12

Senior
CAPSTONE PROJECT High
School

Quarter 3: Module 2-Week 2

Prepared by: NOVALYN T. RAMOS, RMT

SST-II (COMPILER)

REMINDER: DO NOT MODULE

WRITE 1:
ANYTHING INDN
RECOMBINANT THIS LEARNING MATERIAL.
 Module 2: Hypothesis and Investigatory Methodologies

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate understanding of
1. hypothesis formulation
2. designing investigatory methodologies

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. formulate possible outcomes of the investigation, or in the case of mathematics
research, conjectures about the mathematical problem or topic
2. design a strategy or sequence of steps that will address the scientific question at hand
Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson the learners will be able to:
1. identify dependent and independent variable in a hypothesis
2. formulate hypothesis
3. create experimental procedures that will prove or disprove a hypothesis

Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more
variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study.

For example, a study designed to look at the relationship between sleep deprivation and
test performance might have a hypothesis that states, "This study is designed to assess
the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals
who are not sleep-deprived."

The hypothesis is a prediction, but it involves more than a guess. Most of the time,
the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background
research. It is only at this point that researchers begin to develop a testable hypothesis.
Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain
what you expect to happen.

In a study exploring the effects of a particular drug, the hypothesis might be that
researchers expect the drug to have some type of effect on the symptoms of a specific
illness. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the
environment might influence a particular behavior.

Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct.1 While the hypothesis

predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine
whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might
explore a number of factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate
outcome.

Formulating a Hypothesis
In many cases, researchers might draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build
on previous research. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the
immune system. So a researcher might hypothesize: "People with high-stress levels will
be more likely to contract a common cold after being exposed to the virus than people
who have low-stress levels."

In other instances, researchers might look at commonly held beliefs or folk

wisdom. "Birds of a feather flock together" is one example of folk wisdom that a
psychologist might try to investigate. The researcher might pose a specific hypothesis
that "People tend to select romantic partners who are similar to them in interests and
educational level."
Elements of a Good Hypothesis
When trying to come up with a good hypothesis for your own research or
experiments, ask yourself the following questions:

 Is your hypothesis based on your research on a topic?

 Can your hypothesis be tested?
 Does your hypothesis include independent and dependent variables?

A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or
types. The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. As the
scientist changes the independent variable, he or she observes what happens. The
scientist focuses his or her observations on the dependent variable to see how it
responds to the change made to the independent variable. Experiments also have
controlled variables. Controlled variables are quantities that a scientist wants to remain
constant, and he must observe them as carefully as the dependent variables.

Examples:
Controlled Variables
Independent Variable Dependent Variables
Question (What I keep the
(What I change) (What I observe)
same)
Does an electric Speed of rotation
Voltage of the
motor turn faster measured in Same motor for every
electricity measured
if you increase the revolutions per minute test
in volts
voltage? (RPMs)

Independent Variable Dependent Variables Controlled Variables

Question
(What I change) (What I observe) (What I keep the same)
How much water The Faucet
Water faucet opening Amount of water flowing
flows through a Water pressure, or how
(closed, half open, fully measured in liters per
faucet at different much the water is
open) minute
openings? "pushing“

Independent Variable Dependent Variables Controlled Variables

Question
(What I change) (What I observe) (What I keep the same)
Does heating a cup
Temperature of the Amount of sugar that
of water allow it to Stirring
water measured in dissolves completely
dissolve more Type of sugar
degrees Centigrade measured in grams
sugar?

For Good Variables, You

What Makes for Good Variables? Should Answer "Yes" to
Every Question
Is the independent variable measurable? Yes / No
Can you change the independent variable during the
Yes / No
experiment?
Have you identified all relevant dependent variables, and
are they all caused by and dependent on the independent Yes / No
variable?
Are all dependent variable(s) measurable? Yes / No
Have you identified all relevant controlled variables? Yes / No
Can all controlled variables be held at a steady value
Yes / No
during the experiment?
Activity 1:
Identify the manipulated (independent) variable and responding (dependent) variable for each
hypothesis.

Example:
If dogs are fed treats, then they will bark less.
Manipulated/Independent variable: Treats fed to dogs.
Responding/Dependent variable: Less barking.

1. If plants are watered, then growth height will increase.

Independent variable: _____________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
2. If chocolate is given to teachers, then amount of homework will decrease.
Independent variable: ______________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
3. If trees have leaves, then bird nests will increase.
Independent variable: ______________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
4. If acid rain is in water, then fish population will increase.
Independent variable: ______________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
5. If foods with calcium are eaten, then bone strength will increase.
Independent variable: ______________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________________________

Activity 2:
Based on the five research problems you made from module 1, give one hypothesis for each.

Problem 1: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Problem 2: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Problem 3: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Problem 4: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Problem 5: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Methodology
Research methods are the various procedures, schemes and algorithms used in
research. All the methods used by a researcher during a research study are termed as
research methods. They are essentially planned, scientific and value-neutral. They
include theoretical procedures, experimental studies, numerical schemes, statistical
approaches, etc. Research methods help us collect samples, data and find a solution to a
problem. Particularly, scientific research methods call for explanations based on collected
facts, measurements and observations and not on reasoning alone. They accept only
those explanations which can be verified by experiments.

Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of

studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which
researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are
called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which
knowledge is gained. Its aim is to give the work plan of research.

Importance of Research Methodology in Research Study

It is necessary for a researcher to design a methodology for the problem chosen.
One should note that even if the method considered in two problems are same the
methodology may be different. It is important for the researcher to know not only the
research methods necessary for the research undertaken but also the methodology. For
example, a researcher not only needs to know how to calculate mean, variance and
distribution function for a set of data, how to find a solution of a physical system
described by mathematical model, how to determine the roots of algebraic equations and
how to apply a particular method but also need to know:
(i) which is a suitable method for the chosen problem?
(ii) what is the order of accuracy of the result of a method?
(iii) what is the efficiency of the method? and so on. Consideration of these aspects
constitute a research methodology.

Experimental procedure is the specific techniques used in conducting a

particular experiment.

The experimental research method is widely used in physical and social sciences,
psychology, and education. It is based on the comparison between two or more groups
with a straightforward logic, which may, however, be difficult to execute.

Mostly related to a laboratory test procedure, experimental research designs

involve collecting quantitative data and performing statistical analysis on them during
research. Therefore, making it an example of quantitative research method.

Examples of Experimental Research

Experimental research examples are different, depending on the type of experimental
research design that is being considered. The most basic example of experimental
research is laboratory experiments, which may differ in nature depending on the subject
of research.

For a Good Experimental

Procedure, You Should
What Makes a Good Experimental Procedure?
Answer "Yes" to Every
Question
Have you included a description and size for all
Yes / No
experimental and control groups?
Have you included a step-by-step list of all procedures? Yes / No
Have you described how to the change independent
Yes / No
variable and how to measure that change?
Have you explained how to measure the resulting change
Yes / No
in the dependent variable or variables?
Have you explained how the controlled variables will be
Yes / No
maintained at a constant value?
Have you specified how many times you intend to repeat
the experiment (should be at least three times), and is
Yes / No
that number of repetitions sufficient to give you reliable
data?
The ultimate test: Can another individual duplicate the
experiment based on the experimental procedure you Yes / No
have written?
Activity 3:
From the five Scientific Problems you listed on activity 2, choose three then draft experimental
procedures you will use to answer these problems.

References:
1. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-hypothesis-2795239
2. http://www.wcsoh.org/userfiles/4402/Classes/85022//userfiles/4402/my%2
0files/hypothesis%20and%20variables%20worksheet.pdf?id=551675
3. https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601009.pdf#:~:text=Research%20methodology
%20is%20a%20systematic,phenomena%20are%20called%20research%20met
hodology.
4. https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-research