A Little Submission: An MM Age Play

Romance (Little Club New York City

Book 3) Zack Wish & Zane Fox
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 Symptoms. In horses and cattle these are very obscure, being
mainly in the nature of chronic gastritis. In both there are recurrent
attacks of slight colicy pains, with tympany in cattle, and gradual
emaciation. Vomiting has been exceptionally seen in both class of
animal and if the rejected matters are very acid and above all if
mixed with blood it is more suggestive of ulcer. In the horse the
attacks of colic are mostly in connection with eating. or (in case the
ulcer is duodenal) an hour or two after a meal. In this animal it is
possible to withdraw liquids from the viscus by the stomach pump,
and any hyperacidity or blood may be almost diagnostic. Tenderness
to pressure on the epigastrium or hypochondrium is often present,
yet the colics of ulceration are often relieved by pressure and friction.
Blood is sometimes present as such in the excrements, but more
commonly these are simply blackened by the exuded blood as acted
on by the gastric acid and intestinal liquids. The bowels may be
alternately constipated and relaxed. A gradually increasing
feebleness is a characteristic feature and in cattle paraplegia may
precede death.
In the carnivora the symptoms are less obscure. The animal is
dull, prostrate, weak, lies on its belly, but rarely long in one place,
and when up has arched back, stiff movements, and tucked up
abdomen. The epigastrium is painful to touch, which tends to arouse
vomiting of food or bloody mucus. As in the horse the rejected
matters are very acid. Constipation may alternate with diarrhœa, the
fæces being blackened (melæna) or even streaked with blood. The
occurrence of suffering after meals, the constancy and persistency of
the symptoms and the steadily advancing emaciation and weakness
are very characteristic. If the tenderness is referable to a given point,
it is even more distinctive.
Lesions. In the horse ulcers and erosions occur in the cardiac sack
in connection with œstrus larva and spiroptera which destroy and
remove the cuticular covering, or with sarcoma or epithelioma
growing in the gastric walls. In the right sac there may also be round
ulcers from the hooklets of the œstrus, or irregular excavations on
the summits of the folds in connection with catarrhal inflammation.
Ulcers from autodigestion are usually in the right sac, in the most
dependent part of the viscus, between the folds, and of a more or less
circular outline. The raw surface is black, brown, slaty gray or white.
The ulcers which result from petechial fever are irregularly notched
and marked by a mass of dark blood coagulated in their depth.
In cattle and dogs the ulcers are most frequent near the pylorus,
and when of catarrhal origin may be round or irregular, and on the
summit of the fold, or if peptic, may be round and between the folds.
In malignant catarrh and rinderpest, they are mostly formed on the
summits of the folds. They may vary in size from a pea to a quarter of
a dollar. The surrounding mucosa is usually congested, swollen, and
projecting, and the surface of the ulcer itself of a dark red, black,
yellowish, slaty or gray.
The round ulcer is usually marked by surrounding infiltration and
by a tendency to become deeper and to perforate the gastric walls,
with the result of inducing an infective peritonitis. This is more
common in cattle and carnivora than in solipeds.
Treatment. If a reasonably certain diagnosis can be made the
patient should be put on a restricted diet of easily digested materials,
given at regular intervals. For the carnivora scraped or pulped raw
meat, and milk, and for the herbivora milk and well boiled flax seed
or other farina are appropriate.
Violent emesis in carnivora may demand washing out of the
stomach with tepid water with or without the aid of a stomach tube.
This may be seconded by anodynes, chloral, cyanide of potassium, or
even morphia.
Bismuth trisintrate or oxide is appropriate in all animals, also
sodium bicarbonate, chalk or magnesia to neutralize the muriatic
acid.
As antiseptics calculated to obviate the formation of irritant
products from the gastric contents and to check the progress of the
microbian infection in the wound such agents as the following may
be used: Salol (horse or ox 1 dr., dog 5 grs.), naphthol or naphthalin
(same doses), chloral (horse 2 drs., dog 5 grs.).
Sometimes it is well to relax the bowels by small doses of Glauber
salts, and in all cases an abundance of fresh water, butter milk, or
other bland drink.
Cases of the kind are slow in their progress and unless the animal
is specially valuable, treatment may be a source of loss.
 PERFORATING ULCER OF THE STOMACH

Causes: round ulcer, foreign bodies, parasites. Symptoms: those of ulcer,

followed by infective peritonitis, fistula, pleuritis, pericarditis. Treatment: of
fistula.

This may be the result of the gradual deepening of the round ulcer,
yet in the domestic animals it mostly comes from the presence of
sharp pointed bodies. These may be enumerated as needles, pins,
nails, wires, sharp bones (dog), whalebone (horse), forks, knives
(cattle), and even gravel. The burrowing of the spiroptera has seemed
to cause perforation in the horse. All causes of ulceration may,
however, lead to perforation.
The symptoms are those of gastric ulcer, already given, followed by
the more specific ones of perforation. These in their turn differ
according to the parts involved. In the horse and dog the perforating
ulcer usually opens into the peritoneum, inducing a fatal infective
peritonitis. In cattle the foreign body sometimes passes toward the
heart, enveloped in a protecting mass of new formed tissue and
proves fatal by heart disease. In other cases it has been found to
proceed downward toward the sternum and to escape by a fistula
formed beside the ensiform cartilage. In other cases it has taken a
direction toward the right wall of the abdomen where it formed a
fistula, discharging alimentary matters. In still other cases it has
opened into the peritoneal cavity with fatal effects.
Treatment in the case of external fistula, without implication of
the peritoneum, consists in the removal of the foreign body, and the
stimulation of granulations along the tract of the fistula by the
application of an ointment of tartar emetic to the interior. Should
this fail the fistulous tract may be scraped to make it raw, and the
edges may then be drawn together with sutures taking a deep hold of
the skin.
 DILATATION OF THE STOMACH.

Adaptability to bulk of food. Dilatation with atony. Eructation. Cribbiting.

Vomiting. Age. Rare in cattle. Catarrh, overloading, nervous lesions, intestinal
obstructions, tumors, calculi, volvulus, invagination, hepatitis. Symptoms:
overfeeding, pot-belly, unthrifty hide, emaciation, eructations, cribbiting, fatigue,
perspiration, indigestion, colic after meals, tympanic resonance. Lesions: varying
distension, contents, action of calculus or pebbles, cardiac dilatation. Treatment:
nutritive, digestible, concentrated food, lavage, strychnia, iron, faradisation,
antiseptics.

The stomach has a great power of accommodation to the amount

of food habitually taken. In the horse fed mainly on grain with only a
little hay, it is habitually small, while in one fed on cut straw with a
little grain, on hay alone, or on green food, it is very much more
capacious though within the physiological limits of health. The cow
wintered on grain alone, has all four stomachs lessened in capacity,
and though she maintains good condition she is ill fitted to change at
once to the bulky grass diet of spring. The heavily fed swine, and the
farina fed dog and cat, have both stomach and intestines increased in
capacity over those of the wild boar, or the purely carnivorous wolf or
wild cat.
The condition becomes pathological when associated with atony,
and this may occur directly from over distension. It is especially
common in the horse by reason of the difficulty of relieving the over
distension by eructation or vomiting, and also by reason of the habit
of swallowing air (cribbiting). The dog, which has great facility in
vomiting, should be correspondingly protected from the condition,
yet it is very common in old dogs, doubtless from their common vice
of gourmandizing and lack of exercise. Cattle are rarely attacked, the
fourth stomach being protected by the others which stand guardian
over it and prevent the sudden access of excess of food even if that is
rapidly swallowed.
Other causes are: chronic catarrh which renders the stomach
atonic, lessens its peptic secretion and determines indigestions and
over distensions: habitual overfeeding which results in chronic
indigestions and fermentations; lesions of the brain, and tumors of
the jugular furrow or mediastinum which interfere with the functions
of the vagus nerve; obstructions of the intestines which force the
contents back into the stomach or hinder their exit. Thus tumors on
the duodenum, calculi in stomach or intestines, volvulus and
invagination have been charged with producing overdistension.
Chronic hepatic disorder has also been quoted as a cause.
Symptoms. The subject may eat naturally or excessively yet is
unthrifty, the belly is habitually distended, the hair dry and rough,
there is loss of flesh, there may be eructations or (in the horse)
swallowing of air, lack of endurance, a disposition to perspire easily,
a tendency to indigestion and colics after meals, and hurried
breathing sometimes marked by a double lifting of the flank in
expiration. In the dog which has the stomach more accessible to
examination its outline may be followed by percussion, a tympanitic
resonance being produced from the eighth rib back to the umbilicus
or further. If there is any difficulty the organ may be emptied of
water by a stomach tube and then pumped full of air by means of a
Davidson’s syringe, and percussed in each condition. Or a half a
teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda may be given in a little water
followed by an equal amount of tartaric acid, and the stomach
percussed.
Lesions. The distension of the stomach may reach ten times its
normal size in the horse (Leisering). Kitt found a stomach with a
capacity of 84 quarts. Fitzroy Philipot took from a dilated equine
stomach 140 lbs. of contents. The contents of the viscus are usually
largely of solids which the weakened and attenuated walls failed to
pass into the duodenum. On the contrary and as if by compensation,
the pylorus and duodenum are constricted and the latter has liquid
contents which pass from the stomach with very little of the solids.
Special dilatations are sometimes met with, thus an equine
stomach has been found largely dilated at the greater curvature
where concretions formed in the viscus or pebbles introduced with
the food had habitually lodged. In other cases the cardia has been
dilated like a funnel, so that the animal could eructate or vomit with
great facility. This last dilatation is especially common in cribbiters.
Treatment. This must necessarily be prolonged as time must be
allowed for a tonic contraction of the viscus. Food must be given
often in small quantity, of easy digestion, and of aqueous
composition. For dogs, milk, eggs and soups, or pulped raw meat
furnish examples. For horses milk gruels, boiled flax seed, pulped
roots may suffice. If the stomach is loaded as is usually the case, it
should be washed out with the stomach tube, which when passed
into the stomach should be raised at its free end and filled with tepid
water; it is then suddenly lowered so as to act as a syphon in
evacuating the liquid contents of the stomach. This may be repeated
again and again, the stomach in the case of the dog being
manipulated so as to mix and float the solids and favor their exit
through the tube. Daily washing out of the stomach by the tube is of
the greatest possible value.
Meanwhile we should seek to improve the tone of the stomach by
strychnia (horse 2 grs., dog ¹⁄₆₀ gr. daily), by salts of iron, and by
faradisation.
To counteract fermentation, antiseptics (salol, naphthol, freshly
burned charcoal) may be given with each meal, along with pepsin
and hydrochloric acid.
RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH IN SOLIPEDS.
Mainly in solipeds. Causes: overloading, fermentation, impossibility of
eructation, violent concussions, falls, galop, concretions, dilatation, catarrh, ulcers,
cicatrices, abscesses. Symptoms: Anamnesis, colic relieved, followed by
prostration, sinking, complete anorexia, tender abdomen, vomiting, no abdominal
rumbling. Lesions: tear in greater curvature, most extensive in outer coats,
shreddy, bloody edges with clots, contents in omentum, other seats, partial
ruptures. Treatment: in partial ruptures, stomach pump, diet. Prevention.
This is pre-eminently a disease of solipeds for the reason that they
alone of domestic animals are especially liable to overload the
comparatively small stomach and are mostly unable to relieve the
overloaded viscus by eructation or vomiting.
Causes. These are in the main overloading of the stomach and
overdistension, by the gases of indigestion. To this are usually added
violent concussions when the animal throws itself down violently.
The stomach distended to the fullest possible capacity, and lodged in
a cavity which is not all equally tense, is comparable to a very tense
bladder which is liable to burst when forcibly struck, or suddenly
compressed.
Apart from such indigestion, cases are recorded in which the full
stomach has been burst by a sudden fall in the shafts or elsewhere.
Miles even records a case which occurred during a rapid galop after a
full drink of water.
The presence of solid bodies (calculi, gravel) in the stomach or
even in the intestines has appeared to cause rupture by blocking the
outlet of ingesta and determining indigestion.
Certain conditions predispose to rupture, notably dilatation of the
stomach with attenuation of its walls, cribbiting, old standing catarrh
of the viscus, pre-existing ulcerations, cicatrices and abscesses.
Symptoms. There is usually the history of a full feed of grain,
followed by violent colic, and indications of gastric overdistension,
tense abdomen, dullness, then the rejection of the gastric contents by
vomiting, the matters escaping by the nose, and then collapse. The
violence of the colics may cease, but the pulse becomes rapid, small,
and finally imperceptible, the breathing hurried, the head depressed,
eyelids, ears and often the lower lips drooping, the face becomes
heavy and expressionless, the belly distended and tender, the skin
covered with cold sweat, and the temperature exalted above or
depressed below the normal. There is never any disposition to eat
nor drink. Death follows in a few hours.
In the vomiting which is independent of rupture, the symptoms
are usually at once relieved, when the emesis occurs, since not only
liquid and solid matters escape but also gaseous material. The pulse
retains its fullness, the facial expression is that of intelligence and
comfort, rumbling may be resumed in the bowels, fæces and urine
may be passed, and colics are less acute. In favorable cases the
animal may even desire to eat or drink.
Lesions. The usual seat of rupture is on the great curvature and
may extend longitudinally for from six to ten inches. The laceration
is usually most extensive in the outer coats, and the mucosa is
carried outward with the escaping ingesta, which helps to efface the
normal mucous folds at the cardia, and to render vomiting possible.
The edges of the wound are more or less shreddy, and of a dark violet
color from blood extravasation and clots. The escaping contents are
rarely diffused in the cavity of the abdomen, but remain enclosed in
the omentum through the thin meshes of which they can be easily
seen, and which has sometimes been mistaken for the walls of the
stomach reduced to this attenuated condition by disease. When the
omentum gives way the contents are at once diffused through the
abdominal cavity between the convolutions of the intestines. In
exceptional cases the rupture has its seat in the lesser curvature, or
even at the cardia. In still others the laceration implicates the
muscular and peritoneal coats only, and the looser mucosa, filled
with ingesta bulges outward as a hernia. In such a case a recovery
seems possible if the viscus could be relieved of its contents.
Treatment is virtually hopeless. Yet a moderate laceration of the
two outer coats only might be followed by recovery through the
formation of a cicatrix. The first consideration would be the
unloading of the stomach spontaneously or by the aid of the stomach
pump, and thereafter the adoption of a rigidly restricted diet of easily
digestible food (such as gruels) in small quantities at a time.
 Prevention is much more available. In violent colics with
overloading or tympany of the stomach, employ anodynes to keep
the animal from throwing himself down violently, give a soft bed of
litter where the shock on lying down will be lessened, employ
antiferments to prevent gaseous distension, and whenever possible
relieve the plenitude of the viscus by the stomach pump or tube.
 TORSION OF THE STOMACH IN THE DOG.
Causes: mobility of dog’s stomach when empty, leaping, running down stairs.
Lesions: viscus doubled forward, pylorus in front of cardia, duodenum compresses
cardia, liver, spleen and omentum displaced, stomach tympanitic, lungs and heart
compressed, latter gorged with dark blood. Symptoms: tympanitic abdomen, and
half thorax, no rumbling, murmur in front of thorax, abdomen tender, patient
stands, dyspnœa, emesis impossible. Course: violent symptoms in twelve hours,
death in thirty-six. Diagnosis: sudden, severe seizure, complete anorexia, tympany,
tenderness, dyspnœa, no vomiting, arrest of peristalsis. Obstruction. Peritonitis.
Choking. Treatment: tapping, laparotomy, replacing the viscus.
This has been demonstrated by Kitt and Cadeac who believe that it
is quite a common occurrence.
Causes. The predisposing cause is the extreme mobility of the
canine stomach which hangs from the œsophagus like a pear from its
stalk, the remainder of the viscus being only attached to the loose
omentum, spleen, and commencement of the duodenum all of which
it can carry with it easily when it rolls on itself. Its mobility is,
however, very restricted when full, the liver on the one side and the
spleen and intestines on the other proving almost insuperable
obstacles to rotation. But when empty it moves with great freedom
and by a sudden shock in leaping, gamboling or running rapidly
down stairs the pylorus is carried forward and to the left until it and
the commencement of the duodenum are jammed in front of the
cardia. The result is the obstruction of the cardia and duodenum by
their mutual pressure in crossing each other, and the interruption of
the gastric circulation and functions.
Lesions. As just stated the stomach which would normally extend
from the cardia downward and to the right is bent forward and
doubled upon itself, the pylorus lying in front of the cardia, the
duodenum extending from before backward above the cardia and
tightly compressing it, the liver drawn to the left by the hepato-
duodenal peritoneum, and the spleen displaced to the right by the
traction on the omentum. The stomach enveloped in its omentum is
distended by gas to perhaps ten times its normal dimensions and
appears to fill the entire abdominal cavity while the intestines are
pushed aside and concealed. The chest is compressed by the strong
pressure on the diaphragm, and the lungs are congested of a deep
blue and the right heart distended with dark blood. The animal
appears to have perished of apnœa.
Symptoms. In fully developed cases the abdomen is greatly
distended and tympanitic. The drumlike resonance is met with in the
anterior part of the abdomen including the umbilical region. It
extends forward over one-half of the thorax, excepting only a space
of 5 or 6 inches square in the right hypochondrium, which represents
the situation of the liver, and spleen. Auscultation furnishes no
sound in the abdomen, and only in the anterior portion of the thorax
is there a distinct respiratory murmur. The heart may beat strongly
and rapidly, or weakly and slow, and the pulse is small and thready.
The abdomen is tender. The animal stands, dull, and breathes with
great effort. If made to walk it is done slowly, stiffly and with head
extended, mouth open and tongue protruding. There is no sign of
vomiting and this cannot be brought about by tickling the fauces, or
even by giving apomorphine subcutem, though retching may be
induced.
Course. The disease may develop into dullness and anorexia in two
hours after boisterous health; in twelve hours there may be
considerable tympany and dyspnœa; and a fatal result is reached in
about thirty-six hours.
Diagnosis. This is based on the transition from vigorous health to
sudden illness, with complete anorexia, inability to swallow or to
vomit, tympany of the stomach as shown by percussion, tenderness
of the abdomen, dyspnœa, disturbed heart-functions, and inactivity
of the bowels. With intestinal obstruction on the other hand there is
free vomiting of bilious and feculent matters. With peritonitis there
is much greater and more uniform abdominal tenderness, vomiting
and higher fever, but less tympany in the anterior abdominal region,
and no such complete suspension of defecation. With choking there
is no such progressive tympany, appetite and defecation are not so
completely suspended, and liquids may often pass the obstruction in
small quantities in both deglutition and vomiting. Choking is by no
means so speedily fatal.
Treatment is essentially surgical. When tympany is already
established the gas must be evacuated by a small cannula and
trochar. Then resort is had to laparotomy, the incision is made on the
right side large enough to introduce the fingers, which must follow
the great curvature of the stomach as far as the pylorus which is
pulled back into its normal position on the right. The incision is now
closed by an ordinary continuous suture.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE STOMACH. HAIR,
WOOL, BRISTLE, CLOVER AND COTTON
BALLS.

Hair balls, wool balls, bristle balls, cotton balls, clover-hair balls, oat-hair balls,
paper balls, phosphatic calculi, sand and gravel, nails, wires, needles, pins, etc.,
cloth, leather, whalebone, playthings, etc. Symptoms: of catarrh or colic, dullness,
restlessness, arched back, in dog vomiting of blood, fistula. Diagnosis. Treatment:
emetic, feed potatoes, laparotomy.

Hair Balls. These are common in the rumen of cattle and have
been found in the fourth stomach. They are especially injurious to
young animals by reason of their irritating the gastric mucosa, but
they also occasionally block the pylorus, producing indigestion,
gastric dilatation, gradually advancing emaciation and even a fatal
result.
Wool Balls. These are found in sheep and are especially injurious
in young lambs.
Bristle Balls. These are found in swine as round, or ovoid balls
or long ellipses bent upon themselves. The sharp projecting ends of
the bristles render them very irritating, especially to young pigs.
All of these are caused by licking themselves or their fellows, and
particularly during the period of moulting or as the result of some
skin affection. Lambs which are nursed by ewes with an excess of
wool on and around the mammæ, and old sheep with a disposition to
eat wool are frequent victims.
Cotton Balls. These have been found in lambs fed on cotton seed
cake. A certain amount of the cotton fiber is incorporated in the cake,
and this is rolled together and felted by the movements of the
stomach and agglutinated by mucus.
 Clover-hair Balls. The fine hairs from the clover leaf have been
found rolled into balls in the abomasum of lambs producing all the
evil effects of the other pilous masses.
Oat-hair Balls. The fine hairs which cover the seed of the oat are
found matted together and cemented by mucus in the stomach of
horses fed on the dust of oatmeal mills. They are especially common
in Scotland, where oatmeal has been so extensively used.
Paper-ball. In the museum of the N. Y. State Veterinary College
is a conglomerate ball of paper taken from the stomach of a hog by
Dr. Johnson, Sioux City.
Phosphatic Calculi have been described as found in the
stomach, but this is evidently an error, as the acid secretion would
have speedily dissolved them. The error doubtless came from
mistaking the transverse colon for the stomach.
Sand and Gravel arrive in the stomach of the horse from
pasturing on loose sandy land, the plants being pulled up by the
roots and swallowed together with the sand adherent. Also from
drinking water from shallow streams with sandy bottoms. Feeding of
grain from the ground is a cause of swallowing sand, earth and
pebbles. Licking the soil in acidity of the stomach is another cause.
Fodder that has been packed down and mixed with earth, and that
which has been blown full of sand or dust, and roots eaten from the
ground in wet weather lead to the ingestion of much sand or earth.
Shetland ponies taken from the islands pass sand for some weeks.
Dogs taught to fetch and carry, swallow stones, pebbles, marbles,
etc., accidentally.
Nails, Wires, Needles, Pins, etc. More or less pointed metallic
objects are often taken in with the food by gluttonous horses and
though usually arrested in the intestines they sometimes irritate or
wound the stomach.
Fragments of cloth, leather, or whalebone are similarly
taken with the food, or in case of depraved appetite are deliberately
chewed and swallowed.
Playthings and small household articles are especially taken
by puppies through mere wantonness. Rubber balls, pieces of metal,
thread, cord, cloth, bits of leather, sponge, horse hair, human hair,
corks, bits of wood and everything obtainable of small size may be
swallowed and found in the stomach.
Pigs swallow pieces of wood and other objects.
Birds habitually swallow pebbles and ordinary objects are ground
down in the gizzard. They also readily vomit feathers, bones and
other offensive matters that have proven indigestible.
Symptoms. In horses there are no especial symptoms, though the
foreign bodies sometimes cause gastric catarrh, and in other cases
produce wounds and ulcers or block the pylorus causing violent colic.
Most commonly the foreign bodies pass on into the intestines, where
they may directly wound the walls, form nuclei for the deposition of
earthy salts in the form of calculi, or in case of fibrous materials
(cords) roll into firm balls.
In dogs the foreign bodies may cause gastric catarrh, or puncture
or abrasion of the mucosa, and they may be rejected by vomiting.
The more rounded, smooth bodies may lie for a length of time in the
stomach without doing any manifest injury, as in the case mentioned
by Nichoux in which a dog carried in its stomach for twelve years a
four franc piece and a large sou. Sometimes the objects block the
pylorus. Then the subject is dull, depressed, inclined to lie on the
right side but continually changing his position, gives a stifled yelp
when he lies down or occasionally when he stops walking. He carries
the back arched, and the abdomen tucked up, and drags his hind
limbs. Vomiting, is frequent and accompanied by violent and painful
retching. The vomited matters may be mixed with blood. The
epigastrium is tender to pressure. Death may ensue in twenty-four
hours or not until after weeks or even months.
In other cases there is gastro-enteritis with vomiting, colic,
anorexia, trembling, hyperthermia, constipation or diarrhœa, and
finally the passage of the offending agent per anum, when recovery
ensues.
In other cases sharp pointed bodies perforate the walls of the
stomach, and determine the formation of abscess or fistula opening
at any point around the abdominal cavity. This may be followed by
recovery, by gastric or intestinal fistula, or by chronic disease of
some important organ like the liver.
 In dogs, diagnosis is often possible by manipulation of the
stomach through the walls of the abdomen. If the belly is very lax it
may be compressed between finger and thumb, or between the two
hands; if more tense, pressure with both hands just behind the
sternum may detect the resistance of a solid body.
Treatment. In the horse this is hopeless.
In the dog much may be expected from the use of emetics,
(ipecacuan, tartar emetic, apomorphine, tepid water, tickling the
fauces). In some cases of sharp pointed bodies an exclusive and
abundant diet of well boiled potatoes proves successful. The object is
to pass much of the starchy matter through the small intestines
undigested, so that it may envelop the sharp body and protect the
mucosa. When it reaches the colon, the ingesta as a whole becomes
more solid and invested by this, the body is often passed without
danger. Other methods failing laparotomy remains. The dog is
stretched on his back on a table with the forelimbs held well apart.
The skin of the epigastrium is denuded of hair and washed with
antiseptics (mercuric chloride solution 1:500). Hands and
instruments are also made aseptic. Then an incision is made in the
epigastrium or in the situation where the offending body has been
felt, and the finger is introduced to locate the body. At this point a
thread is passed through the walls of the stomach, and these are
drawn well out through the abdominal wound and incised to the
extent of an inch or more. Through this orifice the foreign body can
be easily felt and extracted. Then in case the stomach is over-filled it
may be emptied, and the edges washed with the antiseptic and
carefully sutured with sterilized catgut. The usual care must be taken
to turn the mucosa inward and bring the muscular and serous coats
in accurate opposition. Finally the abdominal wound is closed by a
continued suture of silk or catgut.
The greatest care must be taken to prevent the escape of any of the
gastric contents into the abdominal cavity, to render both wounds
aseptic and to protect the external wound especially against
infection. A wash of carbolic acid (1:100) with a little of some intense
bitter (quassia) will often succeed in preventing licking or gnawing.
Even greater care must be given in the matter of diet. At first a few
teaspoonfuls of cold water only need be given. After twenty-four
hours a little well strained beef tea; later milk or gruel may be added,
and by degrees more solid food. In three weeks the ordinary food
may usually be resumed.
In case the foreign body has escaped into the peritoneal cavity, the
same method may be pursued, the edges of the gastric or intestinal
wound being made raw, treated antiseptically and carefully sutured,
and the abdomen washed out with an antiseptic solution (aluminum
acetate solution) and closed.
 TUMORS OF THE STOMACH.

In horse—sarcoma, papilloma, lipoma, adenosarcoma, epithelioma, in cattle—

scirrhus, in dog—sarcoma, lipoma, epithelioma. Symptoms: chronic gastritis,
periodic indigestions, colics, vertigo, salivation, impacted gullet, blackened fæces,
eructations, vomiting, rumbling, stiffness, emaciation. Treatment: laparotomy in
dog.

The peptic stomach in the different animals is subject to a great

variety of tumors. In many of the recorded cases, however, the true
nature of the tumor has been left uncertain.
Sarcoma. In the horse this is the common tumor of the pylorus,
and less frequently it is found on the cardia and body of the stomach,
especially on the greater curvature. These are usually firm and
resistant, though sometimes soft and friable; they tend to swell out in
lobules, and show areas of ulceration, or even suppurating
excavations opening through the mucosa. In some instances,
however, they start under the serous coat, and the ulcerous surface
may open into the peritoneum. At other times they are but a local
manifestation of a general affection.
In the dog multiple sarcomata have been found on the stomach
varying in size and easily mistaken for recent tubercles. In these
cases the small round cells were especially numerous in the centre of
the tumor rendering it soft and predisposing to degeneration.
Papilloma. In the horse these are found as branching or
filamentous dependent projections from the mucosa of the left sac
having evidently started from the sores formed by the attachment of
the œstrus larvæ. They are also found around the pylorus and of such
size as to seriously obstruct that orifice (Stadler).
Lipoma. Fatty tumors have been seen on the stomach of the dog
and horse in the submucosa.
 Adenosarcoma. This formation in the horse leads to a
thickening of large patches of the mucosa. It also grows out in
mushroom like masses, or is irregularly lobulated.
Epithelioma. In the horse epithelioma has been found at the
pylorus and on the great curvature of the stomach. It usually grows
out as a rounded mass varying in size from an egg to an infant’s
head, and may be even a diffuse thickening of the mucosa.
Microscopically the individual lobules, are composed of cylindroid
cells surrounding a central mass of epidermoid cells. The stomach
may be greatly contracted, and the surface of the neoplasm,
ulcerated or even excavated. In the dog similar formations are
found.
Carcinoma. In cattle Scirrhus of the abomasum is described.
Small tumors rise to a height of ½ to 3 inches, and are closely packed
together so as to assume polygonal forms. The surface is smooth, or
perforated by orifices leading into ulcerous or suppurating cavities.
On section the mass shows a fibrous or a lardaceous consistency.
They are most common in the pyloric region, and may partially
obstruct this orifice.
Symptoms. These are necessarily obscure. In the horse periodic
gastric indigestions and colics may be the sole indications, which are
certainly not pathognomonic. In other cases, have been noticed:
vertigo, salivation, impacted gullet, and blackish, sanguinolent fæces
due to ulceration and hemorrhage from the tumors.
In cattle have been observed variable and capricious appetite,
imperfect rumination, tympany, eructations, vomiting, rumbling of
the bowels, constipation, slow painful walk, progressive emaciation
and debility. When blood is discharged by emesis or defecation the
suspicion of gastric tumor may be strengthened.
In the dog there are the usual signs of chronic gastritis, thirst,
anorexia, stiffness, a disposition to lie, sunken eye, dyspnœa,
vomiting, often of blood. The discharge of blood by mouth and anus,
the distended abdomen, the tumor usually easily detected by
manipulation, and the progressive loss of condition are strongly
suggestive.
Treatment of these cases is hopeless. In the dog alone for a
circumscribed tumor, laparotomy, the removal of the tumor and