GENERAL PHYSICS 2 – GRADE 12

Name: ______________________________________ Date: ____________________

Grade: ______________________________________ Section: ___________________

Quarter: 3 Week: 6 SSLM No. 6 MELC(s): Differentiate emf of a source and potential
difference (PD) across a circuit (STEM_GP12EM-llle-40). Given an emf source connected to
a resistor, determine the power supplied or dissipated by each element in a circuit
(STEM_GP12EM-llle-42). Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm's
law in context such as, but not limited to batteries and bulbs, household wiring, and selection
of fuses (STEM_GP12EM-llle-44). Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages
(STEM_GP12EM-llle-45). Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches,
lamps, resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters (STEM_GP12EM-llle-
47).

Title of Textbook/LM to Study: General Physics 2: Electromotive Force and Circuits

Lesson. Electromotive Force and Circuits

➢ Objectives:
1. Differentiate emf of a source and potential difference (PD) across a circuit.
2. Determine the power supplied or dissipated by each element in a circuit.
3. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance and Ohm's law.
4. Operate devices for measuring currents and voltages.
5. Draw circuit diagrams with power sources (cell or battery), switches, lamps,
resistors (fixed and variable) fuses, ammeters and voltmeters

Let Us Discover

Electromotive force is the amount of energy supplied by the source to each coulomb
of charge. In simpler words, it is the energy converted to electrical energy per unit of charge.
Mathematically, it defined as the work done by the source to drive a unit charge around the
circuit. In Symbols,

𝑊 where: Ɛ (Greek letter epsilon) denotes emf in volt (V)

ℇ= W denotes the work done in joule (J)
𝑄
Q denotes charge in coulomb (C)
Potential difference is the amount of energy used by one coulomb of charge in
moving from one point to another point in a circuit. It is the electrical energy converted to other
forms of energy per unit charge. Mathematically, it is defined as the work done to drive a unit
charge across two points in the circuit. In Symbols,

𝑊 where: V denotes potential difference in volt (V)

𝑉= W denotes the work done in joule (J)
𝑄
Q denotes charge in coulomb (C)

1 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

Example:

Potential
Difference

Electromotive Battery Battery

force

The battery has an emf of 12 V. It implies that
the battery supplies 12 J of energy to each
coulomb of charge as the charge travels
from the positive terminal to the negative
terminal through an external circuit. Also, it
suggests that 12 J of work is done in driving
a unit of charge around the circuit.
A 12-volt supply applies across the total
resistance of the circuit. The potential
difference between any two points, is the
energy used by one coulomb of charge in
moving between two points. Using Ohm’s
Law, the potential difference is 7 volts. It
means that 7 J of energy is converted to
other forms of energy like sound, light, and
heat as it passes across a 7 Ω resistor.

The comparison chart below shows some of the other contrasting points of emf and
potential difference.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

It is independent of the resistance in the It is directly dependent on the resistance of

circuit. the circuit.

It transmits current throughout the circuit. it transmits current between two points.
It is greater than the potential difference It is always less than the maximum value
between any two points. of emf.
It is the cause. It is the effect.
It remains constant. It does not remain constant.
It is the maximum voltage that the source It is less than the maximum voltage that
can transfer. the source delivers.
It gains energy. It loses energy.
It is present even when no current is drawn It is zero in the absence of current
through the battery

ENERGY AND POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Electric power is the energy per unit time converted by an electric circuit into another
form of energy. Power (P) through a circuit is equal to the voltage (V) multiplied by the current
(I) in a circuit: 𝑷 = 𝑽 𝑰 . It is possible to determine the power dissipated in a single resistor if
we combine this expression with Ohm’s Law, 𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹 . This becomes particularly useful in
circuits with more than one resistor, to determine the power dissipated in each one. Combining
these two equations, we get an expression for electric power that involves only the current
and resistance in a circuit. 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 , The power dissipated in a Resistor is proportional to the
square of the current (I) that passes through it and to its resistance(R).

2 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

Example:
Let’s begin with one of the simplest circuits imaginable: A battery hooked up to a single
resistor:

Here, we have a single 9 V battery (emf source), and a single 100 Ω

(100 Ohm) resistor, hooked up with wires to form a complete circuit.
We need to calculate the amount of power that the resistor will
dissipate.

First, we use Ohm’s law ( V = I × R ), to find the current through the resistor.
9𝑉 = 𝐼 × 100Ω
Thus, the current through the resistor is: 𝐼 = 9𝑉 ⁄100Ω = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝑨
Therefore, the power dissipated in the resistor is: 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 × 𝑅 = 0.092 × 100Ω = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 𝑾
Note that this power can also be obtained using the expressions 𝑃 = 𝑉 2 ⁄𝑅 .

CURRENT, RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY

The resistance of an object depends on its shape and

the material of which it is composed. The cylinder’s electric
resistance R is directly proportional to its length L, the longer
the cylinder, the more collisions charges will make with its
atoms. The greater the diameter of the cylinder, the more
current it can carry. In fact, R is inversely proportional to the
cylinder’s cross-sectional area A.
For a given shape, the resistance depends on the RESISTIVITY
material of which the object is composed. Different materials MATERIAL
ρ ( Ω⋅m )
offer different resistance to the flow of charge. We define the
Silver 1.59×10−8
resistivity ρ of a substance so that the resistance R of an
Copper 1.72×10−8
object is directly proportional to ρ. Resistivity ρ is an intrinsic
Gold 2.44×10−8
property of a material, independent of its shape or size. The
Aluminum 2.65×10−8
resistance R of a uniform cylinder of length L, of cross-
Tungsten 5.6×10−8
sectional area A, and made of a material with resistivity ρ, is
Iron 9.71×10−8
Where: R – resistance of material in ohms, Ω Platinum 10.6×10−8
𝑳
𝑹= 𝝆 L – length of the conductor in meters, m Steel 20×10−8
𝑨 Lead 22×10−8
A – cross sectional area in square meters, m2
ρ – resistivity in Ω ⋅ m Mercury 96×10−8
Wood 108 - 10−11

Example:
What is the electric resistance of an iron wire 0.50 m long with a diameter of 1.3 mm if the
resistivity of iron is 9.71×10−8 Ω⋅m?
Given: L = 0.50m; d= 1.3mm; ρ = 9.71×10−8 Ω⋅m Find: R
Solution: first for the cross-sectional area of the wire by using the
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 (𝟏. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝑨 = 𝝅 ( ) = 𝝅( ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝟒 𝟒
Then, find resistance
𝑳 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝑹 = 𝝆 ( ) = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝛀
𝑨 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

3 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

DEVICES FOR MEASURING CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES

Electricians usually use ammeters and voltmeters to help them understand what is
happening in a circuit. What is the use of an ammeter and a voltmeter? Do you know how to
operate these devices?

Voltmeters: A voltmeter is an instrument that measures the difference

in electrical potential between two points in an electric circuit. An
analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the
circuit’s voltage; a digital voltmeter provides a numerical display. In
order for a voltmeter to measure a device’s voltage, it must be
connected in parallel to that device. This is necessary because objects
in parallel experience the same potential difference.

Ammeters: An ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit. The name

is derived from the name for the SI unit for electric current, amperes (A). In
order for an ammeter to measure a device’s current, it must be connected in
series to that device. This is necessary because objects in series experience
the same current. They must not be connected to a voltage source —
ammeters are designed to work under a minimal burden, (which refers to
the voltage drop across the ammeter, typically a small fraction of a volt).

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

Electric circuits, whether simple or complex, can be described in a variety of ways. An

electric circuit is commonly described with mere words. Saying something like "A light bulb is
connected to a dry cell" is a sufficient amount of words to describe a simple circuit. Upon
hearing (or reading) the words, a person becomes familiar and quickly imagine the picture of
the circuit in their mind. Another means of describing a circuit is to simply draw it. Such
drawings provide a quicker mental picture of the actual circuit. An example is shown below:

The diagram shows a fixed resistor, in

series with an ammeter, variable
resistor and a bulb. A voltmeter is
connected across the battery and
fixed resistor while the switch is left
open in the circuit.

Some circuit symbols used in schematic diagrams are shown below.

4 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

 Let Us Try

OHM’S LAW CHALLENGE RESISTANCE VS RESISTIVITY

Using Ohm’s Law, calculate the missing Give the difference between resistance and
value (V, I, or R) for each of the following resistivity in tabular form.
circuits. Show your complete solutions
for each item.
CURRENT VOLTAGE RESISTANCE Difference
RESISTANCE RESISTIVITY
Ampere, A Volts, V Ohms, Ω in terms of. .
1. 1000 100 1. MEANING
2. 4 30 2.FORMULA
3. 3 25 3. SYMBOL
4. 0.2 110 4. UNIT
5. 220 55 5. FACTORS
6. 0.0015 90 THAT WILL
7. 9 3 AFFECT
8. 6 120 THE
9. 0.30 18 PHYSICAL
10. 0.05 560 QUANTITY

Let Us Do

Directions: Read, understand and analyze each of the problems very carefully. Then, solve
and show your complete solutions. Encircle your final answer.

1. What is the power consumption of an electric iron if its resistance is 13.1 Ω and it
operates on a household circuit with a voltage of 120 V?
2. Find the power dissipated in each of these extension cords: (a) an extension cord
having a 0.0600 Ω resistance and through which 5.00 A is flowing; (b) a cheaper cord
utilizing thinner wire and with a resistance of 0.300 Ω.
3. The diameter of 10-gauge copper wire is 8.252 mm. Find the resistance of a 1.00-
km length of such wire used for power transmission.
4. What is the resistance of a 20.0-m-long piece of 12-gauge copper wire having a
2.053-mm diameter?
5. Calculate the resistance of a piece of a 20- gauge copper wire 2 m long. The cross-
sectional area of the wire is 0.5176mm2
6. A 0.500-meter length of wire with a cross-sectional area of 3.14 x 10 -6 meters
squared is found to have a resistance of 2.53 x 10-3 ohms. According to the
resistivity chart, from what material is the wire made?
7. A flashlight lamp connected to a battery that provides 1.4 V draws a current of 0.10A.
What electric power is used by the lamp?
8. The label on a toaster reads 800 W at 120 V. How much current does it draw?
9. When a light bulb is connected to a 3 V battery, a current of 0.2 A passes through the
bulb filament. What is the resistance of the filament?
10. Calculate the effective resistance of a pocket calculator that has a 1.35-V battery and
through which 0.200 mA flows.

5 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

 Let Us Apply

A. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Instruction: Convert the following descriptions to schematic circuit diagrams.

1. Draw a circuit diagram containing two batteries, one light, and one switch, all
connected in series.
2. Draw a circuit diagram showing one battery and two lamps, all connected in series.
3. Draw a circuit diagram containing one battery and two lamps connected in parallel.
4. Draw a circuit diagram of a resistor and a lamp connected in parallel to a battery, with
a switch that would only turn off the lamp.
5. Draw a circuit diagram with one battery supply, one lamp connected in a series.

B. Directions: Read, understand, and perform the tasks by applying what you learned.

1. Make a Venn Diagram comparing emf of a source and potential difference across the
circuit.
2. The battery supplies a maximum voltage of 12 V. When it is connected to an external
circuit, the voltage measured by the voltmeter across the circuit is only 10 V. Is this
possible? Explain your answer.
3. Why do the problems occur when an ammeter is connected in parallel with the lamp?

References

Walker, J., Halliday, R., & Resnick D. 2011. Fundamentals of Physics (9th Edition).
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 720

Serway, Raymond A. and Jewette, John W. Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics. 6th ed. Singapore: Thomson Learning Asia, 2004.

Jones E., Childers, R. Contemporary College Physics (2nd Edition). Addison- Wesley
Publishing Company Inc. pp. 500-504

Leonoras, G. (2021). General Physics 2. Activity Sheet No. 3: Electromotive Force and
Circuits. Department of Education Region 6 – Western Visa
SSLM Development Team
Writer: Christian Lloyd A. Reandino
Content Editor:
LR Evaluator: Giampy G. Antic, Yolka A. Barbecho
Illustrator:
Creative Arts Designer: Reggie D. Galindez
Education Program Supervisor: Science: Edlibert A. Reyes Ph. D.
Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resources: Sally A. Palomo
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief: Juliet F. Lastimosa
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Carlos G. Susarno, Ph. D.
Schools Division Superintendent: Romelito G. Flores, CESO V

6 GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 14, 2021

GSC-CID-LRMS-ESSLM, v.r. 03.00, Effective June 9, 2021