CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

TUTORIAL 3
(a) Fundamental of Heat Exchanger
Qa1: A long steel pipe with a 5-cm ID and 3.2-mm wall thickness (emissivity ε = 0.8) passes through a large
chamber maintained at 30◦C and atmospheric pressure; 0.6 kg/s of hot water enters one end of the pipe
at 82◦C. If the pipe is 15 m long, the convective heat transfer coefficient, h is 7.27 W/m2.oC.
Calculate the exit water temperature, considering both free convection and radiation heat loss from the
outside of the pipe.

Qa2: Hot water at 90◦C flows on the inside of a 2.5-cm-ID steel tube [k = 36 W/m.oC] with 0.8-mm wall thickness
at a velocity of 4 m/s. Palm oil at 20◦C is forced across the tube at a velocity of 7 m/s.
The convective heat transfer coefficient of the fluid in the inner and outer of the pipe is respectively 20 000
W/m2.oC and 1167 W/m2.oC.
Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient for this arrangement.

Qa3: Air at 2 atm and 200◦C flows inside a 1 inch schedule 80 steel pipe (do = 0.0334 m, di = 0.0243 m) [k = 43
W/m.oC] with h = 65 W/m2 ·◦C. A hot gas with h =180 W/m2 ·◦C flows across the outside of the pipe at 400◦C.
Calculate the overall heat-transfer coefficient.

Qa4: A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (k = 380 W/moC)

inner tube of internal diameter Di = 1.2 cm and external diameter Do = 1.6 cm
and an outer tube of diameter 3.0 cm. The convection heat transfer
coefficient is reported to be hi = 700 W/m2.oC on the inner surface of the tube
and ho = 1400 W/m2.oC on its outer surface. For a fouling factor Rf, i = 0.0005
m2.oC/W on the tube side and Rf,o = 0.0002 m2.oC/W on the shell side.
Determine (a) the thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length
and (b) the overall heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo based on the inner and
outer surface areas of the tube, respectively.

Qa5: Water at an average temperature of 110oC and an average velocity of 3.5 m/s flows through a 5-m-long
stainless steel tube (k = 14.2 W/m.oC) in a boiler. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are Di = 1.0 cm
and Do = 1.4 cm, respectively. If the convection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube
where boiling is taking place is ho = 8400 W/m2.oC.
It is given that the properties of water at 110°C: v = 0.268 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.682 W/m2.K, Pr = 1.58.
Recognize it is a forced fluid flow inside of a pipe for heating, the suitable Nusselt number equation:
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4
(a) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube.
(b) Assuming a fouling factor, Rf ,i=0.0005m2.oC/W, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient Ui of this
boiler.

Qa6: A long thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger with tube and shell
diameters of 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively, is used to condense
refrigerant-134a by water at 20oC. The refrigerant flows through the tube,
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2.oC. Water flows
through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s.
It is given that the properties of water at 20°C: v = 1.004 x 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.598
W/m2.K, Pr = 7.01.
Recognize it is a forced fluid flow inside of a pipe for heating, the suitable
Nusselt number equation: Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger.

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

(b) Design of Shell Tube Heat Exchanger

Qb1: A double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is used to heat cold tap water
with hot water. Hot water (cp = 4.25 kJ/kg.oC) enters the tube at 85oC at a
rate of 1.4 kg/s and leaves at 50oC. The heat exchanger is not well
insulated, and it is estimated that 3 percent of the heat given up by the
hot fluid is lost from the heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient and the surface area of the heat exchanger are 1150 W/m2 · oC
and 4 m2, respectively, determine the rate of heat transfer to the cold
water and the log mean temperature difference for this heat exchanger.

Qb2: A stream of vegetable oil (cp = 2.2 kJ/kg·K) is cooled at a rate of 720 kg/h from 150oC to 40oC in the tube side
of a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. Water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kg · K) enters the heat exchanger at 10oC
at a rate of 540 kg/h. The outside diameter of the inner tube is 2.5 cm, and its length is 6.0 m. Calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Qb3: A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 12-tube passes is
used to heat water (cp = 4180 J/kg.oC) in the tubes from 20oC to 70oC at a
rate of 4.5 kg/s. Heat is supplied by hot oil (cp = 2300 J/kg.oC) that enters
the shell side at 170oC at a rate of 10 kg/s. For a tube-side overall heat
transfer coefficient of 350 W/m2.oC, determine the heat transfer surface
area on the tube side.

Qb4: During an experiment, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger that is used to transfer heat from a hot-water
stream to a cold-water stream is tested, and the following measurements are taken:
Inlet Outlet Volume flow Mass flow Specific Heat
o o
temperature, C temperature, C rate, L/min rate, kg/s capacity, kJ/kg.oC
Hot-water stream 71.5 58.2 1.05 0.0172 4187
Cold-water stream 19.7 27.8 1.55 0.0258 4180

The heat transfer area is calculated to be 0.0200 m2.

(a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer to the cold water.
(b) Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
(c) Determine if the heat exchanger is truly adiabatic. If not, determine the
fraction of heat loss and calculate the heat transfer efficiency.
(d) Determine the effectiveness and the NTU values of the heat exchanger.

Qb5: A thin-walled double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger is used to

heat rice bran oil whose specific heat is 1800 J/kg.oC with hot water
(cp = 4180 J/kg. oC). The chemical enters at 20oC at a rate of 3 kg/s,
while the water enters at 110oC at a rate of 2 kg/s. The heat transfer
surface area of the heat exchanger is 7 m2 and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1200 W/m2.oC.
Determine the outlet temperatures of the rice bran oil and the water.

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

Qb6: Water (cp = 4180 J/kg.oC) enters the 2.5-cm internal-diameter tube of a
double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger at 17oC at a rate of 1.8 kg/s.
Water is heated by steam condensing at 120oC (hfg = 2203 kJ/kg) in the
shell. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 700
W/m2.oC, determine the length of the tube required in order to heat the
water to 80oC using (a) the LMTD method and (b) the ε–NTU method.

(c) Phase transitions in Heat Exchangers

Qc1: Water boiling on a mechanically polished stainless-steel surface maintained at an excess temperature of
15oC water is at 1 atm.
Properties for saturated water at 1 atm: Tsat = 100oC, ρL = 957.9 kg/m3, ρv = 0.596 kg/m3, cp,L=4217 J/kg.K.
μL=279x10-6 N.s/m2, PrL = 1.76, σ = 58.9 x10-3 N/m, hfg = 2257 kJ/kg.
Calculate heat transfer coefficient.

Qc2: A horizontal tube bank employs 10 columns of tubes, with each column 15 rows high.
The 12-mm-diameter tubes are exposed to condensing steam at 1 atm.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =963 kg/m3, μf =3.06×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.678 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2260 kJ/kg
If the tube wall temperature is maintained at 86◦C, calculate the condensation rate per meter of tube
length.

Qc3: A vertical plate 30 cm wide and 1.2 m high is maintained at 80◦C and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =964 kg/m3, μf =3.15×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.676 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the heat transfer and the total mass of steam condensed per hour.

Qc4: A 50 by 50 cm square vertical plate is maintained at 95◦C and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm pressure.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =962 kg/m3, μf =3.0×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.684 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the amount of steam condensed per hour.

Qc5: Steam at 1 atm is to be condensed on the outside of a bank of 10×10 horizontal tubes 2.54 cm in diameter.
The tube surface temperature is maintained at 95◦C.
The physical properties of the film: ρf =962 kg/m3, μf =3.0×10−4 kg/m· s, kf =0.68 W/m· ◦C.
The enthalpy of vaporization: hfg =2255 kJ/kg.
Calculate the quantity of steam condensed for a tube length of 0.61 m.

Qc6: Water at 1 atm boils in a stainless-steel kitchen pan with ∆Tx =8◦C. Estimate the heat flux that will be
obtained.
If the same pan operates as a pressure cooker at 0.17 MPa, what percent increase in heat flux might be
expected?

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

SUGGESTED SOLUTION:
Qa1: Pipe nearly constant temperature:

qconv=hA∆T = h(2∏rL) ∆T,

qrad = σA ε(Ts4- Tsurr4)

qtotal = qconv + qrad = 1005 W + 898 W = 1903 W

qtotal = 1903 = (0.6)(4175)∆Tw
∆Tw = 0.76oC
∆Tw (exit)= 82-0.76 = 81.2oC

Qa2: For unit length of the pipe, the thermal resistances:

RTotal = 2.74 x 10-4 + 16.36 x 10-4 + 0.0103 = 0.01221oC/W.m

From UA=1/RTotal,

Since Routside is the largest, the overall heat transfer coefficient is based on the outer area:
The outer surface area:

Qa3: For 1 m length:

Rcond = ln (ro/ri) / 2∏kL = ln (0.0334 m / 0.0243 m) / [2 (3.142)(43)] = 1.177 x 10-3 oC/W

Qa4: The heat transfer coefficients and the fouling factors are constant and uniform.
(a) The total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length:
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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner and the outer surface areas of the tube per length:

Qa5: (a) The Reynolds number:

Re > 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.

The Nusselt number:

The convective heat transfer coefficient:

The total resistance of this heat exchanger is then determined from:

(b) The thermal resistance of heat exchanger with a fouling factor of Rf ,i = 0.0005m2 . oC/W is determined from:

Qa6: The hydraulic diameter for annular space:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

The average velocity of water in the tube and the Reynolds number:

The Reynolds number:

Re > 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent.

The Nusselt number:

The convective heat transfer coefficient:

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined to be:

Qb1: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid
streams are negligible. (iii) There is no fouling. (iv) Fluid properties are constant.

The rate of heat given up by the hot water is:

The rate of heat picked up by the cold water is:

The log mean temperature difference is:

Qb2: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) There is
no fouling. (v) Fluid properties are constant.

The rate of heat transfer is:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

The outlet temperature of water is:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is:

The overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from:

Qb3: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) There is
no fouling. (v) Fluid properties are constant.

The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is:

The outlet temperature of the oil is determined from:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counterflow arrangement and the correction factor F are:

Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes:

Qb4: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid
streams are negligible. (iii) Fluid properties are constant.

(a) The rates of heat transfer from the hot water and to the cold water are:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

(b) The number of shell and tubes are not specified in the problem. Therefore, the correction factor is
taken to be unity in the following calculations. The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the
overall heat transfer coefficient are:

(Note that the average of two heat transfer rates was used in calculation.)

(c) The fraction of heat loss and the heat transfer efficiency are:

Therefore,

which is the smaller of the two heat capacity rates.

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes:

The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is:

The average heat transfer rate was used.

The smaller or greater heat transfer rates was used in calculations.

The NTU of the heat exchanger is determined from:

Qb5: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) The thickness
of the tube is negligible since tube is thin-walled. (v) The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform.

The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

Therefore:

The c = cmin/cmax = 5.40/8.36 = 0.646

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes:

The NTU of this heat exchanger is:

Then the effectiveness of this parallel-flow heat exchanger corresponding to c = 0.646 and NTU=1.556 is
determined from:

Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes:

Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluid streams are determined to be:

Qb6: Assumptions: (i) Steady operating conditions exist. (ii) The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the
cold fluid. (iii) Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. (iv) The overall
heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.

(a) The temperature differences between the steam and the water at the two ends of the condenser are:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is:

The rate of heat transfer is determined from:

The surface area of heat transfer is:

The length of tube required then becomes:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

(b) The maximum rate of heat transfer rate is:

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes:

The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 1 (in lecture notes) to be:

The surface area is:

Finally, the length of tube required is:

Qc1: The heat transfer coefficient, h = qs/ ∆Te

The nucleate pool boiling heat flux can be estimated using the Rohsenow correlation:

From Table 2, the liquid-surface combination, csf = 0.013, n = 1:

The heat transfer coefficient:

Qc2: The film temperature: Tf =(86+100)/2 = 93oC

No. tubes = 10 x 20 = 200
d = 12 mm, n = 15.

Qc3: The film temperature:

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CH2035 FOOD ENGINEERING 2 SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

Qc4:

Qc5:

Qc6: Since the value of q/A and so must choose one of the two relations for a horizontal surface from Table 4.
The nucleate boiling is anticipated, so choose:

The heat flux is:

For operation as a pressure cooker, the value of h is obtained from:

A value 23 percent higher than that obtained at 1 atm.

The corresponding heat flux is:

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