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GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
Areas of focus:
Triangle:
b = base
h = height
Rectangle/Square:
Area = a b
Perimeter = 2 (a + b)
Parallelogram:
Area = a h
Perimeter =
Circle:
r = radius
d = diameter =2r
Area =
Circumference =
Sectors of a circles:
Arc Length,
Sector area =
Ellipses:
The following is a listing of the surface area and/or volume of a cube, parallelepiped,
cylinder, sphere, cone, and pyramid.
Parallelepipeds:
A = Area of base
h = Height
Volume = Ah
Volume =
Lateral surface =
Spheres:
r = radius
Cones:
l2 = r2 + h2
Pyramid or irregular cone:
Opposing angles are equal when two straight lines intersect, and adjacent angles add to
180o (i.e., ).
When a line intersects parallel lines it makes identical angles with both lines.
Relations between angle of basic objects:
Also: 2A + 2B =360o
Similar Triangles:
The triangles ABC and ADE are called similar triangles. The sides of two similar triangles
are proportional and the angels are the same. The respective heights of these triangles are
also proportional to the sides.
Pythagorean Theorem:
The Pythagorean theorem states that for a right triangle, as shown, there exists a relation
between the length of the sides given by
a2 + b2 = c2
Pythagorean Triplets:
There are Pythagorean triples for the sides a, b, and c of a right triangle. The triplets
(a,b,c) are related through the relation a2 + b2 = c2, such as (3,4,5), (5,12,13) and
(7,24,25). All constant multiples of these triplets (e.g., (6,8,10) from (3,4,5)) also create
Pythagorean triplets. The following are examples of right triangles with sides given in
terms of Pythagorean triplets.
The area of a strip can be approximated as the length of the strip times its
width if the strip is of uniform width and if its width is small compared to
its length.
s = length
t = width
The volume of a slab can be calculated as the surface area times the
thickness if the thickness is uniform. The volume of a shell can be
approximated using this relation, but the thickness must be small relative
to the principal radii of curvature of the shell.
A = surface area
t = thickness
Volume = At