FINALS POLYGRAPH
SCREENING TEST
TWO PRIMARY APPROACH IN POLYGRAPH TESTING
1. DECEPTION TEST
• An approach in polygraph testing that is
conducted to determine the involvement
of an examinee to a known incident or to
multiple issues of concern. The method that
will be use varies according to the
examiner’s preference and purpose of the
test. These include any of the following
polygraph techniques:
- Zone Comparison Technique
- Modified General Question Technique
- Directed Lie Screening Test
- Relevant-Irrelevant Technique
2. RECOGNITION TEST
• This approach in polygraph testing is
intended to determine if the examinee has
knowledge about the issue being tested.
An examinee who are knowledgeable on
the case information or facts, will exhibits
physiological reaction when confronted
with the item relevant to the test. The type
of recognition test are as follows:
- Searching Peak of Tension Test
- Known Solution Peak of Tension Test
- Concealed Information Test
- Acquaintance Test
USES OF POLYGRAPH TESTING
1. Diagnostic Test
• This test is conducted to person suspected
of involvement on a particular issue under
investigation. The examinee is tested based
on the available facts, circumstances or
evidence of the allegation to determine his
possible involvement or non-involvement.
The purpose of diagnostic test is to obtain a
conclusion that will serve as basis for a
decision (Nelson 2015). The future of the
examinee as well of his family can be
affected by the opinion rendered by the
polygraph examiner. It is imperative on the
part of the polygraph examiner to remain
objective and employ the appropriate
testing technique to achieve the highest
level of accuracy of the test result.
Diagnostic test as used in the investigation
of crimes produced high level of decision
accuracy, when administered in a single
issue - specific test.
2.
• A Screening test is administered to find out
if the examinee has denied any
involvement on relevant questions
pertaining to a single or multiple issue of
concern. This test is designed to develop
important information and investigate the
possible involvement of the examinee to
the issue. Screening test provides concrete
basis for decision making in hiring personnel
for high risk position. However, it cannot not
be used as a standalone technique when
the examinee exhibits significant reactions
to any issue of concern. A follow- up
examination is recommended to address
the matter that needs to be verified.
Screening test can also serves as a
deterrence factor for non-compliance with
agency policies, rules and regulations
(Nelson 2015). Screening test is used for the
following purposes:
- Pre-Employment Testing
- Periodic Audit Testing
- Post-Conviction Sexual Offender Test
Screening polygraph test can be an effective
method in monitoring the persons under the
program of non-institutional correction. It will not
only serve as a process of determining their
compliance with the rules and regulations but also
as deterrence for violating the conditions set by
the board. The possible implementation of
screening test in parole and probation program
may add to the volume of work load. But it will
create job opportunities to criminologist who have
interest in polygraph practice.
THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
• is one who is skilled and capable to detect
deception or verify truth of statement
through instrumentation or the use of
mechanical devise.
• The instrument or devise utilized to detect
deception or verify truthfulness of the
statements must meet the basic
instrumentation requirement of being
capable of recording simultaneously on a
moving chart the physiological responses.
The following are qualification and qualities
expected of a polygraph examiner are:
1. He must remember that he is an impartial
seeker of the truth, conducts his examination in
a professional and ethical manner, and never
 allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or
prejudice influence the result of the
examination.
2. He should constantly bear in his mind his
primary responsibility to his subject to give them
all possible safeguards against error and must
never accept for polygraph examination, any
subject whose physical or mental health or
state makes him unfit.
3. Technically, he must have a complete
knowledge of the instrument and its potentials
and limitations, the most modern polygraph
technique, proficiency in the conduct of the
polygraph examination, test construction and
chart interpretation.
4. Morally, he must have a sincere desire to be a
polygraph examiner in its strictest sense, by
devoting himself to the polygraph profession
through maintenance of a high personal
integrity and increasing personal proficiency
through constant study and research.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINER TO HIS
SUBJECT
1. The polygraph examiner recognizes the fact
that his primary responsibly must be to the
person who has voluntary submitted himself to
a polygraph examination.
2. He should never conduct examination on
person without first the appraisal of the
subject's constitutional rights, rights against self-
incrimination.
3. He should never perform examination to any
person unless the instrument he is going to
utilize is in good working condition and makes
a continuous permanent recording in a moving
chart of at least two physiological tracings.
4. He should never render a certain or conclusive
verbal or written opinion based on the chart
analysis without having administered at least
two or more charts.
5. He should not suggest testimony concerning
the charts or conclusion presented by another
examiner unless he is methodically familiar with
the techniques and procedures employed
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATOR TO THE
EXAMINER
1. He must not wait until the last minute, after all
investigative methods and techniques have
failed, the test should never be used as a last
resort.
2. He must not fail to investigate the case before
seeking assistance. The polygraph examination
does not establish whether a crime has been
committed or not. Faulty or incomplete
investigation places the examiner in a position
to ask weak questions rather than strong
specific ones
3. He should not depend on the mass screening
of possible suspects to produce the guilty party
except when no reasonable amount of
investigation had produced a likely suspect or
materially narrowed down the number of
possible suspect;
4. Not to stop investigation if polygraph
examination is deferred or temporarily delay
5. He must not ask the test to bolster the evidence
submitted to the court. This is a display of doubt
always build up to the benefit of an accused,
and in numerous instances, the opinion of the
examiner is accepted by the court in favor of
the defense rather for the prosecution;
6. He must not use polygraph as a props, ruse or
trickery to secure confession or for the
evaluation of the mental and physical state of
the suspect; and
7. He should not tell anyone that the polygraph
would decide whether the subject or suspect is
innocent or guilty. The court makes the
decision.
8. He must not think that investigation is over if the
test indicated that the subject lied or
confessed. Evidence and testimonies should
be gathered to prove the facts of the offense
and the allegation against the subject.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF INVESTIGATORS TO THE
SUBJECT
• In asking a person involved in a criminal
case under investigation to take polygraph
test, the investigator should:
1. Be knowledgeable about the polygraph so
that he can talk openly and freely to the
person about the test. The subject may know
very little or may have been misinformed about
it;
2. Not to divulge details of an offense which
maybe utilized in application of a peak of
tension" test
3. Recommend the test as a means for the
subject to indicate his truthfulness;
4. Stress the test's capacity for indicating through
the recorded response whether a person is
telling the truth;
5. Guarantee the subject that the examiner is
qualified and impartial to all persons involved
in the case; and 6. Avoid any claim for the
instrument or examiner that is not backed up
by fact.
WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION?
• The nervous control of the human body
includes the central nervous system (the
brain and the spinal cord) and the
autonomic or regulating nervous system
which has two complimentary branches:
the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system acting opposite each
other.
• The sympathetic will prevail and over-ride
the parasympathetic, therefore, there will
be changes in the heart rate, pulse rate,
blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psycho
galvanic reflexes, time of response to
question, voice tracing, etc.
• the parasympathetic nervous system works
to bring back things to normal when the
conditions of stress have been removed.
• When subject is asked series of questions
the recording of several psycho-
physiological reaction and the scientific
interpretations are the basis of the tests by
the examiner.
LIMITATION OF THE SUBJECT WHO WILL UNDERGO
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a goodnight sleep at
least five (5) hours prior to the test.
2. He must refrain from smoking for at least two (2)
hours.
3. He should not undergo prolonged
interrogation prior to the test.
4. The subject must not have been subjected to
physical abuse or body contact.
5. He must refrain from drinking alcoholic
beverages, taking sedatives, or capsule or
syrup for at least twelve (12) hours prior to the
test.
6. He must not be suffering from any temporary
illness like headache, toothache, stomach
ache, fever, menstruation (for female), severe
colds and coughs.
7. He must not be hungry and
8. He must not have sex indulgence prior to the
test
LIMITATIONS AND RELIABILITY OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATIONS (2011)
1. It is an invaluable aid but not a substitute for an
investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector but it is a scientific
diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses
in which the subject knows to be true.
4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent.
5. The test should not be administered unless
enough facts of the case have been
established to permit the examiner to prepare
a complete set of suitable questions.
6. A test must not be administered without the
voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication or presumption of guilt will be
entertained, or a written report submitted
because the subject refuses to undergo the
test.
8. A test should not be administered until all
accusations have been explained and
understood by the subject.

9. No attempt should be made on the use of

polygraph machine in testing physical or
mental capacity of the subject.

10. The reliability of polygraph examination

depends on the examiner.
PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
• In 2012, the American Polygraph
Association has described that a
polygraph test includes a pertest interview,
test data collection phase and test data
analysis phase (Nelson 2015). The proper
application of the three phases of
polygraph examination was assumed to
have significant contribution on test
accuracy. The APA standards of practice
require that beginning January 1, 2012, all
APA members should conduct field
examinations using only the validated
polygraph testing techniques (APA 2012).
This author suggests that polygraph
practitioners though not yet APA member
must also adopt with the APA standard of
practice. Adherence to APA standard
practice will achieve the highest level of
accuracy on every polygraph examination
conducted.
• In other books, the phases are the
following:
1. Initial Interview
2. Pretest Interview
3. Actual Test/Examination Proper
4. Post Test Interview
I. THE PRETEST INTERVIEW
• The pretest interview is the initial part of the
polygraph examination process where in
the examiner inform the examinee of the
purpose of the test, discuss the test
procedure, and introduce the subject to
the polygraph questions relative to the
issue being tested. The length of the pretest
interview ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours
or longer, depending on the complexity of
the case, interactions between the subject
and the polygraph examiner, and the
testing technique used. Pretest interview is
use in all types of polygraph techniques.
1. PREPARATION FOR THE TEST
a. Room for Polygraph Examination
▪ An ideal polygraph examination room must
be clean and orderly. It must be free from
any noise, and have privacy. There should
be no displayed pictures, certificates and
other items that may attract interest and
will distract the attention of the examinee is
allowed. The appropriate setting of the
polygraph room is a common problem
encountered by any polygraph examiner
during a field polygraph test. He has of no
liberty to choose whatever room that is
available. Privacy is sometimes at risk.
▪ The Ideal Examination Room
✓ The room must be spacious for two
persons with a polygraph desk,
subject's chair with arm rest and an
examiner's stool;
✓ The room must be devoid of pictures,
paintings, ornaments and other
decors;
✓ The room must be well ventilated &
lighted;
✓ The room must be private and 90
percent soundproof free from outside
noise & distracting influence;
✓ Installed with a one-way mirror and
remote sound system or video device
and amplifier for monitoring and
recording the test proceedings to
authorized observers;
✓ The polygraph machine should be
tested and widely used by most Asian
countries, latest version, well
maintained and in a well running
condition.
b. Examiners Appearance
• Polygraph examiner should dress properly.
His attire must not create possible
distractions on the subject. He should not
wear uniform, and shall not display any
weapons or badges.
c. Discussion with the Investigators
• It is important to meet the investigator and
other pertinent personalities in order to
gather the information about the issue to
be tested. It well assist the examiner to
visualize the incident and provides key in
formulating the test questions. It will help
him also to determine the background of
the examinee that may serves as an
important guide in post-test interview.
d. Review of Relevant Materials
• Any available information such as
photographs of the crime scene,
statements of witness, and or subject,
investigation reports, notes and records is a
great help for the examiner to appreciate
how the incident under investigation
 happened. It is also a key in constructing
good test questions. These details also
provides great insights in the approach of
post test interview.
e. Functionality of the Instrument
• Prior to conducting the examination, the
polygraph examiner should ensure that the
instrument is working soundly. Each
channel sensors must be in good condition.
Calibration or functionality test shall be
done before the examination. APA
standard of practice requires a periodic
functionality test of polygraph instrument to
maintain its efficiency.
2. INTRODUCTION TO EXAMINEE
a. Greetings
• A professional and friendly greeting to the
subject is essential in stablishing rapport.
The polygraph examiner will introduce
himself cordially to the examinee as a way
to initiate the process. He will require the
subject to turn off the phone and anything
that may cause disturbance during the
test.
b. Identification
• Polygraph subject will be identified by
asking him any proof of identification
available to him. Examiner may ask the
subject if is alright to call him by his first
name or nickname in a way to ease the
tension that the examinee might be
experiencing. Examiner may express his
compassion to the subject, thereby
developing rapport between them. It may
put the examinee at ease, and even talk
confidently with the examiner. The
examiner will introduce himself
professionally so as to stablish his authority.
He must empress the polygraph subject by
showing his expertise in conducting the
examination.
3. OVERVIEW OF THE TEST
• Subject is advice that the polygraph test
will be recorded through an audio/video
devices. A consent to undergo polygraph
examination is necessary to be
accomplished by the subject. An interview
on the subject's personal background will
be conducted as a way of familiarizing the
subject and establishing rapport. Subject is
informed about the issue to be tested and
brief discussion of the topics is conducted.
The function of the polygraph and the
sensors that will be connected to the
examinee will also be introduced. The
process and intention of acquaintance test
is explained. Test procedures will be
discussed, and the instructions on how to
conduct himself during the test will be
specified.
4. RIGHTS AND CONSENT
• It is the obligation of the polygraph
examiner to advise the examinee of his
rights prior to conducting the polygraph
examination. Subject is told that the test is
oluntary and that he has the rights to refuse
anytime that he feels. Subject is also told
that the result of the examination is to be
submitted to the requesting party and the
examiner has no longer in control
regarding their decision. The approval of
the subject is essential before proceeding
with the test. The examinee is requested to
sign a consent form and provide his
biographical information on the form
attached to the waiver. An interview on his
background information is conducted as a
means of familiarizing the subject. It serves
in stablishing rapport. Examinee is deemed
suitable to the test mentally and physically
when he signed the consent form. It is
suggested that before obtaining the
consent or waiver form, it is important that
subject was already briefed of the
procedure of the test and the function of
the polygraph was also explained to him.
5. HEALTH AND BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
• The polygraph examiner must ensure that
test subject is suitable to undergo
polygraph examination. He must ascertain
that the examinee is physically and
mentally suitable to undergo examination.
An examinee who are not physically and
mentally sound will not be tested. In some
situations, it is necessary to seek the
approval of medical authorities before the
subject will be allowed to undergo a
polygraph test..
a. Unsuitability for the Test:
1. A subject who was exposed to prolong
interrogation immediately before the
 examination is not ideal to undergo
polygraph examination.
2. Those who are mentally or physically
fatigue
3. Those who are emotional upset
4. Intoxicated
5. Those who are suffering significant physical
discomfort
6. Persons with poor level of mental
functioning (too young or low IQ)
▪ Obtaining the background information of
an examinee is also an essential part of the
test. Examiner may use it later during the
port test interview or as guide in formulating
comparison questions. It also help in
developing rapport.
b. Rapport Building
▪ Rapport building is important to make the
examinee feel comfortable. The polygraph
examiners expression of compassion may
lead to more good information offered by
the subject on the issue. Simple listening
can obtain good information (Baranowski
2017). The extent of conversation helps in
evaluating examinee's insights and
become an ally. By showing of expertise in
handling the process is also a factor in
rapport building. It must be observed that
polygraph examiner should established his
authority by showing that he was in control
of the interview process.
6. INTERVIEW OF THE RELATED ISSUES
a. Free-narrative Interview
▪ In diagnostic examination, polygraph
subject is ask to explain and discuss his
knowledge about the incident freely
without applying pressure. During subject's
narration of facts, the examiner will not
interrupt and will take note on any
inconsistencies and other details that
needs to be clarified. Examiner is
discourage to argue or challenge the
version of the subject about the issue. He
shall encourage the subject to be frank in
the details that he will provide. It is
suggested to ask an open-ended question
at the start of the interview, then close-
ended questions to have the examinee
rekindle the physical and mental acts of
the allegations.
b. Structured Interview
▪ In a screening type of examination, the
procedure in pretest interview is more
structured in nature. An outline about the
topics to be discuss can be used to obtain
all information that is needed to be
reviewed with the subject. Pretest appeals
may be applied to obtain any undisclosed
information. Care must be observed not to
overly expose the subject to any issue.
Structured interview are most preferred
because of consistency.
c. Semi-structured Interview
▪ Semi-structured interview is conducted
using a structured content and question
outline, for which the interviewer is
permitted to present interview questions in
a manner that is individualized based on
the personalities, education levels, and
rapport between the interviewer and the
interviewee
▪ Intended to make more effective use of
interviewer skill and expertise to access rich
information regarding the interview
content. Semi- structured interviews should
be anchored by a defined interview
schedule or protocol, with clearly
formulated operational definitions that
describe the behavioral issues of concern.
Strategies both depend on and foster
greater interviewing skill. All interview topics
are addressed at some point during an
interview.
7. EXPLAINING THE POLYGRAPH
• The polygraph examiner will provide the
subject with an explanation about the
functions of the polygraph. Subject will be
oriented on the basis of physiological
response recorded by the instrument. The
examiner will explain the connections
between involuntary nervous system and
lying. Subject will also be briefed about the
test procedure and test instruction. He will
be advised how to behave during the
duration of the test and to give the required
answer to the test questions.
• It is important to inform the subject about
the functions of every sensors that will be
placed on his body. Subject must
understand that polygraph sensors will not
hurt or cause discomfort to him, and that
 he must obey the test instructions in order
to successfully complete the test.
a. Pneumograph Sensors
▪ In explaining the pneumograph sensor, the
examiner will emphasized that the sensors
that will be placed on his abdomen and
chest will monitor normal body movement.
The sensors are too sensitive and it is
important not to move during the test. The
subject is asked to place his hands in the
head during the placement of sensors.
Abdominal sensor is attached first followed
by the thoracic sensor. It is suggested that
the polygraph examiner shall positioned
himself beside or in front of the examinee in
attaching the sensors. His one hand holding
the edge of the tube or band while the
other hand is holding the beaded chain or
the strap. The abdominal sensor is
positioned at the center above the
sternum. The pneumograph should not be
stretched more than two inches to prevent
damaging the elastic parts inside. The
thoracic sensor is placed at the center
above the nipple line. The sensors should
not be too loose to slide or too tight to loose
signal or cause discomfort to the
examinee. Ensure that the sensors do not
touched the arm of the examinee. The
polygraph examiner's professional
approach in placing the sensors to the
subject is essential to the subject. Care
must be observe not to touch too much
any body parts of the subject. If possible, a
female examiner is suggested to perform
the sensor attachment on female subject.
After connecting the pneumograph
sensors, ask the examinee to lower his
hand."
b. EDA Sensor
▪ It has been the practice of this author to
attach the EDA sensor next to
pneumographs.. The examinee is told that
the sensor are sensitive to the activity of the
sweat glands. The sensor monitors and
records the drying or wetting of the surface
of the skin during the test. Some examinees
who are concerned about their sweaty
hand are told that the sensor is designed to
monitor the changes happening in the skin
surface and not the excessive sweating of
their hand.
▪ When using the classic EDA finger plates,
the sensor is placed on the volar surface of
the distal phalange of the index and ring
finger.Subject is asked to wash and dry their
hands to ensure that skin is clean before
connecting the sensor. Attached the
sensor snugly by wrapping the Velcro
fastener on each finger. The sensor must
not be too tight that the examinee will feel
the pulse on his finger or too loose that it
may be detached and lost contact with
the skin.
▪ Manufacturers of computerized polygraph
have other EDA sensors provided to
address the needs of the polygraph
examiner. When using the reusable
electrode, apply a small amount of
electrode paste on the cups. Attach snugly
the sensors on the palmar surface of the
distal phalange of the index and ring finger.
Clean the sensor after recording.
▪ The disposable gel electrodes are placed
on the palmar surface of the hand one on
the base of the thumb and the other on the
base of the litter finger. Make sure that the
hand of the examinee is clean before
connecting the sensors.
Some examiners preferred to attach the EDA
sensor on the non-dominant hand. Standard
practice requires that EDA sensors must be placed
on the opposite side where cardio arm cuff is
attached. This is to avoid affecting the signal due
to pressure applied on the arm.
c. Plethysmograph Sensor
▪ The next sensor that will be placed to the
examinee's finger is the Plethysmograph
when computerized polygraph is used.
Subject is told that the sensor is very
sensitive to movements and it is important
that he will not make any movement during
the test. The sensor is attach on the
finger/thumb or wrist of the same hand
having the electrodermal sensor.
d. Cardio sensor
▪ The blood pressure cuff is placed on the
upper arm without the EDA and PLE sensor.
In attaching the sensor, ask the subject to
extend his arm forward and palm up. is The
polygraph examiner positioned on the side
of the subject when attaching the sensor.
Ensure that the cuff is snugly attached to
 arm, immediately over the brachial artery.
When the examinee is wearing thick jacket,
it is advisable to remove it to avoid
affecting the cardiovascular tracing. It is
also important that the cuff will not in
contact with the body of the examinee.
Breathing can affect the cardio tracing
because of the pressure applied to the
cuff.
▪ Forearm or wrist and even the thumb can
be an alternative sites for recording
cardiovascular tracings. Computerized
polygraph provides an optional sensors for
these purpose.
e. Movement or Seat Sensor
▪ The movement or seat sensors are placed
on the polygraph chair during the
instrument set up if a computerized
polygraph is used. Movement sensor are
designed to be sensitive to
somatic/behavioral nervous system activity
(Nelson 2015). The addition of an activity
sensors can increase the detection of
somatic activity, and this may reduce
occurrence of false accusations of
countermeasure use (Stephenson and.
Barry, 1986; Ogilvie and Dutton, 2008). The
American Polygraph Association Standard
Practice requires the use of movement
sensors on every polygraph examination
conducted.
▪ The proper placement of sensors
contributes to the quality of tracings
collected during the examination.
Polygraph examiner must ensure that
sensors are properly attached and will not
interfere or cause discomfort to the subject.
It is also important that wirings or rubber
hose of the sensor must not be crimpled or
pinched and not be placed in front of the
examinee. It may cause distraction on the
subject during the test.
8. THE ACQUAINTANCE TEST
• An acquaintance test is given to the
examinee after the explanation of the
functions of the instrument. This test is
designed to prepare and introduce the
subject to the process of the examination.
The procedure of the acquaintance test is
explained to the examinee and after its
completion, feedback is necessary to
provide an impression to the subject about
the effectiveness of the test. There are
types of acquaintance test available, each
type has different strength and effect to an
examinee. The polygraph examiner may
choose the type of acquaintance test that
best suited to the subject. Most polygraph
examiners recommend the use of Known
Solution Acquaintance Test. Research
indicates that this type acquaintance test
contributes to the accuracy of test result
(Nelson et al., 2018).
TYPES OF ACQUAINTANCE TEST
1. Calibration Verification of Sensitivity
2. Fail-Proof Blind Number Test
3. Known Number Acquaintance Test
4. True Blue Control Test
DEVELOPMENT AND REVIEW OF TEST QUESTIONS
✓ The knowledge of the polygraph examiner
on the facts of the issue and the
information on the examinee's background
is essential in the formulation of test
question. Relevant question must deal with
the possible involvement of the examinee
to the target issue. Comparison question is
intended to create physiological response
of the subject. The construction of test
question is centered on the examinees
level of understanding. Every questions
must be clear and understood by the
examinee. An adjustment is necessary
when the subject provides related
admissions on a particular question.
Polygraph subject is advised that all test
questions will be reviewed to him prior to
conducting the actual examination. All
questions will be presented and clearly
explained and must be understood by the
subject. Any concerns on every question
that may be raised, requires corresponding
adjustment to the questions. It is important
to note that before proceeding with the
examination, the examiner is fully satisfied
with the subject's understanding and
answers to the questions.
The review of question is presented in the following
sequence:
1. Sacrifice Relevant Question
2. Relevant Question
3. Comparison Question
4. Neutral/Irrelevant Question
5. Symptomatic/Introductory Question.
II. IN-TEST/DATA COLLECTION PHASE
• The second part of the polygraph
examination is the in-test data collection
phase. The American Polygraph
Association requires the use of various
validated techniques applicable to any
testing purposes. Various Comparison
Question Technique format requires a
minimum of three relevant chart to
evaluate the polygraph data. If the data
are not sufficient to obtain test result,
additional chart is allowed. Five chart is the
maximum. The Directed Lie Screening Test
requires one chart as minimum to evaluate
the data collected. In this technique,
relevant questions are ask three times in
one series. If data are not enough to arrive
at decision, a repetition of the series is
necessary.
• It is important to note that prior to
conducting polygraph test, the polygraph
examiner must ensure that the instrument is
working properly. Every channel and parts
are functional, sensors are free from any
defect. Ensure that the instrument is
capable of providing good data during the
chart collection. APA Standard of Practice
also requires a periodic calibration or
functionality test of the instrument.
Polygraph data collected can be affected
by the condition of the instrument used in
the examination. Consequently, test results
will be affected because of the poor data
thereby resulting to low confidence in
decision.
• The examiner should discourage any
comments or statements by the subject
• The technical knowhow on the operation
of the polygraph is vital. How the instrument
was set up, adjusted and operated to
generate good tracings must be observe
at all times. These skill are learned and
acquired thru experience, continues
research and trainings. In over fifteen years
of private practice, this author had
experienced using both the conventional
and computerized polygraph.
Understanding the function of each
component helped in addressing problems
encountered during the operation of the
instrument.
• In the operation of a conventional
polygraph, we must determine first the
voltage capacity of the unit. This is the
common mistakes encountered by
operators who directly plugged in the
power cord of the instrument to any
available electrical source. Remember
that polygraphs are manufactured in the
United States and the voltage requirement
are mostly 120volts.
• After the instrument was plugged on the
required power supply, the next thing to do
is to check that the vent are closed. Apply
the necessary pressure required on the arm
cuff as indicated on the
sphygmomanometer dial. It is suggested to
inflate the cuff at a higher pressure then
release the pressure to the desired setting
between 60 to 80 mmHg. Computerized
polygraph requires a lower cuff pressure
usually between 52 to 62 mmHg. This
process no longer requires the massaging
of the arm cuff, thereby avoiding more
physical contact with the examinee. The
inflation of the arm cuff will give signal to
the subject that the test is about to start.
• The sensitivity of the thoracic
pneumograph ist then set to determine the
desired tracing of 4 inch. Centering control
is also adjusted to position the pen. Same
procedure is conducted in activating the
abdominal pneumograph channel. In
computerized polygraph, default sensitivity
is set at 50, polygraph examiner may adjust
the sensitivity to obtain the required tracing
amplitude. If adequate signal is not
obtained, check the placement of the
sensors, it may be too loose or too tight.
Noisy or straight line signal is caused by
improper placement of the connectors to
the sensor box or damage on the lead or
transducer.
• The next channel to activate is the EDA
Channel. The sensitivity is usually set at 1.5
for Lafayette and 25 for Stoelting. The ideal
tracing required is about 1 ½ inch.
Centering control is use to position the pen.
Examiner may use either of the two EDA
mode, if the tracing is stable, a manual
mode is suggested. When the tracings is
noisy, the electronic mode is
recommended. Electronic mode allows
the tracing to return to baseline without
adjusting the pen manually.
• The electrodermal channel of a
computerized polygraph records tracing
through skin conductance. It has
 automatic centering capability. Sensitivity
is adjusted up or down to obtain visible and
clear tracing. If the tracing produced is a
straight line, check the connections, sensor
contacts on the finger, and wires.
• In setting up the cardio channel, ensure
that the vent is closed. The cuff is inflated to
a higher pressure as displayed on the
sphygmomanometer dial. Slowly lower the
pressure to the desired setting between 60
to 80 mmHg. The procedure of increasing
the pressure initially is to avoid touching the
arm of the examinee usually by massaging
the arm cuff. The sensitivity is set at 5 for
Lafayette and 25 for Stoelting polygraph.
The recommended amplitude of tracing is
4 inch. Centering control is use to position
the pen. Lafayette polygraph has an
exclusive enhancement features in their
instrument designed to regulate the
diacritic notch by filtering the tracings
HOTTE
• When using a computerized polygraph,
cardio cuff is inflated only after all other
channels are set up (Thoracic & abdominal
pneumograph, Electrodermal,
Plethysmograph and activity sensor). Doing
so will affect the tracing quality of the other
channels. Inflate the cuff about 80 to 100
mmHg then deflate up to 50mmHg. Ask the
subject to relax his arm then increase the
pressure to 60mmHg. The optimal cuff
pressure in between 52 to 62 mmHg. The
default sensitivity is set at 50. Adjustment is
required until the desired tracing is visible.
• Appropriate markings is indicated on the
polygraph chart to denote any
annotations that is significant to the
interpretation of physiological data. It
includes the questions on set and offset,
subject's answer, questions number, any
artifacts, and other details of examiner's
importance.
• After the completion of the first test,
polygraph examiner employ a between
chart stimulation technique to enhance
the reactivity of polygraph subject. Review
of polygraph questions is also conducted
to achieve the same purpose. Same
procedure is applied on the succeeding
test.
Process:
1. Determine first the voltage capacity of the
unit.
2. Plug on the required power supply and
check that the vent are closed
3. Apply the necessary pressure required on
the arm cuff as indicated on the
sphygmomanometer dial
4. Adjust the centering control and sensitivity
of the components. 5. Questions on set and
offset, subject's answer, questions number,
any artifacts, and other details of
examiner's importance
5. After the completion of the first test,
polygraph examiner employ a between -
chart - stimulation technique to enhance
the reactivity of polygraph subject
6. Review of polygraph questions is also
conducted to achieve the same purpose.
III. TEST DATA ANALYSIS
• This portion of the polygraph examination
involves the evaluation of polygraph data
collected. The American Polygraph
Association requires the use of validated
method in analyzing the polygraph data
(see test data analysis). Test result is
determined by comparing the magnitude
of response between the relevant and
comparison questions. Numerical scores
are assigned based on the strength of
reactions observed.
• If the reaction to relevant question is
greater than the comparison question, the
assigned score is negative, a positive
numerical score is assigned if the reaction
to comparison question is bigger than the
reaction to relevant questions. If the total
numerical scores for relevant questions
reached the cut off results for deception,
an opinion of DECEPTION INDICATED is
given to a single issue or specific issue test.
A SIGNIFICANT REACTION result is rendered
to a multiple issue examination. A post-test
interview is necessary to clarify the
concerns surrounding the reaction of the
subject to the relevant questions. Effort
must be exerted to obtain admission or
explanation on the part of the deceitful
examinee. If the test results yielded
favourably to the subject, an opinion of NO
DECEPTION INDICATED is rendered to a
single issue polygraph test. For multiple issue
 examination, NO SIGNIFICANT REACTION is
given. In this case, polygraph subject is
given appreciation for his cooperation and
time to submit for the test. If the test resulted
to inconclusive or no opinion, where
polygraph examiner failed to give correct
decision due to poor data caused by
artifacts or some other factors, re test is
necessary.
• One of the difficult part in polygraph
examination is the proper construction of
polygraph test question. An essential
elements on every polygraph test
conducted is how the subject's respond to
a particular question. The level of
responsivity by an examinee to the test,
relies on how the questions are formulated.
Selecting the target issue is necessary in
formulating the relevant question for the
test. It requires the knowledge and skills of
the polygraph examiner to appropriately
design a test questions that will address the
target issue. This is an important factor to
obtain the maximum responsiveness of the
test subject.
Summary:
• If the reaction to relevant question is
greater than the comparison question, the
assigned score is negative.
• A positive numerical score is assigned if the
reaction to comparison question is bigger
that the reaction to relevant questions.
• If the total numerical scores for relevant
questions reached the cut off results for
deception, an opinion of DECEPTION
INDICATED is given to single issue or
specific issue test.
• SIGNIFICANT REACTION= Multiple issue
Test
• NO DECEPTION INDICATED = Single Issue
Test
• NO SIGNIFICANT REACTION = Multiple issue
test
IV. POST TEST INTERVIEW
• A method of interrogation is administered
by the examiner to obtain admission or
confession.
• An interview is conducted when the
subject indicates innocent response while
interrogation is undertaken if symptoms of
deception are indicated by the results of
the actual polygraph test.
• The subject, when innocent is cordially
released & thanks extended by the
examiner for his/her consideration &
cooperation.
• This phase includes all consideration that
bears on the examination just after the
instrument are turned off.
TYPES OF POLYGRAPH QUESTION
1. IRRELEVANT/NEUTRAL QUESTION
▪ A type of polygraph question that is
designed to be non-emotion evoking and
unrelated to the issue being tested.
Irrelevant question must not appear
humorous, embarrassing and should be a
known truth. Irrelevant question is designed
to establish stability and facilitate recovery
from artifact or reaction. It helps identify
certain countermeasures strategies
employed by the polygraph subject.
Irrelevant questions are designed to obtain
a YES answer.
TYPES OF IRRELEVANT/NEUTRAL QUESTION
a. Obvious Irrelevant Question
b. Identity Irrelevant Question
2. RELEVANT QUESTIONS
• The relevant question are questions that
deals to the matter under investigation. It
addresses the important issue of the test in
which the subject is being tested.
IN FORMULATING RELEVANT GUIDELINES QUESTIONS
a. Relevant question should be clear, simple,
concise and direct as possible.
Examples:
b. Do not use the word AND/OR. Relevant question i. Avoid emotion evoking question.
must deal with one act per question. Example:
Examples:

j. Avoid the use of relevant question that the

c. Relevant Question should not be accusatory.
examinee could be untruthful to, but not
Examples:
committed the offense under investigation.
Examples:

d. It should not use legal or technical terms

whenever possible k. Questions about intent, inclinations and state of
Examples mind should be avoided. It is best to use words that
describe the overt behavior in question, not the
thoughts associated with it.
Examples:

e. Do not use question that contain obscene,

profane, racial, derogatory, degrading, or insulting
words or phrases.
Examples: l. When testing a witness or victims, the key issue is
their truthfulness about their statement, not about
the crime

f. The question must not ask for an opinion.

Example: m. Relevant questions are usually designed to be
answered NO, but sometimes, circumstances
dictates a YES-answered relevant questions.
Examples:

g. Avoid testing examinee on other people's

behavior
Example

n. Do not mix "YES" and "NO" answered questions

during the same series.
Examples:

h. Questions must not imply or assume guilt.

Relevant questions are constructed to test for the
denial of an examinee regarding his involvement
to the crime being investigated. It is important to
remember that when using any of the testing
technique with two three or four relevant
questions, we must ensure that answers to all
relevant questions are the same. If the relevant
question is designed to obtain a "NO" answer, all
relevant questions must have the same answer. Do
not mixed a yes or no answered relevant questions
in a particular series to avoid confusion both on the
part of examiner and the subject.
TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTIONS
Primary Relevant Question
• The primary relevant question is concerned
with the primary issue being tested. It deals
with the direct involvement of the
examinee to the crime. It focuses on the
specific action to which the examinee did
in the commission of the crime. The primary
relevant question requires a NO answer to
determine the denial of subject on the issue
being tested.
Evidence Connecting Question
• A question that tends to directly connects
om the examinee through elements of the
crime or 0 B physical evidence.
• Addresses knowledge of the nature or
location of the evidence:
• Physical acts that support the primary
offense such as tearing, cutting, or
breaking, destroying evidence, etc.
• Evidence can be real or imaginary
(fingerprints that disappeared or foot prints
that washed away)
• It can be evidence that has yet to be
scientifically analyzed (DNA, fingerprints,
shoe prints, etc.).

Examples:

Secondary Relevant Question

• The Secondary relevant question addresses
secondary involvement on the issue being
tested. It addresses secondary issues such
as;
a. Helped the subject
b. Planned the event
c. Participated in event
d. Knowledge of event
e. Benefited from act of event

Examples of Secondary Relevant Question

3. COMPARISON QUESTION
• A questions that is designed to produce a
physiological responses which are
compared to the physiological response of
the applicable relevant questions
TYPES OF COMPARISON QUESTION
A. Probable-Lie Comparison Question (PLC)
• It is a question designed to be a probable-
lie for the examinee. It is similar in nature of
the issue being tested but unrelated by
time, place, or category. It must be broad
in scope, and time to cover as many of the
examinee's past life experiences a as
possible.
Example:
EXCLUSIONARY PHRASES
• Exclusionary PLC's is use to ensure that the
probable-lie comparison question does not
accidentally become a relevant question.
Exclusionary Comparison Question is use to
achieve a clear line of demarcation, from
events surrounding the relevant issue, by
using time, place, or category separation.
a. While in high school,
b. Prior to the year,
c. During your 20's,
d. Before moving to Manila,
e. Not connected with this case
PLC for (Robbery, Homicide, Assault)
• While in highschool, have you ever lied
about hurting another person?
• Before this year, have you ever wanted to
hurt someone badly? When you were in
college, have you ever done anything to
get even with someone?
• Not related to this incident, have you ever
lost your temper and struck anyone?
• During your 20's, have you ever hurt anyone
out of revenge?
PLC for Damage to Property: arson, sabotage, etc.
• As a teenager, have you ever damage
anything?
• Before this year, thought about damaging
someone's property?
• Not related to this incident, have you ever
caused any damage to someone else's
property out of revenge?
• When you live in Manila, have you done
malicious to someone's belonging
• During your 20's, have you ever destroyed
any object that was not your own?
PLC for Stealing
• As a soldier, have you ever padded your
expense account?
• Before this year, have you ever stolen
anything?
• Before moving in Quezon, have you ever
taken property you your home that was
stolen from somewhere?
• While in high school, have you ever
cheated anyone?
• Between the ages of 20-25, have you ever
obtained anything dishonestly?
PLC for Lying, Perjury
• While in high school, have you ever lied to
get someone into trouble?
• Between the ages of 16 and 21, have you
ever lied to cover up something?
• As a salesman, have you ever lied about
something important?
• During your 20s, have you ever lied for
personal gain?
• Before 2023, have you ever lied to a person
in authority?
PLC for Victim of Sexual Offenses
• Prior to 2023, have you ever lied to
advance your own interest at the expense
of someone else?
• While in high school, have you ever lied
about something important?
• before moving in Manila, have you ever
lied to someone in authority?
• Before While in college, have you ever told
a lie to someone who trusted you?
• Between the ages of 16 and 21, have you
ever lied to cover up a mistake or
accident?
PLC for Sex Crime
• As a guard, have you ever fantasized
about having sex with an underage girl?
• Before this year, have you ever done
anything sexually unusual?
 • During your 20's, have you ever taken part 5. SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION
in unusual sex act? • A symptomatic question is a type of
polygraph question that is designed to test
• Between the ages of 20-24, have you ever for an outside issue that could be more
lied about your sexual activities? significant for an examinee than the issues
being tested. Response to the symptomatic
• While in the service, have you ever questions are evaluated but not
touched someone sexually without numerically scored during the test data
permission? analysis. Symptomatic question is used in
Backster and Federal Zone Comparison
Techniques.
B. Directed-Lie Comparison Question (DLC)
• It is a comparison question that deals with
minor violation of any rule, law or code of
conduct in which most people will easily
acknowledge. Upon admitting having
committed such violation, the examinee is
instructed to lie when asked that question
during the test. A directed-lie is a known lie
that results from the subject being
instructed to answer "NO" to questions
about something that the examinee
agrees they have done.
6. INTRODUCTORY QUESTION
• An introductory question is a type of
polygraph question that is designed to
assure the examinee that there will no
unreview or surprise question that will be
asked during the test. It is used in Utah Zone
Comparison Test and is positioned as the
Directed Lie Comparison Question can be trivial or first question in the series.
personal:

4. SACRIFICE RELEVANT QUESTION

• The sacrifice relevant question is a type of
polygraph question that prepares the
examinee for the introduction of the
relevant topic. Reaction to the sacrifice
relevant question is not scored.
POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES Air Force Modified General Question Test
• Designed to pose a threat to examinees
Characteristics of Valid Polygraph Technique and to induce self-directed attention
• A valid polygraph technique are those that toward specific question in the test
conforms to the valid principles set by the structure.
APA standard of practice regarding • Use for Screening Test (Multiple Issue Test)
selections of the issue to be tested, • Use for Diagnostic Test (Single Issue or Multi-
formulation of test questions and facet Test)
presentation of the polygraph questions • 88% Accuracy using ESS
during the chart collection phase • 82% Accuracy using 7 position scale
• The analysis of physiological data is done
using validated methods of test data Air Force Modified General Question Test
analysis applicable to every testing V1 - Investigation
technique. 1. Neutral
2. Sacrifice Relevant
VALID POLYGRAPH TECHNQUES 3. Comparison 1
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary)
5. Comparison 2
6. Relevant 2 (Primary)
7. Comparison 3

V2 - Screening
1. Neutral
2. Sacrifice Relevant
3. Comparison 1
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary)
5. Relevant 2 (Primary)
6. Comparison 2

Air Force Modified General Question Technique

V1
(AFMGQT)
Air Force Modified General Question Test
• Type of comparison question technique
1. Neutral
designed for multiple-issue and multi facet
2. Sacrifice Relevant
polygraph examination.
3. Comparison 1
• Suitable for single-issue criminal
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary)
investigative examinations.
5. Comparison 2
• It is a good tool to guide the investigators
6. Relevant 2 (Primary)
where to question the subject further after
7. Comparison 3
the test or to identify prime areas for single-
8. Relevant 3 (ECQ/Knowledge)
issue testing.
• It is designed to pose a threat to examine
V2
and to induce self-directed attention
1. Neutral
toward specific questions in the test
2. Sacrifice Relevant
structure.
3. Comparison 1
• Modified version of General Question Test –
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary)
John Reid
5. Comparison 2
• USAMPPS (1968) – modified the GQT – Army
6. Relevant 2 (Primary)
Modified General Question Test (AMGQT)
7. Comparison 3
• Air Force (1970) – modified the ARMY MGQT
8. Relevant 3 (ECQ/Knowledge)
• Sacrifice relevant question
• More comparison questions
• Allow two, three or four RQs
Air Force Modified General Question Test • Minimum of 2 charts
V1 • Global Evaluation to determine purity of
1. Neutral tracings
2. Sacrifice Relevant • Numerical Scoring System
3. Comparison 1
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary) 1. N13 – Irrelevant
5. Comparison 2 2. S25 – Symptomatic
6. Relevant 2 (Primary) 3. SR39 – Sacrifice Relevant
7. Comparison 3 4. C46 – Comparison
8. Relevant 3 (ECQ/Knowledge) 5. R33 – Relevant – primary – Did you stab the
9. Comparison 4 victim?
10. Relevant 4 (Knowledge) 6. C47 – Comparison
7. R35 – Relevant – primary – Did you stab the
V2 victim with a fan knife?
1. Neutral 8. C48 – Comparison
2. Sacrifice Relevant 9. S26 - Symptomatic
3. Comparison 1
4. Relevant 1 (Secondary) Federal Zone Comparison Technique
5. Relevant 2 (Primary) • It was originated from Backster’s
6. Comparison 2 Technique.
7. Relevant 3 (ECQ/Knowledge) • This test is designed for single-issue and
8. Relevant 4 (Knowledge) multi-facet criminal diagnostic polygraph
9. Comparison 3 examination.
• This test uses Sacrifice Relevant and
Air Force Modified General Question Technique Symptomatic Questions the same in
(AFMGQT) Backster’s Technique
• There are two version of this technique, two
relevant and three relevant test format.
• The relevant questions for two RQs
format deals to a single act and is
slightly reworded.
• In the three RQs format, the two
relevant questions are primary
relevant referring to a single act,
and the other one is a secondary
relevant.

Federal Zone Comparison Test – 3 RQs

• Originated from Backster Technique
• Diagnostic – multi Facet Test (Federal ZCT)
The Backster You-Phase • 92% accuracy (Federal ZCT)
• One of the three zone comparison test
format developed by Cleve Backster. 1. N1 – Neutral
• It is designed to address a single issue and 2. SR2 – Sacrifice Relevant
single degree of involvement of a 3. Sym3 – Symptomatic
polygraph subject to the issue being tested. 4. C4 – Comparison
• This test format can accommodate two 5. R5 – Primary Relevant
relevant questions that is referring to one 6. C6 – Comparison
single act and worded slightly different 7. R7 – Primary Relevant
from one another. 8. Sym8 – Symptomatic
• It minimum two chart to analyze the 9. C9 – Comparison
polygraph data using the Backster 10. R10 – Secondary Relevant
numerical scoring system.
• Can accommodate two relevant question
Federal You-Phase UTAH Zone Comparison Technique
• Diagnostic – Single Issue Test (Federal You • Designed for single-issue event specific,
Phase) multi facet and mixed issue polygraph
• Screening – Single Issue (Federal You Phase examination.
• 90 % accuracy (Federal You Phase) • It is the first polygraphy technique
developed by psychologist who directly
1. N1 – Neutral incorporated basic knowledge and
2. SR2 – Sacrifice Relevant principles from psychological science and
3. Sym3 – Symptomatic psychophysiology into pretest interview,
4. C4 – Comparison question structure, recording methods, and
5. R5 – Primary Relevant – Did you stab evaluation methods.
Mariano? • It was considered as the most accurate
6. C6 – Comparison technique of all comparison Question Test
7. R7 – Primary Relevant – Did you stab format.
Mariano with a fan knife? • High reliability and validity – Ad Hoc
8. C8 - Comparison Committee on Polygraph Techniques.
9. Sym9 - Symptomatic • Single Issue – 92% Accuracy
• Multi-facet
CONCEALED INFORMATION TEST • Multiple-issue
• It was designed to verify if an examinee
possess information about the case under Single Issue Test
investigation of which he had denied.
• The theorical foundation of the CIT is based
on the assumption that there is a greater
reaction on the critical information for the
guilty examinee than the non-critical item
presented during the test.
• It is useful in a situation when Comparison
Question Technique is not applicable.
• It can still be used even after the subject
has undergone the interrogation process or
if the examinee is a relative of a murder
victim of who are emotionally affected by
the circumstances.
Multiple-facet Test 5. Centering/setting of amplitude – TR, AR,
EDA, PPG, motion, and Cardio

Tracing Amplitude
• Electrodermal
• Vasomotor
• Motion Sensor
• Cardio – 52 to 70mmHg
• Red – low
• Blue – high
• Green – Ideal
• Do not Increase/decrease
• Pressure during data collection

Review of Polygraph Questions

1. Sacrifice 1. Relevant
Relevant 2. Sacrifice
2. Relevant Relevant
3. Comparison 3. Comparison
4. Neutral 4. Neutral
5. Introductory/ 5. Introductory/
Symptomatic Symptomatic

In test Presentation of Polygraph Questions

Utah Directed-Lie Test Multiple-Issue • Test 1 – Intro, SR, N1, C1, R1, N2, C2, R2, N3,
C3, R3
• Test II – Intro, SR, N2, C3, R2, N3, C1, R3, N1,
C2, R1
• Test III – Intro, SR, N3, C2, R3, N1, C3, R1, N2,
C1, R2
• 25 to 35 seconds interval

Chart Markings
• Examiners Comments
• Instrument Adjustment
• Question Modification
• Behavior of the Subject
• Extraneous factors

Between Chart Stimulation – Utah

Data Collection Procedures
1. Explanation of Sensors – Pneumograph,
EDA, PLE, Cardio
2. Proper placement of sensor – poor quality
of data = low confidence in result
3. Order of placement of sensor – AR, TR, EDA,
PPG, Cardio
4. Functionality test/recalibrate – start of each
test
• Alright Mr. ___________ we have just
completed the ________portion of the test;
did you understand all the questions?
• How about the personal questions
concerning on your honesty, do you have
the problem with that? (PLC)
• How about the questions you are told to
give a lie answer, do you have problem
with that questions? (DLC)
 • How about the questions related to the Reaction Features
thief issue is there something else that • Suppressed Breathing
bothers you? • Slowing
• Temporary Increase in Baseline
Chart Requirements • Amplitude
• Comparison Question Technique format • Complexity
requires a minimum of three relevant chart • Duration
to evaluate the polygraph data. • Baseline arousal
• If the data are not sufficient to obtain test • Duration
result, additional chart is allowed. • Reduction in amplitude
• Fiver charts are the maximum • Duration

Average Tracings
• No physiological evidence of change in
the emotional level within the stress area on
the polygraph chart.
• Tonic Level
• Stress Area = start of question until the
second after the answer.

Reaction Tracings
• Shows physiological evidence that the
sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic Respiration Features
nervous system has been more active. • Suppressed Breathing
• Indicating a psychological change from • Apnea
the subject’s average emotional level. • Reduction of Amplitude
• Phasic and/or tonic response. • Slowing
• Temporary increase in baseline

Phasic Response Identification of Reaction features

• Rapid and of shorter duration
• Arousal to sudden stimulus
• Unexpected loud noise:
• Pupillary dilation
• Increase in skin conductivity
• Sudden rise in BP, vasomotor
• Constriction at the extremities
Relief Tracings
• Shows physiological evidence that the
parasympathetic subdivision of the
autonomic nervous system has been more
active following the stress area on the
polygraph
• Allostasis = homeostasis
Artifacts
• Deep breaths
• Coughs
• Movements
• Physiological abnormalities - PVCs
• Noticeable Difference – Clear
• Significant Difference – unmistakable
• Dramatic Difference - enermous
Vasomotor Features – PLE
• The constriction of blood vessels in the
finger produces a reduction in the
amplitude of finger pulse
• Duration and magnitude of reductions in
finger pulse amplitude.
• Smaller, longer, greater reaction
Respiration Features – ESS pattern familiarization
• Reduction of amplitude – 3 or more cycles
• Slowing of rate – 3 or more cycles
• Temporary increase in baseline – 3 or more
cycles
• Apnea – RQs only
EDA Features - ESS
• Amplitude – bigger is better
• Complexity
• Duration

Cardio Features
• Baseline Arousal – Bigger is better
• Duration
• Pulse Deceleration

Response Onset Window

• The beginning of the reaction must occur
sometimes between stimulus onset until five
seconds after the answer or stimulus offset.