Translation

Translation is the process of converting a text or speech from one language into another
language while preserving its meaning and context.
The word translation comes from the Latin word ‘Translatio’ which means ‘Carrying across’.
Characteristics of Translation
Translation is a complex process that involves the transfer of meaning and context from one
language to another. Some of the characteristics of translation are given below.
1. Transfer of Meaning: One of the most important characteristics of translation is transfer
of meaning from one language to another. This involves accurately conveying the meaning
of the source text in the target language while taking into account the cultural and
linguistic differences between the two languages.
2. Cultural Adaptation: Language and culture are closely intertwined, making cultural
adaptation a critical aspect of translation. Translation often involves cultural adaptation as
the translator must take into account the cultural differences between the source and target
languages and make decisions about how to translate cultural references and idioms. A
good translation takes into account the cultural nuances of the target audience, integrating local
customs, idioms, and references to resonate with readers. It reflects an awareness of cultural
sensitivity and the need to maintain respect for the values and beliefs of the target culture.
Effective cultural adaptation ensures that the translated content feels native to the target
audience and fosters a deeper connection with the material.
3. Linguistic Equivalence:
Translation aims to achieve linguistic equivalence or a close match between the form and
meaning of the source text and the target text. Achieving linguistic equivalence does not
necessarily require that a translator carefully translate each individual word from the first
language into the second. This involves making decisions about how to translate grammar,
vocabulary and style of the source text into the target language.

4. Adaptability: Translation is a flexible and adaptable process that involves making

decisions about how to translate the source text into the target language. This may involve
making choices about what to include and or exclude, how to translate specific words or
 phrases and how to adapt the text to the cultural and linguistic context of the target
language.
5. Creativity: It is often seen as a creative process as the translator must find ways to
translate the meaning and context of the source text into the target language while also
taking into account cultural and linguistic differences.
6. Interdisciplinary: Translation draws on a range of disciplines including linguistics,
cultural studies, literary studies, history and technology and is therefore, interdisciplinary
in nature.
These characteristics make translation a complex and dynamic process that requires both
technical skill and cultural and linguistic sensitivity.