JOURNAL OF DEGRADED AND MINING LANDS MANAGEMENT

Volume 10, Number 1 (October 2022):3809-3819, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3809

ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id

Research Article

Analysis of physical dimensions in tsunami disaster resilience in Tanjung

Lesung Special Economic Zone, Indonesia
Yoanna Ristya1*, Hayati Sari Hasibuan1, Rissalwan Habdy Lubis2
1
School of Environmental Science Programme, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya Kampus UI Salemba No.4, Central
Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
2
Magister Management-Sustainability Programme, Trisakti University, Jl. K. H. Mas Mansyur Kav. 126, Central Jakarta
10220, Indonesia
*corresponding author: yoanna.ristya01@ui.ac.id

Abstract
Article history: The Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a tourism area close
Received 6 June 2022 to faults and active volcanoes. This location causes the Tanjung Lesung
Accepted 18 July 2022 SEZ to have a high tsunami threat. In 2018, this area became an area
Published 1 October 2022 affected by the Sunda Strait tsunami, which caused various losses, including
casualties. This study aimed to examine the physical characteristics of the
Tanjung Lesung coastal area, which has a tsunami threat. The physical
Keywords: characteristics in the research are elements that can affect the resilience of
coastal region the tsunami disaster on the Tanjung Lesung coast. These include land use,
disaster resilience topography, evacuation routes, and settlement conditions. This study used
spatial analysis primary and secondary data obtained through government agencies and a
Tanjung Lesung SEZ field survey in 2021. The overlay analysis method on GIS was used to
tsunami provide a spatial explanation of the physical characteristics of tsunami-
prone areas. The study results showed that shrubs, a slope of 2-15%, and a
height of 5-25 m above sea level dominate the area with the category of
dangerous and very dangerous levels. The results also explained that there
are settlements with wooden wall structures and cement floors located in
very dangerous areas (with an area of 32.06 ha) and dangerous areas (with
an area of 11.62 ha). Based on the analysis, there are three distinct
categories in the research area. All three categories require coastal boundary
planning that considers the tsunami threat to increase disaster resilience.
The research results can be used to increase disaster resilience or spatial
planning in coastal areas.

To cite this article: Ristya, Y., Hasibuan, H.S. and Lubis, R.H. 2022. Analysis of physical dimensions in tsunami disaster
resilience in Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone, Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management
10(1):3809-3819, doi:10.15243/jdmlm. 2022.101.3809.

Introduction One of Indonesia's areas with a high tsunami threat is

Tsunamis is a disaster that can be caused by various
factors such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic
eruptions (Sambah et al., 2019; Tufekci-Enginar et al.,
2021). As a country included in the ring of fire and
located on three major plates of the world, Indonesia is
vulnerable to geological disasters (tectonic and
volcanism) that can cause tsunamis (Siagian et al.,
2014; Fauzi et al., 2020; Listyaningrum et al., 2020).
the coastal area in Banten Province. Through news
reported by CNN Indonesia (2022), BMKG stated that
the Banten area had a tsunami threat triggered by a
megathrust earthquake. The megathrust earthquake is
a massive earthquake due to subduction between the
Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which are
estimated to reach 8 Richter Scale. In addition to the
megathrust zone, BMKG also explained that Banten
has four sources of tsunami threats, namely (1) the

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megathrust earthquake source zone, (2) the Mentawai
fault zone, the Semangko Fault and the Ujung Kulon
Fault, and (3) the Sunda Strait Graben Zone with a
status prone to underwater landslides. (4) The eruption
of Volcano Child of Krakatoa. The Tanjung Lesung
SEZ (administratively located in the village of
Tanjungjaya) is one of Banten's coastal areas with a
Figure 1. Tsunami prone area.
On 22 December 2018, the coastal area of Tanjung
Lesung became an area affected by the Sunda Strait
tsunami that occurred due to the landslide of the Anak
Krakatoa mountain body (Wicaksono and Usman,
2020). The tsunami that occurred hit parts of the coast
of Banten with an average wave height of 2-5.6 m and
caused 431 fatalities, 7,200 injuries, and more than
46,000 people displaced (BMKG, 2019). The tsunami
also caused damage and losses to the tourism sector,
especially the Tanjung Lesung SEZ, up to 80 billion
IDR (Shalih et al., 2019). In Tanjungjaya Village, the
tsunami waves hit 50-300 m from the shoreline.
Reflecting on the losses caused and the high
threat in the future, it is necessary to increase the
resilience of Tanjungjaya Village to reduce losses due
to the tsunami. This study aimed to explain the
physical characteristics surrounding land use,
topography, evacuation routes, and the characteristics
of houses in Tanjungjaya Village as an area with a
tsunami threat. The physical dimension of the
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high tsunami potential (Figure 1) (BPBD, 2021). Its
location directly with the Sunda Strait causes the area
to have tectonic and volcanic factors that can trigger a
tsunami. The tectonic factor is faults on the Indo-
Australian plate (Sambah et al., 2019), and the
volcanic factor is Mount Krakatoa (Yudhicara and
Budiono, 2008).
environment itself becomes one of the indicators of
disaster resilience that can affect the ability to survive
during a disaster. The research results are expected to
provide a more detailed and holistic picture of the
physical condition of Tanjungjaya Village. They can
be used as a reference study to develop disaster
mitigation activities and sustainable coastal area
management.
Materials and Methods
Research sites
The research location is Tanjung Lesung SEZ and its
surroundings which administratively belong to
Tanjungjaya Village, Panimbang District, Pandeglang
Regency, Banten Province. Tanjungjaya Village is a
village with an area of 3337.06 ha (BIG, 2017) and
7,436 people (Tanjungjaya village government, 2021).
The Tanjung Lesung SEZ, located in the northern part
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of the village, has an area of 1,500 ha with a coastline Data analysis

length of 15 km (Banten West Java Tanjung Lesung,
This study explained the physical characteristics
2021). Geographically, the northwest part of the
affecting tsunami resilience in tsunami-prone areas. As
village is opposite an active volcano, namely the Child
shown in Figure 2, an analysis was carried out to
of Krakatoa. At the same time, there is an active fault
answer this goal. First, the overlay between tsunami
in the southwest, namely the subduction zone between
hazard map data sourced from Regional Disaster
the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. This location
Management Agencies (BPBD in the Indonesian
causes the research area to have a tsunami threat, as
language) Pandeglang Regency, land use sourced from
shown in Figure 1. There are three levels of the
the Pandeglang Regency Department of Public Works
tsunami threat, namely very dangerous, dangerous,
and Housing, and topographic conditions (slope and
and not dangerous, in the research location (BPBD,
elevation) processed from the BIG National DEM. The
2021). Based on the same picture, the areas with very
first overlay analyzed the area's physical
dangerous threats tend to be in the northern part of the
characteristics with a tsunami threat at the research
village, the Tanjung Lesung tourism SEZ area.
location. Then a second overlay was carried out
Data collection between the location and residential structure,
topographic conditions, and tsunami hazard maps to
This study used primary data and secondary data
analyze the characteristics of buildings in tsunami-
obtained from government agencies, related websites,
prone areas. The data on the house's structure was
and field surveys. Data on tsunami hazards, land use
taken using the cluster random sampling method.
and regulations related to regional spatial planning
Furthermore, the third overlay was carried out between
were sourced from the Pandeglang district government
the topographic conditions and the location of the
agency, while data on the location of settlements and
evacuation signs to analyze the physical characteristics
signs were obtained from the November 2021 field
of the evacuation signs.
survey. Other data used in the study were elevation and
The analysis of the three overlay stages was
slope information obtained from digital elevation
concluded to analyze the physical dimensions of
model processing (DEM), which was downloaded at
tsunami disaster resilience. This conclusion refers to
https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/demnas/#/.
resilient ecosystems (Spooner et al., 2021). The
The secondary and primary data obtained were
concept explains that achieving resilience is successful
grouped into spatial and non-spatial data (Figure 2).
in maintaining the target species population and the
Furthermore, the two data were combined and
existence of trust and relationships between
processed using the overlay method with ArcMap 10.6
stakeholders so that managers and communities can
software for spatial analysis.
understand environmental impacts and adapt to a
changing environment.

Figure 2. Research workflow.

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Results and Discussion
Physical characteristics of tsunami prone areas
Based on the overlay results that have been carried out
(Table 1), the land use dominance of the research area
is plantation land. An area of 1,579.15 ha or 47.3% of
the research site is a plantation area. The dominance of
plantations cannot be separated from the spatial pattern
planning of the research location, as stated in the
RTRW of Pandeglang district (Figure 3b). Based on
the plan, two land uses dominate the spatial pattern of
Tanjungjaya Village, namely plantations and tourist
areas. Based on several previous studies, land use,
including arrangement (Parsons, 2016; Sari, 2020) and
its type (Sooriyaarachchia et al., 2018; Jayakody and
Amaratunga, 2020) is one indicator to assess tsunami
resilience. The use of land use as an indicator refers to
the resilience of land use to the speed of tsunami waves
(Isnin, 2016) and its relation to evacuation access
during a disaster (Febriyenti, 2017). ADPC (2007) also
conveyed the relationship between land use and
disaster resilience in their guidelines for preparing
evacuation routes. The guide explains that each type of
land use and topographical condition has suitability as
a different evacuation route based on the speed
conservation value (SCV). The guidelines and some
A
Figure 3. (a) Land use and (b) Spatial plan for the research area.
Data Source: BIG (2017); PUPR (2021).
The results of this research were supported by
Wicaksono and Usman (2020) that the thicker the
vegetation, the greater the dampening effect on
tsunami waves. In line with these results, Sambah et al.
(2019) made forest or vegetation with a high density
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previous studies used the equation that the higher the
SCV value in a land use type or topographic class, the
better it is used as an evacuation route (Schmidtlein
and Woo, 2015; Marfai et al., 2020). Ease of
evacuation on land can increase disaster resilience
because it can reduce the risk of casualties in a disaster.
The 2018 Sunda Strait post-tsunami research
conducted by Wicaksono and Usman (2020) recorded
there was a change in land use due to the tsunami along
the coastline (Figure 4). The figure shows that the
tsunami caused the loss of the greenbelt along the
coastline. The loss of the greenbelt on this coastline
also causes shrubs to dominate the area (Figure 3a).
Based on recorded satellite imagery before
(August 2018) and after the tsunami (August 2019),
there was a change in land use due to the tsunami along
the coastline (Figure 4). The figure shows that the
tsunami caused the loss of the greenbelt along the
coastline. The 2018 Sunda Strait post-tsunami research
conducted by Wicaksono and Usman (2020) also
recorded changes in land use after the tsunami. The
loss of the greenbelt on this coastline also causes
shrubs to dominate the area (Figure 3a). Refers to the
tsunami threat at the research site, restoring the
greenbelt in the coastal border area is necessary even
though shrubs have dominated it.
B
the area with the lowest vulnerability value. Similarly,
Suhita et al. (2021) explained that high-density forests
or vegetation have lower tsunami susceptibility than
shrubs. Topographically (Table 1), the entire hazard
level is dominated by a slope of 2-15%, with a height
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of 5-25 m for very dangerous and dangerous areas and picture shows that the northern coast of the research
75-200 m for non-hazardous areas. Figure 5 is the location has a flat topography and is getting steeper
topographical condition of the research location. The and higher in the southwest.

A B

Figure 4. Land use (a) before (b) after the tsunami.

Source: Wicaksono and Usman (2020).

A B

Figure 5. (a) Altitude (height) region and (b) slope of the research area.
Data Source: DEM National BIG (2022).

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Based on the guidelines for preparing evacuation
routes issued by ADPC (2007), the steeper the slope,
the more difficult it is to evacuate when a disaster
occurs. However, based on Sambah et al. (2019) and
Suhita et al. (2021), the steeper and higher the
topography of an area, the more difficult it is for
tsunami waves to pass through the area. As previously
explained, the southwest coast has a steeper
topography than other coastal areas in the study area.
However, when viewed in more detail, the beach in the
southwest has a low altitude (at most 50 m). Although
it is still dominated by shrubs, based on a field survey,
the area is growing because of the Tanjung Lesung
SEZ tourist location. There are various permanent or
non-permanent beach tourism attractions and
amenities belonging to the community used for
livelihoods. In addition, based on the overlay results
(Table 1), there are 11.62 ha of settlements located in
the potential hazard area and 32.06 ha in the very
hazard potential area. These settlements tend to be on
a slope of 2-15% and a height of 5-25 m. Safeguards
through structural mitigation are still needed at the
coastal border even though it has a steep slope seeing
the risk of loss of life in a tsunami. Structural
mitigation also needs to be carried out considering that
in regional regulation (PERDA in Indonesian
language) number 2 of 2020 on amendments to
regional regulations on spatial planning for
Pandeglang Regency in 2011-2031, it is still allowed
to limit settlement activities on river border areas. In
addition, adventure, research, and educational tourism
activities are allowed in the coastal border area.

Table 1. Physical characteristics of tsunami prone areas.

Tsunami Threat Land use Hectares Slope Hectares Height Hectares
Level (ha) (ha) (m) (ha)
Shrubs 300.79 >40% 1.85 0-5 78.18
Plantation 157.90 0-2% 148.67 5-25 455.36
Settlement 32.06 15-25% 32.83
Very Dangerous
Swamp 14.08 2-15% 338.42
Paddy Field 18.77 25-40% 11.77
Moor/Field 9.95
Shrubs 102.76 >40% 0.30 0-5 20.63
Plantation 57.88 0-2% 61.20 5-25 198.76
Dangerous Settlement 11.62 15-25% 10.07
Paddy Field 37.45 2-15% 146.95
Moor/Field 9.69 25-40% 0.88
Shrubs 774.61 >40% 229.40 >00 188.12
Plantation 1349.79 0-2% 103.58 0-5 7.88
Settlement 69.85 15-25% 754.00 25-50 529.27
Not Dangerous
Grass/Empty land 4.05 2-15% 896.44 5-25 674.87
Paddy Field 91.14 25-40% 586.23 50-75 292.20
Moor/Field 280.21 75-200 877.31

Characteristics of buildings in tsunami prone areas factors that can affect the resilience of the building in
the face of tsunami waves. Based on research
As previously explained, there are residential areas
conducted in the aftermath of the earthquake and
located in tsunami-prone areas with high and very
tsunami in Indonesia, older buildings and simpler
dangerous levels of danger. In very dangerous areas,
constructions are more vulnerable during a tsunami
residential buildings are dominated by houses aged 3-
(Honesti et al., 2014; Soviana and Rani, 2019). This is
10 years. They have cement floors as basic materials
confirmed by the post-tsunami survey by Honesti et al.
and bamboo or wood walls as the primary materials.
(2019), which shows that many old buildings collapsed
Figure 6 is the appearance of the characteristics of the
during the tsunami. Based on the age of the buildings
house in a very dangerous area. Similar to houses in
that have been described, the buildings in Tanjungjaya
very dangerous areas, in dangerous areas, residential
Village can increase the resilience of the village
buildings are dominated by houses with a building age
community in dealing with the tsunami disaster. This
of 3-10 years, and the primary materials are cement
is also reinforced by the location of houses that are not
floors and bamboo/wooden walls. Figure 6 is the
close together, providing space for people to save
appearance of the characteristics of houses in
themselves in a disaster. However, the existence of a
dangerous areas. Based on the characteristics of the
house made of bamboo/wood as a basic material has
buildings described, residential houses in Tanjungjaya
caused the houses in Tanjungjaya Village to be prone
Village are dominated by the age of the building from
to collapse in the face of the tsunami disaster. The
3 to 10 years. That age is still classified as a young
results of the post-tsunami survey Honesti et al. (2019)
building age. The age of the building is one of the
also mention that houses with wooden construction

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and wooden walls were one of the types of buildings
that collapsed the most during the tsunami. Previously,
it was explained in regional regulation number 2 of
2020 on amendments to regional regulations on spatial
planning for Pandeglang Regency in 2011-2031 that it
was still allowed to limit settlement activities in river
border areas. However, settlement arrangements have
not considered the earthquake and tsunami-safe
building structures. Settlement arrangements on the
coastal border are only determined based on legal land
ownership. In contrast to settlements, buildings in the
Tanjung Lesung SEZ area have building regulations
considering the tsunami threat. Although in the form
of permanent buildings, the buildings in the Tanjung
Lesung SEZ were erected more than 100 m from the
shoreline.

Figure 6. Houses in very dangerous and dangerous areas.

Table 2. Residential houses in tsunami-prone areas.

Floor Amount Wall Amount Building Amount
Age
Wood / Bamboo 0 Wood / Bamboo 6 <3 years 0
Very Dangerous Cement 6 Cement 0 3-10 years 5
Ceramic 0 Ceramic 0 >10 years 1
Wood / Bamboo 2 Wood / Bamboo 9 < 3 years 0
Dangerous Cement 13 Cement 6 3-10 years 6
Ceramic 7 Wood And Cement 7 >10 years 16

The building in SEZ also has free space on the ground
floor (Figure 7). The space is functional as a flow of
water in a tsunami. Despite having building
regulations, the SEZ area does not yet have vertical
evacuation buildings or breakwaters as structural
disaster mitigation. Structural building can reduce the
risk of casualties when a disaster occurs (Febrianti and
Safriani, 2016; Honesti et al., 2018).
Condition of signs and evacuation paths in tsunami-
prone areas
Based on BPBD (2021), tsunami evacuation route
signs have been provided in Tanjungjaya Village
before 2018 or before the Sunda Strait tsunami
incident. In Figure 8, it can also be seen that there are
two different signs with the same information. Orange
signs are signs that BPBD has made before 2018, while
green signs are signs that were placed after the Sunda
Strait tsunami incident. Although it had been prepared
before 2018, based on the results of a field survey, the
people of Tanjungjaya Village only found out that
there were evacuation route signs after the Sunda Strait
tsunami incident. This community knowledge is
supported by the existence of outreach activities
carried out by the Community-Based Disaster
Preparedness (CBAT) volunteer group formed by the

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Indonesian Red Cross (PMI). CBAT itself consists of
20 people representing villages in Tanjungjaya
Village. After the tsunami, various groups also carried
out various efforts to increase community resilience by
providing information related to the tsunami disaster,
as shown in Figure 8.
In addition, there are still evacuation routes with
rocky or dirt roads, as can be seen in Figure 9. In
addition to evacuation route signs, various groups also
analyzed to determine evacuation routes in
Tanjungjaya Village. An example of an evacuation
route in Tanjungjaya Village is shown in Figure 10.
However, the available evacuation routes have quite
difficult slopes to pass during a disaster. Based on the
results described, the physical characteristics of
tsunami-prone areas can be grouped into three distinct
characteristics, which can be seen in Figure 11 and
Table 3.

Figure 7. Tanjung Lesung SEZ building.

Source: Field Survey (2021).

Figure 8. Tanjungjaya Village evacuation route signs.

Figure 9. Tanjungjaya Village evacuation route.

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Figure 10. Evacuation routes at the research site.

Figure 11. Differences in the characteristics of the physical dimension of disaster resilience.

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Table 3. Category characteristics of the research area.
Category Characteristics
Tourism area, very dangerous area, dominated by permanent building structures, clear building and
A
mitigation regulations
Non-tourism area, very dangerous area, dominated by wooden structures, unclear building
B
regulations, clear mitigation regulations
Non-tourism areas, dangerous areas, dominated by wooden structures, unclear building
C
regulations, clear mitigation regulations
Based on the characteristics that have been described,
it is necessary to plan coastal boundaries that take into
account the threat of tsunamis to increase disaster
resilience. This is because the balance between
strategy and control related to the institutional
framework and management of certain ecosystems is
the key to disaster resilience (Lloyd et al., 2013).
Coastal border planning can be done by restoring
greenbelts in categories B and C. In contrast, structural
mitigation can be carried out in category A, such as
evacuation buildings and breakwater walls. This is
done because the coastal area is directly used as a
tourism area in category A.
As previously explained, the thicker the
vegetation, the greater the damping effect on tsunami
waves, and trees will have a lower tsunami
vulnerability than shrubs (Sambah et al., 2019;
Wicaksono and Usman, 2020; Suhita et al., 2021).
Based on several previous studies, structural design in
disaster-prone areas is one indicator of disaster
resilience (Sooriyaarachchia et al., 2018; Powell et al.,
2019; Badoc-Gonzales et al., 2021). Structural
buildings such as breakwaters and tsunami safe houses
can reduce the risk of loss of life in a disaster (Febrianti
and Safriani, 2016; Honesti et al., 2019). The
procurement of greenbelts and breakwaters is also in
line with the Regional Regulation on Spatial Planning
Article 61 paragraph 6 of 2020. In this regulation, the
coastal border zone allows the development of natural
and artificial structures to prevent coastal disasters and
allows the use of space for green open spaces.
Conclusion
Based on the results and discussions that have been
presented, it can be concluded that the research area is
dominated by shrub's land use with a slope of 2-15%
and a height of 15-40 m above sea level. In addition, it
is also known that the research area has three levels of
tsunami threat. The 'very dangerous' and 'dangerous'
levels tend to be in the northern part of the study area,
which is a tourist area, while the rest are at the 'non-
dangerous' level. In addition to tourist areas, there are
11.62 ha of settlements in dangerous areas and 32.06
ha in very dangerous areas with predominantly
wooden structures aged 3-10 years. Therefore, the
research area requires the implementation of
regulations and coastal planning that takes into
account the tsunami threat to increase disaster
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resilience. Based on the analysis of the physical
dimensions of tsunami resilience, the research area can
be grouped into three characteristic categories. Based
on these categories, improvements can be made by
providing structural mitigation, which can be in the
form of evacuation buildings or breakwater walls (in
tourist areas), as well as green lines, which can also be
used as community plantations (in non-tourist areas).
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the School of Environmental
Science for funding this research through Grant contact
number: PKS No.0011/UN2.F13.D1/PPM.00.04/2022. The
authors are also grateful to the Pandeglang Regency
Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), the
Pandeglang Regency Settlement and Spatial Planning Office
(PUPR), and the Tanjungjaya Village Government for
assisting in providing research data.
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