PROGRAM DAD KOD & DJA

NAMA 40072 INTERNAL

KURSUS COMBUSTION
ENGINE

KELAS/ DAD5 TAJUK

SEKSYEN
CASE
STUDY

NAMA ENCIK AFIQ BIN MOHAMAD

PENYELIA

AHLI KUMPULAN

BIL. NO PENDAFTARAN NAMA PELAJAR

1 13DAD21F1060 MUHAMMAD AKMAL ZIKRY BIN MOHD ZAMRI

2 13DAD21F1080 NUR HAWANIE SYAMIRAH BINTI HAZAHAR

3 13DAD21F2009 WAN MUHAMMAD ADHWA FAKHRI BIN WAN MOHD

NAZRI

4 13DAD21F2006 MOHAMMAD QHAIRUL SHAFIQ BIN MOHD ASRI

 A. ENGINE INTRODUCTION

- 4 STROKE ENGINE

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. These engines are commonly used in cars,
motorcycles, and other vehicles. They go through four strokes or movements to complete a full
combustion cycle.

1. Intake Stroke: The piston moves downward, drawing in a mixture of air and fuel into the
combustion chamber.

2. Compression Stroke: The piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture to create a
higher pressure and temperature.

3. Power Stroke: The spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, causing a controlled
explosion. This explosion forces the piston back down, generating power to drive the vehicle.

4. Exhaust Stroke: The piston moves upward again, pushing out the burned gases through the
exhaust valve.

This repetitive cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes allows the engine to
continuously generate power and propel the vehicle forward.

- ROTARY ENGINE
Rotary engines, also known as Wankel engines, are a type of internal combustion engine that
operates in a different way compared to traditional piston engines.

Instead of using pistons, rotary engines use a unique rotary design. They consist of a triangular
rotor that rotates inside an oval-shaped housing. This rotor has three sides, or faces, which create
three combustion chambers as it rotates.

The rotary engine's design allows for a smooth and continuous combustion process, resulting in
high power output and a compact size. These engines are known for their high-revving
capabilities and distinctive sound.
 1) MANUFACTURER

- 4 STROKE ENGINE

1. Honda: Honda is a popular manufacturer that produces a wide range of vehicles and engines,
including 4-stroke engines for cars, motorcycles, and power equipment.

2. Toyota: Toyota is another well-known manufacturer that produces 4-stroke engines for their
vehicles. They are known for their reliability and fuel efficiency.

3. BMW: BMW is a renowned manufacturer of luxury vehicles, and they also produce 4-stroke
engines known for their performance and advanced technologies.

4. Ford: Ford is a prominent automobile manufacturer that produces 4-stroke engines for their
cars, trucks, and SUVs. They are known for their durability and versatility.

- ROTARY ENGINE

1. Mazda: Mazda is one of the most prominent manufacturers known for producing rotary
engines. They have utilized rotary engines in their vehicles, such as the Mazda RX-7 and RX-8.
Mazda has been a pioneer in the development and refinement of rotary engine technology.
 2) ENGINE VARIANT

- 4 STROKE ENGINE
When it comes to engine variants for 4-stroke engines, there are a few different types commonly
used:

1. Inline: This is a basic engine configuration where the cylinders are arranged in a straight line.

2. V-shaped: In this configuration, the cylinders are arranged in a V shape, with two banks of
cylinders sharing a common crankshaft.

3. Flat: Also known as horizontally opposed engines, this configuration has cylinders located on
opposite sides of the crankshaft, resulting in a flat profile.
- ROTARY ENGINE
When it comes to engine variants for rotary engines, there is mainly one type, which is the rotary
engine itself. The rotary engine, also known as the Wankel engine, has a unique design with a
rotating triangular rotor. Mazda has been a prominent manufacturer of rotary engines and has
used them in their vehicles like the Mazda RX-7 and RX-8.
 3) RELEVANT INFORMATION (ADVANTAGES)

- 4 STROKE ENGINE
1. Higher torque output: 4-stroke engines have more power, making them great for tasks like
towing or acceleration.

2. Fuel efficiency: These engines are known for their better fuel economy compared to 2-stroke
engines. They use fuel more efficiently, saving you money at the pump.

3. Lower emissions: 4-stroke engines produce fewer harmful emissions, making them more
environmentally friendly.

4. Longer lifespan: Due to their design and lubrication system, 4-stroke engines tend to have a
longer lifespan, especially with regular maintenance.

5. Versatility: They are widely used in various vehicles, from cars to motorcycles, due to their
reliability and efficiency.

- ROTARY ENGINE
1. Compact and lightweight: Rotary engines have a simpler design with fewer moving parts,
making them more compact and lightweight compared to traditional piston engines. This can be
advantageous in applications where space and weight are critical, such as in small aircraft or
racing cars.

2. Smooth and high-revving: The rotary engine's design allows for smooth and continuous
power delivery, resulting in a high-revving nature. This can provide a thrilling driving
experience, especially for those who enjoy the sound and feel of a high-revving engine.

3. High power-to-weight ratio: Due to their compact size and lightweight construction, rotary
engines can achieve a high power-to-weight ratio. This means they can produce a lot of power
relative to their size, which can be beneficial in certain performance-oriented applications.

4. Fewer vibrations: The rotary engine's design inherently generates fewer vibrations compared
to traditional piston engines. This can result in a smoother and more refined driving experience.
B. ENGINE SPECIFICATION

- 4 STROKE ENGINE
1. Displacement: This refers to the total volume of all the cylinders in the engine and is usually
measured in liters (L) or cubic centimeters (cc). It gives you an idea of the engine's size and
power potential.
2. Bore Size: This refers to the diameter of the cylinder bore, which is the cylindrical space
where the piston moves. It's typically measured in millimeters (mm) and affects the engine's
power and torque characteristics.
3. Number of Strokes: A 4-stroke engine goes through four strokes in its operating cycle:
intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust. Each stroke plays a specific role in the engine's
operation.
4. Fuel: The type of fuel used in the engine can vary, such as gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuels
like ethanol or natural gas. The fuel choice impacts the engine's performance, efficiency, and
emissions.
5. Injector Size: For engines equipped with fuel injection, the injector size refers to the flow rate
or capacity of the fuel injectors. It determines how much fuel is sprayed into the combustion
chamber during each cycle.
6. Ignition Timing Angle: Ignition timing refers to the precise moment when the spark plug
fires, igniting the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. The ignition timing angle represents the
crankshaft position at which the spark plug is fired.
7. Valve Size: The size of the intake and exhaust valves can impact the engine's airflow and
performance. It's usually measured in terms of diameter and can affect power, torque, and
efficiency.
8. Horsepower (HP): This is a measure of the engine's power output. It tells you how much
work the engine can do in a given amount of time. Higher horsepower generally means more
power.
9. Torque: Torque is the rotational force produced by the engine. It determines how quickly the
engine can accelerate or how much it can tow. Higher torque means more pulling power.
10. Cooling System: This describes how the engine is cooled, either by air or liquid coolant. It
helps maintain the engine's operating temperature and prevents overheating.
 - ROTARY ENGINE

1. Engine Capacity: The engine capacity of a rotary engine is typically measured in terms of
displacement, which refers to the total volume swept by all the rotors in the engine. It's usually
measured in liters (L) and determines the size and power output of the engine.

2. Bore Size: In a rotary engine, instead of cylinders, you have rotors that rotate within a
housing. As such, the concept of bore size is not applicable in the same way as in a piston
engine.

3. Number of Strokes: A rotary engine operates on a different principle than a conventional

piston engine. It goes through three main stages: intake, compression, and combustion/exhaust.
This is often referred to as a 2-stroke cycle, as it completes these stages in two rotations of the
rotor.

4. Fuel: Like other engines, a rotary engine can run on various types of fuel, such as gasoline or
diesel. The fuel choice impacts the engine's performance, efficiency, and emissions.

5. Injector Size: The injector size in a rotary engine refers to the capacity and flow rate of the
fuel injectors. It determines how much fuel is injected into the combustion chamber during each
cycle.

6. Ignition Timing Angle: Ignition timing in a rotary engine refers to the timing of the spark
plug firing, which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. The ignition timing
angle represents the rotor's position at which the spark plug fires.

7. Valve Size: In a rotary engine, there are no traditional valves like in a piston engine. Instead,
the intake and exhaust ports are controlled by the rotor's movement within the housing.
C. ENGINE CRANK ANGLE VS CYLINDER PRESSURE GRAPH/DIAGRAM

4 STROKE ENGINE

In-Cylinder Pressure vs. Crank Angle Degree The curves show the change of the crankshaft
angle on the pressure chart in The chart results obtained in Figure 4 appear to be consistent with
the chart results obtained in Figure 3. It was pressure changes throughout the cycle movement in
the cylinder. The main reason for this change varies depending on the situation where the intake
and exhaust valves are closed or one is open. According to the state where the pressure is highest
in the cylinder, the state where it is lowest 680 0 CA, 685 0 CA, 690 0 CA and 695 0 CA. In the
pressure-crank angle graph, a knock core is formed in areas where the pressure is too steep. It
was as a result of the fact that the ignition advance occurs and then the pressure and temperature
increase with the movement of the piston down the TDC, knock occurs in the cylinder. It is
during the formation of knock, an increase in pressure and temperature is observed in the
cylinder with the progress of the flame. The impact core occurs when the temperature and
pressure increase as a result of compressing the air fuel mixture in the movement of the piston to
the TDC. The maximum knock core is 8.8 MPA at 680 0 CA.
 ROTARY ENGINE

Studies on rotary engines and their high operation efficiency, in comparison with reciprocating-
piston engines, has encouraged further research on different types of these engines. This paper
focuses on thermal analysis of a novel rotary engine with 24 combustion processes per rotation.
This engine has only two moving parts, the vanes and the rotor. Two cams operate as stationary
parts. The modeling, based on maximum power and full load operation, evaluates approximately
the thermal behavior of the engine running with diesel fuel and a compression ratio (20:1).
Initially, by presenting a thermodynamic model, pressure, temperature and convective heat
transfer coefficient of combustion gases inside one cylinder of the engine are calculated; results
obtained from the model are used as boundary conditions for adjacent control volumes and
thereafter steady-state temperature distribution in the engine components are obtained using the
commercial software Ansys. With regard to material limitation, the resulting temperature
distribution shows that the cam needs an auxiliary cooling system, while the rotor and the vanes
cool down using the lubrication oil of the engine. Finally, it is suggested that cooling such as air
or water is needed for the cooling of the cam, as an auxiliary cooling system.
D. DISCUSSION
1)IGNITION TIMING
4 STROKE ENGINE
The ignition timing refers to the precise
moment when the spark plug ignites the
air-fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber. It plays a crucial role in
optimizing power and efficiency. The
timing is typically controlled by the
engine's computer or ignition system.
2)MAXIMUN PRESSURE
4 STROKE ENGINE
The maximum pressure usually occurs during
the combustion stroke, where the air-fuel
mixture ignites forcefully. This pressure
reaches its peak when the piston is at the top
dead center of the combustion stroke. The
maximum pressure is important for generating
optimal engine power.
3)FLAME PROPAGATION STAGE
4 STROKE ENGINE
- In a 4-stroke engine, the flame propagation
stage occurs during the combustion stroke.
- The spark plug ignites the compressed air-
fuel mixture, creating a flame front that
rapidly spreads across the combustion
chamber.
- This flame front moves outward from the
spark plug, igniting the remaining air-fuel
mixture as it progresses.
- The flame propagation stage is crucial for
complete and efficient combustion, ensuring
maximum power output.
ROTARY ENGINE
The ignition timing is also important but
works a bit differently. Instead of having
separate strokes like in a 4-stroke engine, a
rotary engine has a rotating triangular rotor
that completes the combustion process in each
chamber. The ignition timing in a rotary
engine is still critical for efficient combustion
and power delivery, but it's controlled by the
engine's ECU or ignition system.
ROTARY ENGINE
The maximum pressure also occurs during the
combustion process. However, because the
rotary engine utilizes a rotating design, the
maximum pressure does not occur at a
specific point like in a 4-stroke engine.
Instead, the maximum pressure in a rotary
engine is more evenly distributed throughout
the rotation of the rotor.
ROTARY ENGINE
- In a rotary engine, the flame propagation
stage also takes place during the combustion
process.
- Due to the unique design of the rotary
engine, the flame propagation occurs in a
different manner.
- The rotating rotor creates a continuously
changing combustion chamber volume,
allowing for efficient flame propagation.
- The flame front moves along the inner
surface of the combustion chamber as the
rotor rotates, igniting the air-fuel mixture as it
goes.
E. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the 4-stroke engine and the rotary engine have distinct characteristics in terms of
their maximum pressure and flame propagation stages.

The 4-stroke engine experiences maximum pressure during the combustion stroke, where the air-
fuel mixture ignites forcefully at the top dead center of the piston's movement. This engine relies
on a spark plug to ignite the mixture and has a specific point of maximum pressure. During the
flame propagation stage, the ignited mixture spreads outward from the spark plug, ensuring
efficient combustion for optimal power output.

On the other hand, the rotary engine has a unique design that affects both the maximum pressure
and flame propagation. The maximum pressure is more evenly distributed throughout the
rotation of the rotor, rather than being concentrated at a specific point like in the 4-stroke engine.
The rotating motion of the rotor allows for continuous changes in the combustion chamber
volume, facilitating efficient flame propagation along the inner surface of the chamber.

In summary, while both engines undergo the combustion process and have flame propagation
stages, the 4-stroke engine follows a linear cycle with a specific point of maximum pressure,
while the rotary engine's design enables a more evenly distributed maximum pressure and flame
propagation. These differences contribute to the distinct characteristics and performance of each
engine type.
F. REFERENCES
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary-engine#:~:text=While
%20the%20reciprocating%20four%2Dstroke,spots%20in%20the%20induction
%20phase.
 https://www.quora.com/How-does-a-rotary-engine-differ-from-the-four-stroke-
engine
 https://www.dubizzle.com/blog/cars/piston-vs-rotary-engine-cars/
 https://www.rx7club.com/general-rotary-tech-support-11/rotary-engines-2-4-stroke-
73431/
 https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/mazda-rotary-engineering-explained/
 https://www.dubizzle.com/blog/cars/piston-vs-rotary-engine-cars/#:~:text=The
%20rotary%20engine%20follows%20similar,shaft%2C%20front%20and%20rear
%20plating.
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-comparison-between-a-4-stroke-petrol-engine-
and-a-rotary-engine
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/rotary-engine#:~:text=While
%20the%20reciprocating%20four%2Dstroke,spots%20in%20the%20induction
%20phase.
 https://dsportmag.com/the-tech/education/rotary-vs-piston/