A RESEARCH STUDY ON EFFECTS OF INSECURITY IN KAPTEMBWA, NAKURU

COUNTY.

MORIJOI AGNES TIMANOI

INDEX NO.:

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL IS SUBMITTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF CERTIFICATE IN COMMUNITY HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this is my original work proposal and has never been submitted to any

institution of higher learning for any award of certificate in community health and development.

Name: Morijoi Agnes Timanoi

Signature:……………………………………. Date:………………………………….

Supervisor: Madam Hannah

Department of community health and development studies.

Jodan College of Technology

Signature:…………………………… date:…………………………..

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this proposal to my beloved parents; my class mates not forgetting Madam Hannah my

supervisor for her fully efforts and guidance through my writings, my beloved fiancée Bernard

Njapit for his love, prayer and constant encouragement, May Almighty God bless them

abundantly.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost much gratitude goes to my heavenly father for his constant grace, mercy and

love upon me.I acknowledge the staff in community health and development studies Madam

Hannah, who helped me, carry out the proposal and provided vital information required for the

study. I cannot forget her supervision for her constant encouragement and guidance on how to

carry out the proposal.

I also acknowledge librarians at Jodan College of Technology library, computer laboratory

technician Mr.Mulandi who allowed me to access and use their materials and resources, to make

the research successful.

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 ABSTRACT

The researcher writes about the effects of insecurity inn Kaptembwa area and its neighborhoods

in Nakuru County in rift valley province Nakuru district where there are more than 2700

families. The researcher intends to find the relationship between poverty and insecurity. The

researcher tend to source information from surveys done by non-governmental organizations and

government, case studies, the literature review posted in the internet by professional in places

and countries. After the literature review the researcher will identify the gap which needs to be

addressed.to do this I will write o the following sections which will make my project. The

background of the problem, the statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, the objectives

of the study, the literature review, the project methodology, population distribution, sample

definition of terms and finally give the bibliography.by writing this proposal I will handle the

question on project proposal In my examinations on certificate in community health and

development and we use it in the future.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS
NGO-Non-Governmental Organizations

KPF-Kenya Police Force

UN-United Nation

UNDP-United Nation Development Report

RHDP-Regional Human Development Programmes

GDP-Gross Domestic Product

CBO-Community Based Organization

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Poverty-is general scarcity or death, or the state of one who lacks certain amount of material

possessions or money.

Objectives-any kind of desired end or condition.

Security management-it is the identification of an organization assets (including information

assets), followed by the development, documentation and implementation of policies and

procedures for those assets.

National’s security-it is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of

economic power, diplomacy and power projection and political power.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION...................................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................v

LIST OF ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................vi

DEFINITION OF TERMS..................................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.............................................................................................................3

1.3 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................4

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................4

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................5

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................5

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................6

2.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................6

2.1 BACKGROUND OF INSECURITY..............................................................................................7

2.2POVERTY........................................................................................................................................8

2.2.1 EDUCATION................................................................................................................................9

2.2 HOUSING........................................................................................................................................9

2.2.3 THE GAP....................................................................................................................................10

2.3 TRIBALISM AND ETHNICITY.................................................................................................10

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2.4 CRIMES.........................................................................................................................................11

2.4.1 THEFT AND BANDITY............................................................................................................11

2.4.2 TERRORISM.............................................................................................................................12

2.4.3 ETHNIC VIOLENCE................................................................................................................13

2.4.4 DRUG ABUSE............................................................................................................................13

2.4.5 ROBBERY..................................................................................................................................14

2.5 NATIONAL SECURITY..............................................................................................................15

2.6 EFFECTS OF INSECURITY.......................................................................................................15

2.6.1 FEAR...........................................................................................................................................15

2.6.2 UNDERDEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................................16

2.7 STRATEGIES OF REDUCING INSECURITY.........................................................................16

2.7.1 MORE SECURITY AGENTS SHOULD BE REEMITTED..................................................16

2.7.2 PUNISHMENT TO CRIME......................................................................................................16

2.7.3 JOB CREATION........................................................................................................................16

2.7.4 INCREASING SALARIES TO POLICEMEN........................................................................16

2.7.5 BORN OF ILLICIT BREW.......................................................................................................16

2.7.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.................................................................................................17

Conceptual framework........................................................................................................................17

CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................................................18

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................18

3.0 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................18

3.1Resesrch Design..............................................................................................................................18

3.2 Target Population..........................................................................................................................18

3.3 Sample Size....................................................................................................................................18

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3.4 Sampling Technique......................................................................................................................19

3.5 Data Collection...............................................................................................................................19

3.6 Research Procedure.......................................................................................................................19

3.7 Validity and Reliability.................................................................................................................19

3.8 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER FOUR...............................................................................................................................20

RESULTS AND FINDINGS...............................................................................................................20

4.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................20

4.1 Reliability Analysis........................................................................................................................21

4.2 Response Rate................................................................................................................................22

4.3 Respondent’s Demographics.........................................................................................................22

4.4 The link between occurrences of insecurity in Nakuru County.................................................24

4.6 Remedies to the prevention of rape in Kaptembwa village........................................................33

CHAPTER FIVE.................................................................................................................................38

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................38

5.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................38

5.1 Summary of The Study.................................................................................................................38

5.2 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................40

5.2.1 The link between the occurrence of rape and election in Kenya.............................................40

5.4 Conclusions....................................................................................................................................45

5.4.1 The Link between the Occurrence of Rape and Election in Kenya........................................45

5.4.2 The link between slums and rape crimes in Kaptembwa, Nakuru County............................45

5.4.3 The remedies to the prevention of rape in kaptembwa, Nakuru County...............................45

5.5 Recommendations..........................................................................................................................45

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5.5.1 Recommendation for improvement...........................................................................................45

5.5.1.1 The link between the occurrences of rape in Kaptembwa village (election in Kenya)........45

5.5.1.2 The link between slums and rape crimes in kaptembwa,Nakuru county during elections 46

5.5.1.3 The remedies to the prevention of rape during elections......................................................46

5.5.2 Recommendation for future studies..........................................................................................46

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................47

APPENDIX I :LETTER OF INTRODUCTION LETTER OF INTRODUCTION.......................47

APPENDIX II:QUESTIONAIRE......................................................................................................48

APPENDIX III: WORKPLAN...........................................................................................................50

APPENDIX IV:BUDGET...................................................................................................................51

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
The researcher describes the background of study, define the rationale of the study and problem

of statement, purpose of study, the objectives of the proposal to formulate proposal question.

1.1 Background of the study

The human security debate was advanced by the 1994 UNDP human development report that

defied human security in terms of freedom. Freedom from fear9of violence and conflict) and

freedom from want (hunger and deprivation) is a simplified way of capturing human security.

Human security concerns are thus among the contemporary challenges to the provision of state

security by Kenyan police force(KPF).Some of the alternative security providers that pose threat

to state security in Kenya include militia and vigilante groups that have partly emerged in

response to the apparent incapacity and failings of the Kenyan state. According to UN council,

under resolution 1373.The resolution obliges member states to take a number of measures to

prevent terrorist activities and to criminalize various forms of terrorist actions, as well as to take

measures that assist and promote cooperation among countries including adherence to

international counter-terrorism instruments. Member’s states are also required to report regularly

to the counter terrorism committee on the measures they have taken to implement resolution

1373.

The United Nations sues the political tools of diplomacy and mediation to help nations prevent

and resolve conflicts peacefully. United Nations envoys are dispatched to areas of tension around

the world to assists in defusing crises and brokering negotiated settlements to conflicts.

According to UNODC globally, some 8% of victims caused by insecurity and violence are

women and children. However, whereas men are likelier to be killed in a public place, female

victims are murdered mainly at home, as is the case in Europe, her half of all females victims

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were killed by a family member. The overwhelming majority of victims of violence committed

by partners and family members are women. In Europe, for example women accounted for

almost 80% of the total number of persons killed by a current or former partner in 2008.

A high level of insecurity is results to poverty and underdevelopment .Crime drives away

business, erodes human capital and destabilizes society. Targeted actions are needed .To achieve

the millennium development goals, crime prevention policies should be combined with

economics and social development and democratic governance based on the rule of law.

In 2002 Robert Rothberg had the following to say about Kenya, in an article he published in the

Washington quarterly about failed states “even Kenya is a weak state with some potential for

definite failure if ethnic disparities and ambitions provoke civil strife”.

Kaptembwa is an informal area located in Nakuru county about 3 kilometers from Nakuru town.

About 50% of the population is semi-illiterate. Most of them are the business dealers, other men

and women both sell in the market. A worrying scenario has been observed in the informal

settlement where youths of both sexes who are also school drop outs and other unemployed

young people are seen hanging around where they engage in anti-social activities in the glare of

the public without worrying about the consequences. Their parents have no different. Most of

them are single parents due to various reasons.

Some men have been imprisoned for being involved in antisocial behaviors leaving their wives

alone and hence not able to bring up the children by themselves. They lack the source of income

hence think another way of earning the income ,they steal, kidnap people at night to rob their

things and practice other forms of burglary because they are idle all the time. Some parents are

illiterate or semi-illiterate thus does not value education.

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During the post-election violence some tribes were forced to flee for their lives leaving their

children behind. Some of these children have dropped out of school seeing to it that no one of

their parents care about their whereabouts .Sex is done for commercial purposes and most of the

girls turn to it due to poverty status in the area. Others in turn to sex because of poverty and also

considering because others do it.

The area has been turned into one huge illicit brewery which churns hundreds of litres of illicit

brew which is available to anybody who can afford all the time all the day. Psychotropic drugs

are there in plenty.it is believed that most armed criminals within Nakuru reside in this area

something that makes it difficult to develop it once they take these drugs. Possibly cases of

insecurity rises to its maximum.

There is atmosphere of security anywhere in Kaptembwa .This is weakening the country and

leading it down the aisle to internal war and the club of failed areas.

The area security organs and the national Security Council have failed.to see theses failures, look

no further than the lost lives and properties and the freedoms and rights the government is

continuously asking Kenyans to give up in order to guarantee their security.

1.2 Problem Statement

In spite of the police force, security officers and other organizations based in the area, welfare

intend to work and ensure that there is maximum security, very little is achieved.

Insecurity is always the key for a country to survive and focus on its economy, the Kenyan

insecurity started during the time of bomb blast that was in the year 1998, Mungiki killings, post-

election violence, cattle rustling and the current killings of Al-shabbab .Insecurity is a big

challenge to the government and entire society .Most insecurity cases are caused by hate and

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incitements through hate speech. The people with owning guns should have licenses, most

gangsters own illegal weapons which they use to accomplish their mission.it has caused people

live discomfort life and in fear, child drop out, criminals activities spreading, violence emerges,

taking people valuables and also messing the though raping and hurting them physically.

The victim’s consequences may either be psychologically or physically ill.it creates a climate of

fear and violence which endangers personal security and erodes the quality of life (United

Nations 1992; 6).

1.3 The Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of insecurity and the possible solution.by

doing so, this will benefit the people of Kaptembwa area who have no future and to restore their

lost hopes.

The researcher will know the main causes of insecurity in the area, and to establish the measures

undertaken to ensure that insecurity is fully curbed. Majority of these affected will be known.to

help the young people to establish themselves to work hard by voiding drugs abuse, and

educating them that they can earn a living through starting small scale business for future.

Both the municipal council of Nakuru, the ministry of education in Nakuru and the district

officer office are to benefit from the proposal.

1.4 Research Objectives

To establish the manor causes of insecurity in Kaptembwa area in Nakuru county.

To determine the effects of insecurity in Kaptembwa area in Nakuru county.

To establish preventive and control measures of insecurity in Kaptembwa area in Nakuru county.

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1.5 Research Questions

i. What are the possible causes of school insecurity in Kaptembwa area?

ii. What are the effects of insecurity in Kaptembwa area in Nakuru County?

iii. Is there any relationship between insecurity and unemployment of youths?

iv. What are the measures that the government should put down to stop insecurity causes in

Kaptembwa area?

1.6 Significance of the Study

The researcher decided to do this project because Kaptembwa and its neighborhood has

increased causes of insecurity reports day by day which makes the Nakuru county in danger of

losing future generation functioning families and a place you cannot invest anymore, people

walking with fear each and every time. The police force, the municipal council, the residents of

Kaptembwa area of Nakuru County and both the adolescents and school heads was to benefit

from my project.

The expected and product was imploring the youths in seminars, addition of security forces like

police, administration polices as to bring up a healthy environment that will financially result to

reduced insecurity cases. The researcher will work to save the life of many residents from the

armed robbers and ensuring other forms that contribute to insecurity like illicit alcohol is

reduced, ensuring the youths participate in the community project and other forms of

development, even sports in order to remove the idle mind and time that they use to discuss their

deals concerning theft, smoking and abusing drugs which lead to insecurity.

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1.7 Limitations of the Study
The researcher will experience a number of some problems as follows;

i. Lack of cooperation among some residents

ii. Language barrier

iii. Fear due to insecurity.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
In this chapter the researcher will review the definition of insecurity, cases of, how insecurity

relates with poverty, urban violence. Strategies or measures that need to be undertaken to curb

the rise of isnecutity.at the end of the literature review the researcher will identify and discuss the

gap which needs to be worked on.

2.1 Background of insecurity

Insecurity is act of being vulnerable to danger.it is a feeling of general unease or nervous that

may be triggered by perceiving of oneself to be vulnerable or inferior in some way or a sense of

vulnerability or instability which threatens one’s self-image or ego.

Abraham Maslow describes an insecure person as a person who perceives the world as a

threatening jungle and most human beings as dangerous and selfish; feels a rejected and isolated

person, anxious and hostile; is generally pessimistic and unhappy; shows signs of tension and

conflict, tends to turn inward; is troubled by guilt- feelings ;has one or another disturbance of

self-esteem; tends to be neurotic; and is generally selfish and egocentric(maslow,1942,pp35).he

reviewed in every insecure person a continual, veneer dying, longing for security ,Alegre (2008).

Citizen security is a sensitive issue which preoccupies many political decision s-makers and

reverberates in the heat of electoral campaigns (Hellen Clark) according to the 2013-2014

regional human development report(HDR),citizen security with a human face; evidence and

proposal Latin America, the region experience both economic growth and increased crime and

insecurity rates over the past decade ,with more than 100,000 murders per year during that time.

While homicide rates stabilized and even fell in some of the countries, the perception of security

worsened with robberies hiking three old in the past 25 years.

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In addition to the human impact, the insecurity is affecting the region’s economic potential,

without the excess mortality due to the homicide, the region’s gross domestic product(GDP)

would have been 0.5 % higher. Equivalent to a potential gain of more than 24 billion dollars in

2009.unemploymneet of the youths, poverty level are the major factors contributing to

insecurity, violence which according to experts, many women become victims of trafficking the

most common form of which is prostitution, as a mean of survival and economic desperation.

Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school to contribute to

the family income, putting them at risk of insecurity, for example in Zimbabwe, a number of

girls are turning to return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. Davidson, Peter

(2012).

2.2 Poverty
Poverty is general scarcity or death, or the state of on who lacks a certain amount of materials

possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human

needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, heath care and

education. Relative poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or

society in which people live.

In terms of percentage of regional population, sub-Sahara Africa at 47% had the highest

incidence rate of absolute 663 million people moved above the absolute poverty level. still

extreme poverty is a global challenge, it is observed in all part of the world, including developed

economies. This has led to many families to look away in which it can earn a living, hence they

focus other on how they can satisfy their needs such as theft, burglary, killing targeted people to

be paid money to feed their families. CeliaW (9 July 2009).

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According to the world health organization, one third of deaths-some 18 million people a year or

50,000 per day are due to poverty related causes; in total 270 million people, most of them

women and children have died as a result of poverty since. This factor Is a major contribution of

insecurity in Kaptembwa area. Economic aspects of poverty is on material needs, typically

including the necessities of daily living, such as food, clothing, shelter or safe drinking water.

Poverty in its sense may be understood as a condition in which a person or community is lacking

in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-being and life, particularly as a result of a

persistent lack of income to satisfy all this, one is required to find a way of satisfying the family

needs.

2.2.1 Education
There is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low income

housing circumstances .This is often a process that begin sin primary school for so me less

fortunate children. Instructions in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries,

tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a

result, children in poverty are at a high risk than advantaged students for retention in their grade,

special detritus placements during the schools hours and even not completing their high school

education.

Sachs, Jeffrey D.(30 December 2005).There are indeed many explanations for why students tend

to drop out of school.one is the condition of which they attend schools in poverty stricken areas

have conditions that hinder children from learning in a safe environment .Researchers have

developed a name for areas like this; an urban war zone is poor, crime laden district in which

deteriorated, violent, even war like conditions and defunded, largely ineffective schools promote

inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and disruptive or non-compliant

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classroom behavior. For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as

juvenile delinquency rates, higher levels of teenage pregnancy and the economic dependency

upon their low income parent or parents. Sangraula ,prem(May 2008).

2.2 Housing
Poverty increases the risks of homelessness, slum dwellers, who make up a thrift of the world’s

urban population, live in a estates and towns no, if not worse, than rural people ,who are the

traditional focus of the poverty in the developing world, they cause a lot of insecurity since a lot

of their time is spent outside walking looking for food. According to a report by united

nations .There are over 100 million street children worldwide. Most of the children living in

institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly

entered orphanages because of poverty. Experts and child advocates maintain that orphanages

are expensive and often harm children’s development by separating them from their families.

2.2.3 The Gap

To fill the gap, various stakeholder must began supporting the ‘keep security” programme which

has faced numerous challenges.

Residents start to mock those who have experienced number of insecurity cases telling them that

they are cowards.

The area therefore needs to be more sensitive on how they address issues like teenage mothers

who were raped by the gang starts because they also undergo psychological problems in their

minds.

2.3 Tribalism and Ethnicity

Tribalism has a very adaptive effect in evolution. Tribalism is the state of being organized in, or

advocating for, a tribe or tribes.in terms of conformity, tribalism may also refer in popular

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cultural terms to a way of thinking or behaving in which people are more loyal to their tribes

than their friends, their country or any other social group.

Tribalism implies the possession of a strong cultural or ethnic identity that’s separates one

member of a group from the members of another group. Based on strong relations of proximity

and kinship, members of a tribe tend to possess a strong feeling of identity.

If nothing else, conflict in tribal societies can never achieve the absolute scale of civilized

warfare Lawrence H Keely(1997).Tribes sue forms of subsistence such as horticulture and

foraging which ,though more efficient, cannot yield the same number of absolute calories as

agriculture.

Many tribes refer to themselves with their languages word for “people” while referring to other,

neighboring tribes with various epithets. This makes the other community to feel inferior or

undermined. e.g. in Kenya where the tribes are against each other, this rises to insecurity when

one ethnic group trespasses into the land of the other majority ethnic group .to curb ethic

violence, the issue of redistribution must be carefully considered.

Further, a look at the common variable I the ethnic conflict and insecurity may reveal that ethnic

conflicts may reveal that ethnic conflicts have less to do with inherent hatred than resource

mobilization, distribution and access. Looking at every civil war in Africa and was said to have

an ethnic angle might show that in essence these wars are a struggle for resources such as land

and minerals. This fact might be key in explaining why certain ethnic groups shift allegiance

swiftly either via democratic means or otherwise.

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Some examples would suffice.in 2007, kikuyu and kalenjin were pitted against each other after

the Kenyan disputed elections. Scores were killed and injured during the bloody aftermath of the

elections. However, 6 years later, they were walking hand in hand to victory in the 2013 polls.

2.4 Crimes
2.4.1 Theft and Banditry
Pickpockets and thieves carry out” snacth and run” crimes on city streets and near crowds, there

have been reports of safes being stolen from hotel rooms and hotel desk staff being forced to

open safes.

Thieves routinely snatch jewelry and other objects from open vehicle windows while motorists

are either stopped at traffic lights or heavy traffic .Thieves on Matatus, buses and trains may steal

valuables from inattentive passengers. Many seams, perpetrated against unsuspecting tourists are

prevalence in and around the city of Nairobi.

Many of these involve people impersonating police offices and using face police ID, badges and

other credentials. Nevertheless, police checkpoints are common in Kenya and all vehicles are

requires to stop if directed to do so.

There has been an increase in armed banditry in or near many of Kenya’s national parks and

game reserves, particularly the Samburu, Leshaba and Maasai Mara game reserve. In response,

the Kenya wildlife service and police have taken some steps to strengthen security in the affected

areas, but the problem has not been eliminated. Travelers that do not use the services of reputable

travel forms or knowledgeable guides or drivers are especially at risk.

Although sometimes confused with the similarly named north rift valley region, where cattle

rustling and banditry is common, the separate north eastern province has been relatively peaceful

since the appointment of its former provincial commissioner, Mahamud Saleh.

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According to Interpol, the NEP’s commercial hub of Garrisa is also one of the safest areas in the

larger eastern great lakes region (Kenya 2008 crime and safety report).

2.4.2 Terrorism
Several persons (possibly tied to al-Qaeda) suspected of involvement with the 1998 East Africa

embassy attracts and the 2002 kikambara attacks in Mombasa remain at large and potentially

dangerous to tourists and Kenyans.

At the urging of the Al-Shabbab militant group, a significant and increasing number of terrorists

attacks in Kenya have been carried out by local Kenyans, many of whom are recent converts to

Islam. Estimates in 2012 placed the figure of Kenyan fighters at around 10% of Alshabbab total

forces.

Referred to as the ;Kenya mujahedeen” by Al-shabbab core members ,the converts are typically

young and overzealous, poverty making them easier targets for the outfits recruitments activities.

because the Kenyan insurgent have different prolife from the solami and Arab militant that

allows them to blend in with the general population of Kenya ,they are also often harder to track.

Report suggests that alshabaab is attempting to build and even more multi-ethnic generation of

fighters in the larger region.

2.4.3 Ethnic Violence

Kenya is generally a peaceful and friendly country in its political activities, it is nonetheless

common during elections, referendums and other political votes for campaign violence to occur

around the country, and ethnic clashes account for much of Kenyans probelsms.an early example

of this was during the 1970;when tribal clashes killed thousands and left tens of thousands

homeless, which allowed Daniel Moi to be re-elected in balloting, according to the United

nations office on drugs and crime “Marred by violence and fraud”.

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After 29 December 2007, the day after Kenya’s national parliamentary and presidential elections.

Violence erupted in major cities across Kenya, including Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu.

Clashes were reported throughout Kenya which resulted in the deaths of over 600

Kenyans .None of these incidents was targeted against the expatriate community.

2.4.4 Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has become a major issue which is causing insecurity in Kenya, especially in

Mombasa which is affected by this issue more than another part of the country. Young men in

their early 20 have been the most affected demographic. Women in Mombasa’s have held public

protests, asking government to move quickly to arrest young people using narcotics.

In Mombasa and Malindi, there are approximately 40 masking “meaning places in Swahili where

drug abusers s meet to share drugs. Bhang smoking has until recently been the drug of choice,

but heroin injection is becoming increasingly popular.70% of drug abusers have admitted that

they are using heroin.

In addition to drug abuse, the trafficking of illegal drugs in the country has become a major issue

as well.an estimated 100 million dollars’ worth is trafficked within the country each year.

Aronson Samuel (November 1, 2013).

2.4.5 Robbery
Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take something of value by force or threat of

force or by putting the victim in fear.at common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of

another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property by means of force of

fear among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving the use of weapons and aggravated

robbery involving use of a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or “mugging” takes place outside

or in a public place such as sidewalk, street or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car

14
from a victim by force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or by offer to not do

something illegal, in the event that goods are not given primarily using words instead of actions.

Criminal slang for robbery includes ”blagging”armed robbery usually of a bank or “stick up

derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air and “steaming”

organized robbery on underground train systems.

2.5 National Security

According to Prabhakaran Paleri, author of national security, imperatives and challenges national

security may be defined as the measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the

multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-

state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance that can

be indexed by computation, empirically or otherwise and is extended by global security by

variables external to it.

National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of

economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power. Security threats involves not

only conversional foes such as other nation. States but also non-state actors, narcotics cartels,

multinational corporations and non-gover5nemntal organizations; some authorities include

natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category.

2.6 Effects of Insecurity

2.6.1 Fear
Fear is an emotion induced by a threat perceived by living entities, which causes a change in

brain and organ function and ultimately a change in behaviors, such as running away, hiding or

freezing from traumatic events. Fear may occur in response to a specific stimulus happening in

the presence or to a future situation, which is perceived as risk to health or life status, power,

15
security or in the case of human wealth or anything held valuable. The fear response arises from

the perception of danger leading to confrontation with escape from avoiding the threat (also

known as the fight or flight response).

Insecure people become victims of fears that impair their freedom of action or choice. They are

care others ways from their defensive attitude.be over controlled emotional, having problem

letting others in on their emotions can lead other to guess what is going on until the positivity of

the insecure person leads to an overreaction by the other insecurity in conflict or rejection.

2.6.2 Underdevelopment
Without security, development cannot be achieved, investors cannot waste their efforts investing

in a risky place where their assets can be stolen hence start at a zero point again.

2.7 Strategies of Reducing Insecurity

2.7.1 More Security Agents Should Be Reemitted
A national body in charge of law enforcement must be put down in place, more security agents

should recruit so that their number corresponds to the current population.

2.7.2 Punishment to Crime

Punishment to those committing the crimes and taking them to court to face the law.

2.7.3 Job Creation

The government should create more jobs to curb the rate of insecurity and also poverty, the

number of crimes will only reduce if employment opportunities are met.

2.7.4 Increasing Salaries to Policemen

The policemen should also be remembered in this case. The government should increase their

salaries so as to reduce their temptation to receive bribes. Be given 8 working hours per day and

other time to rest.

16
 2.7.5 Born Of Illicit Brew
The government and the administration council must work together to ensure that illicit brew like

chang’aa is fully illegal to be taken.it should also monitor closely those selling it and taking

them to court to be fined.it should also limit the time of consumption of alcohol to enable people

to work at recommended productive working hours.

2.7.6 Ethical Consideration

The research is meant for academic purposes and it will be carried out in a busy environment and

will involve administering of questionnaires to individuals so as to be filed. The results will be

treated to the highest level of confidentially so that the result may not be pirated.(Stefan back

man John Sumelivs).Analysis factors affecting supply of agricultural product. Market liberation,

agricultural policies bioregion policies population growth.

Conceptual framework.

POVERTY

LACK OF EDUCATION
UNEMPLOYMENT

INSECURITY

ROBBERY

CORRUPTION

POLITICS

17
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presents a detailed description of the selected research design, it describes in detail

what is to be done in it.it comprises subsections which are presented in the order given below.

3.1Resesrch Design
The study below will be conducted through survey design to get the information under

investigation where the surveys are useful in collecting data.

The survey design is an attempt to collect data from members of a current status of that

population that is why the design has been selected because of the nature of investigation to be

carried out that is the effects of insecurity in Nakuru town.

3.2 Target Population

Target population refers to respondents in the abuse are vital in achieving the set objectives.

The study will target 650 people from different sectors. The total target population will be 650

respondents.

Respondent Target

Men 250

Women 220

Youths 180

Total 650

18
 3.3 Sample Size
A sample is a part of the target population that has been procedurally selected to represent the

target population. The sample size in this research will consists of insecurity respondents.

The sample size represents 75% of the target population it will be reliable for the study and also

they meet some requirement in the study, the sample size will be selected from people living in

those insecurity areas.

3.4 Sampling Technique

The study will employ stratified sampling technique to select the sample in the study. The

researcher will statically select insecurity respondents from different categories.it will be used to

select the sample size suitable for the study.

Particular Population number

Men 120

Women 60

Youths 50

Totals 230

3.5 Data Collection

Questionnaire is research instruments consisting of series of questions and other prompts for the

purpose of insecurity. Questionnaire construction regards questionnaires. It’s a series of

questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically.

3.6 Research Procedure

The data will be collected from 230 respondents from 650 during the month of august using

stratified and random sampling techniques. The data will be collected by the researcher because

of further understanding of effects of insecurity.

19
 3.7 Validity and Reliability
The quality of the research depends to the larger extent of accuracy of data collection procedures.

That is the instrument used to collect.

The data must yield the type of data the researcher can use to accuracy ensure his or her

question.

3.8 Data Analysis

Descriptive statistic will specifically play an important role in the presentation and interpretation

of analysis data for description statistic frequency tables and percentage will be applied.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses research findings of the study which was aimed at examining the effects

of insecurity in Kenya; a case study of Kaptembwa, Nakuru county.

The past shows the investigation of the discoveries guided by survey reaction. The investigations

was isolated into the accompanying segments; first segment broke down reaction rate; the

subsequent segment exhibited responde4nts social economic while the final part completed an

itemized examination on influence of ghetto settlement on rape violations during and after

general races in Kenya.

4.1 Reliability Analysis

To ensure that the scores obtained using the questionnaire are reliable, coding was done and then

verification of the scores, next, the rape crime scores were calculated in table 4.1 below.

According to table 4.1, the overall cronvbach’s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.797

which was also considered reliable for further analysis. All respondents to the questionnaire were

promised anonymity and confidentiality when analyzing the results.

Table 4.1: Cronbach’s Alpha Test results

Variable Average inter-item Number of items in Scale reliability

covariance the scale coefficient

Unemployment 0.060 4 0.610

Neglect from leaders 0.028 4 0.510

21
 Deteriorated urban 0.053 4 0.608

environment

Poor infrastructure 0.050 3 0.569

Total 0.091 19 0.797

4.2 Response Rate

All the 100 members sampled to take an interest in this examination, all were accessible whereby

100 questionnaires were controlled through a survey monkey technique.

Howevere8 1 questionnaires were completed effectively and were usable for

investigations .According to Baruch and Haltom (2008) when there is a difference in total

returned versus usable questionnaires as the numerator in calculating response rate. Therefore,

the response rate for this research was 81%.

4.3 Respondent’s Demographics

In this section the researcher sought to find out the age of the participants, gender and the level

of education.

Table 4.1: frequency distribution of respondents by age

Age Frequency Percentage

20-29 27 32.93%

30-39 41 51.22%

40-49 12 14.63%

Above 50 years 1 1.22%

Total 81 100%

22
Table 4.1 revealed that most of the respondents were within the age category of 30-39 years,

(41,51.22%),followed by age category 20-29 years(27,32.93%).this was followed by age

category 40-49(1,1.22%).the findings is supported that Kenya has a large population of young

people below the age of 35 years. Three in every four Kenyans are young people. This

population represents both a challenge and opportunity to the country’s development agenda.

Age was significant to the study because individuals who grow up at the same time are a

generation and often share many of the same experiences as others of the same age group. This

therefore depicts that age can influence rape crimes in Nakuru county.

Table 4.2: frequency distribution of respondents by education level

Education level Frequency Cumulative frequency Percentage (%)

Masters holder 18 18 21.95

First degree holder 21 39 25.61

Diploma holder 34 73 41.46

Certificate 7 80 9.76

Others 1 81 1.22

81 100.00

Results in table 4.1 shows that majority of respondents interviewed had reached diploma level

(34,41.46%) followed by degree holders (21,25.61%).this was closely followed by 921.95,18) of

the respondents who were found to have attained masters level. A small percentage of

respondents (7,9376%) had a certificate. Level of education was significant to this study because

23
educated respondents have higher capability in processing information and are able to make

substantive decisions and therefore education can influence slum settlements and hence rape

crimes in Kaptembwa area.

Figure 4.1 distribution of respondents by gender

37%

63%

Male Female

Figure 4.1 shows that out of the 81 respondents engaged during data collection, more than half

(63%) were female while 37% were male. This goes to mean that the community organizations

under investigation are dominated by female employees. The study outcomes relate to the

national population and housing census 2015 showing that there are approximately 45 million

Kenyans with 22,192,458 male sand 22,417,639 females, showing women are slightly more than

men by 225,181.

24
 Gender was important in this research because different genders potentially bring diverse

attributes and thinking styles which are important for in-depth exploration of the topic under

research.

4.4 The link between occurrences of insecurity in Nakuru County

In this section, the researcher sought to investigate the link between the occurrence of insecurity

in Kaptembwa area.to asses the respondents level of agreement/disagreement on occurrence of

rape in the area, six(6) statements were given using a five point likert scale. The scale had two

opposing negative and positive options on how the respondents agreed with the statements with

annual option ranging from, strongly disagree-1,through neither agree nor disagree -3 to strongly

agree -5.the response was as shown in table 4.4.

Table 4.4: frequency distribution on link between occurrences of rape in Kaptembwa area in

Nakuru County.

Indicator SD D U SA TOTAL TOTAL

Negative ethnicity during disputed 20.99% 53.09% 7.41% 16.05% 2.47% 100%

Elections is the source of insecurity and rape 17 43 6 13 2 81

crime incidences in the area.

Women are mostly affected by rape 22.22% 35.80% 9.88% 27.16% 4.94% 100%

Crime incidences during and after disputed 18 29 8 22 4 81

25
general elections.

Government institutions stop 17.28% 19.75% 13.58 38.27% 11.11% 100

Executing duties during general elections 14 16 11 31 9 81

Only a few rape cases 6.17% 14.81% 22.22 38.27% 18.52% 100%

Are reported to the authority 5 12 18 31 15 81

Victims of rape mostly women 18.52% 19.75% 12.35 40.74% 7.41% 100

Are threatened by perpetrators 15 16 10 33 6 81

Certain communities are marginalized during 22 4 18 29 8 81

elections which causes insecurity

Table 4.4 above indicates that the highest percentage(74.08%) of the participants interviewed

disagree with the statement that negative ethnicity during disputed elections is the source of

insecurity and rape crime incidences in the area.18.52% agreed with the statement while 7.41%

remained undecided.

The findings are not in agreement with a view of koingi(2013);Owuor (2014) and Edward(2015)

who argued that negative ethnicity is responsible for the deep-seated tensions in Africa that the

world has seen flare so terrifyingly.

The genocide in Rwanda and “ethnic” killings in democratic republic of Congo, Nigeria and

elsewhere stand out as examples .Owuor(2014) maintained that negative ethnicity is the force

26
behind untold deaths on the continent, dispelling the myth of an intractable conflict waged

among simple ancient lines.

The current “ethnic” tensions have their roots in the colonial era. For most Africans, ethnic

identity is ambitious and obscured .Negative ethnicity can be linked to chronic poverty, a broken

education system, preying dictators, corrupt officials and the colonial legacy of

hate(Edward,2015).

Moreover, the findings show that more than half of the respondents interviewed (68.02%) were

opposed to the view that women are mostly affected by rape crimes incidences during and after

disputed general elections (22.22%), strongly disagree,35.80% disagreed.).however, a relative

high percentage of(32.10%) of the participants agreed while 9.88% remained neutral to the

statement. This supported by another study conducted by Gomode(2014) which noted that rape

effects women disproportionately with the majority of people convicted being men. This is

amplified by another study by Arango(2014) which established that one in five women and one

in 71 men will be raped at some point in their lives.

Table 4.4 also reveals that close to half(49.38%) of the respondents engaged during the study

were of the view that government institutions stop executing duties during general elections.

This goes to mean that rape crimes will continue rising during and after general elections if the

trend by the law enforces remains constant in the future.

However, recent studies by Ocharo(2014):Omolo(2013) and Oyugi(2015) are opposed to this

view indicating that the Kenya case presents a complex experience where ethnicity asserts

greater influence on political ,economic and social value. The permeating influence of ethnicity

27
in Kenya weaken the nation state project, patriotisms, democratizes and governance in the

country.

According to table 4.4, the highest percentage(56.79%) of the respondents agreed that only a few

rape cases are reported to the authority.20.98% disagreed while 22.22% remained undecided.

According to the existing literature review, while it is generally acknowledged that’s sexual

violence against women is pervasive in all levels of society. Reliable statics concerning the

prevalence of sexual violence around the world are very limited. population based studies of

abuse by intimate partners indicate that between 6% and 46% of women reported that they have

experienced attempted or completed forced sex by an intimate partner or ex-partner at some time

in their lives.

The result show that close to half (48.15%) of respondents were of the view that victims of rape

mostly women are threatened by perpetrators. This is in line with the empirical review by

Ndikaru(2015) which show that survivors of previous rape abuse are at highest risk of being

raped or sexually assaulted again. Fear of the repercussions is a huge obstacle women face when

it comes to reporting rape cases for instance ,Lwasa (2014) cities fear of the physical safety or

fear of women losing their job.

Finally, 45.68% of the participants interviewed agreed with the view that certain communities

are marginalized during elections which causes insecurity. Similar to this finding is a study done

by Cohen (2013) which has demonstrated that the link between perpetration of rape crime and

poverty is mediated through unemployment or lack of jobs, economic difference between the

rich and the poor, insufficient institutional support from the police and tolerance of rape and

other forms of sexual assault.

28
The link between slums and rape crimes in Kaptembwa, Nakuru County.

In this section, the researcher sought to investigate the link between slums and rape crimes in

Kaptembwa, Nakuru County.

To asses respondents level of agreement/disagreement on the link between slums settlement and

rape crimes in Kaptembwa, Nakuru County, nine (9) statements were given using a five point

likert scale. The scale had two opposing negative and positive options on how the respondents

agreed with the statement with a neutral option ranging from strongly disagree-1, through neither

agree nor was disagree-3 to strongly agree-5.the response as shown in table 4.5.

Table 4.5: frequency distribution on link between slums and rape crimes in Kaptembwa.

INDICATOR SD D U A SA TOTAL

Unemployment 12.35% 19.75% 7.41% 40.7% 18.52% 100

10 16 6 33 15 81

Neglect from leaders 38.27% 18.52% 6.17% 14.81% 22.22% 100

31 15 5 12 18 81

Deteriorated urban 17.28% 19.75% 13.58% 38.27% 11.11% 100

environment

14 16 11 31 9 81

Poor infrastructure 6.17% 14.81% 22.22% 38.27% 18.52% 100

5 12 18 31 15 81

Poor community cohesion 18.52% 19.75% 12.35% 40.74% 7.41% 100

15 16 10 33 6 81

School drop outs 12.86% 20.00% 5.71% 44.29% 17.14% 100

29
 9 14 4 31 12 81

Poverty 2.86% 12.86% 7.14% 54.29% 22.86% 100

2 9 5 38 16 81

Lack of natural surveillance 8.57% 15.71% 5.71% 37.14% 32.86% 100

6 11 4 26 23 81

Population of the village 4.29% 15.71% 4.29% 35.71% 40.00% 100

3 11 2 25 28 81

Table 4.5 show that more than half(59.26%) of the respondents were of the view that

unemployment has contributed to slums of Kaptembwa area.32.10% were opposed while 7.41%

remained undecided. This means that majority of productive individuals in the society (the

youth) in slums are idle and jobless which goes to mean that rape crimes and other forms of

crime will continue rising if the trend is constant in the future. The existing literature has noted

that unemployment has obvious and well documented links to economics disadvantage and has

also been connected in some discussion to higher crime rates like rape, suicide and

homcicide9Cantor and land 2015);Ottosen and Thompson 2016).56.79% of the respondents were

opposed to the view that neglect of slums by the leaders has contributed to slum crime during

general elections.However,3203% agree while 6.17% remained neutral. The findings show that

close to half (49.38%) of the respondents were of the view that deteriorated urban environment

has contributed to rape crimes in Kaptembwa.37.03% were opposed while 13.58% remained

undecided.

Moreover,56.79% of the respondents were of the view that poor infrastructure in the slums has

contributed to rape crimes in Kaptembwa area during general elections.Howevere,20.98% agree

30
while 22.22% remained neutral. The findings show that close to half(46.38% of the respondents

were of the view that deteriorated urban environment has contributed to rape crimes in

kaptembwa.37.03% were opposed while 13.58% remained undecided.

Moreover, 56.79% of the respondents were of the view that poor infrastructure in the slums has

contributed to rape crimes in Kaptembwa area during general elections.However,20.98% agree

while 22.22% remained neutral. The findings are supported by earlier study done by Gurr(2015)

which identifies several condit5ions that have contributed to the animation and mobilization of

ethnic grievances. These include unequal treatment of groups of communities by dominant or

mainstream groups, competition with other groups for access to power in the state, the

contagious effect of ethnic-political activism in other regions, pattern of state building including

political power and economic development that channel communcalenergies into either protests

or rebellion and finally the emergence of ethnic elites who are willing to and are adept at

mobilizing their constituents in response to changing political development, opportunities and

resources(Musoi,2014).

Further,48.15% of the respondents were of the view that poor community cohesion in the slums

has contributed to rape crimes in Kaptembwa area during general elections.however,38.27%

agree while 12.35% remained neutral.

Further results in table 4.5 show that more than half(61.43% ) of the respondents were of the

view that school drop out in the slums has contributed to rape crimes in

kaptembwa.Howerever,38.27% were opposed while 12.35% remained undecided.

77.15% of the respondents were of the view that poverty has contributed to rise of

slums.howerever,15.72% agreed while 7.14% remained neutral. Moreover. The highest

31
percentage 70% of the respondents were of the view that lack of neutral surveillance in the slums

has contributed to rape crimes in kaptembwa.Howerver,24.28% agree while 5.71% remained

neutral.

The findings are supported by the existing empirical evidence which has shown that about 1.7

billion people are estimated to live in absolute poverty today.UN-Habitat,2014).a study by

Wolfgang(2013) note that poverty creates slums and slums breed hopelessness and crime. In the

past few decade, poverty brought about by urbanization and urban growth has accelerated in

many developing countries.

A study by Winbush,2015) argues that although urbanization has often increased opportunities

for jobs and knowledge, it has also increased social inequalities and poverty. Benefits are not

equally shared, resulting in large groups of people living in slums in developing countries and

socially excluded in the developed world(UNEP,2014).similarly, a study done by Wasao(2014)

noted that poverty is among the major drivers of environment degradation. The urban poor who

are unable to compete for scarce resources or protect themselves from harmful environmental

conditions, are most affected by the negative impacts of urbanization.

Finally, the findings show that more than half(75.71%) of the respondents wee of the view that

population of the slum has contributed to rape crimes in kaptembwa.20.00% were opposed while

4.29% remained undecided. From the findings, the study shows that the highest percentages

(75.71%) of the respondents stated that population of the slum has contributed to rape crimes in

Kaptembwa.

The findings are supported by earlier studies done by nyakaana sengendo and Lwasa(2014) that

the rise of the industry and redistribution of the population in the nineteenth century and early

32
decades of the present period are described in items of changing methods of production,

parameters or entrepreneurship and efficiencies in the distribution of goods.

Similarly, the UN habitat(2014) noted that urbanization has played a big part in the creation of

slums which attracts a huge number of rural residents who moves mostly due to economic

reasons. However, due to this migration the demand for livelihood amenities has outdone the

supply (Morton,2014).As such, income inequality, lack of economic growth and in-migration

cause poverty; this includes lack of affordable housing, which results in formation of

slums .Therefore, due to all the forces that lead to the creation of the slums, they create an

environment that is conducive for breeding criminal activities(Kann,2013).

4.6 Remedies to the prevention of rape in Kaptembwa village

In this section, the researcher was interested to know the remedies to the prevention of rape in

the village. When asked who in the following categories should help reduce crime incidences in

Kaptembws village, the response was as follows;

Table 4.6 Frequency distribution on remedies to the prevention of rape in Kaptembwa

village

Variable Frequency Percentage

Individual 16 19.75

Government 27 33.3

Police 14 17.28

Community 15 18.51

33
 County government 13 16.04

Total 81 100

The results indicates that the highest percentage33.3% of the respondents were of the view that

government lies with the key responsibility in helping to reduce crime incidences in Kaptembwa

village.

This was followed by individual responsibility(19.75%);followed closely by community

responsibility. According to the results, the least responsibility lies with the county government.

The findings are supported by earlier findings of a study done by Mbatia(2014) which showed a

lack of confidence in the government, largely because of its history of human rights abuses. Only

a few women report their rape cases to the police.Mbatia argues that majority have done so

because they did not believe they would get help, feared retaliation or because they believed or

had been told by police and others that they needed to know the identity of the perpetrator in

order to obtain police assistance.

Table 4.7: Describe analysis of slum settlements and rape crimes in Kaptembwa, Nakuru

County.

Variable Abbrv N Mean Median St.Dev Min Max skew Kurt

Rape crimes in slum Rc 30 0.471 0.458 0.152 0.167 0.750 0.103 2.176

Income inequality II 30 57.26 17.000 67.345 3.000 225.000 1.228 3.184

Unemployment U 30 0.700 1.000 0.4666 0.000 1.000 -0.873 1.762

Industrialization I 30 0.100 0.000 0.305 0.000 1.000 2.667 8.111

Social economic SES 30 0.372 0.161 0.398 0.001 1.010 0.835 1.799

34
status

Political competition PC 30 0.045 0.002 0.091 0.000 0.332 2.312 7.040

Negative ethnicity NE 30 0.637 0.125 14.724 -9.385 57.920 2.214 7.253

Marginalization M 30 0.700 1.000 0.466 0.000 1.000 -0.873 1.762

chauvinism C 30 0.300 0.000 0.466 0.000 1000 0.920 -1.242

Results in table 4.7 show an average(median),RC(rape crime) score of 47.1%,(45.88) which is

relatively normally distributed as shown by the skewness and kurtois coefficients of 0.10. and

2.176.the Jarque-Bera statistics for rape crimes(RC) was 0.902 with a significance of

0.637,providing a further confirmation that the rape crimes variable was relatively normally

distributed.Jarque-Bera test is a goodness of fit test of whether sample data have the skewness

and kurtosis matching a normal distribution.

According to the findings, the minimum rape crimes is 16.7% while the maximum SQ is 75.0%

implying that slums settlements influence rape crimes in Kaptembwa Nakuru county.

The descriptive statistics presented in table 4.7 show that the income inequality is supported by

57%(mean 57.267) of the total responses which goes to mean that the income inequality, lack of

economic growth and in migration causes poverty; this includes lack of affordable housing

which results in formation of sums. Further, the descriptive statistics also show that

unemployment is only supported by 10%9median1.00) of the total responses from the sampled

population.

In addition, table 4.7 above shows that the average (median) social economic status is supported

by 16.1% media, 0.161 of the total responses. This results implies that extended periods of

35
idleness, unemployment or lack of jobs, economics difference between the rich and the poor,

insufficient institutional support from the police and the judicial system and the general

acceptance and tolerance of rape and other forms of sexual assault contributes most to the

perpetration of rape.

Further results in table 4.7 also indicate that political competition is supported by 4.5 %

( mean0.045) of the total responses. Table 4.7 also shows that negative ethnicity is supported by

63.7%9mean 0.637) of the total responses. Marginalization as shown by table 4.8 accounted for

705maen 0.700 of the total responses in the sampled populace,. While chauvinism account for

30%9maen 0.300) of the total responses from the sampled Kaptembwa slums.

Table 4.8 spearman’s correlation coefficients

Table 4.8 presents the spearman’s correlation coefficient spearmen’s coefficient are appropriate

for the data because it contains both continuous and binary variables. The results show that RC

rape crimes is significant and positively correlated with the income inequality, unemployment,

political competition and negative ethnicity at the 5% level of significance. This findings

provides prima-face evidence of a positive association between rape crimes and the income

inequality, unemployment, political competition and negative ethnicity.

The coefficients reveal a negative albeit insignificant coefficient between rape crime and the

social economic status. The highest correlation coefficient is 0.739,which is between political

competition and income inequality and this is below 0.8,the threshold provided by Hair et

al(2013).This suggests that Multicollinearity was not a serious problem among the variables in

the study.

36
4.8 Chi square test on slum settlement and rape crime in Kaptembwa Village, Nakuru

County.

In this section, the researcher sought to determine relationship[ between strategic capacity

management an service quality of the shopping malls in Nairobi county.

The chi-square test is sued to determine whether there is a significant difference between the

expected frequencies and the observed frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more

categories. A very small chi-square test static means there is a relationship while a very large

chi-square test statistic means no relationship. The results are as follows;

Table 4.9:chi-square test statistic

Value Df Assump.sig(2-sided)

Pearson chi-square 53.014 12 -000

Likelihood ratio 51.558 12 -000

Linear –by-linear association -169 1 -681

N.of valid cases 100

a.14 cells (70%) have expected count less than 5.The minimum expected count is 0.6.

the chi-square test show that X(1)=53.014,P0.000 since the p-value is less than significance level

a-0.05,the nu;; hypothesis is rejected and conclusion is made that there is an association

between slum settlement factors income inequality; unemployment; industrialization social

economic status; political competition; negative ethnicity and marginalization ) and rape crimes

in slums. This goes to mean that the relationship between slum settlement factors and rape

crimes in Kaptembwa slums in Nakuru county is significant. The findings are supported by a

37
study done by Cohen(2013) which demonstrated that the link between perpetrators of rape crime

and poverty is mediated through various forms like income inequality, social economic status,

political competition and unemployment.

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
This was the last part of the investigation. It brained the discoveries of the essential examination,

made determinations dependent on the discoveries of the investigation, gave suggestions just as

understanding in the regions for further research.

The accompanying examination address guided the section-what is the link between the

occurrence of rape and election in Kenya. What is the link between slums and rape crimes in

kaptembwa,Nakuru county during elections and what are the remedies to the prevention of rape

during elections?.

5.1 Summary of the Study

The study sough to examine the influence of slums settlements on rape crimes during and after

general elections in Kenya, a case study of kaptembwa, Nakuru county between 2007-2017.the

study focused on the following specific objectives to investigate the link between the occurrence

of rape and election in Kenya., to investigate the link between slums and rape crimes in

kaptembwa, Nakuru county during elections and to assess remedies to the prevention of rape

during elections. The study used descriptive research design to explain variables of the study.

Demographics uncovered that most members are made gainful age (30-39) that can contribute a

great deal in nation building. The discoveries in this section likewise demonstrated that most

members are either certificate(41.46%) or college degree holders (25.61%) as shown by the

38
insights, dominant part of the respondents were against the view that negative ethnicity during

contested races is the well spring of uncurtaining and assault wrongdoing rates in the territory.in

any case, it was discovered that one a couple of assault cases are accounted for the specialist.

Also the examination has discovered that casualties of assault for the most part ladies are

undermined by culprits.it has additionary been discovered that specific networks are

underestimated during races which causes frailty.

Like this finding is an investigation done by Ocben (2013) which has exhibited that the

connection between execution of assault wrong doing and destitution is interceded through

joblessness or absence of employment, financial distinction between the rich and poor people,

lacking institutional help from the police and the legal framework, and the general

acknowledgement and resilience of assault and different types of rape. As indicated by the

outcomes, joblessness in the ghettos has added to assent of ghettos.

The spearman’s relationship coefficients noticed an at first sight proof of a positive relationship

between rape violations and the income inequality, unemployment, political competition and

negative ethnicity. This was bolstered by Chi-square test which reasons that the connection

between ghetto settlement factors and assault violations in Kaptembwa Ghettos in Nakuru

County is critical.

5.2 Discussion
5.2.1 The link between the occurrence of rape and election in Kenya
The essential discovery of this investigation have set up that administration establishments quite

executing obligations during general decisions. This goes to imply that assault violations will

keep ascending during and after general elections if the pattern by the law masters stays steady

later on. Anyway, ongoing investigations by Ocharo(2014);Omolo(2013);and Oyugi (2015) are

39
against this view showing that the Kenyans case introduces an unpredictable encounter where

ethnicity states more prominent effect on political, financial and social worth. The penetrating

impact of ethnicity in Kenya deliberates the country state venture, nationalism, democratization

and administration in the nation.

It was likewise discovered that solitary a couple of assault cases are accounted for to the

expert.as per the current writing survey, while it is commonly recognized that sexual savagery

against ladies is inescapable in all nations and in all degrees of society, dependable

measurements concerning the commonness of sexual viciousness around the globe are extremely

constrained. Populace based investigations of maltreatment by cozy accomplices demonstrate

that somewhere in the range of 6% and 46% of ladies report that they have encountered

endeavored or finished constrained sex by a person accomplice or ex-accomplice sooner or later

in their lives.

The after effects of this examination have detailed that casualties of assault generally ladies are

undermined by culpits.an observational audit by Ndikaru(2015) demonstrates that overcomes of

past assault or explicitly struck once more. Dread of the repercussions is a colossal deterrent

ladies face with regards to detailing assault cases for example,lwasa(2014) refers to dread of

their physical wellbeing or dread of ladies losing their employment.

The investigation has built up that a specific network are minimized during races which cases

weakness. Like these finding is an investigation done by Cohen(2013) which has shown that the

connection between execution of assault wrongdoing and disputation is intervened through

joblessness or absence of employment, monetary distinction between the rich and poor people,

lacking institutional help from the police and the legal framework, and the general

acknowledgement and resistance of assault and different types of rape.

40
The link between slums and rape crimes in Kaptembwa ,Nakuru county during election.

The examination found out that joblessness has added to ghettos of Kaptembwa which goes to

imply that larger part of the profitable people in the general public(the young) in ghettos are inert

and jobless which could imply that assault violations and different types of wrong doings will

keep rising if the pattern is consistent later on. The current writing has noticed that joblessness

ahs clear and well reported connects to financial hindrance and has likewise been associated in

some talk to higher wrongdoing rates like assault, suicide and murder(Canter and

land2015:Ottosen and Thompson 2016).

It has been noticed that disregard of ghettos by the pioneers has added to ghetto wrongdoing

during general decisions. The investigations found out that weakened urban condition has added

to assault violations in Kaptembwa. In addition, poor network in the ghettos was found to have

the added to assault wrongdoings in Kaptembwa during general decisions..

An investigation done by Gurr(2015) recognized a few conditions that have added to the

movement and assembly of ethnic complaints. These incorporates inconsistent treatment of

gathering of networks by overwhelming of standard gatherings,rivaly with different gatherings

for access to control in the express, the infectious impact of ethnic-political activism in different

areas, example of state building including political power and financial improvement that

channel public energies into either dissents or resistance and at long last the rise of ethnic elites

who are ready to, and are capable at preparing their constituents in light of changing political

advancement, openings and assets(Musoi,2014).

41
Further, the examination noticed that poor network unions in the ghettos has added to assault

wrongdoings in Kaptembwa during general races4ses.it was likewise settled that more than

school drop outs in the ghettos has added to assault wrongdoing in Kaptembwa.

Destitution in the ghettos has been found to add to ascent of ghettos, and that absence of regular

observation in the ghettos has added to assault violations in Kaptembwa during general races.

The discoveries are upheld by the current exact proof which has demonstrated that about 1.7

billion individuals are evaluated to live in outright destitution today(UN-Habbitat,2014).

An examination by wolfberg(2013) noticed that a destitution makes ghetto and ghettos breed

misery and wrongdoing.in the previous couple of decades, destitution realized by urbanization

and urban development has quickened in many creating nations.an examination by

Winbush,2015 contends that in spite of the fact that urbanization has regularly expanded open

doors for occupations and information, it has additionally expanded social disparities and

destitution. Advantages are not similarly shared, bringing about huge gatherings of individuals

living in ghettos in creating nations and socially prohibited in the created

world(UNEP,2014).Likewise ,an examination done by Wasao(2014) noticed that neediness is

among the significant drivers of natural corruption.

The urban poor, who cannot seek rare assets or shield themselves from destructive natural

conditions are most influenced by the negative effects of urbanization.

At long last, the examination demonstrated that populace of the ghetto has added to assault

violations in kaptembwa.it was set up that populace of the Kaptembwa ghetto has added to

assault violations in Kaptembwa.

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Writing audit by Nyakaana ,Sengendo and lwasiaa(2014) expressed that the ascent of industry

and redistribution of the populace in the nineteenth century and early many years of the present

time frame are portrayed as far as changing strategies for generation parameters of enterprise and

efficiencies in the circulation of merchandise. Additionary the UN-natural surroundings (2014)

noticed that urbanization has had major impact in the formation on of ghetto which draws in a

colossal number of provincial occupants who moves for the most part because of financial

reasons.

Anyway, because of this movement the interest for occupation enhancements has beaten the

supply(Morton,2014).Thursly ,pay disparity, absence of monetary development and in-

movement causes destitution, this incorporates absence of reasonable lodging, which results in

arrangement of ghettos.in this manner, because of the considerable number of powers that lead to

the making of the ghetto, they make a situation that is favorably for reducing

crimes(Kann,2013).

The remedies to the prevention of rape in Kaptembwa

The discoveries have demonstrated that government lies with the key duty in decreasing assault

wrongdoings frequencies in Kaptembwa town. The writing audit by Mbatia (2014) demonstrated

an absence of trust in the legislature, to a great extent as a result of trust in the legislature, to a

great extent as a result of its history of human rights mishandles.

Just a couple of ladies report this assault cases to the police.Mbatia contends that dominant part

have not done as such on the grounds that they didn’t accept they would get help, dreaded

counter, or I light of the fact that they accepted or had been told by police and others that they

had to know the character of the culprit so as to acquire police help.

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Furthermore ,an examination by Kivu(2013) noticed that certain in the absence of urban strategy

is the suspicion that ghetto settlements are temporary and passing wonder, something that can be

curde by projects for the country poor to stem relocation. This reasoning has brought about the

foreswearing of projects unequivocally for the urban poor. The absence of a proper nationwide

strategy managing the urban poor was referred to by non-governmental

organizations(NGOs,benefactor offices, and even some administration authorities as the

significant imperative to working in urban ghetto settlement.

Inside the ghetto setting (Odak,2016) see the preservation of ethnic personality in contrast with

social characters. Individuals who have relocated into the town keep on holding their characters

at different levels.at a higher level, individual from a similar ethnic gathering consider

themselves to be sharing something for all intents and purpose among them. This is especially

showed in the incidental meeting up either officially or generally of individuals having a place

with an ethnic gathering.

They could officially meet up as individuals from the gathering under a welfare association

where targets are entered around the welfare of its individuals.

Yet in addition happens casually when individuals from an ethnic gathering drink in the bars

possessed by their comrades (Davidson, 2014).these association fill in as a vehicle to advocate

the enthusiasm of an ethnic gathering.as indicated by Mayer (2014),the ghetto settlement

example pursues ethnic steadfastness where individuals from a specific network rule a specific

area of the city and structure causal asociations,dependant on ethnic foundation. New comers are

invited by their family where they go to the city.

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 5.4 Conclusions
5.4.1 The Link between the Occurrence of Rape and Election in Kenya.
The study concludes that rape crimes in Kaptembwa slums is significantly and positively

correlated with income inequality, unemployment, political competition and negative ethnicity.

5.4.2 The link between slums and rape crimes in Kaptembwa, Nakuru County.
Based on the empirical evidence, unemployment has obvious and well documented links to

economic disadvantage and has also been connected in some discussion to higher crime rates like

rape, suicide and homicide. The study concludes that majority of the productive individuals in

the society9the youth0 in slams are idle and jobless which goes to mean that rape crimes and

other forms of insecurity will continue rising if the trend is constant in the future.

5.4.3 The remedies to the prevention of rape in kaptembwa, Nakuru County

The study concludes that government lies with the key responsibility in helping to reduce rape

crimes incidences in Kaptembwa village.

5.5 Recommendations
5.5.1 Recommendation for improvement
5.5.1.1 The link between the occurrences of rape in Kaptembwa village (election in
Kenya).
Political tribalism has been identified as the major contributor to negative ethnicity in Kenya that

weakens the nation state project, patriotism, democratization and governance in the country. The

study recommends people who have migrated into the slums to stop retaining their identities at

various levels and stop seeing themselves as having something in common among them.

5.5.1.2 The link between slums and rape crimes in kaptembwa,Nakuru county
during elections
Poverty, unemployment and marginalization have been identified as the key causes of slums and

hence the study recommends government to ensure equality in development to reduce slum

settlements.

45
 5.5.1.3 The remedies to the prevention of rape during elections.
The study recommends government to create jobs for the youth and to distribute resources

equitably as well as to stop political tribalism between political competitors.

5.5.2 Recommendation for future studies

The study targeted only Kaptembwa slum located in Nakuru County which makes it impossible

to generalize the findings. The study recommends a comparative study to determine the influence

of slum settlements on rape crimes during and after general elections in Kenya. additionally, the

study adopted descriptive research design by engaging 13 communities based organization in

Nakuru using a questionnaire .The study recommends a phenomenological approach which is

particularly effective at bringing to the fore the experiences and perceptions of individuals from

their own perspectives.it will help respondents to illuminate the specifies and identity

phenomena through how they are perceived by the actors in a situation.

The study also recommends more mixed research methods design for impact evaluations, as

qualitative data can enable a richer understanding of how and why slums can influence rape

crimes.

46
 REFERENCES
Raphael ,Dennis(June2009,poverty,human development and health in

Canada:Research,practice and advocacy Dilemmas).Canadian journal of nursing

research(CJNR)41(2):7-18.

Adam smith(1776).An enquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations Gal

Braith,J.K.(1958).The affluent society, chapter 22:the position of poverty.

Boston:Houghton Mifflin. Minority 9Republican)views,9.46 in U.S congress, report of the

joint economic committee on the January 1964.friendman,rose.

D.(1965).”poverty: definition and perspective” .American enterprise institute for public

policy Research(Washington,D.C).poevrty Merriam Webster.Retrieved 18 November

2013.Instituto Nacional De statistical(2009).Ernest C.Madu.”Investment and development will

secure the rights of the child”.

47
 Ravallion,martin:chen,haohua:sangraula ,Prem(may 2008)(PDF).dollar a day revisited

Aronson,Samuel 9november 1,2013).”Kenya and the global war on terror ”Kumar suresh

sigh(1982).

Transformation Lawrence H.Keely(1997).war before civilization

bennard,H.Russel;shelley,gene Ann; kill worth,peter(1987).

APPENDIX I: LETTER OF INTRODUCTION LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

Dear respondent

RE: Research on effects of Insecurity

I am student at Jodan college of technology in thika .I am carrying out a research proposal as a

partial fulfillment for an award of certificate in community heath and development. This research

is on effects of insecurity in kaptembwa nakuru County. I kindly request you to fill up the

following questionnaire too the best of your knowledge.

All the information you provide, will be confidential and strictly for the purpose of this proposal.

Please do not write your names on this questionnaire. Tick where necessary.

Thank you.

48
Yours faithfully.

APPENDIX II: QUESTIONAIRE

SECTION A

Gender

Male

Female

MARITAL STATUS

Single

Married

Divorced

OCCUPATION

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Student

Employed

Self-employed

CAUSES OF INSECURITY

What are the major causes of insecurity in your village?

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.Suggest ways of managing these challenges

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2.have you ever faced any form of insecurity?

Yes

No

3.Specify which form you encountered?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4.What is the commonly form of insecurity in your village?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

50
5.What people in the society are affected mostly?

Male

Female

6.does security officers respond fayetr when emergency insecurity case happen?

Yes

No

7.How many police officers are there in your village in numbers?

End

Thank you

APPENDIX III: WORKPLAN

DAY ACTIVITY

10th January 2022 Choosing project question.

15th February to 1st April Literature review

5th may to 3rd June Writing proposal and supervision by trainer

3rd July Submission of proposal

APPENDIX IV: BUDGET

The proposal used the list of items below.

Activities No.of items Unit cost Total cost in ksh

Proposal writing @350

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Full scaps 10 pieces @450 3500

Stationary 6 pieces @200 2700

Transport 30trip @200 6000

Subsistence 25 times @5000 5000

allowance

Other expenses @5000 5000

Miscellaneous @5000 5000

Total 22600 27200

52