Textbook Ebook Algebra Booster For Jee Main and Advanced Rejaul Makshud Mcgraw Hill 3E Edition Rejaul Makshud All Chapter PDF

Algebra Booster for JEE Main and
Advanced Rejaul Makshud McGraw Hill

3e Edition Rejaul Makshud
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Algebra Booster
with Problems & Solutions
for
JEE
Main and Advanced
Algebra_Prelims.indd 1 1/10/2017 1:03:58 PM

About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (R M) Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS. Presently, he trains IIT
Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.

Algebra Booster
with Problems & Solutions
for
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Algebra Booster
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Dedicated to
light of my life
(Rushda Manha, Daughter)

Preface
ALGEBRA BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced is meant for aspirants preparing for the entrance
examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/IISc. In writing this book, I have drawn heavily
from my long experience of teaching at National Level Institutes. After many years of teaching, I have realised the need of de-
signing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their level of mathematical concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has eight
chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to the problems
as given below:
Level - I : Questions based on Fundamentals

Level - II : Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level - III : Problems for JEE Advanced Exam
Level - IV : Tougher problems for JEE Advanced Exams
(0.......9) : Integer type Questions
Passages : Comprehensive link passages
Matching : Matrix Match
Reasoning : Assertion and Reasoning
Previous years’ papers : Questions asked in past IIT-JEE Exams
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy. So
please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the Objectives. Once you are confident
in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually require advanced
thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of prob-
lem easily and skilfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc Bangalore), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B. Tech.),
Dr. Syed Kashan Ali (MBBS) and Mr. Shahid Iqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As
a matter of fact, teaching being the best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this
book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr. Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a beautiful
format.

viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and to all my
learned teachers—Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya, who instilled
the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions toward
the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)

Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Sequence and Series 1.1–1.89

Introduction 1.1
Progression 1.1
Geometric Progression (GP) 1.2
Recognisation of AP, GP and HP 1.3
Means ( AM, GM and HM) 1.3
mth Powers Theorem 1.5
Cauchy-Schwartz Inequality 1.5
Maximum and Minimum Values of Positive Real Numbers 1.5
Arithmetico Geometric Progression 1.6
Summation of Series 1.6
Method of Differences 1.7
Exercises 1.7
Answers 1.25
Hints and Solutions 1.28
Chapter 2 Quadratic Equations and Expressions 2.1–2.76
Algebraic Expression 2.1
Polynomial 2.1
Equation 2.1
Identity 2.1
Types of Equations 2.1
Difference between an Equation and an Identity 2.1
Quadratic Formula 2.1
Nature of the Roots 2.2
Sum and Product of the Roots 2.2
Symmetic Functions of the Roots 2.2
Formation of an Equation 2.2
Common Roots of Quadratic Equations 2.2
Graph of a Quadratic Polynomial 2.3
Resolution of a Second Degree Expression in x and y 2.4
Location of the Roots 2.4
Some Special Types of Quadratic Equations 2.5
Transformation of Polynomial Equation 2.5
Intermediate Value Theorem 2.5

x Contents
Descartes Rule of Signs 2.6

Concept of solving Algebraic In-equation 2.6
Equation Containing Absolute Values 2.6
Irrational Equations 2.7
Irrational In-equations 2.7
Exponential Equations 2.7
Exponential In-equations 2.8
Exercises 2.8
Answers 2.28
Chapter 3 Logarithm 3.1–3.31
Introduction 3.1
Basic Formulae on Logarithm 3.1
Logarithmic Equation 3.2
Logarithmic In-equation 3.2
Conceptual Problem 3.2
Exercises 3.8
Answers 3.14
Chapter 4 Complex Numbers 4.1–4.89
Introduction 4.1
Algebra of Complex Numbers 4.1
Equality of Complex Numbers 4.2
Conjugate of Complex Numbers 4.2
Modulus of a Complex Number 4.2
Argument of a Complex Number 4.3
Principal Value of Argument of a Complex Number z 4.3
Representation of a Complex Number 4.4
Square Root of a Complex Number 4.5
Cube Roots of Unity 4.5
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity 4.5
Demoivre’s Theorem 4.6
nth Roots of Unity 4.6
Rotation 4.8
Loci in a Complex Plane 4.11
Ptolemy’s Theorem 4.14
Exercises 4.14
Answers 4.31
Chapter 5 Permutations and Combinations 5.1–5.53
Factorial Notation 5.1
Exponent of a Prime p in (n)! 5.1
Fundamental Principle of Counting 5.1
Permutations 5.1
Sum of Numbers 5.1
Permutation with Repetition 5.1
Permutations of Alike Objects 5.1
Restricted Permutations 5.2
Rank of a Word in Dictionary 5.2
Gap Method 5.2
Circular Permutations 5.2

Contents xi
Restricted Circular Permutations 5.2

Combinations 5.2
Some Important Results to Remember 5.2
Restricted Combinations 5.2
Combinations from Distinct Objects 5.3
Combinations from Identical Objects 5.3
Combinations when Identical and Distinct Objects are Present 5.3
Divisor of a Given Natural Number 5.3
Distribution into Group of Unequal Size among Sets (Groups) and Persons 5.3
Distribution into Group of Equal Size among Sets (Groups) and Persons 5.3
Arrangement into Groups 5.4
De-arrangement 5.4
Multinomial Theorem 5.4
Solutions of the Equation with the Help of Multinomial Theorem 5.4
Selection of Squares 5.5
Geometrical Problems 5.5
Exercises 5.5
Answers 5.19
Chapter 6 Binomial Theorem 6.1–6.72
Definition 6.1
Factorial of a Natural Number, n. 6.1
Binomial Co-efficients 6.1
Binomial Theorem (for positive integral index) 6.1
Multinomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index 6.3
Binomial Theorem for any Index 6.4
Exponential Series 6.5
Logarithmic Series 6.5
Exercises 6.6
Answers 6.21
Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants 7.1–7.82
Introduction 7.1
Types of Matrices 7.1
Addition of Matrices 7.2
Multiplication of Matrices 7.2
Transpose of a Matrix 7.3
Determinant 7.4
Cramers Rule Statement 7.5
Homogeneous System of Equations 7.6
Multiplication of Two Determinants 7.6
Differentiation of Determinant 7.6
Integration of Determinant 7.7
Summation of Determinants 7.7
Adjoint of a Matrix 7.7
Singular and Non-singular Matrices Singular Matrix 7.8
Inverse of a Matrix 7.8
Solutions of the System of Equations by Matrix (Inverse ) Method 7.8
Elementary Transformations of a Matrix 7.9
Advance Types of Matrices 7.9
Exercises 7.10
Answers 7.32

xii Contents
Chapter 8 Probability 8.1–8.77

Introduction 8.1
Sample Space 8.1
Random Experiment 8.1
Event Space 8.2
Axioms of Probability 8.3
Addition Theorem on Probability 8.3
Inequalities in Probability 8.3
Conditional Probability 8.4
Independent Events 8.4
Total Probability 8.4
Baye’s Theorem 8.4
Probability Distribution 8.4
Binomial Distribution 8.5
Geometrical Probability or Probability in Continuum 8.5
Exercises 8.5
Answers 8.26

Sequence and Series 1.1
C H A P T E R
1 Sequence and Series
CONCEPT BOOSTER 2.1 Arithmetic Progression (AP)

If the algebraic difference between any two consecutive
terms is same throughout the sequence, then it is called an
1. INTRODUCTION A.P sequence.
It is formally defined as, a sequence is a set of numbers ar- i.e. tn+1 – tn = constant = d, which is known as the common
ranged in a definite order so that all the numbers after the first difference.
will maintain a definite rule.
For example, 1, 3, 5, ... is a list of odd natural numbers. It 2.2 nth Term from the Beginning of an AP Sequence
can be written as 2n –1, where n Œ N. It is given as tn = a + (n – 1)d,
So a sequence may be defined like a function by a variable where a is the first term and d the common difference of the
expression. AP.
Which is also known as the general term of A.P
Sequence
It is a function whose domain N R 2.3 nth Term from the end of an AP Sequence
is the set of natural numbers. f Let the first term of a sequence is a, common difference d and
It can also be defined as a the number of terms is m of an AP.
function whose range is the Thus, Tn = l – nd = a + (m – n)d,
set of real numbers. n f(n) where l is the last term
Let f(n) = n + 2, where n Œ N
Thus, {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …} is a 2.4 nth Term of an AP Sequence is a Linear
sequence. Expression of n.
Let the first term is a and the common difference is d of an AP.
1.1 Series Then tn = a + (n – 1)d
If a sequence is connected by either +ve sign or –ve sign or = (a – d) + dn = A + Bn
both, it is called a series. where A = a – d and B = d.
For example, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + … is a series. which is a linear expression of n.
1.2 Finite and Infinite Sequences 2.5 Sum of n-terms of an AP Sequence

A sequence is said to be finite or infinite according as the Let first term is a and the common difference is d of an AP.
number of elements is finite or infinite. n
\ The sum, Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d ]
For example, {1, 3, 5, 7, …, 99} is a finite sequence. 2
2. PROGRESSION 2.6 Properties of AP Sequences

Property I
It is a sequence in which each term is followed by a certain
Let a1, a2, a3, …, an be in AP and k be a non-zero real num-
pattern.
ber, then
There are four types of progression, namely, AP, GP, HP
(i) a1 + k, a2 + k, a3 + k, …, an + k are also in AP.
and AGP.
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1.2 Algebra Booster
(ii) a1 – k, a2 – k, a3 – k, …, an – k are also in AP. 3.1 nth Term of a GP Sequence

(iii) a1.k, a2.k, a3.k, …, an.k are also in AP. Let the first term be a and the common ratio be r of a GP.
a a a a Then the sequence is {a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, arn–1}
(iv) 1 , 2 , 3 , …, n are also in AP.
k k k k Thus tn = arn–1
Property II which is also known as general term of the GP.
If a1, a2, a3, …, an and b1, b2, b3, …, bn are two APs, then
3.2 nth Term of a GP Sequence from the End
(i) a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …, an + bn are also in AP.
(ii) a1 – b1, a2 – b2, a3 – b3, …, an – bn are also in AP. Let the first term be a, the common ratio r and the numbers
(iii) a1 ¥ b1, a2 ¥ b2, a3 ¥ b3, …, an ¥ bn are not in AP. of terms be m of a GP.
(iv) a1/b1, a2/b2, a3/b3, …, an/bn are not in AP. Ï l l ¸
The sequence is Ìa, ar , ar 2 , …, 2 , , l˝ .
Property III Ó r r ˛
The sum of the terms of an AP is equidistant from the be- l ar m -1
Thus tn = n -1 = n -1 = ar m - n , where a is the first term,
ginning and from end is constant and is equal to the sum of r r
the first and the last terms, i.e. m is the number of terms and n is the required term, which
if a1, a2, a3, …, an are in AP, then we want to find out.
a1 + an = a2 + an–1 = a3 + an–2 = …
Property IV 3.3 Sum of n Terms of a GP
Any term of an AP (other than the first term) is equal to half Let the first term be a and the common ratio be r of a GP.
the sum of terms which are equidistant from it, i.e. Then the sequence is {a, ar, ar2, ar3, …, arn–1}.
if a1, a2, a3, …, an are in AP, then ÏÊ 1 - r n ˆ
ar - k + ar + k ÔÁ ˜ , r <1
ar = , ÔË 1 - r ¯
2 Ô
where 0 £ k £ n – r. The sum of n terms of a GP, Sn = Ì Ê r n - 1ˆ
ÔÁ ˜ , r >1
Property V ÔË r - 1 ¯
a+c Ô
If a, b, c are in AP, then b = Ó n, r =1
2
Property VI Note: If r = 1, the sum is Sn = N
Terms of an AP sequence
(i) Three numbers of an AP can be taken as a – d, a, a + d. 3.4 Basic Concepts of Infinity
(ii) Four numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 3d, a – d,
a + d, a – 3d 1. lim x n when x > 1
n
(iii) Five numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 2d, a – d,
2. lim x n = 0 when 0 < x < 1
a, a + d, a + 2d. n
(iv) Six numbers of an AP can be taken as a – 5d, a – 3d, 3. The value of 2 = , 3 = , 4 = , 5 =
a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d. 4. The value of
Property VII Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ Ê 2ˆ Ê 3ˆ
If log a, log b and log c are in AP, then a, b, c are in G. P ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0, ÁË ˜¯ = 0
2 3 3 4
and conversely.
3.5 Sum of Infinite Terms of a GP
3. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) As we know that,
If the algebraic ratio between any two consecutive terms is Ê1 - rn ˆ
Sn = a Á ,
the same throughout the sequence, the sequence is called a Ë 1 - r ˜¯
GP sequence. where a = first term, r = common ratio.
t r +1 When n Æ , rn Æ 0
i.e. = constant = r , and r is known as the common ratio. a
tr Thus S = .
1- r
Note
1. No term of a GP sequence can be zero. 3.6 Properties of a GP Sequence
2. All terms of a GP sequence can never be negative. Property I
3. ab = a ¥ b is holds good only when either a or If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP and k be a non-zero real num-
b is non-negative. ber, then
(i) a1k, a2k, a3k, …, ank are also in GP
Algebra_01.indd 2 1/6/2017 3:41:58 PM

(ii) a1/k, a2/k, a3/k, …, an/k are also in GP If the sequence a1, a2, a3, …, an are in HP, then
(iii) a1 + k, a2 + k, a3 + k, …, an + k are not in G.P 1 1 1 1
, , ,… are in AP.
(iv) a1 – k, a2 – k, a3 – k, …, an – k are not in GP. a1 a2 a3 an
Property II
If a1, a2, a3, …, an and b1, b2, b3, …, bn are two GPs, then Note
(i) a1b1, a2b2, a3b3, …, anbn are also in GP 1. No term of HP can be zero.
(ii) a1/b1, a2/b2, a3/b3, …, an/bn are also in GP 2. The general term of an HP is
1
(iii) a1 + b1, a2 + b2, a3 + b3, …, an + bn are not in GP. tn = [as in AP, tn = a + (n – 1)d]
(iv) a1 – b1, a2 – b2, a3 – b3, …, an – bn are not in GP a + (n - 1) d
Property III 3. There is no general formula to find out the sum of
If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP, then n-terms of an HP.
4. Questions of HP are generally solved by inverting
(i) a1r , a2r , a3r , …, anr are also in GP.
the terms and making use of the properties of the cor-
1 1 1 1
(ii) , , , º, are also in GP responding AP sequence.
a1 a2 a 3 an
Property IV
If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP, then 5. RECOGNISATION OF AP, GP AND HP
log a1, log a2, log a3, …, log an are in AP and vice-versa. Let a, b and c be three non-zero real numbers. Then
Property V (i) a, b, c are in AP if and only if
a-b a a+c
If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP, then = or b =
a1an = a2an–1 = a3an–2 b-c a 2
(ii) a, b and c are in GP if and only if
Property VI
a-b a
If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in GP, then = or b2 = ac
b-c b
ar = ar - k ¥ ar + k (iii) a, b and c are in HP if and only if
where 0 £ k £ n – r. a-b a 2ac
= or b = .
Property VII b-c c a+c
If a, b and c are in GP, then
b2 = ac 6. MEANS ( AM, GM AND HM)
Property VIII
If a1, a2, a3, …, an are in G.P, then 6.1 Arithmetic Mean (AM)
a22 = a1a3 , a32 = a2 a4 , a42 = a3a5 When three quantities are in AP, the middle one is said to be
and so on. the arithmetic mean (AM) of the other two.
Property IX If a, b and c be in AP, b is said to be the AM between a and c.
Number of terms and terms of GP sequence Ê a + bˆ
(i) If a, b Œ R+, then AM = (A) = Á
a Ë 2 ˜¯
(i) Three numbers of a GP can be considered as
, a, ar. (ii) If a, b, c Œ R , then
+
r
(ii) Four numbers of a GP can be considered as Ê a + b + cˆ
A=Á ˜¯
a a Ë 3
, , ar , ar 3
r3 r (iii) If a1, a2, a3, …, an Œ R+, then
(iii) Five numbers of a GP can be considered as Ê a + a + a3 + … + an ˆ
a a A=Á 1 2 ˜¯
, , a, ar , ar 2 . Ë n
r2 r
Insertion of n arithmetic means between two
(iv) Six numbers of a GP can be considered as
positive real numbers.
a a a
5
, 3 , , ar , ar 3 , ar 5. Let two positive real numbers are a and b.
r r r
Let A1, A2, …, An be n arithmetic means inserted between
two numbers a and b.
Then a, A1, A2, …, An, b must be in AP.
4. Harmonic Progression (HP) Let the common difference be d.
A sequence is said to be in HP if the sequence formed by the Thus tn–2 = b
reciprocals of each terms are in AP.
Algebra_01.indd 3 1/6/2017 3:41:59 PM

1.4 Algebra Booster
fi a + (n + 1)d = b Property
(b - a) The product of n geometric means inserted between two posi-
fi d= tive numbers, say a and b, is equal to the nth power of the
n +1
single geometric mean between the two given positive num-
Ê b - aˆ
Hence, A1 = a + d = a + Á . bers, i.e.
Ë n + 1 ˜¯ G1, G2, …, Gn = (ar)(ar2) … (arn)
Similarly,
= an ¥ r1+2+3+ … + n
Ê b - aˆ n ( n + 1)
A2 = a + 2d = a + 2 Á .
Ë n + 1 ˜¯ = a n ¥ (r ) 2
o È n(n + 1) ˘
Ê b - aˆ ÍÎ 1 + 2 + 3 + +n=
2 ˙˚
An = a + nd = a + n Á
Ë n + 1 ˜¯ n ( n + 1)
Ê b n 1+ 1 ˆ 2
Ê ˆ
Property = an ¥ Á Á ˜ ˜
ËË a¯ ¯
If n arithmetic means inserted between two positive real num-
n
bers, say a and b, the sum of the n-arithmetic means is equal Ê bˆ 2
to n-times the single arithmetic mean between two positive =a ¥Á ˜
n
Ë a¯
real numbers, i.e.
È Ê bˆm ˘
Ê a + bˆ -m
Í Á ˜ =6 ¥a ˙
m
A1 + A2 + A3 + º + An = n ¥ Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
.
Î Ë a¯ ˚
n
6.2 Geometric Mean = (ab) 2
When three quantities are in GP, the middle one is called the = ( ab ) n .
geometric mean (GM) between the other two.
If a, b and c are in GP, then b is the geometric mean be- 6.3 Harmonic Mean (HM)
tween a and c.
When three non-zero quantities are in HP, the middle one is
(i) If a, b Œ R+, then GM = (G) = ab . called the harmonic mean (HM) between the other two.
(ii) If a, b, c Œ R+, then GM = (G) = 3 abc . If a, b and c are in HP, then b is called the harmonic mean
(iii) If a1, a2, a3, …, an Œ R+, then GM = (G) = n a1a2 … an . between a and c.
2
Insertion of n geometric means between two (i) If a, b Œ R+, then HM = (H) =
1 1
positive real numbers +
a b
Let two positive real numbers be a and b.
Let G1, G2, …, Gn are n geometric means inserted between 3
(ii) If a, b, c Œ R+, then H = .
the two given positive numbers, a and b. 1 1 1
+ +
Then a, G1, G2, …, Gn, b must be in G.P. a b c
Thus, tn–2 = b (iii) If a1, a2, a3, …, an Œ R+, then
fi arn+1 = b n
H=
1 1 1 1 1
Ê b ˆ n +1 + + +º+
fi r=Á ˜ a1 a2 a3 an
Ë a¯
1
Ê b ˆ n +1 Insertion of n harmonic means between two
So, G1 = ar = a Á ˜ ,
Ë a¯ positive real numbers
Similarly, Let two positive numbers be a and b respectively.
2 Let H1, H2, …, Hn are n harmonic means inserted between
Ê b ˆ n +1 two positive real numbers a and b.
G2 = ar = a Á ˜
2
Ë a¯ Then a, H1, H2, …, Hn, b are in HP.
o 1 1 1 1 1
n Thus, , , , …, , are in AP.
a H1 H 2 Hn b
Ê b ˆ n +1
Gn = ar n = a Á ˜
Ë a¯ Now
1 1
= + (n + 1) d
b a
Algebra_01.indd 4 1/6/2017 3:41:59 PM

1 1 a+b
fi - = (n + 1) d Also, A – G = - ab
b a 2
a-b 1
fi d= = ( a - b )2 ≥ 0
(n + 1) ab 2
A
1 1 1 Ê a-b ˆ fi A≥ G fi ≥1 …(ii)
Therefore, = +d = +Á G
H1 a a Ë (n + 1)ab ˜¯ From Relations (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 Ê a-b ˆ G A
= ≥1
= + d = + 2Á
Ë (n + 1)ab ˜¯
Similarly, H G
H2 a a
Ê a-b ˆ fi G≥H
1 1 1
= + d = + 3Á Hence, A ≥ G ≥ H
H3 a a Ë (n + 1)ab ˜¯ fi AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
o
Notes
1 1 1 Ê a-b ˆ
= + d = + nÁ a n +1 + b n +1
Hn a a Ë (n + 1)ab ˜¯ (i) If be the AM between two numbers a
a n + bn
Property and b, then n = 0
The sum of the reciprocal of n harmonic means is equal to n
a n +1 + b n +1
times the single harmonic mean between the two given posi- (ii) If be GM between two positive numbers
tive real numbers. a n + bn
Let H1, H2, …, Hn are n harmonic means inserted between a and b, then n = –1/2
two positive real numbers a and b.
Since a, H1, H2, …, Hn, b are in HP a n +1 + b n +1
(iii) If be the HM between two positive
a n + bn
1 1 1 1 1
, , , …, , are in AP numbers a and b, then n = –1.
a H1 H 2 Hn b
Ê 1 1ˆ
+
Therefore,
1
+
1
+ …+
1 Á
= n ¥ Á a b˜
˜ 7. mth POWERS THEOREM
H1 H 2 Hn Ë 2 ¯
If a1, a2, …, an be a set of positive numbers and all the a’s are
1
=n¥ not equal,
Ê 2 ˆ
Ê n mˆ Ê n ˆ m
Á 1 1˜
ÁË + ˜¯ Á Â ai ˜ Á Â ai ˜
a b Ë i =1 ¯ Á i =1 ˜
> ,
n Ë n ¯
Relation amongst the AM, GM and HM when 0 < m < 1
Let a, b Œ R+. Ê n mˆ Ê n ˆ m
Ê a + bˆ Á Â ai ˜ Á Â ai ˜
Then AM = (A) = Á
Ë 2 ˜¯
, Ë i =1 ¯ Á i =1 ˜
and <
n Ë n ¯
GM = (G) = ab
when m Œ R – (0, 1).
Ê 2ab ˆ
and HM = (H) = Á
Ë a + b ˜¯ 8. CAUCHY-SCHWARTZ INEQUALITY
Ê a + b ˆ Ê 2ab ˆ If a, b, c and x, y, z are any real numbers (positive, negative
Now, A ¥ H = Á ¥
Ë 2 ˜¯ ÁË a + b ˜¯
or zero), then
(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) ≥ (ax + by + cz)2
= ab = G2
Thus, A, G, H are in GP. 9. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF
fi G2 = AH POSITIVE REAL NUMBERS
A G Let us suppose that x, y, z, …, w and are n positive variables
fi = …(i)
G H and c is constant.
Algebra_01.indd 5 1/6/2017 3:41:59 PM

1.6 Algebra Booster
(i) Maximum Value 10.3 Sum of Infinite Terms of AGP

Let x + y + z + … + w = c
When n is infinite and –1 < r < 1, then
As we know that, AM ≥ GM
rn, rn–1 Æ 0.
Ê x + y + z + º + wˆ n Ê a ˆ Ê dr ˆ
Thus, Á
Ë ˜¯ ≥ x ◊ y ◊ z º w Thus S = Á +
n Ë 1 - r ˜¯ ËÁ (1 - r ) 2 ¯˜
Hence, the greatest value of
1/n
n x◊ y◊z
Ê cˆ
w is Á ˜ 11. SUMMATION OF SERIES
Ë n¯
(i) Sum of the first n natural numbers
(ii) Minimum Value
n(n + 1)
Let x + y + z + … + w = c. =1+2+3+…+n=
As we know that, AM ≥ GM 2
(ii) Sum of the first 2n even natural numbers
Ê x + y + z + ... + w ˆ n = 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n = n(n + 1)
Thus, Á
Ë ˜¯ ≥ x ◊ y ◊ z º w
n (iii) Sum of the first 2n – 1 odd natural numbers
Hence, the least value of x + y + z + … + w is n(c)1/n. = 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = n2
(iv) Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
10. ARITHMETICO GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION = 12 + 22 + … + n 2 =
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
The combine form of AP and GP will form an AGP.
Let the first term of an AP be a, d the common difference (v) Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers
2
and r the common ratio of a GP. Ê n(n + 1) ˆ
= 13 + 23 + º + n3 = Á ˜ .
Then the AP Sequence is {a, a + d, a + 2d, …, a + (n – 1)d} Ë 2 ¯
and the GP sequence is {1, r, r2, …, rn–1}.
(vi) Sum of the fourth power of first n natural numbers
Thus the AGP sequence is
= 14 + 24 + … + n4
{a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, …, (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1}
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n 2 + 3n - 1)
=
10.1 nth term of an AGP Sequence 30
The nth term of AGP sequence is (vii) a + a + a + a + + a(n times) = na.
(viii) sin a + sin (a + b) + sin (a + 2b) + …
tn = (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1,
+ sin[a + (n – 1)b]
where a = first term, d = common difference of AP, r = the Ê nb ˆ
common ratio of GP. sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ê bˆ
= ¥ sin Á a + (n - 1) ˜
10.2 Sum of n terms of AGP Ê bˆ Ë 2¯
sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯
Let the first term be a, common difference d and the common
ratio be r of an AGP sequence. (ix) cos a + cos (a + b) + cos (a + 2b) + …
Then the AGP sequence is + cos (a + (n – 1)b)
{a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, …, (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1} Ê nb ˆ
sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ê bˆ
Let Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + … + (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1 = ¥ cos Á a + (n - 1) ˜
Ê bˆ Ë 2¯
\ rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + … sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯
… + (a + (n – 2)d)rn–1 + (a + (n – 1)d)rn
Now, (1 – r)Sn (x) Sum of the product of numbers taken two at a time
Let a1, a2, a3, …, an Œ R, then
= a + (dr + dr2 + dr3 + … + drn–1) + [a + (n – 1)d]rn
(a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an)2
= a + (1 + r + r2 + … + rn–2)dr [a + (n – 1)d]rn n
Ê a ˆ Ê 1 + r + r2 + º + rn-2 ˆ = Â ai2 + 2 Â ai a j
fi Sn = Á + dr
Ë 1 - r ¯˜ ËÁ ¯˜
i =1 1£ i < j £ n
1- r
2
Ê (a + (n - 1)d )r n ˆ Ê n ˆ n
+Á ˜¯
fi ÁÂ i˜ a = Â ai2 + 2 Â ai a j
Ë r -1 Ë i =1 ¯ i =1 1£ i < j £ n
n -1 Ê 2 ˆ
Ê a ˆ Ê1 - r ˆ Ê [a + (n - 1) d ]r n ˆ 1 ÁÊ n ˆ n
fi Sn = Á ˜ +Á 2˜
Ë 1 - r ¯ Ë (1 - r ) ¯
dr + Á
Ë r -1 ˜¯ fi Â ai a j = 2 Á Á Â ai ˜ - Â ai2 ˜˜
1£ i < j £ n Ë Ë i =1 ¯ i =1 ¯
Algebra_01.indd 6 1/6/2017 3:42:00 PM

12. METHOD OF DIFFERENCES On solving, we get,

3 1
(i) Consider the series a = , b = - and c = 2.
2 2
3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ...
Here, the differences between the successive terms are 1
Thus, tn = (3n 2 - n + 4).
4, 7, 10, 13, …, which are in AP. Whenever the succes- 2
sive differences are in AP, we consider its nth term as 1
tn = an2 + bn + c. Hence, Sn = [3Sn 2 - Sn + S 4]
2
In order to find the value of a, b and c, let us put n = 1,
1 È n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) ˘
2, 3 = Í3 ◊ - + 4n ˙
Thus, t1 = 3 = a + b + c, 2Î 6 2 ˚
t2 = 7 = 4a + 2b + c n 2
= (n + n + 4)
and t3 = 14 = 9a + 3b + c. 2
E XERCISES
LEVEL I 15. Divide 20 into four parts to form an AP such that the
ratio of the product of the first and the fourth to the
(Questions Based on product of the second and third is 2 : 3.
Fundamentals) 16. If a1, a2, …, an are in AP, prove that
1 1 1 n -1
nth TERM OF AN AP + +º+ =
a1a2 a2 a3 an –1an a1an
1. In an AP, if its tn = 3n + 5, find its common difference.
2. If the pth term of an AP is q and the qth term is p, prove 17. If a1, a2, …, an are in AP, prove that
that its nth term is (p + q – n). 1 1 1
+ + …+
3 In an AP, if mtm = ntn, show that tm+n = 0 a1 + a2 a2 + a3 an -1 + an
1 1 n -1
4. If the mth term of an AP be and nth term be , then =
n m
a1 + an
show that its (mn)th term is 1.
5. If (m + 1)th term of an AP is twice the (n + 1)th term, ai > 0 for all i
prove that (3m + 1)th term is twice the (m + n + 1)th 18. If a1, a2, …, an are in AP, prove that
term.
1 1 1 1
6. In an AP, if Tp = q, Tp+q = 0, find Tq. + + + …+
7. A man starts repaying a loan as first instalment of `100. a1an a2 an -1 a3 an - 2 an a1
If he increases the instalment by `5 every month, what
2 Ê1 1 1ˆ
amount he will pay in the 30th instalment? = Á + + …+ ˜
8. In an AP, prove that tm+n + tm–n = 2tm a1 + an Ë a1 a2 an ¯
9. If pth, qth, rth terms of an AP be a, b, c respectively, 19. In an AP, t7 = 15, find the value of common difference,
show that: d that would make the value of t2 t7 t12 maximum.
(i) a(q – r) + b(r – p) + c(p – q) = 0
20. If the non-zero numbers a, b, c are in AP and tan–1 a,
(ii) (a – b)r + (b – c)p + (c – a)q = 0
tan–1 b, tan–1 c are also in AP, prove that
a 2 a (i) b2 = ac
10. If <an> is an AP such that 4 = , find 6 .
a7 3 a8 (ii) a = b = c
SELECTIONS OF TERMS IN AN AP SUM TO N-TERMS OF AN AP
11. If a, b, c, d, e are in AP, find the value of 21. Find the sum of the series
a – 4b + 6c – 4d + e. 5 + 13 + 21 + … + 181.
12. Divide 69 into three parts to form an AP and the prod- 22. Find the sum of all three-digit natural numbers which
uct of the two smaller parts is 483. are divisible by 7.
13. The angles of a quadrilateral are in AP whose common 23. Find the sum of all natural numbers between 250 and
difference is 10°. Find the angles. 1000 which are exactly divisible by 3.
14. If the roots of the equation x3 – 12x2 + 39x – 28 = 0 are 24. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the AP a1, a2, a3, …, an
in AP, find the common difference. if it is known that a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225.
Algebra_01.indd 7 1/6/2017 3:42:00 PM

1.8 Algebra Booster
25. In an AP, (ii) a2(b + c), b2(c + a), c2(a + b)

(i) if Sn = 3n2 + 4n, find its 10th term 1 1 1
(ii) if Sn = 2n2 + 5n, find its common difference. (iii) , ,
b+ c c+ a a+ b
1 1
26. If the mth term of an AP is and the nth term is , 1 1 1
n m (iv) , ,
1 bc ca ab
show that the sum of mnth term is (mn + 1).
2 Ê 1 1ˆ Ê 1 1ˆ Ê 1 1ˆ
27. Solve for x 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + … + x = 148. (v) a Á + ˜ , b Á + ˜ , cÁ + ˜
Ë b c¯ Ë c a¯ Ë a b¯
28. The sum of the first p, q, r terms of an AP are a, b, c
respectively. Show that (vi) [(b + c) 2 - a 2 ],[(a + c) 2 - b 2 ], [(b + a ) 2 - c 2 ]
a b c
(q - r ) + (r - p) + ( p - q) = 0 41. If a2, b2, c2 are in AP, prove that the following terms are
p q r also in AP.
29. The sum of n, 2n, 3n terms of an AP are S1, S2, S3 re- 1 1 1
(i) , ,
spectively. Prove that b+c c+a a+b
S3 = 3(S2 – S1). a b c
30. The pth term of an AP is a and qth term is b. Prove that (ii) , ,
b+c c+a a+b
the sum of its (p + q) terms is
42. If a, b, c are in AP, show that
Ê p + qˆ Ï a-b¸
ÁË ˜ Ìa + b + ˝. (i) a2(b + c), b2(c + a), c2(a + b) are in AP.
2 ¯Ó p - q˛
(ii) b + c – a, c + a – b, a + b – c are in AP.
31. If in an AP, the sum of m terms is equal to n and the sum
(iii) bc – a2, ca – b2, ab – c2 are in AP.
of n terms is equal to m, prove that the sum of (m + n)
terms is – (m + n). b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c
(7n + 1) 43. If , , are in AP, prove that
32. The ratio of the sum of n terms of two APs is . a b c
(4n + 27)
Find the ratio of their 11th terms. 1 1 1
, , are also in AP.
33. The ratio of the sum of m and n terms of an AP is m2 a b c
: n2. Show that the ratio of the mth and nth terms is
(2m – 1) : (2n – 1). INSERTION OF AM
34. The interior angles of a polygon are in AP. The smallest 44. Insert three arithmetic means between 3 and 19.
angle is 120° and the common difference is 5°. Find the a n +1 + b n +1
number of sides of the polygon. 45. For what value of n, is the arithmetic
35. If S1, S2, S3, …, Sm are the sum of n terms of m APs a n + bn
whose first terms are 1, 2, 3, …, m and the common mean of a and b?
differences are 1, 3, 5, …, (2m – 1), respectively. Show 46. If n arithmetic means are inserted between 20 and 80
that such that the ratio of first mean to the last mean is 1: 3,
mn find the value of n.
S1 + S2 + … + Sm = (mn + 1).
2 47. Prove that the sum of n arithmetic means between two
36. If Sn = n2p and Sm = m2p, m π n, in an AP, prove that numbers is n times the single AM between them.
Sp = p3. 48. If the AM between pth and qth terms of an AP be equal
to the AM between rth and sth terms of the AP, show
37. If S1 be the sum of (2n + 1) terms of an AP and S2 be the
that p + q = r + s.
sum of its odd terms, prove that
49. There are n AMs between 3 and 17. If the ratio of the
S1 : S2 = (2n + 1) : (n + 1).
last mean to the first mean is 3: 1, find the value of n.
38. If S1 be the sum of odd terms and S2 be the sum of even
50. If x, y, z are in AP and A1 is the AM of x and y; and A2 is
terms of an AP consists of (2n + 1) terms, prove that
the AM of y and z, prove that the AM of A1 and A2 is y.
S1 : S2 = (n + 1) : n.
1 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
39. If the sum of n terms of an AP is nP + n(n - 1) Q ,
2
nth term of the GP
where P and Q are constants, find the common differ-
1 1
ence. 51. Find the 10th term of the GP 2, , ,º
2 2 2
PROPERTIES OF AP 1 1 1
52. Which term of the GP 2, , , , º is
40. If a, b, c are in AP, prove that the following are also in 2 2 2 4 2
AP. 1
?
(i) b + c, c + a, a + b 512 2
Algebra_01.indd 8 1/6/2017 3:42:00 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"Phew! but it's low, an' dropping too," replied Bill, squinting into the
face of a small aneroid which they had saved from the Ocmulgee.
"Can you see under the squall?"
"No, it's black now, clear round the horizon."
"Wind seems to me to be increasing," commented Jack, feeling its
strength with his face.
"It's just like the start of that blow we had in the Moonbeam off
Rarotonga," called Loyola.
"That's bad!" commented the former. "I think, Bill, you'd better rig up
a sea-anchor for us to ride to. What do you say, Lolie?"
The woman flushed with pleasure at Jack asking her opinion, and
her eyes, shining with suppressed excitement, aroused in her by this
struggle with the elements, beamed fearlessly into the heart of the
storm.
"It's going to blow very hard, I'm sure of it," she answered; "but you
know best, Jack."
Thereupon they wasted no time in acting on the rover's idea. Three
oars were lashed together triangle-wise with a tarpaulin spread
between them. This was weighted by the small boat-kedge. Then,
with their strongest line attached, this contrivance was lifted over the
bows and the line paid out as the boat drifted down to leeward. This
had the effect of holding the boat's head up to windward, and caused
her to ride easier.
There was nothing more to be done but sit still and hope that the
gallant craft would succeed in weathering out the storm.
Leaving the post that she had held so well, Loyola seated herself
beside Jack in the bottom of the boat, where they were protected in
some degree from the howling wind.
Jack made her don a long oilskin coat to keep out the wind and rain,
as, slightly clad as they all were, the wetting caused a feeling of cold.
Now that the strain and excitement of the first strenuous fight were
over the woman felt somewhat limp and disheartened; but the
presence of her lover by her side, blind and helpless though he was,
proved a great comfort to her.
Shyly she sneaked her hand into his. He closed his fingers upon it
reassuringly and whispered in her ear,
"I'm very proud of you, Lolie, steering through that squall."
Such was the noise of the wind that, though the castaways sat
shoulder to shoulder with their backs to the gale, Jack, farthest aft,
could only hear Loyola speaking next to him by putting his ear close
to her mouth.
On the other side of Loyola sat Jim, the baler in his hand; whilst next
to him Broncho and Bill Benson exchanged remarks, Tari being in his
favourite place up in the bows.
"She rides well," muttered the bosun's mate, "an' if this kick-up don't
stir up the mud too much, we'll see another dawnin' in this old low-
degree turnip after all."
"You allows as how these perverse elements ain't goin' to get our
scalps then," drawled the cowpuncher. "The deal comes a bit florid to
me. The amount of agua we-alls contrives to gather at one time I
regyards as liable to have baleful effects."
"An' my idees were about the same gauge. It's the gal who pulls us
through the shindy. She's a bit o' dossy goods, wi' enuff nerve an'
savvy to make an' ordinary josser pipe low an' subdued."
"You're shore right a whole corralful. I feels plumb useless an' no
account when that 'ere squall rounds up on us, an' I near cuts loose
a howl; but when I sees how she's playin' the game so ca'm an'
easy, I cinches up my paltry feelin's an' whirls into the play with
renewed sperit."
"Poor ole Jack, too," observed Bill. "That blindness o' his cuts him to
the quick for sure. I watches 'im balin' with the blood runnin' from his
lips where he's bitin' of 'em. 'E's an old bird, is Jack Derringer; keeps
a stiff upper lip an' don' show much, but that blood lets out how
fretted 'e is an' gouged up in 'is innards."
Broncho nodded in silence, for Jack's misfortune hit his old bunkie
too hard for him to feel inclined to talk about it.
Suddenly a vessel was descried to windward, flying down upon them
under a close-reefed topsail, flinging the surges to right and left of
her and dipping to her cat-heads at each dive.
As she lifted her stern her deck could be plainly seen, crowded with
men, who crouched under her bulwarks in glistening groups. Her low
black hull battled in a field of raging foam, and her long topmasts
swung madly across the heavens as she rolled.
She was evidently an Island schooner.
"Jack, it's the Black Adder," cried Loyola nervously, after one glance
at the nearing vessel.
"Is she close?" inquired the rolling-stone.
"We'd be standin' by water-tight doors in the Dido," declared Bill.
"Near enough to throw the shorthorn steerin' with a thirty-foot rope,"
put in Broncho.
As the schooner surged by, her crew manned the rail, staring wild-
eyed at the whaleboat.
Aft by the helmsman stood a long, thin man with a scraggy beard,
and so near was the flying schooner that the movement of his jaws
could be seen as he chewed steadily.
Suddenly he bent forward, and shading his eyes with one hand,
gazed fixedly at the castaways.
"It's Dago Charlie!" gasped Loyola, with a horror in her eyes.
"By God, he's seen us!" yelled the bosun's mate wildly.
Sure enough the man began brandishing his arms in furious
gesticulations, and a deep roar reached the whaleboat from the
combined lungs of the stranger's crew.
"Bah! You swabs! We don't care that for you!" roared Bill Benson
savagely, standing up and snapping his fingers.
"Thar's squaws among 'em," exclaimed Broncho with surprise.
"Island girls," muttered Jack.
The schooner had hardly got a quarter of a mile to leeward when she
put her helm down and hove-to with a tarpaulin in the rigging.
"Goin' to lie by us till it moderates," said Bill. "Now he's spotted us he
won't let us go if 'e can 'elp it. 'E knows it's the gallows for 'im if we
gets clear, and 'e'll stand by to pounce on us. 'E'll get what he ain't
lookin' for if 'e comes protrudin' here."
"What for of a play would it be if we-alls sends some lead after him,
as a sorter hint to move on?" inquired Broncho.
"Wouldn't do!" pronounced Jack. "We'd get it all back with interest. If
it moderates at all to-night we'll put the horizon between us."
"I'm jest pining to shoot him up some," declared Broncho
bloodthirstily.
"Let 'im begin the action," said Bill grimly. "We'll finish it!"
Loyola said nothing, but cowered closer to Jack with big, anxious
eyes.
"We'll give him the slip, Lolie, don't you fear," cried the rover heartily.
Slowly the hours passed. The gale continued to blow with unabated
vigour, but the whaleboat rode it like a duck.
The castaways sat silent for the most part, and watched the
schooner down to leeward with various emotions.
Jack, handicapped by his blindness, lay back with closed eyes, deep
in thought.
Loyola, next to him, sat silent and troubled; whilst Broncho and the
bosun's mate tried to converse, but gave it up after a few efforts.
Jim, with the baler in his hand, busied himself with keeping the boat
free of water, for though she took no green water aboard, sprays and
spindrift flew over in a continuous shower-bath.
As evening came on they ate their slight, unpalatable meal and
struggled with damp matches to light their pipes in the screaming
wind. Then, as the darkness deepened, they all sat silently
expectant, waiting for the return of Jack's bewitched eyesight.
The rover sat up and sniffed round, turning his head slowly through
the points of the compass with straining eyes.
They watched him, fascinated by this queer freak of fortune, Loyola
in an agony of anxiety, the others curiously, but quietly confident.
Then, as the stars began to peep forth through the rushing clouds,
they saw his eyes suddenly brighten.
"I can see again!" he murmured, almost below his breath; though
they did not catch the words, all recognised that change in his face.
"Thank God!" burst forth Loyola half brokenly, for it was her great
terror that some day perhaps his eyesight might fail to return with the
nightfall.
A wave of intense relief rushed over the castaways, and as if some
great weight had been lifted from their spirits, they commenced to
talk, or rather shout, cheerfully.
The mere fact that their leader, if only for a few hours, was once
more restored to his usual self, gave renewed confidence to all.
With a swift, winning smile, Loyola tenderly grasped the rover's hand
and hugged it.
"So glad! so glad!" she cried joyfully.
"It's full moon to-night, Jack!" said Broncho casually, as if it were of
no importance, though he knew full well how anxiously he, nay, all
hands were looking forward to its advent as a slight chance of
release for Jack from his horrible affliction.
"I know," replied the rolling-stone very quietly; then more brightly,
"Now, let's have a look round. Ah! There's the schooner—rather too
close, I'm thinking. How far do you make it, Bill?"
"'Bout 'alf a mile."
"About that, I think," agreed Jack; then he turned and looked keenly
to windward.
"This dust-up will be over before dawn," he declared. "Let's see. The
moon rises about eleven; the sky is getting clearer every minute. But
that marooning hound needn't hug himself about that; he'll have to
catch us first and fight us afterwards, and if he gives me half a
chance to draw a bead on him before daylight, I'll put him out of
action for ever, and think no more of it than stamping on a
cockroach."
"That's bizness, Jack, that's the tactics! Kill the bloomin' swine an'
all's serene. One of us ought to be able to 'it the bull's eye," asserted
Bill keenly.
"Why, chucks!" exclaimed Broncho, "it's a cert if he comes mouchin'
'round he's due to get creased a whole lot. That yappin' wolf'll find it
a heap fatiguin', chasin' round ropin' after this outfit. I allow he's
some fretted now he pastured you-alls on the island so headlong an'
thoughtless. That play o' his is goin' to make him sweat blood."
FOOTNOTES:
[14] Nickname for the cooper.
CHAPTER XI
"A SEA FIGHT UNDER THE STARS"
By midnight both wind and sea had dropped considerably. At one
bell the castaways saw the schooner's fore-topmast staysail rise
slowly as her crew manned the halliards, and a second later her
mainsail raised its head.
Jack gave a quick look round, and then said sharply,
"In with that sea-anchor, boys; it's time we were flitting."
In a moment the inaction on the whaleboat turned to a keen, nervous
energy.
Hand over hand the oars were hauled alongside, and the sea-anchor
got in over the bows; then away they went to windward.
The boat lay over to it, heavily pressed under a close-reefed lugsail,
wallowing, splashing, crashing into the seas.
Jack, at the steering-oar, sailed her a "clean full," whilst the rest of
the castaways baled furiously.
All of a sudden a puff of white smoke flew away from the side of the
schooner, and the faint report of a gun reached them.
"A snot from his twelve-pounder amidships," said Jack calmly.
The ball screamed past overhead, and plumped into the sea a long
way off to windward.
"It'll be wild shooting in this jump of a sea," observed Bill.
"Shall I bring my pop-gun into action?" drawled Broncho almost
indifferently, as he fingered his Winchester.
"Yes, let him have it; he's not going to drop lead over us without
getting some back," returned the rover fiercely.
"Jump it into him, Broncho," cried the bluejacket eagerly.
"That I shorely will without any ondue delays," replied the
cowpuncher, and taking a rapid sight he fired.
"It ain't easy shootin' in this here turmoil," he muttered, watching to
see the effect of his shot. "Now he's scatterin' it loose," he went on,
as a whole volley blazed from the schooner.
"Twelve-pounder again and rifle-fire," commented the man-of-war's
man, as the bullets screamed overhead. "That vigorous josser will
have to lower his sights a bit if he aims to do us any damage."
"I allow that shot makes him chew his mane; he's gettin' some acrid.
He reckoned he was goin' to bluff us sports quick an' easy," muttered
Broncho, pumping another cartridge into his gun.
"Now, my frenzied hold-up!" he cried derisively, and fired again.
"Get into the firing-line, Bill," broke in their leader sharply.
The bosun's mate needed no second bidding, but seized his gun
eagerly.
"'Ere's 'santy' to you, Mister Dago Charlie," he cried out, and he
pulled the trigger.
"Here she comes again!" yelled Jim, poking his head over the
gunwale in his excitement.
As the schooner fired, all the castaways, with the exception of Jack
steering, bobbed down in the bottom of the boat, as the latter cried:
"Lie low everybody," at the same time pushing Loyola down on to the
floorboards.
This time there was a dull thud aft.
"Hulled, by God!" burst out the bluejacket.
"Torn my only pair of dungarees," said Jack coolly. "Rifle bullet clean
through us."
"Not hurt, Jack?" asked Loyola piteously, her voice trembling.
"No fear, Lolie; just a graze, that's all."
"Chance shot!" remarked Bill. "What range is you sightin' at,
Broncho?"
"Six hundred."
"Better make it five," advised Jack. "She's closed up on us a bit, but
the sea and wind are moderating every minute. Tari, come and take
the steering-oar. We'll bring all our battery to bear."
Whereupon the Kanaka changed places with Jack.
Seeing that he had utterly failed in his attempt to make the
whaleboat heave-to, the marooner now ceased firing for a spell; but
having put his hand in the fire, it was now too late to draw it out. It
was his life against theirs now, and he crowded sail in pursuit with
desperate purpose.
But the three riflemen in the whaleboat continued to pump lead in his
direction, hoping by a lucky shot to cool his ardour sufficiently to
make him sheer off.
Presently the schooner's maingaff dropped its peak.
"Halliards shot away!" exclaimed the rolling-stone.
Jim burst into a cheer.
"Easy, sonny, easy," said Bill gravely. "It's too early yet to begin
shouting."
The Black Adder soon had her mainpeak hoisted again, but the
whaleboat's success was too much for the pirate's temper.
Her helm was put up, and as she fell off her whole side burst into
flame. The water was cut up all round the whaleboat by the shower
of lead. It flew over the castaways, whining and humming through
the air, and the boat quivered under the shock of three hits.
"Gee whiskers! Shrapnel!" exclaimed Bill concernedly.
"Slugs and pot-legs," agreed Jack, shaking off some blood which
was running down his hand. "Any one hurt?" he continued.
"Why, you are, Jack!" cried Loyola in great distress.
"Only a scratch on the arm," remarked the former carelessly.
"Let me bind it up."
"No time now, Lolie. Well-aimed broadside that; 'bout four hundred,
isn't it, Bill?"
"Aye."
"Plug those shot-holes if you can, Jim," went on the rover in a most
unconcerned voice.
He knew that things were looking serious, but the last thing he
wished to do was to show the boat's crew that he thought so.
"He shore cuts loose some lead that time," muttered Broncho. "The
kyards is comin' some swift. Thar's nothin' tender about that 'ere
maverick; he's plumb wolf from away back."
"More cartridges here, powder-monkey," laughed Bill cheerily to the
boy.
Jim reached over to the bag, but Loyola was quicker, and held out
her two small hands with all they could hold in front of the bluejacket.
"Thank you, mum; I 'opes as 'ow you didn't think I wos a-callin' of you
a powder-monkey," said Bill, reddening.
"Why, don't you think I make a very good one?" smiled the intrepid
woman; then excitedly, as the schooner's deck showed, "There's
Dago Charlie! There he is, standing right forrard!"
All three rifles rang out.
The man sprang backwards and was hidden behind the bulwarks,
but soon reappeared brandishing a furious fist.
What with the difficulty of accurate shooting at night and in the rough
sea, neither side seemed to be doing much damage.
Jack, Broncho, and Bill Benson concentrated all their energies in the
endeavour to pick off the schooner's captain, who exposed himself
carelessly as he watched the whaleboat keenly through his
binoculars.
"That 'ere dago is a heap too obvious on the scenery; if this boat
would quit pitchin' so lively, we'd stop his sin-encrusted play some
rapid," observed Broncho, as he took a long, careful aim.
"Two hours to daylight," muttered Jack, reloading. "I'd like to see him
sheer off before dawn."
"So should I," said Loyola softly.
The woman was behaving with rare courage, and took no more heed
of the flying lead than an old campaigner.
She and Jim had managed to plug all the shot-holes, and now that
the sea was smoother they were able to take a spell at the baling.
"Lolie, you're a brick. Pluckiest little woman I've ever met," declared
the rolling-stone fervently, as he knelt beside her.
"Have we any chance, Jack?" she asked sadly.
"Why, of course! You don't want to give in, do you, dearie? I should
think you had seen about enough of the Black Adder."
"Me? I'd rather die than fall into the hands of Dago Charlie!" she
cried vehemently.
"I thought so," observed Jack, with a keen look of approval in his
eyes; and then went on almost gaily, "Then it's a fight to the finish,
isn't that so, boys? We won't give her up, will we? No surrender to
Dago Charlie for us?"
"Give her up? I'm a blasted grabby if we does any such thing,"
grunted Bill scornfully.
"I should smile," drawled Broncho. "What kinder skunks do you-alls
think we is? I don't drop out o' this deal till my lamp goes out or that
pesterin' snake yonder pulls his freight."
"We're never goin' to give you up to that fiend, mum," chimed in Jim,
with a ferocious frown of valour on his face.
"Why," whispered the bluejacket under his breath to Jack, "the dago
mighty near marooned us without 'er; an' if 'e got us now, it'd be over
the side for us, and worse for 'er. 'E'll run no more chaunces like last
time."
"You're right, Bill," agreed the rover; "that's my opinion."
The wind had now dropped to no more than a strong breeze and
was veering into the north, and no longer coming in gusts.
The whaleboat sailed well, but was steadily being overhauled by the
schooner, which, however, was some way to leeward.
The Black Adder now ceased firing, content with the knowledge that,
barring accidents, she was sure of her prey.
But for the man at the wheel, none of her crew showed above the
bulwarks, and after the castaways had wasted several rounds in a
vain attempt to hit the helmsman, Jack laid down his gun in disgust
and said,
"Let's cease firing and wait till he's a bit closer. It's no use throwing
away ammunition like this."
"I agrees," assented Broncho. "As the kyards lay we-alls is simply
wastin' chips. We'll hold our hand some."
"It's the perishin' day he's waitin' for," grumbled Bill, putting aside his
smoking rifle and coolly filling his pipe. "He'll just keep station till sun-
up, an' then the oratorio'll begin to play again."
The pursuer and pursued now raced along broadside to broadside,
less than three cables' lengths separating them.
The Black Adder, though she was pinched up in the wind all she
would bear, would not look up as close as the whaleboat, though she
went faster through the water.
Jack's arm was now attended to and skilfully bound up by Loyola. A
bullet had simply grooved through the flesh—not much more than a
graze, but sufficient to cause a good deal of bleeding.
Jack, whilst his hurt was being doctored, thought hard. If something
were not done soon, Dago Charlie's obstinate perseverance would
prevail.
"We'll worry him yet," began the rover.
"Shore, an' euchre him too," said Broncho confidently.
"The wind's light enough now to help us," went on Jack. "Let's try
some short tacking. We can go about three times to his one."
"That's good tactics, sure enough," commented Bill.
"Splendid!" cried Loyola. "Let's start at once."
"Right-oh! Ready about there, Tari. Bill, you ship an oar and help her
round. We three will manage the lugsail."
The castaways had the boat round smartly, and away they went on
the port tack, heading north-east.
The Black Adder was completely taken by surprise, and lost some
valuable minutes before she followed suit and put her helm down.
Compared with the whaleboat, the schooner was a long time coming
round.
Anxiously the boat's crew watched her as she rounded to with
flapping head-sails, bowing her glistening black hull to the long swell
with slow, dignified movements; then, as she felt the wind on the
other tack, she lay over and came smoking after them, a frothing
streak of white rolling away from her sharp stem.
She made a perfect picture for an artist as she cut through the
gleaming path of the moon, carved out in a hard, clean outline of jet;
and, forgetting her peril, Loyola could not help exclaiming upon the
beauty of the scene.
"Just look at her! What other work of man can approach a sailing-
ship for perfect grace and——"
"Ready about!" broke in Jack, with a queer smile and a muttered,
"Sorry to interrupt you, Lolie," and round came the whaleboat again.
This time the schooner was prepared, and as she swung in stays
she sent a ball from her twelve-pounder skipping after the chase.
The castaways saw the shot splash, and then with a whirr it
ricochetted over their heads and plunged into the sea beyond them.
"Good shootin', and that ain't no josh!" commented Bill Benson.
"You're shore right, son," agreed Broncho. "That shot comes plenty
close. This here Dago Charlie slings his scrap-iron too free an' easy:
an' though we disdains these fam'liarities o' his, I shore regrets we-
alls can't corral his game none. His scatterin' loose this-away is
a'most liable to make a Montana sheriff apprehensife an' gun-shy."
"He ain't hit us yet," spoke up little Jim bravely.
"If he does he'll let sunshine through us, like as if we was a plate-
glass winder," declared the cowboy.
Again the whaleboat tacked, and before the schooner got round, Tari
swung her up once more on to the original tack.
Confused by the rapid manœuvres of the whaleboat, the marooner
hesitated a moment too long whilst head to wind, and then
starboarded his helm in an attempt to fall off on to the port tack
again. But he was too late; the schooner had not enough way on her
to respond to her tiller, and in a moment she was all aback.
"My God! she's missed stays!" yelled the rover joyfully. "What luck!
What all-fired luck!"
"Shall we-alls burn some more powder on him?" proposed Broncho
eagerly. "I regyards this here as a speshul o'casion."
"I think we'd better hold on a bit, Broncho. The ammunition's none
too plentiful, and we'll want every cartridge presently," declared their
cautious leader.
"An' you thinks a show-down is some handy, Jack?" inquired the
cowboy.
"Well, the wind's dropping fast; that's all in our favour."
"Perhaps he'll tire of this and sheer off before daybreak," broke in
Loyola wistfully.
"I allow he's too mean-strain an Injun to break away afore he's rattled
us some consid'rable more; but don't you fear, missy, we euchres
him some way on the final deal," declared Broncho cheerfully.
"You bet! The time's comin' when we'll wag our tails an' send 'im
navigatin' over the horizon quicker'n if a hornet's stung 'im," chimed
in Bill heartily.
Thus with hopeful talk did each hide a sinking heart.
Taking her hand in his, Jack looked long and lovingly into Loyola's
eyes.
"Whatever happens, dear, you and I will not be parted—that I swear,"
he whispered.
"Dear Jack," she answered fondly, and smiled back at him with a
brave spirit.
"If it comes to the worst, we'll board and carry the wretched
schooner," he went on valiantly. "Three white men, not to speak of
you, Jim, and Tari, ought to be able to settle the mixed rabble on that
pirate. Never fear, Lolie, we'll pull through somehow."
Fainter and fainter grew the wind as the dawn approached. Still the
whaleboat doubled before the persevering schooner like a hard-
pressed hare, and by well-timed manœuvring the castaways
continued to hold their own, though the marooner hung out every
flying kite that would draw.
Presently, with the magic quickness of the tropics, the dawn spread
gloriously over the east and dimmed the brightness of the stars.
In the whaleboat a fresh anxiety showed itself on every face as the
light of day grew swiftly.
Then, as Jack passed his hand wearily across his eyes and slowly
shook his head, a groan of distress broke out amongst the
castaways.
"It's gone," whispered the rover hoarsely; then, groping clumsily
about, he slowly sank down in the bottom of the boat and sat there
miserably, with bent head and closed eyes.
A fierce oath burst from little Jim's lips, an oath such as he had not
used since the first days on the Higgins, and it started a flood of
lurid, blood-curdling blasphemy from the over-tried cowpuncher,
whose swearing vocabulary Bill Benson ably succeeded in providing
with new words.
This fiery avalanche of oaths fell unheard by the small ears of
Loyola, who, crouching by Jack's side, stared at the rover with dry,
piteous eyes, whilst Tari, inscrutably silent as usual, steered on with
twitching lips.
In the midst of it all, the sail flapped, then filled, then flapped again;
the last of the wind had gone, and the whaleboat lay rolling on a
long, glassy swell, which already the sun was covering with glittering
sparks, like a mass of diamonds on the Pacific's wonderful blue.
The swearing ceased as suddenly as it had begun, and nothing
broke the silence in the whaleboat for some moments except the
dreary flapping of the lugsail.
Then Jack lifted his head and spoke:
"It's a flat calm, eh, boys?"
"A Paddy's hurricane clear down to the horizon," returned the
bosun's mate.
"The schooner's in it?"
"Aye, an' kotched it first. She's over three cables' lengths away now,
an' slewin' round without steerage way."
"By Jove, then, boys, we'll beat them yet," declared Jack excitedly.
"Out with the oars and let's put the horizon between us as soon as
we can. I can't see, but hang me if I won't show Dago Charlie I can
row."
His words put fresh life into the castaways.
"You hits it, this time, old son, for shore," burst out the cowboy. "This
hand shall be played with renewed sperit, an' that on-tamed wild-
cat's goin' to be out-held, or I'm a sheepman."
CHAPTER XII
"THE PLUCK OF WOMAN"
Swiftly the sail was gathered in and the mast lowered, amidst a
rattle of eager words. Only Loyola remained silent and downcast, for
this blindness which attacked Jack so curiously with every sunrise hit
her harder than any peril caused by the marooner's actions.
But Jack's keen ears noted her silence and realised its cause. Still
seated as he was beside her, he felt clumsily for her hand; then,
finding it, pressed it firmly, whispering,
"Cheer up, Lolie; my eyesight'll be all right directly I can get the
correct treatment. Meanwhile, we'll just go on our way to Papeete
and leave Mr. Dago Charlie standing."
"I'm trying to be brave, I'm trying to be brave," murmured the woman
brokenly. "Only, only——"
"I know, dearie, I know," he broke in gently. "I know how it hurts you
—yes, more than it does me, far more; but it'll all come right
presently, don't you fear."
"But it does seem so hard, so very, very hard; and I was hoping so
much——"
"Put not your trust in the moon," he laughed cheerfully; then went on,
"You must steer, Lolie, as we want Tari to row."
The fact of being of some use seemed to hearten her considerably,
and with a brighter face she took the steering-oar from the Kanaka.
"You stroke us, Jack," proposed Benson.
"'Xcuse me, boys, if my play with an oar is some wantin' in skill,"
observed the cowpuncher. "My eddication's been some neglected in
rowin', an' I'm shore a tenderfoot at the game a whole lot."
Then away they went, Jack setting a steady stroke and Broncho at
the bow oar pulling all he knew, but splashing freely with the
clumsiness of a novice.
"I shore wishes this here were a paddle," he grunted. "I savvys
paddles, but rowin' this-away comes plumb strange to me."
"Shoo, man, you're doin' fine! Reg'lar Varsity h'oar, I calls yer; fit for a
captain's gig," declared Bill.
Jim, much against his wish, had been placed in reserve.
The whaleboat pulled easily over the long swell, and though worn to
a degree, the castaways dipped their oars with the energy of
desperation.
The blind stroke, drawing upon his wonderful reserve of strength,
made the stout ash bend with his efforts, the man-of-war's man ably
backing him up; whilst Tari, the indefatigable, pulled with the easy,
untiring swing of the South Sea whale-hunter.
The moisture glistened on their stern-set, resolute faces as the sun
beat down upon them with an eye-wearying glare.
The water rippled cheerily from the bends of the keen-lined boat, and
swirled astern hissing and bubbling, whilst the ploughing oars
churned up the calm depths of blue into a creamy yeast, leaving
behind them at each stroke a miniature whirlpool, which seemed to
move hastily away from the cruel blades, slicing their way so steadily
through the transparency of the Pacific, and blurring its face as they
drove the whaleboat onward.
An enthusiasm in this desperate race raised the watching boy's
spirits to a gay fearlessness, and he burst forth into a well-known
snatch:
"An' it's drill, ye tarriers, drill!
For it's work all day, without sugar in ye tay,
An' it's drill, ye tarriers, drill!"
"That's the style, Jim!" jerked the blind stroke approvingly. "Let it rip!
That's the medicine!"
"Shore!" gasped Broncho.
"An' here comes the dago diggin' out after us," cried Bill. "They're
pipin' fust an' second cutters away aboard the pirateer."
The Black Adder had lowered two boats full of men, which now came
dancing over the swell in chase of the whaleboat, for all the world
like two bustling centipedes.
"Jim serve out a cocoanut per man. Easy all, boys. Let's get our wind
and a little refreshment, then we'll soon show 'em what we can do,"
said Jack, lying on his oar.
"That's the ticket! We'll stoke up an' revive ourselves before the final
'eat," declared Bill. "For it's a case of brace up an' get a wiggle on if
we're goin' to stop that dago swab from bussneckin' round us."
"I'd shore like to put the hobbles on the rancorous hold-up," growled
Broncho, as he sucked his cocoanut. "I feels kind o' gore-thirsty an'
bulgin' with animosity this maunin'. I hungers for a show-down with
them two boats. A long range duel makes me peevish a whole lot.
My mood ain't in the saddle that-away, I wants to get clos't to my
work. I jest itches to get my claws on to that 'ere maroonin'
desperado and jolt him up some. I reckon he'd be some scarce o'
tail-feathers when I'm through with him."
"Our game will be to draw the boats as far away from the schooner
as we can," put in Jack; "and then, if the worst comes to the worst,
we must fight 'em off. No, Broncho, no hand-to-hand rough-and-
tumble if we can avoid it. Remember Loyola's a woman, though
she's got a man's name and a man's nerve."
"It shore gets clean stampeded out o' my mind," muttered the
cowpuncher.
"Then I'm blind and useless," went on Jack. "That leaves three men
and a boy to tackle two boat-loads of cutthroats. No, no, our rifles
are our only chance."
"Aye, Jack's right," agreed the bosun's mate. "We must revolute
clear o' them jossers some'ow. We don't want it to come to fixin'
bayonets to 'old 'em off."
Their small refreshment finished, the castaways took to their oars
again with renewed vigour; but despite their desperate efforts, the
schooner's boats began slowly to close upon them.
The cowboy, unaccustomed to rowing, with all his grit, was fast tiring
out, and his oar began to cleave the water in uncertain jerks; he
wasted his strength at the wrong moment, and began to find a
difficulty in keeping time.
Jack still pulled an easy, mechanical stroke, putting a steady,
unchanging power into his work, whilst Tari seemed almost as fresh
as at the start; but Bill Benson, with the moisture pouring off his face,
though pulling with strength and determination, was beginning to
breathe heavily, and the strain upon him showed in the haggard look
of his eyes.
Matters were looking very serious for the whaleboat's crew, and in
that raging calm there was no hope of a helping sail appearing in
sight.
Jim was sent to Broncho's thwart to help him, and everything not
absolutely necessary thrown overboard to lighten the whaleboat; but
still the dago gained upon them, until, as the sun neared the
meridian, the schooner was almost hull down, whilst the boats were
within a cable's length and a half of their quarry.
Loyola, with the rifles by her side, stood swaying gracefully to the
swell as she held the boat's head on its course.
She made a lovely picture, standing there so straight and fearless,
her little sun-browned hands grasping the steering-oar and the big
slouch hat shading her dauntless eyes from the glare of the tropical
sun.
From time to time she spoke to the toiling men with bright words of
encouragement, which always brought a renewed strength to their
aching muscles and produced a look of fierce determination in their
tired eyes.
Then for a spell she would fall silent, and lose herself in her thoughts
as she looked at the blind stroke, until her soul crept out of her sad
eyes in a soft glow of infinite tenderness.

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Algebra Booster for JEE Main and

Advanced Rejaul Makshud McGraw Hill

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McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-250-6

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Level - I : Questions based on Fundamentals

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Chapter 1 Sequence and Series 1.1–1.89

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Descartes Rule of Signs 2.6

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Restricted Circular Permutations 5.2

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Chapter 8 Probability 8.1–8.77

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1 Sequence and Series

CONCEPT BOOSTER 2.1 Arithmetic Progression (AP)

1.2 Finite and Infinite Sequences 2.5 Sum of n-terms of an AP Sequence

2. PROGRESSION 2.6 Properties of AP Sequences

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(ii) a1 – k, a2 – k, a3 – k, …, an – k are also in AP. 3.1 nth Term of a GP Sequence

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(i) Maximum Value 10.3 Sum of Infinite Terms of AGP

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12. METHOD OF DIFFERENCES On solving, we get,

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25. In an AP, (ii) a2(b + c), b2(c + a), c2(a + b)

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