulated affect children according to the
passage?
A. It enhances their creativity and problem-solving skills.
B. It makes them more interested in the tasks at hand.
C. It leads to a decrease in their interest and likelihood to persist in
challenges.
D. It improves their ability to follow instructions.
E. It has no significant impact on their development.

3. What did the parents do in the experiment mentioned in the passage?

A. They observed their children from a distance without interacting.
B. They provided detailed instructions or took over tasks from their
children.
C. They encouraged their children to play competitive games.
D. They taught their children how to play with the toys correctly.
E. They were not allowed to be in the same room as their children.

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4. What behavior did the parents exhibit that allowed their children to
explore freely?
A. Constantly correcting their children’s actions.
B. Ignoring their children’s playtime entirely.
C. Giving their children rewards for completing tasks.
D. Letting their children explore, offering encouragement and help when
needed.
E. Setting strict rules for how to play with the toys and how to respect
others when playing.

5. What was observed about the children of controlling parents when

playing alone?
A. They showed increased interest in learning how the new toy worked.
B. They demonstrated superior problem-solving abilities.
C. They gave up more easily instead of trying to figure out the new toy.
D. They showed more creativity than those with less controlling parents.
E. They requested their parents’ presence to continue playing.

6. What does the passage suggest about the effect of parental control on
children’s resilience?
A. High levels of control increase children’s resilience.
B. Moderate levels of control have the best outcome on children’s
resilience.
C. A lack of parental control leads to the highest resilience.
D. Excessive control may decrease a child’s willingness to face challenges.
E. Parental control has no effect on resilience according to the study.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Encouraging independence in children can influence their problem-
solving behavior.
B. Controlling parenting styles may hinder a child’s ability to deal with new
challenges.
C. Children of less controlling parents were more persistent when faced
with a new toy.
D. Offering encouragement and necessary help fosters a child’s
exploration and learning.
E. Children benefit from having strict rules during playtime.

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13_4.
It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a sustainable form, that we
keep track of the line between needs and wants. While a permanent place
for people on Earth requires that our needs be met, people gathering
about them selves quantities of unnecessary goods, while others lack food
and shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society that oppresses
other people to bloat itself will not stop at undermining foreign nations.
The ethic will express itself with exploitation at home. While ingenuity
and hard work will still lead to improved circumstances as communities
increase their effective use of local resources, when one’s achieved wealth
is at the expense of others, much goodwill, effort and resources will be
lost to resentment, rebellion and repression. A huge bonus is available for
everyone when the focus of development is securing and improving the
quality of life for all.

1. What is the main focus of the passage?

A. The importance of distinguishing between needs and wants in
sustainable development.
B. Techniques for increasing personal wealth.
C. The history of societal oppression.
D. Methods for improving community resource usage.
E. Strategies for preventing foreign exploitation.

2. Why is it important to differentiate between needs and wants according

to the passage?
A. To ensure the personal satisfaction of every individual.
B. To increase the production of luxury items.
C. To encourage people to spend more on luxury goods.
D. To promote individualism over community well-being.
E. To prevent the accumulation of unnecessary goods while others lack
basic necessities.

3. What outcome does the passage warn against in societies that oppress
others for gain?
A. They will likely experience increased prosperity and happiness.
B. They will become more respected on the international stage.
C. They will reduce their overall consumption of resources.
D. They will also exploit their own people eventually.
E. They will achieve sustainable development more quickly.

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4. What does the passage suggest about wealth achieved at the expense
of others?
A. It is the most effective way to increase a community’s resources.
B. It leads to lost goodwill, effort, and resources due to resentment and
conflict.
C. It should be the primary goal of sustainable development.
D. It enhances the quality of life for all community members.
E. It is rewarded with increased social status and recognition.

5. What is considered a “huge bonus” for everyone in the passage?

A. Focusing on individual achievements and accumulation of wealth.
B. Expanding the market for luxury and unnecessary goods.
C. Securing and improving the quality of life for all.
D. Prioritizing the needs of a select few over the many.
E. Investing in foreign markets to exploit cheaper labor.

6. How can communities improve their circumstances, according to the

passage?
A. By exploiting both local and foreign resources as much as possible.
B. Through ingenuity and hard work focused on effective use of local
resources.
C. By focusing solely on increasing the wealth and well-being of
community leaders.
D. Through aggressive competition with neighboring communities.
E. By ignoring the line between needs and wants.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Exploitation will not be confined to foreign nations but will also occur
domestically.
B. Distinguishing between needs and wants is crucial for sustainable
provision.
C. Achieved wealth at the expense of others leads to negative societal
outcomes.
D. The development focus should be on improving life quality for veryone.
E. Accumulating unnecessary goods is essential for a sustainable society.

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13_5.
As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in 1964, “the medium is the
message,” which means that, beyond the content that is conveyed, the
medium itself has an impact by its very nature and unique characteristics.
For example, the use of social media means that we have less need to
interact with others directly. This distancing of communication has real
implications for children’s development. If learning to communicate with
others is a skill that develops with practice, children’s constant use of social
media reduces the experiences they have with which to learn social skills.
McLuhan asserts that we are so focused on the content of the technology
that we neglect to notice the influence of the technology itself on people.
This observation is certainly true today: we focus on what the technology
provides (e.g., video, text messages, social media), but we fail to consider
how the very act of using these advances shapes us.

1. What is the primary theme of the passage?

A. The development of social media platforms.
B. The history of communication technology.
C. The influence of communication mediums on society.
D. Marshall McLuhan’s biography and personal views.
E. Techniques for improving children’s social skills.

2. What does Marshall McLuhan mean by “the medium is the message”?

A. The content of communication is more important than how it is
delivered.
B. The method of communication influences its impact and the user.
C. Messages should be tailored to fit the medium they are delivered in.
D. Modern technology has no real effect on communication.
E. Social media messages are the most impactful form of communication.

3. How does the use of social media affect interpersonal interactions

according to the passage?
A. It enhances face-to-face communication skills.
B. It has no significant impact on how we interact with others.
C. It increases the frequency of in-person social gatherings.
D. It improves the quality of children’s communication skills.
E. It decreases the need for direct interaction with others.

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4. What concern is raised about children’s development in the passage?

A. Children are becoming too skilled at using technology.
B. Children prefer outdated communication methods.
C. Social media use has improved children’s ability to communicate with
others.
D. The constant use of social media may hinder the advance of social skills.
E. There is an increase in face-to-face interactions among children.

5. What aspect of technology does McLuhan assert is often overlooked?

A. The cost of technology development.
B. The content that technology allows us to share.
C. The influence of the technology itself on users.
D. The ease of access to information.
E. The environmental impact of producing technology.

6. How does the passage describe the modern focus regarding

technology?
A. On the environmental sustainability of technology.
B. On the educational content provided by technology.
C. On the benefits technology brings to physical health.
D. On what technology provides rather than how it shapes us.
E. On the economic implications of new technological advances.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Direct interaction and communication are less affected by the use of
social media.
B. The nature and characteristics of the medium itself impact
communication.
C. Social media usage may lead to a reduction in direct social interactions.
D. Technology’s influence on individuals is often ignored in favor of its
content.
E. McLuhan highlighted the overlooked effects of the medium on society.

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13_6.
Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last few decades, many
have worked to reduce pollution and create appealing modern spaces by
restricting polluting vehicles, encouraging energy-efficient buildings, and
planting trees. In 2020, another impetus for change came in the form of
COVID-19, which saw retail centres empty, businesses send workers home,
and some question whether crowded cities were a safe environment.
Yet cities have responded to changing circumstances in the past.
Through the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global expansion, and the
Industrial Revolution, they have evolved to remain at the heart of politics,
economics, and culture. The history of the world is very much a history of
great cities, and whatever future we build, these sites of trade, creativity,
and transformation are likely to be at the heart of it.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The history of the Industrial Revolution.
B. The impact of COVID-19 on global economies.
C. Energy-efficient building techniques.
D. The role of trees in urban environments.
E. The evolution and reinvention of cities over time.

2. What actions have cities taken in recent decades to become more

appealing and modern?
A. Abolishing all forms of public transportation.
B. Completely banning the construction of new buildings.
C. Removing all green spaces to make way for more buildings.
D. Increasing pollution to stimulate economic growth.
E. Restricting polluting vehicles and encouraging energy-efficient
buildings.

3. What triggered a new impetus for change in cities in 2020?

A. The outbreak of COVID-19.
B. The discovery of new energy sources.
C. A sudden decrease in global population.
D. The invention of pollution-free vehicles.
E. A worldwide economic boom.

4. How have cities historically responded to changing circumstances?

A. By resisting change and maintaining traditional practices.
B. By evolving to remain central to politics, economics, and culture.
C. By decreasing their populations and reducing trade activities.
D. By becoming less relevant in the world’s history.
E. By focusing solely on agricultural development.

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5. What does the passage imply about the future of cities?

A. They will eventually become obsolete.
B. They are likely to remain central to trade, creativity, and transformation.
C. They will revert to their forms from the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia.
D. They will be replaced by virtual environments.
E. They will primarily serve as historical sites.

6. According to the passage, what role have cities played throughout

history?
A. They have been incidental to the development of global cultures.
B. They have primarily been sites of conflict and war.
C. They have been at the heart of politics, economics, and culture.
D. They have discouraged trade and creativity.
E. They have remained unchanged since the Industrial Revolution.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. COVID-19 led to a reevaluation of crowded city environments.
B. Cities have worked to create more modern spaces by planting trees and
encouraging energy efficiency.
C. The future of cities is uncertain due to the challenges they face.
D. Cities have always been quick to adapt to new technological
advancements.
E. Cities have historically evolved through significant periods such as
global expansion and the Industrial Revolution.

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13_7.
Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but in fact that variability
takes place within the boundaries produced by physical and mental
capacities. Human languages, for example, are tremendously diverse,
differing in sound, grammar, and semantics. But all are dependent upon
what appears to be a uniquely human capacity and predisposition for
learning languages. While the range of sounds used in human languages
extends from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the distinctive speech
sounds that are meaningful in all the languages of the world are but a
fraction of the sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another way that
we might observe the intricate relationship between the culturally specific
and the universal is in the way an American boy and his Mixtec friends
might react emotionally, even instinctively, to bee larvae and onion soup:
whether they feel delight or disgust is determined by the way they learn
to perceive food, but delight and disgust seem to be basic and universal
human reactions to food.

1. What is the primary focus of the passage?

A. The dietary habits of different cultures.
B. The evolutionary history of human languages.
C. The variability and universality in human cultures.
D. The unique sounds used in various languages.
E. The process of learning languages in childhood.

2. What underlies the diversity of human languages, according to the

passage?
A. The influence of geography on language development.
B. The technological advancements in communication.
C. The isolation of different cultures from one another.
D. The uniquely human capacity and predisposition for learning languages.
E. The genetic differences between human populations.

3. How do the speech sounds used in human languages compare to the

sounds humans can make?
A. They utilize the full range of possible human sounds.
B. They are a limited subset of the sounds humans are capable of making.
C. They are mostly uniform across different languages.
D. They depend entirely on the physical environment.
E. They are determined by dietary influences.

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4. How is the relationship between the culturally specific and the universal
illustrated in the passage?
A. Through the universal adoption of a single language.
B. Through the uniformity of grammatical structures in all languages.
C. By the universal preference for certain types of music.
D. Through the global distribution of physical and mental capacities.
E. By comparing the emotional reactions of individuals from different
cultures to food.

5. What determines whether an American boy and his Mixtec friends feel
delight or disgust toward certain foods?
A. Their inherent preferences at birth.
B. The physical taste of the food itself.
C. The way they learn to perceive food culturally.
D. The nutritional value of the food.
E. The availability of food in their respective cultures.

6. What does the passage imply about human reactions to food?

A. They are entirely learned and vary widely between cultures.
B. Delight and disgust are basic and universal human reactions.
C. They are unpredictable and change frequently over time.
D. They are influenced primarily by visual appeal.
E. They are determined by the food’s temperature.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Cultural learning influences perceptions of food.
B. Human cultures operate within certain universal boundaries.
C. Emotional reactions to food can be both culturally specific and
universally human.
D. The capacity for language is a uniquely human trait.
E. All human languages utilize the same range of sounds.

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13_08.
Think about what happens in a standard scientific experiment to find
out how a certain laundry detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are
several factors that may cause the detergent to act in a certain way. These
will include its active ingredients, the type and temperature of the water
in which the ingredients are mixed, the materials being cleaned and the
machinery - if any - used to do the laundry. Any experiment that could
hope to discover what caused bleaching would have to be devised in such
a way as to ensure that the crucial factors were properly isolated from the
other variables. So if, for exam ple, the hypothesis is that it is the chlorine
that does the bleaching, the experiment needs to show that if all the other
factors remain the same, the presence or absence of the chlorine will
determine whether the laundry detergent bleaches.

1. What is the main focus of the passage?

A. The process of developing new laundry detergents.
B. The impact of machinery on laundry efficiency.
C. The methodology of conducting a scientific experiment on laundry
detergent.
D. The role of water temperature in the effectiveness of detergents.
E. The comparison between different brands of laundry detergents.

2. What factors are considered in a scientific experiment on laundry

detergent bleaching?
A. The detergent’s price and packaging.
B. The advertisement strategies used by detergent companies.
C. The detergent’s fragrance and color.
D. Active ingredients, water type and temperature, materials cleaned, and
machinery used.
E. Customer reviews and satisfaction ratings.

3. What is essential for an experiment investigating laundry detergent’s

bleaching effect?
A. Including as many variables as possible in the experiment.
B. Isolating the crucial factors from other variables.
C. Testing the detergent on all types of fabric simultaneously.
D. Using the highest water temperature available.
E. Comparing the detergent with competitors’ products.

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4. What hypothesis is mentioned in the passage?

A. That all detergents bleach equally well.
B. That machinery used is the primary factor in bleaching.
C. That water type has no effect on the detergent’s performance.
D. That the detergent’s active ingredients do not influence its bleaching
ability.
E. That it is the chlorine in the detergent that causes bleaching.

5. How should an experiment be devised according to the passage?

A. By ensuring that all factors except one are kept constant.
B. By changing all variables at once to see the overall effect.
C. By focusing solely on the detergent’s cost-effectiveness.
D. By testing the detergent in various types of washing machines.
E. By excluding the use of any machinery in the experiment.

6. What would the experiment need to demonstrate regarding chlorine?

A. That chlorine’s presence or absence does not affect the bleaching.
B. That chlorine is harmful to all types of fabrics.
C. That the presence or absence of chlorine determines the bleaching
effect.
D. That chlorine is the least important factor in the detergent’s
effectiveness.
E. That chlorine improves the fragrance of the detergent.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Scientific experiments can identify the specific cause of bleaching in
laundry detergents.
B. Isolating crucial factors is necessary for determining the cause of
bleaching.
C. The hypothesis suggests chlorine is responsible for the detergent’s
bleaching effect.
D. The effectiveness of laundry detergent is solely based on the type of
water used.
E. Various factors contribute to the way laundry detergent acts during use.

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13_9.
AI’s effects on human knowledge are paradoxical. On the one hand,
AI intermediaries can navigate and analyze bodies of data vaster than
the unaided human mind could have previously imagined. On the
other, this power - the ability to engage with vast bodies of data -
may also accentuate forms of manipulation and error. AI is capable of
exploiting human passions more effectively than traditional propaganda.
Having tailored itself to individual preferences and instincts, AI draws
out responses its creator or user desires. Similarly, the deployment of
AI intermediaries may also amplify inherent biases, even if these AI
intermediaries are technically under human control. The dynamics of
market competition prompt social media platforms and search engines
to present information that users find most compelling. As a result,
information that users are believed to want to see is prioritized, distorting
a representative picture of reality. Much as technology accelerated the
speed of information production and dissemination in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries, in this era, information is being altered by the
mapping of AI onto dissemination processes.

1. What is the main subject of the passage?

A. The history of technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
B. The technical specifications of AI systems.
C. The process of creating AI.
D. The role of social media platforms in modern communication.
E. The paradoxical effects of AI on human knowledge.

2. How does AI impact the analysis of data according to the passage?

A. It simplifies data analysis to a level that requires no human intervention.
B. It allows for the navigation and analysis of vast bodies of data beyond
human capability.
C. It completely eliminates the possibility of manipulation and error in data
analysis.
D. It makes data analysis more time-consuming and less efficient.
E. It relies solely on traditional methods of propaganda for data analysis.

3. What potential negative effect of AI is highlighted in the passage?

A. AI’s inability to process large quantities of data.
B. The reduction of AI’s effectiveness over time.
C. AI’s potential to exploit human passions more effectively than traditional
propaganda.
D. The decrease in information production and dissemination.
E. The improvement of unbiased information dissemination.

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4. How does AI tailor its interaction with users?

A. By ignoring individual preferences and instincts.
B. By presenting a representative picture of reality to all users.
C. By limiting access to vast bodies of data.
D. By adapting to individual preferences and instincts to elicit desired
responses.
E. By ensuring all information is presented without manipulation.

5. What role do market dynamics play in information dissemination via AI?

A. They ensure that all information is equally accessible.
B. They decrease the relevance of social media platforms and search
engines.
C. They promote an unbiased representation of information.
D. They discourage the use of AI in information dissemination.
E. They cause social media platforms to prioritize information users find
most compelling.

6. What is the consequence of prioritizing information that users want to

see?
A. It provides a more accurate and representative picture of reality.
B. It eliminates inherent biases in information dissemination.
C. It reduces the effectiveness of AI in engaging with data.
D. It ensures the complete neutrality of AI intermediaries.
E. It distorts the representative picture of reality.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. AI’s ability to engage with vast bodies of data can accentuate
manipulation and error.
B. AI eliminates all forms of manipulation and error in data analysis.
C. AI has the potential to exploit human passions more effectively than
traditional propaganda.
D. Market competition affects how information is presented to users by AI.
E. AI can amplify inherent biases, even under human control.

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13_10.
It is not a coincidence that children turn out like their parents. From the
moment you come into the world, your mother and your father are your
role models. As little girls grow, they try on their mother’s clothes, put on
her make-up, and pretend to be her. When little boys come of age, they
play with their father’s tools and try to build or fix something for real. The
truth of the matter is that children look up to their parents as mentors.
They praise them and hold them in high regard. The greatest compliment
they can give their parents as they grow is to turn out just like them. If you
stop to take a personal inventory, you may find that you are much like
those that you emulate. A parent, a coach, a teacher, or a leader all leave
their mark on the final package with your name on it. When you look in the
mirror, you may see one or all of them in the reflection.

1. What is the primary focus of the passage?

A. The differences in parenting styles.
B. The importance of education in childhood.
C. The role of toys in children’s growth.
D. The influence of parents on their children’s development.
E. The impact of coaches and teachers compared to parents.

2. How do children typically view their parents according to the passage?

A. As distant authority figures.
B. As mentors and role models.
C. As peers with limited influence.
D. As secondary to their teachers and coaches.
E. As unrelated to their personal development.

3. What actions do children take to emulate their parents?

A. They focus solely on academic achievements.
B. They reject traditional family roles and values.
C. They spend more time with friends than family.
D. They adopt hobbies unrelated to their parents’ interests.
E. Girls try on their mother’s clothes and boys play with their father’s tools.

4. What is considered the greatest compliment children can give their

parents?
A. Achieving higher academic success than their parents.
B. Choosing a completely different career path.
C. Turning out just like them.
D. Becoming financially independent at a young age.
E. Outperforming their parents in sports or other extracurricular activities.

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5. According to the passage, what might you discover if you take a

personal inventory?
A. That you have no similarities with your parents.
B. That you are much like those you emulate.
C. That peer influence outweighs parental influence.
D. That societal trends have the greatest impact on you.
E. That hobbies and interests are entirely self-chosen.

6. Who are mentioned as influential figures besides parents in shaping an

individual?
A. A parent, a coach, a teacher, or a leader.
B. Siblings and friends.
C. Celebrities and politicians.
D. Neighbors and community members.
E. Authors and artists.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. Children often imitate their parents and see them as mentors.
B. Role models can include parents, coaches, and teachers.
C. Emulating parents is seen as a form of compliment by children.
D. Children are unaffected by their parents’ behaviors and actions.
E. Individuals may see reflections of their role models in themselves.

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13_11.
We are ail familiar with battles between reason and desire. Socrates asks
whether there are thirsty people who don’t wish to drink. Indeed there
are. (A sign on a faucet that reads “nonpotable water, do not drink” won’t
take away a person’s thirst, but she won’t want to drink there.) Yet there
is something paradoxical about this: the word “thirsty” means “wishes to
drink.” So we are imagining people who wish to drink and do not wish to
drink. How could that be? “It is obvious that the same thing will not be
willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to
the same thing, at the same time. So, if we ever find this happening in the
soul, we’ll know that we aren’t dealing with one thing but many.” In other
words, since no one thing can both wish to drink and not wish to drink (in
the same way at the same time), no one thing can have both of those two
characteristics; we thus manage this by being more than one: one pail of
the soul wishes to drink, and another does not wish to drink.

1. What is the central theme of the passage?

A. The history of philosophical debates on human nature.
B. The process of overcoming physical needs through willpower.
C. The methods of purifying nonpotable water.
D. The role of signs in influencing human behavior.
E. The conflict between reason and desire within individuals.

2. According to Socrates, what paradox arises in the context of thirst?

A. That thirsty people always find a way to quench their thirst.
B. That all desires are ultimately controllable through reasonable thinking.
C. That water is always a desirable drink.
D. That people can be thirsty and not wish to drink at the same time.
E. That signs can eliminate a person’s thirst.

3. How is the paradox of wishing to drink and not wishing to drink

explained?
A. Through the concept that the soul consists of multiple parts.
B. By asserting that people’s desires change over time.
C. By the idea that thirst is not a real sensation.
D. Through the improvement of water purification methods.
E. By denying the existence of conflicting desires in human nature.

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4. What does the phrase “nonpotable water, do not drink” exemplify in the
passage?
A. A universal solution to thirst.
B. An instance where reason overrides the desire to drink.
C. The effectiveness of public health campaigns.
D. A common misunderstanding about water safety and public health.
E. The irrelevance of signs in making decisions.

5. What conclusion can be drawn about the nature of the soul according
to Socrates?
A. It is uniform and unchanging.
B. It is incapable of experiencing conflict.
C. It is singular in its desires and actions.
D. It is composed of parts with potentially opposing desires.
E. It is unaffected by external factors like signs.

6. How does Socrates propose to resolve the observed paradox?

A. By suggesting that thirst can be eliminated through education.
B. By recommending the avoidance of nonpotable water sources.
C. By indicating that the soul has multiple parts with different desires.
D. By arguing for the suppression of all desires.
E. By denying the validity of the paradox.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the contents of the passage?
A. It’s possible for someone to experience conflicting desires regarding
drinking.
B. Socrates discusses the complexity of human desires and reason.
C. The soul is described as having more than one part to explain
conflicting desires.
D. Conflicting desires within an individual suggest the existence of multiple
aspects of the soul.
E. A sign warning against drinking nonpotable water eliminates the feeling
of thirst.

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13_12.
Media executives understand that they must think of their audiences as
consumers who buy their products or whom they sell to advertisers. The
complaining individual might be successful in getting the content changed
or even removed if he or she convinces the media executives that they
might otherwise lose a substantia] portion of their target market. But an
individual’s concern will garner little attention if it is clear that the person
does not belong in the target audience. The editors from Cosmopolitan
magazine, which aims at 20-something single women, for example, are
not likely to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding woman from rural
Kansas who phones to protest what she feels are demeaning portrayals of
women on covers of the magazine that she sees in the supermarket. Yet
the magazine staff might well act favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber
writes with a suggestion for a new column that would attract more of the
upscale single women they want as readers.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The role of media executives in content management.
B. Strategies for expanding a magazine’s readership.
C. The demographic targeting strategies of magazines.
D. The influence of consumer feedback on media content.
E. The process of selling magazine content to advertisers.

2. How might an individual influence media executives to change or

remove content?
A. By demonstrating a personal dislike for the content.
B. By threatening to cancel their subscription.
C. By convincing executives of a potential loss in their target market.
D. By organizing a boycott through social media.
E. By writing a negative review on an online forum.

3. Why might an individual’s concern be ignored by media executives?

A. If the complaint is about a trivial issue.
B. If the individual does not fit into the target audience.
C. If the complaint is made anonymously.
D. If the individual has not purchased the product.
E. If the complaint is made through an intermediary.

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4. According to the passage, what type of content feedback is unlikely to

be considered by Cosmopolitan magazine’s editors?
A. Feedback from a subscriber suggesting a new column.
B. Feedback from a long-time reader expressing dissatisfaction.
C. Feedback from a non-subscriber complaining about cover imagery.
D. Feedback from an advertiser requesting a content change.
E. Feedback from a celebrity offering to feature in the magazine.

5. What action might prompt Cosmopolitan magazine staff to act

favorably?
A. A protest from a group of readers outside their offices.
B. A complaint about the quality of the magazine’s paper and cover
stories.
C. A request to include more advertisements.
D. A letter from a school asking to censor certain content.
E. A suggestion for a new column from an upscale single woman reader.

6. Which of the following does NOT agree with the passage?

A. Media content can be influenced by the potential loss of the target
market.
B. Feedback from individuals outside the target audience is less likely to be
considered.
C. A subscriber’s suggestion that aligns with the magazine’s goals may be
well received.
D. Media executives consider the feedback of all individuals equally.
E. Cosmopolitan magazine targets 20-something single women.

7. Which statement does NOT align with the information provided in the
passage?
A. An elderly woman’s complaint about demeaning portrayals of women is
likely to change Cosmopolitan’s content.
B. Feedback that aligns with a magazine’s target demographic is more
likely to be acted upon.
C. Advertisers play a significant role in the content decision-making
process.
D. An individual’s purchasing power influences their impact on media
content decisions.
E. Suggestions for new content that attracts a desired readership are
valued by magazine staff.

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