MASANGKAY EXAM W/NOTES
Newton (N)
1. around elevator
2. over reinforced
- undereinforced: lesser evil
- steel will yield first, then concrete will crack; code calls
it RUNNING TIME
- balanced section: rc beam sections in which the tension
steel also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the
concrete reaches the failure strain in bending
a. under reinforced: lesser capacity; PROVIDES MORE
WARNING prior to failure
concrete ultimate failure strain: 0.0035
steel failure strain: 0.20 to 0.25
- "the failure in under reinforced beam section is due to
the concrete reaching its ultimate failure strain of 0.0035
before the steel reaches its failure strain which is much
higher 0.20 to 0.25."
b. over reinforced beam sections
- failure strain in concrete is reached earlier than yield
strain of steel
- failure is all of a sudden, not recommended
- considered critical compared to under-reinforced
3. essential facilities (chapter 1 of NSCP)
- READ OCCUPANCY TABLE of structural code
4. gravity load
- temporary and imposed loads
- e.g. permanent loads (wall, floor) imposed load
(human, furniture)
- soil bearing capacity
weight of concrete: 1500-2500 KG/M3
normal weight: 2400 kg/m3 OR 23544 N/m3 OR 23.6
kN/m3
weight of steel:7750 kg/m3 to 8050 kg/m3
normal weight: 7850 kg/m3 OR 77 kN/m3 OR 77008.5
N/m3 OR 490 lb/ft3
**To get weight in N/m3, just multiply weight with
9.81 ,/s2
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF KG*M/S2?
5. retaining wall
- "resis lateral displacement of soil" aka prevents erosion
- understand gravity wall, piling wall, cantilever, and
anchored wall
- gravity: tapered, enough to withstand forces
- piling: manipis pero nakatanim sa lupas
- cantilever: meron paa to the left and under the soil,
weight of soil will be enough to prevent sliding
- anchored: there is an anchor towards the soil
6. diaphragm
- can we consider slab as diaphragm? yes if slab includes
the bracing systems
- bridge diaphragm: provide a stiffening effect to deck
slab
- dual systems: economic alternative to moment-resisting
frames (SOLID); combination of moment-resisting and
concrete
7. soft story
- lateral STIFFness is less than 70% of the stiffness of
story above
- solution: rc wall, steel frames
8. weak story
- It is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of
the story above.
- retrofitting is the only solution
- storey shear:
- storey drift: lateral movement
9. P delta effect
- secondary effect on shears (therefore may primary)
10. concrete
- artificial stone, properly proportioned cement,
aggregates etc.
11. admixture
- admixture or additives
- inert materials: considered aggregates
- more water, the weaker the concrete
- too little, not workable
12. masonry
- not only concrete, but also concrete blocks
- mostly general, includes plaster - honeycomb in concrete can be limited by this
-vibrator: 12k - 17k vibrations per minute
13. lintel - tightly packed particules will result in stronger concrete
- supporting opening of windows and doors above
- girder: primary beam 22. fault lines
- girt:a small beam that you can see in double walling - at least 5 meters from fault line
- tie beam: not intended to carry load, to prevent internal
buckling 23. columns
- for TIES (tied column)
14. elasticity
- stretch without failure 24. planted
- malleability: shaped into something else - concentrated load acting on the beam
- creep: slow and progressive deformation of a material - not aligned to bottom columns
with time at constant stress; time-dependent strain
25. pre-tensioning
15. crippling - pre-tensioning and post tensioning = prestressed
- sharp bending or buckling concrete

16. crushing and buckling 26. moment frame

- usual failure - frames in which elements resist forces predominantly
- effective height of column divided by least dimension shear and axial
of column; less than 12, short column, more than 12 long
column 27. punching shear failure
- failure of a base when hole is striked through; ex:
17. creep lumusot yung slab pababa
- long term exposure to high levels of stress - flexure stress: happens to columns and beams, but it
means bending
18. bundled bars
- in contact as A UNIT 28. bond stress
- minimum: 2 bars - prevents relative movement between bar and
- maximum: 4 bars surorunding concrete
- if clear distance between main bars of column is > - deformed bars; we provide anchorages 90, 280, or 135
150mm or 6 inches, you need to add stiffener or CROSS bend to increase bond strength
TIE
29. stirrup
19. slab - reinforcement to resist shear;
- span is much greater than thickness; useful surface - two functions: resists lateral and tortional stresses in a
- one way slab or two way slab beam + hold main bars in place
- one way slab: span considered is the shorter span - tied columns: called 'tie'
- two way slab: refer to short direction first, top bar is
along the long direction ALWAYS to minimize 30. jacking force
deflection - TEMPORARY force to introduce tension for pre-
stressing
20. hold longitudinal bars in place - if no word na temporary, pre-stressing force can be
- stirrups resist vertical and diagonal tensions as well considered
- column that bends: buckling
- beam that bends: deflection 31. structural concrete
- concrete for structural purposes (KEYWORD)
21. use of concrete vibrator - concrete: artificial stone, very strong in compression
 - ground slab thickness is 200 mm, depth of groove is
32. settlement 200/4
- DOWNWARD vertical ground movement, changes in/ - X/4 is depth of groove (x=slab thickness)
increased vertical stresses due to expansive property of
soil (e.g. when it gets wet) *construction joint
- gradual movement of earth when heavily loaded - pour concrete monolithically; but if you need to stop,
stop at L/3. dugtungan ng old and new: construction
33. permeability joint
- ability of soil to allow water to flow through it - sometimes, you provide dowel
- can be seepage or capillary
- seepage: absorption along horizontal direction *isolation/expansion joints
- capillary: rise vertically; water in the water table tries - insertion of material that does not bond to concrete,
to wet soil above it, until wetness goes up completely between to concrete sections
- soil test required for 2 stories
- you are required to embank 200-300 mm of layer for 39. development length
filling (cut and fill) but dpwh requires 200mm (8 - length of embedded reinforcement for design strength
inches); layers of 200 mm, you must achieve 90-95% at critical section (kung saan pwede maghiwalay)
density. if not, settlement may occur
*dowels
34. workability (and consistency) - smooth bar or deformed bar, pang dugtong lang naman
- function of slump test
- 4 inches is the maximum 40. post-tensioning
- 100mm (top) 200mm (bottom) openings, 300mm - method of pre-stressing where tensons are tensioned
height AFTER concrete has hardened
- VOL OF CONCRETE = VOLUME OF SLUMP
CONE 41. sheathing
- material encasing prestressing reinforcement
vol of concrete - H/3 (A1 + A2 + sqr.A1A2) - prevents reinforcement from blending with concrete
A1 = area of small opening - protects from corrosion
A2 = area of big opening
42. allowable stress
35. retarder - working stress: actual stress developed in a material
- DELAYS onset of hardening - maximum safe stress
- setting of concrete = hardening
43. thermal stress
36. aggregates - stress induced from change in temperature
- more than 75% of concrete
- class A mix: 1:2:4 (cubic feet for all) 44. spiral reinforcement
- cement (1/7 or 14/3%) : sand (2/7 or 28.6%) : gravel - wound reinforcement (in main bar) in form of
(4/7 or 57.1%) cylindrical helix
- beams: STIRRUPS
37. load-bearing wall - tied column: LATERAL TIES 4-16 bars, minimum
- the wall that resists vertical loads 250mm per side
- biggest load it resists is the load parallel to it - round column: SPIRALS 6-16 bars
- ** which is STRONGER? spirals
38. contraction joint
- manmade groove in a concrete structure to create a 45. inflection point
weakened plane and regulate location of cracking; way - point in the beam where no moment is developed =
to control cracking zero moment
- point in the elastic diagram where the curvature - minimum inside bend diameter for deformed bar 10mm
changes (pinaghiwalay ang concave upward and - 25 mm
downward) - P4-163 NSCP 2015
- required by code to provide extension length (90 deg
12db, 180 deg greater of 4db and 65)
46. dike
- long wall or embankment built to prevent flooding 53. 75 mm
- if specifically SALTwater: seawall is the answer - talking about clear distance
- dam: used to impound water for water supply - maximum spacing of spirals
- aggrgate, gravel: 9.5mm-20mm
47. chevron
- bracing that terminates at a single point within clear 54. 0.9
beam span - strength reduction factor for flexure
- can be letter V or inverted, or siagonal line
55. 12mm
48. pedestal - minimum size of slab main reinforcement
- upright compression member (COLUMN) with ratio of - temperature bar
clear height to average least lateral dimension not
exceeding 3 56. m < 0.5
- column na pandak; usually tapered - ratio of width to length for one way slab (two
- if tapered: get the average supporting beams)
- COLUMN: generally an 'upright compression member'
57. m >= 0.5
49. isolation joint (expansion) - ratio of width to length (
- separation of existing concrete slab from new concrete
slab 58. 4-16mm dia.
- separates two slabs - minimum reinforcement for TIED column (and beams)
- never use 12 for columns or it will be substandard
50. welding - slabs: 12mm minimum (10 is substandard)
- used to fasted components of built-up member (e.g. - spiral: 6-16mm
plate girder, steel to steel members) to make connections
with FUSION (chemical combination between metals) 59. 6-16mm
-welded and bolted connection (trying to provide a little - minimum reinforcement for spirral column
flexibility)
- minimum size of weld: 5mm 60. A36
- FILLET WELD; study symbols - ASTM steel with yield stress of 36000 psi
- fc concrete yield stress
a. butt joint - 1 ksi = 1000 psi
b. lap joint
c. t-joint 61. 100mm
d. corner joint - minimum thickness of ONE way slab
e. edge joint
62. 20mm
51. natural - slabs not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
- knot in wppds or timbers must have this minimum clear cover
- 2 types of drying: air, kiln - doesn't matter which type of slab
- ex: 42mm diameter bar for the slab; so slab must be
52. 6db superslab. 40mm concrete cover
- MEMORIZE TABLE specified concrete cover for non-
prestressed members and pretressed 69. 75mm
- minimum concrete cover for concrete in contact with
63. 3/8 inch ground, para hindi kalawangin mga bakal
- coarse aggregates must be larger than this
- coarse aggregates = gravel 70. 300mm
- minimum of 9.5 (3/8 inch is 9.375) - lap splices for uncoated deformed bar must not be less
than larger of 48db and ____
64. 20.685 mpA - now, must not be less than 40db
- strength of concrete at 28th day is 3000 psi. value is
same as 71. 36mm
- 1 MPa = 145.038 psi - maximum diameter of bars that can be bundled
- 1 psi = 0.006895 MPa - larger than 36mm should not be bundled

65. 60 ksi 72. 25mm

- closest answer is 40ksi - minimum clear spacing between parallel bars
- grade 60 steel yield stress of 275.8 MPa
- IMPORTANT: GRADE 40 276 MPa, GRADE 60 414 73. 4
MPa - maximum number of reinforcement for bundled bars
- might be asked to determine equivalent diameter
66. 0.75 - equivalent diameter = DIAMETER WHEN
- shear and torsion BUNDLED, just one big circle (equivalent bar)
- 𝛑d^2/4 * 4 = 𝛑de^2 / 4
67. general purpose
- ASTM Type I cement 74. 1/8 wL^2
- portland cement inventor: joseph aspdin in portland, - maximum moment of simply supported beam L meters
england long, carrying uniformly distributed load of w (N/m)
- fastest curing (type iii): 3 days - draw shear and moment diagram ;__;
- ordinary: 7 days - W = L(m) * W (N/m) = WL, N
- normal curing: 28 days - web reinforcement, shear reinforcement = STIRRUPS

Type I = normal 75. ld

Type II = moderate sulfate resistance - minimum length of Class A splice
Type III = high early strength - Class A: 1ld
Type IV = low heat hydration - Class B 1.3ld
Type V = high sulfate resistance - Class C 1.7ld
- ld shall not be less than 300mm
68. 25 mm (perfect)
- diameter of a no.8 deformed bar 76. stud welding
- to determine diameter of bar given its number: BAR - welding to fuse metal studs by heat of electric arc
NUMBER / 8 * 25 - STUD is equipped with ceramic ferrule
- NEVER USE 8 FOR STRUCTURAL, minimum is
10mm 77. at L/3
- Philippine Standard Steel Bars (pi)d^2/4 - where one can stop pouring concrete if monolothic
- check hour 5:32 for computation hahaha pouring is impossible
- for girder x beam, joints must be located at LEAST
** Curing - retention of moisture TWO BEAM WIDTHS away from beam-girder
intersections
7850 KG/M3 steel
78. composite
- 2 or more materials that are combined together 88. post-tensioning
- composite girder: steel-beam composite or rc slab
- built-up section: same materials combined together 89. 0.888
- weight of 1 meter no. 4 bar deformed bar
79. own weight and wind load W=7850 kg/m3 * volume
- forces a curtain wall resists Volume = cross sectional area * length
colume = pi dsquare/4 * 1 m
80. stirrups W = 0.888
- resist vertical and diagonal tensions in a beam and hold
main rebars in place 90. stress
- AKA web reinforcement, shear reinforcement - intensity of force per unit area
- may tend to change the size of body
81. long column(slender column) - force developed / cross sectional area
- will mostly fail due to buckling
- slenderness ratio kl/r 91. end anchorage
- RATIOS short, <32; intermediate, 31-120; long, >120 - length of reinforcement BEYOND POINT OF ZERO
STRESS
82. effective depth - 180 degree bend, 90, etc
- distance measured from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension reinforcement 92. basic wind speed
- more likely it's a beam - 3 second gust speed at 10 meters above ground
- more bars at bottom than top, subjected to tension
- more bars on top than bottom, might be cantilevered 93. storey drift
beam - displacement of one level relative to level below
- storey drift ratio: storey drift / storey height
83. ties
- loop of reinforcing bars enclosing reinforcement in tied 94. 800mm
columns - splices of deformed bars shall be staggered in this
amount
84. wall - "splices shall be staggered at least 750mm" mas
- used to enclose or separate spaces and sometimes serve malayo, mas safe
as a structural member - minimum separation of NOT LESS THAN 40 bar
diameters
85. 1.5
- seismic importance factor 1p of hazardous facilities 95. crosstie
and essential facilities - continuous reinforcing bar having a SEISMIC HOOK
- dont need crosstie if distance between bars is 25-
86. aggregate 150mm
- inert material mixed with hydraulic cement and water
to produce concrete 96. L/10
- AKA granular material - not less than 100mm and L/10
- shape: best is round and texture smooth
- aggregate classification: size, specific gravity, 97. marquee
availability, shape, texture - permanent roofed structure attached to and supported
by the building, projecting over public RROW
87. 25 mm
- spirally reinforced concrete column, clear spacing shall 98.
not be larger than 75 mm and not less than __
- minimum concrete cover for non-prestressed beams 124. linear meter
and columns NOT exposed to weather / earth 125. flat slab (only columns)
126. flexural stress
99. 12mm 127. rupture(nabiyak na, lumubog pa)
- minimum tie or hoop diameter for bundled bars 128. sublimation (pwede ka mabuhay)
129. rupture
100. 10mm 130. earthquake
- for cast-in-place construction, spirals shall not be less hypocenter - ilalim ng lupa
than this amount for 16mm-32mm longitundinal bars epicenter - ibabaw ng lupa
- larger than 32mm, you have to use 12mm na 131. fault line
132. 6m
101. 8db 133. 8m
- go backt to Standard Hook Geometry for Deformed 134. 20m
Bars 135. 6m
136. 7.21m
PLAN READING 137. 7.5m
102. main rebars 138. 5.5m
103. lateral ties 139. 5.5m
104. 3 meters (from ground line to bottom) 140. 7.5m
105. combined footing (two column footings are 141. 3.7m
combined, can be trapezoidal; if 3 or more, 142. web reinforcement
grid/continuous footing na) 143. main bars
106. tied columns 144. 40mm
107. 4 145. 75mm
108. 6 (main bars, no ties included!) 146. 12mm
109. 8 147. 36mm
110. tied 148. A. 5wL^4
111. 4-16mm (min. for tied columns) 149. zero (may support, walang deflection)
112. one-way slab 150. midspan, because of symmetry
one way slab if: 151. main bars
- supported by 2 beams on two opposite sides 152. AOTA
- supported by beam on all sides, RATIO of longer span 153. 4 inches
to shorter span is > 2 OR if short direction to long 154. 16 mm
direction < 0.5 155. 400mm
113. two-way slab 156. 2000mm
114. two-way slab 157. rectangular footing
115. one-way slab 158. 75mm
116. one-way slab 159. 6-16mm both ways
117. two-way slab 160. tied columns
118. L/24 161. 600x600
S-1, one and continuous L/24 162. 15-16mm, one way
119. P/180 163. 12
S-3, you cant choose ABC (L/20,24,28) they are for one- 164. 1.65
way slab 165. 150mm
120. 100mm 166. 75mm
121. 20mm 167. 9.80m
122. temperature bars (since one way slab) 168. steel (angle bar)
123. 12mm (S-6 two way slab, both top and bottom are 169. 1087.5mm
main bars) 170. 75x75mm
171. gutter
172. 16mm
173. 12mm
174. 3
175. slab, one-way slab (designed per linear meter)
176. cantilevered slab
177. isolation gap
178. 122-16mm
179. 600mm
180. 5
181. 16mm
182. 500mm
183. isolation gap
184. 75mm
185. 30
186. 24m
187. lateral support
188. angles
189. L50x50x6mm
190. symmetrical (cambering is intentional curving)
191. camber (to minimize deflection)

192. modified mercalli scale (effect of magnitude is

INTENSITY)
193. creep
194. rigid frames
195. 200GPa (modulus of elasticity of struc. steel)
196. 7/8
197. fillet welding (FUSION)
198. mean roof height
199. 1.5 importance factor
200. open building
201. exposure D
exposure categories:
- A: highly built-up areas
- B: roughest terrain (urban, suburban, wooded areas)
- C: open terrain
- D: smoothest, most severe windload, up to 2km from
sea

REVIEW rebar size markings