Examples Based on DC Generator

Prepared By
Prof. K. R. Gajjar
Asst. Professor
Electrical (A S & H) Dept.,

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

(3152001)

SAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(113)
AHMEDABAD
EX: A 4-pole dc shunt generator with lap-connected armature supplies a load of 100 A
at 220V. The armature resistance is 0.2 Ω and the shunt field resistance is 100 Ω.
Find (1) armature current (2) Generated EMF.
Ish IL
Given Data: Terminal Voltage = 220 V Ia
Load current (IL) = 100 A
Armature Resistance (Ra) = 0.2 Ω Rsh V
Shunt field Resistance (Rsh) = 100 Ω 100 Ω Ra
0.2 Ω
• Shunt field Current
𝑉 220 • Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =2.2 A = 102.2× 0.2
𝑅𝑠ℎ 100
= 20.44 𝑉
• Armature Current • Generated EMF
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
= 100 + 2.2
= 102.2 𝐴 = 220 + 20.44
= 240.44 V
EX: Calculate the flux per pole required on a 55 kW, 400V, 8-pole, 600 r.p.m. dc shunt
generator with 256 conductors arranged in a lap-connected winding. The
armature resistance is 0.15 Ω, the shunt field resistance is 200 Ω and the total
brush contact drop is 2 V on full load. Ish IL
Given Data: Power = 55 kW Ia
Terminal Voltage (V) = 400 V
Pole (P) = 8 Rsh V
Speed (N) = 600 rpm 200 Ω Ra
Z = 256 0.15 Ω
Lap winding (No. of Parallel path A=P)
Armature Resistance (Ra) = 0.15 Ω
Shunt field Resistance (Rsh) = 200 Ω • Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
Brush Contact Drop = 2 V = 137.5 + 2
= 139.5 𝐴
• Load Current 𝑃 55 × 103
𝐼𝐿 = = =137.5 A
𝑉 400 • Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
• Shunt field Current = 139.5 × 0.15
𝑉 400
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =2 A = 20.925 𝑉
𝑅𝑠ℎ 200
• Generated EMF
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
= 400 + 20.925 + 2
= 422.925 V

• We know that,
𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = ×
60 𝐴
For lap connected winding A=P
∅𝑁𝑍
𝐸𝑔 =
60
• Flux per pole
𝐸𝑔 × 60 422.925 × 60
∅= = = 0.165 Wb
𝑁𝑍 256 × 600
EX: A 4-pole dc shunt generator with a shunt field resistance of 100 Ω and armature
resistance of 1 Ω has 378 wave connected conductors in its armature. The flux per
pole is 0.02 Wb. If a load resistance of 10 Ω is connected across the armature
terminals and the generator is driven at 1000 rpm, calculate the power absorbed by
the load. Ish IL
Given Data: P = 4, Ia
Rsh = 100 Ω
Ra = 1 Ω Rsh V RL
Z = 378 100 Ω Ra 10 Ω
A = 2 (wave winding) 1Ω
∅ = 0.02 Wb
RL = 10 Ω
N = 1000 rpm
• Generated EMF
𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍 4 × 0.02 × 1000 378
𝐸𝑔 = × = × = 252 𝑉
60 𝐴 60 2
 𝑉 𝑉
• Load Current 𝐼𝐿 = = ∴ 𝑉 = 252 − 0.11𝑉
𝑅𝐿 10
∴ 𝑉 + 0.11 𝑉 = 252
𝑉 𝑉 ∴ 𝑉(1 + 0.11) = 252
• Shunt field Current 𝐼𝑠ℎ = =
𝑅𝑠ℎ 100 252
∴𝑉= = 227 𝑉
1.11
• Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 227
= + • Load Current 𝐼𝐿 = = = 22.7 𝐴
10 100 𝑅𝐿 10
11𝑉
=
100 • Power Absorbed by the load resistance
• Generated EMF
= 𝑉𝐼𝐿 OR = 𝐼𝐿2 𝑅𝐿
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 227 × 22.7 = 22.7 2 ×10
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 (Brush Contact Drop Neglected) = 5153 𝑊 = 5153 𝑊
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
11𝑉
= 252 − ×1
100
EX: A short shunt compound wound dc generator supplies a load current of 50 A at
220 V. The generator has the following winding resistances:
Armature winding resistance = 0.5 Ω
Series field resistance = 0.2 Ω
Shunt field resistance = 100 Ω
Calculate the generated emf. Assume brush drop is 1 V per brush.
Given Data: Terminal voltage (V) = 220 V
Load Current (IL) = 50 A
Ra = 0.5 Ω
Rse = 0.2 Ω
Rsh = 100 Ω
Total Brush Drop = 2 x 1 = 2 V

• Series Field Current Ise = IL = 50 A

• Series Field Drop = Ise Rse
= 50 x 0.2
= 10 V
• Voltage across shunt field winding • Generated EMF
𝑉𝑠ℎ = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
= 220 + 10 = 220 + 26.15 + 10 + 2
= 230 𝑉 = 258.15 V
• Shunt field Current
𝑉 230
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =2.3 A
𝑅𝑠ℎ 100
• Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
= 50 + 2.3
= 52.3 𝐴
• Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
= 52.3 × 0.5
= 26.15 𝑉
EX: A 4-pole, long-shunt lap wound wound generator supplies 25KW at a terminal
voltage of 500 V. The armature resistance is 0.03 Ω, series field resistance is 0.04
Ω and shunt field resistance is 200 Ω. The brush drop may be taken as 1 V.
Determine the e.m.f generated. Also calculate the number of conductors if the
speed is 1200 rpm and flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
Given Data: Load = 25 KW
Terminal Voltage (V) = 500 V
Ra = 0.03 Ω
Rse = 0.04 Ω
Rsh = 200 Ω
Brush Drop = 1V/Brush

𝑃 25 × 103
• Load Current 𝐼𝐿 = = = 50 𝐴
𝑉 500
𝑉 500 • Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
• Shunt field Current 𝐼𝑠ℎ = = = 2.5 𝐴 = 50 + 2.5
𝑅𝑠ℎ 200
= 52.5 𝐴
• Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 ∅𝑁𝑍
𝐸𝑔 =
= 52.5 × 0.03 60
= 1.575 𝑉
𝐸𝑔 × 60
• Series Field Drop = Ise Rse (Ise = Ia) ∴𝑍=
𝑁∅
= 52.5 x 0.04 505.675 × 60
= 2.1 V =
1200 × 0.02
• Generated EMF
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 1264

= 500 + 1.575 + 2.1 + 2

= 505.675 V
• We know that,
𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = ×
60 𝐴
For lap connected winding A=P
EX: A 4-pole, lap wound dc shunt generator has a useful flux per pole of 0.07 Wb. The
armature winding consists of 220 turns each of 0.004 Ω resistance. Calculate
terminal voltage when running at 900 rpm if the armature current is 50 A.
Given Data: P=4 • Generated EMF
ϕ = 0.07 Wb 𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍
N = 900 rpm 𝐸𝑔 = ×
60 𝐴
Turns, T = 220
∅𝑁𝑍 0.07 × 440 × 900
Z = 2T = 2 × 220 = 440 𝐸𝑔 = =
Resistance/turn = 0.004 Ω 60 60
Total Resistance of 220 turns = 462 V
= 220 × 0.004 = 0.88 Ω • Now
No. of parallel path A = 4 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Resistance of each path = 0.88/4 = 0.22 Ω
Armature current (Ia) = 50 A ∴ 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑔 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

• There are four resistance in parallel path each of 0.22 Ω

= 462 – (50 x 0.055)
= 459.25 V
• Armature resistance = 0.22/4 = 0.055 Ω
EX: A shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal voltage of 250 V. The armature
resistance and shunt field resistance are 0.02 Ω and 50 Ω respectively. The iron
and friction losses equal to 950 W. Find (a) Generated emf (2) Cu losses
(3) Output of prime mover (d) Efficiency. Ish I L
• Given Data: Terminal voltage (V) = 250 V Ia
Load current (IL) = 195 A
Ra = 0.02 Ω Rsh V
Rsh = 50 Ω 50 Ω Ra
Iron & Friction losses = 950 W 0.02 Ω

• Shunt field Current

• Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑉 250
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =5A = 200 × 0.02
𝑅𝑠ℎ 50 =4𝑉
• Generated EMF
• Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
= 195 + 5
= 200 𝐴 = 250 + 4 = 254 V
• Copper Losses • Efficiency
• Armature Cu loss = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = 200 2 × 0.02 = 800 𝑊 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂=
2 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
• Shunt field Cu loss = 𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 5 2 × 50 = 1250 𝑊
48750
• Total Copper Losses = 2050 𝑊 𝜂=
51750
• Total Losses = Total Cu loss + Iron and Friction Loss % 𝜂 = 94.2 %
= 2050 + 950
= 3000 W
• Generator Output = 𝑉 𝐼𝐿
= 250 × 195
= 48750 𝑊
• Generator Input = Output of prime mover
= Generator Output + Total losses
= 48750 + 3000 = 51750 W
EX: A short shunt compound dc generator supplies a current of 50 A at a voltage of
220 V. If the resistance of the shunt field is 100 Ω, resistance of series field 0.03
Ω, resistance of armature 0.1 Ω, the total brush drop is 2 V and the iron and
friction losses amount to 700 W. Find (a) generated emf (b) the copper losses (c)
the output of prime mover (d) the generator efficiency
• Given Data: Terminal voltage (V) = 220 V
Load current (IL) = 50 A
Rsh = 100 Ω
Rse = 0.03 Ω
Ra = 0.1 Ω
Total brush drop = 2 V
Iron & Friction losses = 700 W
• Series Field Current Ise = IL = 50 A
• Series Field Drop = Ise Rse
= 50 x 0.03
= 1.5 V
• Voltage across shunt field winding • Generated EMF
𝑉𝑠ℎ = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝐵𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝
= 220 + 1.5 = 220 + 5.22 + 1.5 + 2
= 221.5 𝑉 = 228.72 V
• Shunt field Current • Copper Losses
𝑉𝑠ℎ 221.5 •
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =2.215 A Armature Cu loss = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = 52.215 2 × 0.1 = 272.64 𝑊
𝑅𝑠ℎ 100
• 2
Shunt field Cu loss = 𝐼𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑠ℎ = 2.215 2 × 100 = 490.62 𝑊

• Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ • 2 𝑅

Series field Cu loss = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒 = 50
2 × 0.03 = 75 𝑊
= 50 + 2.215 • Brush Contact Cu loss= 2 𝐼𝑎 = 2 × 52.215 = 104.49 𝑊

= 52.215 𝐴 • Total Copper Losses = 942.69 𝑊

• Armature Voltage Drop = 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 • Generator Output = 𝑉 𝐼𝐿
= 52.215 × 0.1
= 220 × 50
= 5.22 𝑉
= 11000 𝑊
• Generator Input = Output of prime mover
= Generator Output + Total losses
= 11000 + 942.69 + 700
= 12642 W

• Efficiency
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂=
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
11000
𝜂=
12642

% 𝜂 = 87 %
EX: A shunt generator has a full load current of 100 A at 220 V. The stray losses are
600 W and the shunt field resistance is 100 Ω. If it has a full-load efficiency of
90 %, find the armature resistance.
22000
Given Data: Terminal voltage (V) = 220 V ∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 24444 𝑊
0.9
Load current (IL) = 100 A
• Total losses = Input power – output power
Stray losses = 600 W
Rsh = 100 Ω = 24444 – 22000
𝜂 = 90% = 2444 W
𝑉 220
• Output Power • Shunt field Current 𝐼𝑠ℎ = = = 2.2 𝐴
𝑅𝑠ℎ 100
𝑃 = 𝑉 𝐼𝐿 = 220 × 100 = 22000 𝑊
• Shunt field Cu losses = 𝑉 𝐼𝑠ℎ = 220 × 2.2
• Full load efficiency = 484 𝑊

𝜂=
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 • Stray losses = 600 W
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
∴ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝜂
• Constant losses = Shunt Cu losses + Stray Losses
= 484 + 600 = 1084 W
• Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
= 100 + 2.2
= 102.2 𝐴
• Armature Cu losses = Total losses – Constant losses
= 2444 – 1084 = 1360 W
• Armature Cu losses = 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = 1360 W
∴ 102.2 2 𝑅𝑎 = 1360
1360
∴ 𝑅𝑎 = 2 = 0.13 Ω
(102.2)
EX: A 4-pole, Wave wound 750 rpm dc shunt generator has armature and field
resistances of 0.4 Ω and 200 Ω respectively. The armature has 720 conductors
and the flux per pole is 0.03 Wb. A load resistance of 10 Ω is connected across the
generator. Find the values of terminal voltage at this load and at no load.
Given Data: P=4, Wave wound: A = 2
N = 750 rpm
Z = 720,
∅= 0.03 Wb
Ra = 0.4 Ω
Rsh = 200 Ω
EX: A 4-pole shunt generator has a lap wound armature with 728 conductors. The
flux per pole is 25 mWb and the generator supplies two hundred 110V, 75 W
lamps. Determine speed of the generator. Armature and field winding resistances
are 0.075 Ω and 110 Ω respectively. 𝑉 110
Given Data: P=4, Lap wound: A = P = 4 • Shunt field Current 𝐼𝑠ℎ = = =1𝐴
𝑅𝑠ℎ 110
Z = 728,
∅=25 mWb = 25 × 10−3 Wb • Armature Current 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ
No. lamps = 200 = 136.36 + 1
P = 200 × 75 = 15000 W
= 137.36 𝐴
Vt = 110 V
Ra = 0.075 Ω • Generated EMF 𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
Rsh = 110 Ω = 110 + (137.36 × 0.075)
• Load Current • Now, = 120.3 V
𝑃 15000
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝐿 ∴ 𝐼𝐿 = = 𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍 ∅𝑁𝑍 𝐸𝑔 × 60
𝑉𝑡 110 𝐸𝑔 = × ∴ 𝐸𝑔 = ∴𝑁=
60 𝐴 60 ∅𝑍
∴ 𝐼𝐿 = 136.36 𝑉
120.3 × 60
∴𝑁= −3
= 396.6 ≈ 397 rpm
25 × 10 × 728
EX: An 8-pole armature has 98 slots with 8 conductors per slot. It is driven at 600 rpm.
The useful flux per pole is 10 mWb. Calculate the induced emf in armature
winding when it is (a) lap connected (b) wave connected.
Given Data: P=8, ∅𝑁𝑍 10 × 10−3 × 600 × 784
∴ 𝐸𝑔 = =
No. of Slots = 98, 60 60
No. of Conductors/Slot = 8
∴ 𝑬𝒈 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟒 𝑽
N = 600 rpm
∅=10 mWb = 10 × 10−3 Wb • Generated EMF (Wave Wound)
• Total Conductors, Z 𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍 𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍
𝑍 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠/𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝐸𝑔 = × ∴ 𝐸𝑔 = ×
60 𝐴 60 2
(𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 2)
∴ 𝑍 = 98 × 8 = 784
8 × 10 × 10−3 × 600 × 784
• Generated EMF (Lap Wound) ∴ 𝐸𝑔 =
60 × 2
𝑃∅𝑁 𝑍 ∅𝑁𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = × ∴ 𝐸𝑔 = ∴ 𝑬𝒈 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝑽
60 𝐴 60
(𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑃)
EX: A dc generator has an armature emf of 100 V when the useful flux per pole is 20
mWb, and the speed is 800 rpm. Calculate the generated emf (1) with the same
flux and a speed of 1000 rpm (2) with flux per pole of 24 mWb and a speed of 900
rpm.
Given Data: E1 = 100 V
∅ = 20 mWb = 20 × 10−3 Wb
N1 = 800 rpm

• Generated EMF with same flux and • Generated EMF with ∅ = 24 mWb and
speed of 1000 rpm speed of 900 rpm
𝐸 ∝ ∅𝑁 𝐸 ∝ ∅𝑁
𝐸2 𝑁2 ∅2 𝐸2 𝑁2 ∅2
∴ = × ∴ = ×
𝐸1 𝑁1 ∅1 𝐸1 𝑁1 ∅1
1000 900 24 × 10−3
∴ 𝐸2 = ×1 ∴ 𝐸2 = ×
800 800 20 × 10−3
∴ 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑽 ∴ 𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓 𝑽
EX: A shunt generator has a full load current of 100 A at 220 V. The stray losses are 600
W and the shunt field resistance is 100 Ω. If it has a full-load efficiency of 90 %,
find the armature resistance.

EX: A 4-pole shunt generator has a lap wound armature with 728 conductors. The flux
per pole is 25 mWb and the generator supplies two hundred 110V, 75 W lamps.
Determine speed of the generator. Armature and field winding resistances are 0.075
Ω and 110 Ω respectively.

EX: An 8-pole armature has 98 slots with 8 conductors per slot. It is driven at 600 rpm.
The useful flux per pole is 10 mWb. Calculate the induced emf in armature winding
when it is (a) lap connected (b) wave connected.

EX: A dc generator has an armature emf of 100 V when the useful flux per pole is 20
mWb, and the speed is 800 rpm. Calculate the generated emf (1) with the same flux
and a speed of 1000 rpm (2) with flux per pole of 24 mWb and a speed of 900 rpm.
Thanks for Watching

Prepared By: K. R. Gajjar