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 ADVANCES IN MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES, A N D SALTS:
Proceedings of

uAu . q
THE 10 t h INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES A N D SALTS
 ADVANCES IN MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES, A N D SALTS:
Proceedings of

ijuiku.qg
THE 1 0 t h INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES A N D SALTS

Sponsored by
Extraction & Processing Division and
Materials Processing and Manufacturing Division of
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS)

Held
May 22-25, 2016
Seattle Grand Hyatt
Seattle, Washington, USA

Edited by
Ramana G. Reddy
Pinakin Chaubal
P. Chris Pistorius
Uday Pal

W l LEY TMS
 Copyright © 2016 by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as
permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior
written permission of The Minerals, Metals, & Materials Society, or authorization through payment of
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MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to
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Inc., I l l River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

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Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

W l LEY TMS
 TABLE of CONTENTS
Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts:
Proceedings of the 10th International
Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts
Preface xxiii
Conference Organizing Committees xxv
Proceedings Reviewers xxix

Plenary Session
Waste to Value in Steelmaking 3
Samane Maroufi, Irshad Mansuri, Paul O 'Kane,
Catherine Skidmore, Zheshi Jin, Andrea Fontana,
Magdalena Zaharia, and Veena Sahajwalla

Current Status of Slag Design in Metallurgical Processes 17

Dong Joon Min and Sung Mo Jung

Refractory Metals Recovery from Industrial Wastes 29

Tran Van Long, Hironori Murase, Takahiro Miki, Yasushi Sasaki,
and Mitsutaka Hino

Industrial Applications: Ferroalloys and Silicon

Softening and Melting of Si0 2 , an Important Parameter for Reactions with
Quartz in Si Production 43
Eli Ringdalen and Merete Tangstad

High Temperature Corrosion Mechanisms of Refractories and Ferro-Alloy

Slags 53
Stefan Luidold, Christine Wenzl, Christoph Wagner,
and Christoph Sagadin

Fundamental Investigation of Reduction and Dissolution Behavior of

Manganese Ore at High Temperature 63
Yusuke Fujii, Yoshie Nakai, Yu-ichi Uchida, Naoki Kikuchi,
and Yuji Miki

An Investigation on the Formation of Molten Salt Containing Chromium

Oxide during Roasting of Chromite Ore with Sodium and Potassium
Hydroxides 71
L. Escudero-Castejon, S. Sanchez-Segado, S. Parirenyatwa,
and A. Jha

v
Effect of the CaO Addition in the Fusion Process of Nickeliferous Laterites
for Ferronickel Production 79
Sandra Diaz Bello, Oscar J. Restrepo, and Alvaro H. Forero P

Defining the Operating Regime and Methodology for the Furnace Method
for the Production of Low Carbon Ferrochrome 87
Heine Weitz and Andrie Garbers-Craig

Optimized Slag Design for Maximum Metal Recovery during the

Pyrometallurgical Processing of Polymetallic Deep-Sea Nodules 97
David Friedmann and Bernd Friedrich

Review of Liquidus Surface and Phase Equilibria in the

Ti0 2 -Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 -Mg0-Ca0 Slag System at P 0 2 Applicable in Fluxed
Titaniferous Magnetite Smelting 105
Xolisa Goso, Johannes Nell, and Jochen Petersen

Inclusions and Clean Steelmaking

Effect of Ladle Furnace Slag Composition in Si-Mn Killed Steel Transient
Inclusion Changes 117
Stephano P. T. Piva and P. Chris Pistorius

Reduction of Slag and Refractories by Aluminium in Steel and Inclusion

Modification 127
Haoyuan Mu, Bryan A. Webler, and Richard J. Fruehan

Reactivity of Selected Oxide Inclusions with Ca0-Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2 -(Mg0)

Slags 135
B.J. Monaghan, H. Abdeyazdan, R.J. Longbottom, N. Dogan,
M.A. Rhamdhani, andM.W. Chapman

A Study on Calcium Transfer from Slag to Steel and Its Effect on

Modification of Alumina and Spinel Inclusions 145
Deepoo Kumar and P. Chris Pistorius

Effect of A1 2 0 3 Content in Top Slag on Cleanness of Stainless Steel

Fe-13Cr 155
Qi Wang, Lijun Wang, and Kuochih Chou

vi
 Slag and Salt Structure
Understanding of Cr-Containing Slags by Sulphide Capacity and Structural
Study 167
Lijun Wang and Kuo-chih Chou

Structure Studies of Silicate Glasses by Raman Spectroscopy 175

Chen Han, Mao Chen, Ron Rasch, Ying Yu, and Baojun Zhao

Relation between Acoustic Properties and Structures on Molten Alkali

Silicates 183
Miyuki Hayashi

Use of Slags, Fluxes and Salts in Recycling

Equilibria of Gold and Silver between Molten Copper and Fe0 x -Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3
Slag in WEEE Smelting at 1300 C 193
Katri Avarmaa, Hugh O 'Brien, and Pekka Taskinen

Experimental Study on Smelting of Waste Smartphone PCBs Based on

Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x -Si0 2 Slag System 20 3
Youqi Fan, Yaowu Gu, Qiyong Shi, Songwen Xiao,
and Fatian Jiang

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Smelting

Reduction Process Based on Mn0-Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 Slag System 211
Ren Guoxing, Xiao Songwen, Xie Meiqiu, Pan Bing, Fan Youqi,
Wang Fenggang, andXia Xing

Crystallization/Freeze Linings
In-Situ Observation of Rare Earth Containing Precipitated Phase
Crystallization and Solidification of Ca0-Si0 2 -Nd 2 0 3 and
Ca0-Si0 2 -Nd 2 0 3 -P 2 0 5 Melts 221
Thu Hoai Le, Mayu Aketagawa, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain,
and Muxing Guo

In-Situ Studies on the Crystallization of Ca0-Si0 2 -CaF 2 -Ce0 2 System by

a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope 229
Zengwu Zhao, Zhuang Ma, Fushun Zhang, Yongzhi Li, Yongli Jin,
Xuefeng Zhan, and Baowei Li

vii
Crystallization Kinetics of Ca0-Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 -Mg0 Slags .237
Shaghayegh Esfahani and Mansoor Barati

Freeze-Lining Formation from Fayalite-Based Slags 245

Liugang Chen, Muxing Guo, Shuigen Huang, Peter Tom Jones,
Bart Blanpain, and Anne lies Malfliet

Mold Flux
Root Cause Analysis of Surface Defects in Coils Produced through Thin
Slab Route 255
Diptak Bhattacharya, Siddhartha Misra, Avinash Kumar,
and Vinay VMahashabde

Advanced Mold Flux Development for the Casting of High-A1 Steels 263
Dan Xiao, Wanlin Wang, Boxun Lu, and Xinwang Zhang

A Reaction Model to Simulate Composition Change of Mold Flux during

Continuous Casting of High A1 Steel 271
Min-Su Kim and Youn-Bae Kang

Evaluation of Mold Flux for Continuous Casting of High-Aluminum Steel ...279

Wei Yan, Alexander McLean, Yindong Yang, Weiqing Chen,
and Mansoor Barati

The Structure and the Crystallization Behaviour of the

Ca0-Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 -Based Mold Flux for High-Al Steels Casting 291
Jinxing Gao, Guanghua Wen, Ting Huang, and Ping Tang

Fundamental Investigations for the Design of Fluorine Free Mold Powder

Compositions 299
Lrmtraud Marschall, Xiao Yang, and Harald Harmuth

Cold-Finger Measurement of Heat Transfer through Solidified Mold Flux

Layers 307
Karina Lara Santos Assis and P. Chris Pistorius

Application of Cathodoluminescence in Analyzing Mold Flux Films 317

Elizabeth Nolte, Jeffrey D. Smith, Michael Frazee, Neil Sutcliffe,
and Ronald J. OMalley

Effects of CaF2 on the Radiative Heat Transfer in Mould Fluxes for

Continuous Steel Casting 327
Masahiro Susa, Yuta Kono, Rie Endo, and Yoshinao Kobayashi

viii
Effect of N a 2 0 on Crystallisation Behaviour and Heat Transfer of
Fluorine-Free Mould Fluxes 335
Jian Yang, Jianqiang Zhang, Yasushi Sasaki, Oleg Ostrovski,
Chen Zhang, Dexiang Cai, and Yoshiaki Kashiwaya

Effect of Carbon Pickup on the Slab with Slag Pool Thickness in Ultra-Low
Carbon Steel 343
Min-Seok Park and Shin Yoo

Techniques for Controlling Heat Transfer in the Mould-Strand Gap in

Order to Use Fluoride Free Mould Powder for Continuous Casting of
Peritectic Steel Grades 349
Adam Hunt and Bridget Stewart

Reduction of fron Oxides in Mould Fluxes with Additions of CaSi2 357

Min Wang, Rie Endo, Yoshinao Kobayashi, Zuoyong Dou,
and Masahiro Susa

Physical Properties: Viscosity

Viscosity Measurement at the International Conferences on Molten Slags
and Fluxes from 1980 to the Present 369
Steven Wright and Wan-Yi Kim

A Structure-Based Viscosity Model and Database for Multicomponent

Oxide Melts 397
Guixuan Wu, Soren Seebold, Elena Zayhenskikh, Klaus Hack,
and Michael Muller

Thermo-Physical-Chemical Properties of Blast Furnace Slag Bearing

High Ti0 2 405
Chenguang Bai, Zhiming Yan, Shengping Li, Pingsheng Lai,
Chen Shan, Xuewei Lv, and Guibao Qiu

The Effect of Ti0 2 on the Liquidus Zone and Apparent Viscosity of

Si0 2 -Ca0-8wt.%Mg0-14wt.%Al 2 0 3 System 415
Zhiming Yan, Xuewei Lv, Jie Zhang, and Jian Xu

Electrorheology of Ti-Bearing Slag with Different Composition of TiC at

1723 K 423
Tao Jiang, Hongrui Yue, Xiangxin Xue, and Reining Duan

ix
Study on Apparent Viscosity of Foaming Slag - Cold Model and High
Temperature Experiments 431
Johan Martinsson, Bjorn Glaser, and Du Sichen

Effect of A1 2 0 3 and Si0 2 Addition on the Viscosity of BOF Slag 439

Zhuangzhuang Liu, Lieven Pandelaers, Peter Tom Jones,
Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo

Viscoelastic Properties of Calcium Silicate Based Mold Fluxes at 1623 K 447

Seung-Ho Shin, Jung-Wook Cho, and Seon-Hyo Kim

Viscosity Property and Raman Spectroscopy of

Fe0-Si0 2 -V 2 0 3 -Ti0 2 -Cr 2 0 3 Slags 455
Weijun Huang, Min Chen, Xiang Shen, Yu Shan, Meile He,
and Nan Wang

Physical Properties: Thermal Properties and Electrical

Conductivity
Techniques for Measuring Solubility and Electrical Conductivity in Molten
Salts 465
Shizhao Su, Thomas Villalon Jr., Uday Pal, and Adam Powell

A New Method for Apparent Thermal Conductivity Measurement of

Mould Flux 477
Mu Li, Rie Endo, Li Ju Wang, and Masahiro Susa

Controlling Heat Transfer through Mold Flux Film by Scattering Effects 485
Dae-Woo Yoon, Jung-Wook Cho, and Seon-Hyo Kim

Diffusion Coefficients and Structural Parameters of Molten Slags 493

Samane Maroufi, Shahriar Amini, Sharif Jahanshahi,
and Oleg Ostrovski

The Cationic Effect on Properties and Structure of Ca0-Mg0-Si0 2 Melts ....501

Yong-Uk Han and Dong Joon Min

Effects of Structure on the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of

Na 2 0-Ca0-Si0 2 -Fe0-Fe 2 0 3 Melts 511
Lesley J. Beyers, Geoffrey A. Brooks, Bart Blanpain,
and Frederik Verhaeghe

x
Thermal Conductivity of Borosilicate Melt 519
Tsuyoshi Nishi, Junpei Ojima, Yoshitaka Kuroda, Hiromichi Ohta,
Sohei Sukenaga, Hiroyuki Shibata, and Hidenori Kawashima

Melting Point and Heat Capacity of MgCl 2 + Mg Salts 525

Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy

Interfacial Phenomena
Does Interfacial Tension Play the Most Important Role in Slag-Metal
Reactions? An Important Aspect in Process Optimization 535
Du Sichen and Jesse F. White

Control of Molten CaO - A1 2 0 3 Oxide Jets with Focus on Thermophysical

Property Measurements and Some Limitations 547
Luckman Muhmood, Mirco Wegener, Shouyi Sun, and Alex Deev

Slag Surface Tension Measurements with Constrained Sessile Drops 557

Marc A. Duchesne and Robin W. Hughes

Interactions between Liquid Ca0-Si0 2 Slags and Graphite Substrates 565

Jesse F. White, Jaewoo Lee, Oscar Hessling, and Bjorn Glaser

Initial Wetting and Spreading Phenomena of Slags on Refractory

Ceramics 573
Yongsug Chung, Tae Hee Yoon, and Kyuyong Lee

Modelling and Experimental Studies of Diffusivity of Sulfur and Its

Relevance in Observing Surface Oscillations at the Slag Metal Interface
through X-ray Imaging 581
Luckman Muhmood, Nurni N Viswanathan,
and Seshadri Seetharaman

SPH Analysis of Interfacial Flow of the Two Immiscible Melts 589

Shungo Natsui, Ryota Nashimoto, Tatsuya Kikuchi,
and Ryosuke O. Suzuki

Surface Properties of Molten Fluoride-Based Salts 597

Thomas Villalon Jr., Shizhao Su, and Uday Pal

Foaming Index of CaO -SiO z -FeO -MgO Slag System 607

Youngjoo Park and Dong Joon Min

xi
 Modeling Slag and Salt Properties
Development of Slag Management System 619
Kyei-Sing Kwong and James P. Bennett

Gaseous Fuel Production Using Waste Slags - Going beyond Heat

Recovery 627
Jinichiro Nakano, James Bennett, and Anna Nakano

Efficient Storage and Recall of Slag Thermochemical Properties for Use in

Multiphysics Models 635
Johannes H. Zietsman

Industrial Applications: Non-Ferrous

Production of Cobalt and Copper Alloys from Copper Slags via Reduction
Smelting in DC Arc Furnace 647
Onuralp Yticel

Slag Reduction Kinetics of Copper Slags from Primary Copper

Production 657
Boyd Davis, Trevor Lebel, Roberto Parada, and Roberto Parra

Fluxing Strategies for the Direct to Blister Smelting of High Silica and Low
Iron Copper Concentrates 667
Michael Somerville, ChunlinChen, Gerardo R.F. Alvear F.,
and Stanko Nikolic

Behavior of Selenium in Copper Smelting Slag 677

Bhavin Desai, Vilas Tathavadkar, Somnath Basu,
and Kaushik Vakil

Selective Precipitation of Magnetite in Copper Slag by Controlled Molten

Oxidation 687
Yong Fan, Etsuro Shibata, Atsushi Iizuka, and Takashi Nakamura

Thermodynamics: Iron and Steel

Applications of ArcelorMittal Thermodynamic Computation Tools to Steel
Production 697
Jean Lehmann

xii
Phase Equilibria Study of the Ca0-"Fe 2 0 3 "-Si0 2 System in Air to Support
Iron Sintering Process Optimisation 707
Peter C. Hayes, Jiang Chen, and Evgueni Jak

Understanding Sulfide Capacity of Molten Aluminosilicates via Structural

Information from 'Raman' and 'NMR' Spectroscopic Methodologies 715
Joo Hyun Park

Thermodynamic Properties of the Ca0-A10i. 5 -Ce0i. 5 System 723

Ryo Kitano and Kazuki Morita

Distribution Behavior of Cr between Ca0-Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 (-MgO) Slag

and Fe-C-Cr (-Si/Al) Metal Phase 731
Yanling Zhang, Xinlei Jia, Tuo Wu, Qiuhan Li,
and Zhancheng Guo

Thermodynamics of 'ESR' Slag for Producing Nickel Alloys 745

Jun-Gil Yang and Joo Hyun Park

Production Using Molten Salts

Recycling Titanium and Its Alloys by Utilizing Molten Salt 751
Toru H. Okabe and Yu-ki Taninouchi

Electrochemical Upgrading of Iron-Rich Titanium Ores 761

Farzin Fatollahi-Fard and Petrus Christiaan Pistorius

Investigations for the Recycle of Pyroprocessed Uranium 771

B.R. Westphal, J. C. Price, E.E. Chambers, and M.N. Patterson

Zero-Direct-Carbon-Emission Aluminum Production by Solid Oxide

Membrane-Based Electrolysis Process 781
Shizhao Su, Uday Pal, andXiaofei Guan

Alumina Concentration Gradients in Aluminium Reduction Cells 791

Pascal Lavoie and Mark P. Taylor

Approach of the Molten Salt Chemistry for Aluminium Production: High

Temperature NMR Measurements, Molecular Dynamics and DFT
Calculations 799
Kelly Machado, Didier Zanghi, Vincent Sarou-Kanian,
Sylvian Cadars, Mario Burbano, Mathieu Salanne,
and Catherine Bessada

xiii
Electrochemical Study of Colbalt in Urea and Choline Chloride 807
Min Li, Zhongning Shi, Zhaowen Wang, and Ramana G. Reddy

The Current Efficiency for Aluminium Deposition from Molten Fluoride

Electrolytes with Dissolved Alumina 817
Geir Martin Haarberg

Recycling and Reuse of Slag and Dust

Dissolution Mechanisms of Nutrient Elements from Steelmaking Slag into
Seawater 829
Hiroyuki Matsuura, Qian Zhou, Fuminori Katabe, Likun Zang,
Guohua Zhang, and Fumitaka Tsukihashi

Effects of Three Types of Iron and Steel Slag on Fresh and Hardened
Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement 837
Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Shahnavaz Eilbeigi,
and Mohammad Reza Nilforoushan

Modification of BOF Slag for Cement Manufacturing 847

Joao B. Ferreira Neto, Catia Fredericci, Joao O. G. Faria,
Fabiano F. Chotoli, Tiago R. Ribeiro, Antonio Malynowskyj,
Andre N.L. Silva, ValdecirA. Quarcioni, and Andre A. Lotto

Reaction between Synthesized Calcium Aluminates and Cr 2 0 3 in Air

and C 0 2 855
Shengqiang Song andAndrie Garbers-Craig

Immobilization of Hexavalent Chromium in Stainless Steelmaking Slag 865

Ryo Lnoue, Yoshiya Sato, Yasushi Takasaki,
andAtsushi Shibayama

Smelting Reduction of Bottom Ash in Presence of Liquid Steel Bath for

Recovery of Aluminium 873
A.K. Mandal and O.P. Sinha

A Review of Slag Chemistry in Lead Recycling 879

Doug Schriner, Patrick Taylor, and Joseph Grogan

Characterization and Recovery of Valuables from Waste Copper

Smelting Slag 889
Sarfo Prince, Jamie Young, Guojun Ma, and Courtney Young

xiv
Development of Secondary Antimony Oxides from Metallurgical Slags for
the Application in Plastic Products 899
Florian Binz and Bernd Friedrich

Improving the Dissolution of Phosphorus from 2 C a 0 S i 0 2 - 3 C a 0 P 2 0 5

Solid Solution in Aqueous Solutions 909
Chuan-ming Du, Xu Gao, Sun-joong Kim, Shigeru Ueda,
and Shin-ya Kitamura

Thermodynamics: Non-Ferrous Production

Chromium Distribution between Liquid Slag and Matte Phases 919
R Hurman Eric

Thermophysical Property Measurements of Molten Slag and Welding Flux

by Aerodynamic Levitator 929
Kenta Onodera, Airi Nakamura, Shinya Hakamada,
Masahito Watanabe, and Florian Kargl

Solubility of CaO and A1 2 0 3 in Metallic Copper Saturated Molten Phase 937

Joseph Hamuyuni and Pekka Taskinen

Integrated Experimental and Modelling Research for Non-Ferrous

Smelting and Recycling Systems 947
Evgueni Jak, Taufiq Hidayat, Denis Shishin,
Ata Fallah Mehrjardi, Jiang Chen, Sergei Decterov,
and Peter Hayes

Experimental Study of Slag/Matte/Metal/Tridymite Four Phase Equilibria

and Minor Elements Distribution in "Cu-Fe-Si-S-O" System by
Quantitative Microanalysis Techniques 961
Jeff (Jiang) Chen, Charlotte Allen, Peter C. Hayes,
and Evgueni Jak

Experimental Determination of the Liquidus Surface (1473 K) in

Cu-Zn0-Si0 2 -0 System at Various Oxygen Partial Pressures 971
Longgong Xia, Zhihong Liu, and Pekka Antero Taskinen

Liquidus Measurement of Te-0-Na 2 0-Si0 2 System between 1000

and 1200 C in Equilibrium with Air 979
Lmam Santoso and Pekka Taskinen

xv
 Industrial Applications: Steel
Kinetics of Phosphorus Mass Transfer and the Interfacial Oxygen Potential
for Bloated Metal Droplets during Oxygen Steelmaking 989
Kezhuan Gu, Neslihan Dogan, and Kenneth S. Coley

Physical Modelling of the Effect of Slag and Top-Blowing on Mixing in

the AOD Process 999
Tim Haas, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Aki Kama, ErikIsohookana,
Petri Sulasalmi, Rauf Hurman Erig, Herbert Pfeifer,
and Timo Fabritius

3D CFD Modeling of the LMF System: Desulfurization Kinetics 1009

Qing Cao, April Pitts, Daojie Zhang, Laurentiu Nastac,
and Robert Williams

Slag Formation - Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects and Mechanisms .... 1017
Lauri Holappa and Yilmaz Kagar

Effects of Various Slag Systems on Metal/Slag Separation of CCA

and Slag Composition on Desulfurization and Dephosphorization of
Iron Nugget 1025
Ji-Ook Park and Sung-Mo Jung

Use of Al-killed Ladle Furnace Slag in Si-killed Steel Process to Reduce

Lime Consumption, Improve Slag Fluidity 1031
Narottam Behera, Ahmad Raddadi, Shahreer Ahmad,
Neeraj Tewari, and Othman Zeghaibi

Refractories
Influence of Physical Properties of Slag and Operational Parameters on
Slag Splashing Process in an Oxygen Converter 1043
Paula Maria Gomes Cunha Leao, Eliana Ferreira Rodrigues,
Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva,
and Varadarajan Seshadri

Corrosion Mechanisms in Refractory Castables by Liquid Oxides 1053

L. Tadeo Ibarra, AM. Guzman, D.I. Martinez,
and G. Alan Castillo

Viscous Behavior of Alumina and Titania in Amphoteric Slags and Their

Influence on Refractory Corrosion 1063
Frank Kaufien and Bernd Friedrich

xvi
Phase Chemistry Study of the Interactions between Slag and Refractory
in Coppermaking Processes 1071
Ata Fallah Mehrjardi, Peter C. Hayes, Turarbek Azekenov,
Leonid Ushkov, and Evgueni Jak

The Study of Molten Liquid - Refractory Interactions - It Is All about the

Phase(s) 1077
Andrie Garbers-Craig

Effect of Slag Impregnation on Macroscopic Deformation of

Bauxite-based Material 1093
Antoine Coulon, Emmanuel De Bilbao, Rudy Michel,
Marie-Laure Bouchetou, Severine Brassamin, Camille Gazeau,
Didier Zanghi, and Jacques Poirer

Corrosion Resistances of Cr-Free Refractories to Copper Smelting Slags ....1101

Mao Chen, Junhong Chen, and Baojun Zhao

Gasification Slag and the Mechanisms by Which Phosphorus Additions

Reduce Slag Wear and Corrosion in High Cr 2 0 3 Refractories 1109
James Bennett, Anna Nakano, Jinichiro Nakano,
and Hugh Thomas

Additional Technical Papers

A High Temperature Double Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry Study of
Gas Species Evolved from Coal-Petcoke Mixed Feedstock Slags 1119
Jinichiro Nakano, Takashi Nagai, James Bennett, Anna Nakano,
and Kazuki Morita

An Assessment of Slag Eye Formation Using Mathematical and Physical

Modeling 1127
Augusto Pereira de Sa, Filipe de Menezes Torres,
Carlos Antonio da Silva, Itavahn Alves da Silva,
and Varadarajan Seshadri

An Effect of Phosphorus Gas Generated in Slagging Gasifiers on Pt-Rh

Sensor Degradation 1135
Anna Nakano, Jinichiro Nakano, and James Bennett

An Experimental Study of Viscosity inFe0-Si02-V 2 0 3 -Ti02 System 1143

Shiyuan Liu, Lijun Wang, and Kuo-chih Chou

xvii
Capturing and Condensation of SiO Gas from Industrial Si Furnace 1153
Ksiazek Michal, Gradahl Svencl, Rotevant, Eirik Andersen,
and Wittgens Bernd

Corrosion Testing of Zirconia, Beryllia and Magnesia Ceramics in Molten

Alkali Metal Carbonates at 900°C 1161
Valery Kaplan and Igor Lubomirsky

Density, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure and Thermal Conductivity of MgCl 2

+ Mg Salts 1169
Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy

Development of "Slag-Remaining+Double-Slag" BOF Steelmaking

Technology in Shougang Co 1177
Haibo Li, Yanchun Lu, GuosenZhu, and Xinhua Wang

Effect of Basicity on Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Slag Solidification

Microstructure and Mineralogy 1185
Chunwei Liu, Muxing Guo, Lieven Pandelaers, Bart Blanpain,
and Shuigen Huang

Effect of Slag Prepared with Different Cooling Methods on Cleanliness

of Bearing Steel GCrl5 1191
Dong-ping Zhan, Yang-peng Zhang, Lei Tang, Kun Fan,
Zhou-hua Jiang, and Hui-shu Zhang

Effect of Zr Inhibitor on Corrosion of Haynes 230 and NS-163 Alloys in

FLiNaK 1199
Yuxiang Peng and Ramana G. Reddy

Experimental Study of Gas/Slag/Matte/Spinel Equilibria and Minor

Elements Partitioning in the Cu-Fe-O-S-Si System 1207
Taufiq Hidayat, Ata FMehrjardi, Peter C Hayes,
and Evgueni Jak

Experimental Study of Liquidus of the "Fe0"-Si0 2 -Pb0 Slags in

Equilibrium with Air and with Metallic Lead 1221
Maksym Shevchenko, Taufiq Hidayat, Peter C Hayes,
and Evgueni Jak

Formation of Copper Sulfide Precipitate in Solid Iron 1229

Kentaro Urata and Yoshinao Kobayashi

xviii
Integrated Heat Recovery and Material Recycling from Hot Slags:
Toward Energy Saving and Emission Reduction 1237
Yongqi Sun, Zuotai Zhang, and Seetharaman Sridhar

Interfacial Phenomena and Thermophysical Properties of Molten Steel

and Oxides 1245
Masahito Watanabe, Kenta Onodera, Shoya Ueno,
Takao Tsukada, Toshihiro Tanaka, Haruka Tamaru,
and Takehiko Ishikawa

Investigation of Molten Salt Phase Formation during Alkali Roasting of

Titaniferous Minerals with Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide 1253
S. Parirenyatwa, L. Escudero-Castejon, S. Sanchez-Segado,
Y. Hara, and A. Jha

Precipitation Behavior of Titanium Bearing Blast Furnace Slag 1261

Meilong Hu, Zhengfeng Qu, Xuewei Lv, and Yunhua Gan

Production of Ceramic Balls by High Temperature Atomization of Mine

Wastes 1271
Hyunsik Park, Minchul Ha, Dong-hyo Yang, Jeong-soo Sohn,
and Joohyun Park

Properties of Bayer Red Mud Based Flux and Its Application in the
Steelmaking Process 1277
Yanling Zhang, Fengshan Li, and Ruimin Wang

Reduction Behavior of Assmang and Comilog Ore in the SiMn Process 1285
Pyunghwa Peace Kim, Joakim Holtan, and Merete Tangstad

Regeneration of WC-Co Nanopowders via Sodiothermic Reduction in

Molten Salts 1293
Na Wang, Xue-Mei Liu, Li-Hua Chai, Jinyu Wu,
andXuyang Shen

Rheological Behavior of Fayalite Based Secondary Copper Smelter Slag

in Iron Saturation 1301
Huayue Shi, Liugang Chen, Annelies Malfliet, Tom Peter Jones,
Bart Blanpain, and Muxing Guo

Silicon and Manganese Partition between Slag and Metal Phases and Their
Activities Pertinent to Ferromanganese and Silicomanganese Production ....1309
Hakan Cengizler and R Hurman Eric

xix
Stability of Fluorine-Free Mould Fluxes Si02-Ca0-Al 2 0 3 -B 2 03-Na 2 0
for Steel Continuous Casting 1319
Lin Wang, Jianqiang Zhang, Yasushi Sasaki, Oleg Ostrovski,
Chen Zhang, and Dexiang Cai

Study of MnO Activity in Ca0-Si0 2 -Mn0-Al 2 0 3 -Mg0 Slags 1327

Jun Tao, Dongdong Guo, Baijun Yan, and Longmei Wang

Study on Electrical Conductivity of Ca0-Si0 2 -Al 2 0 3 -Fe0 x Slags 1335

Guo-Hua Zhang, Jun-Hao Liu, and Kuo-Chih Chou

The Distribution Rules of Element and Compound of Cobalt/Iron/Copper

in the Converter Slag of Copper Smelting Process 1343
Hongxu Li, Ke Du, Shi Sun, Jiaqi Fan, and Chao Li

The Management of Lead Concentrate Acquisition in "Trepca" 1351

Ahmet Haxhiaj, Maoming Fan, and Bajram Haxhiaj

The Mineral Constitution and Leachability Characteristics of Dusts from

Different Lead Smelting Furnace 1359
Hongxu Li, YangXie, Chao Li, Zhaobo Liu,
and Mengmeng Huang

The Wetting Behavior of CrMnNi Steel on Mg-PSZ as a Function of

Phosphorous, Sulphur and Titanium Content 1371
Tobias Dubberstein, Hans-Peter Heller, Claudia Wenzel,
and Christos G. Aneziris

Thermodynamic Modelling of Liquid Slag-Matte-Metal Equilibria

Applied to the Simulation of the Peirce-Smith Converter 1379
Denis Shishin, Taufiq Hidayat, Sergei Decterov, and Evgueni Jak

Thermodynamics of the 2CaOSiC) 2 -3CaOP 2 0 5 Solid Solution at

Steelmaking Temperature 1389
Hiroyuki Matsuura, Ming Zhong, Xu Gao,
and Fumitaka Tsukihashi

Understanding Phase Equilibria in Slags Containing Vanadium 1397

Jinichiro Nakano, Marc Duchesne, James Bennett, Anna Nakano,
Robin Hughes, and In-Ho Jung

xx
Vanadium Oxidation State Determination by X-ray Absorption
Spectroscopy 1405
Marc A. Duchesne, Jinichiro Nakano, Yongfeng Hu,
Aimee MacLennan, Robin W. Hughes, James Bennett,
and Anna Nakano

Author Index 1413

Subject Index 1419

xxi
 PREFACE

The Tenth International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN16)
was held in Seattle, Washington, USAfromMay 22-25,2016 and organized by TMS
(The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society). The conference purpose was to provide
an opportunity for scientists and engineers to share their new research findings,
innovations, and industrial technological developments. The conference also aligns
quite well with the TMS strategic goal to sustain and grow the core innovation
in process engineering and to develop novel materials. The organizers are
pleased to conclude that the set strategic goals were met and a very high-quality
technical program with the participation of expert researchers in the field was held.
The conference was focused on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy where ionic
melts, slags, fluxes, or salts play important roles in industrial growth and economy
worldwide. Technical topics included are: thermodynamic properties and phase
diagrams and kinetics of slags, fluxes, and salts; physical properties of slags, fluxes,
and salts; structural studies of slags; interfacial and process phenomena involving
foaming, bubble formation, and drainage; slag recycling, refractory erosion/corrosion,
and freeze linings; and recycling and utilization of metallurgical slags and models
and their applications in process improvement and optimization. These topics are
of interest for not only traditional ferrous and non-ferrous metal industrial processes
but also for new and upcoming technologies.

Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts

Oral and Poster Presentations

xxiii
The program consisted of parallel sessions for all three days of technical programming.
The conference included 185 oral presentations and 65 poster presentations. Plenary
and invited talks in specialized topics were presented. Thirty nations participated in
this conference. The distribution of submitted abstracts by nation is shown in the pie
chart on the previous page.
We would like to thank all speakers and attendees for their valuable time in making
presentations and actively participating in the symposium. We specially thank all
the committee members and session chairs for their help in making this symposium
successful.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the TMS leadership and staff
for their support and dedication. All services in support of the conference, including
but not limited to marketing, logistical management, timeline management, website
design and development, web-based registration system, abstract collection,
conference proceedings production and manufacturing provided by TMS staff is very
much appreciated. We thank Louise Wallach, Senior Manager, Events, Education,
and Exhibits for organizing the several social programs for all participants and their
companions. We particularly thank Trudi Dunlap, Programming Manager, for her
undivided attention to details in organizing the sessions and publication of conference
proceedings.

Sincerely,
Ramana Reddy, Conference Chair
The University of Alabama
Pinakin Chaubal, Co-chair
ArcelorMittal USA, Global R&D
P. Chris Pistorius, Co-chair
Carnegie Mellon University
Uday Pal, Co-chair
Boston University

xxiv
 CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEES

CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS
Ramana Reddy, Conference Chair, The University of Alabama, USA
Pinakin Chaubal, ArcelorMittal, USA
P. Chris Pistorius, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Uday Pal, Boston University, USA

HONORARY ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Rob Boom, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
Kuo-Chih Chou, University of Science and Technology of China, China
Richard J. Fruehan, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Mitsutaka Hino, Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan
Lauri Holappa, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Hurman Eric, Wits University, South Africa
Sharif Jahanshahi, Metal-Logical Solutions, Australia
Ken C. Mills, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Mario Sanchez, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
Seshadri Seetharaman, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Sunday Abraham, Andre Luiz Vasconcellos

SSAB Americas, USA
. , . .„
Antoine Allanore,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
USA
Chen Guang Bai,
Chongqing University, China
Wagner Viana Bielefeldt,
Federal University of Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil
da Costa e Silva,
Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
Neslihan Dogan,
McMaster University, Canada
Jonkion Font,
Codelco, Chile
Andrie Garbers-Craig,
University of Pretoria, South Africa

XXV
 Bora Derin,
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Bjorn Glaser,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Sweden
Animesh Jha,
University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Rodney Jones,
Mintek, South Africa
Sung-Mo Jung,
Postech, Korea
Venkat Kamavaram,
Oceanit, USA
Miroslaw Karbowniczek,
AGH University of Science and
Technology, Poland
Pallava Kaushik,
ArcelorMittal, USA
Zi-Kui Liu,
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Siddhartha Misra,
Tata Steel, India
Kazuki Morita,
University of Tokyo, Japan
R.D. Morales,
Institute Politecnico Nacional-ESIQIE,
Mexico
Jinichiro Nakano,
National Energy Technology
Laboratory Albany, USA
Neale R Neelameggham,
IND LLC, USA
Vaibhav V. Nikam,
ConocoPhillips Company, USA
xxvi
Sutham Niyomwas,
Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
Viswanathan Nurni,
Indian Institute of Technology, India
Torn H. Okabe,
University of Tokyo, Japan
Ronald O'Malley,
Missouri University of Science and
Technology, USA
Rafael Padilla,
University of Conception, Chile
Suresh Chandra Panda,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
Joo Hyun Park,
Hanyang University, Korea
Arthur D. Pelton,
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal,
Canada
Ray D. Peterson,
Real Alloy, USA
Eugene Pretorius,
Nucor, USA
Fernando Puchi,
Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
Eli Ringdalen,
Sintef, Norway
Gudrun Saevarsdottir,
Reykjavik University, Iceland
Mark E. Schlesinger,
Missouri University of Science and
Technology, USA
William Slye,
Vesuvius, USA
 Merete Tangstad, Onuralp Yucel,
Norwegian University of Science and Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Technology, Norway
Jiayun Zhang,
Gabriella Tranell, University of Science and Technology
Norwegian University of Science and Beijing, China
Technology, Norway
Jieyu Zhang,
Prabhat K. Tripathy, Shanghai University, China
Idaho National Laboratory, USA
Mingming Zhang,
Maurits Van Camp, ArcelorMittal, USA
Umicore Research, Belgium
Wen Hai Zhang,
Somnath Basil Jiangxi University of Science and
Indian Institute of Technology, India Technology, China

Cong Wang, Johan Zietsman,

Northeastern University, China University of Pretoria, South Africa
Bryan Webler,
Carnegie Mellon University, USA

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Gerardo R E Alvear, Andre Luiz Vasconcellos

Xstrata Technology, Australia da Costa e Silva,
Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
N. Bharath Ballal,
Indian Institute of Technology, India Rian Dippenaar,
University of Wollongong, Australia
Mansoor Barati,
University of Toronto, Canada Sichen Du,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Bo Bjorkman,
Sweden
Lulea University of Technology,
Sweden I.J. Geldenhhuys,
Mintek, South Africa
Bart Blanpain,
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Zhancheng Guo,
Belgium University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China
Patrice Chartrand,
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Geir Martin Haarberg,
Canada Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway
Ken Coley,
McMaster University, Canada

xx-vii
 Peter Hayes, Piotr Scheller,
The University of Queensland, Freiberg University of Mining and
Australia Technology, Germany
Juan Patricio Ibanez, Sridhar Seetharaman,
Technical University Santa Maria, University of Warwick, United
Chile Kingdom
Evgueni Jak, Evgeniy Selivanov,
The University of Queensland, Ural Division of the Russian Academy
Australia of Sciences, Russia
Par Jonsson, Volodymyr Shatokha,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, National Metallurgical Academy of
Sweden Ukraine, Ukraine
In-Ho Jung, H.Y. Sohn,
McGill University, Canada University of Utah, USA
Shinya Kitamura, Valentina Stolyarova,
Tohoku University, Japan Saint Petersburg State University,
Russia
Florian Kongoli,
Flogen Technologies Inc., Canada Toshihiro Tanaka,
Osaka University, Japan
Jakob Lamut,
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Pekka Taskinen,
Aalto University, Finland
Xionggang Lu,
Shanghai Science and Technology Patrick Taylor,
Institute, China Colorado School of Mines, USA
Marcelo Breda Mourao, Xi-Dong Wang,
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Peking University, China
Joo Hyun Park, Lifeng Zhang,
Hanyang University, Korea University of Science and Technology
Beijing, China
Veena Sahajwalla,
University of New South Wales, Zivan Zivkovic,
Australia University of Belgrade, Russia
Yasushi Sasaki,
Pohang University of Science and
Technology, Korea

xxviii
 PROCEEDINGS REVIEWERS

Andre Luiz Vasconcellos Gudrun Saevarsdottir,

da Costa e Silva, Reykjavik University, Iceland
Federal University Fluminense, Brazil
Guy Fredrickson,
Andrie Garbers-Craig, Idaho National Laboratory
University of Pretoria, South Africa
I.J. Geldenhhuys,
Antoine Allanore, Mintek, South Africa
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
In-Ho Jung,
USA
McGill University, Canada
Arthur D. Pelton,
Jakob Lamut,
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal,
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Canada
Jinichiro Nakano,
Bjorn Glaser,
National Energy Technology
KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
Laboratory Albany, USA
Sweden
Johan Zietsman,
Bo Bjdrkman,
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Lulea University of Technology,
Sweden Jonkion Font,
Codelco, Chile
Bryan Webler,
Carnegie Mellon University, USA Joohyun Park,
Hanyang University, Korea
Chenguang Bai,
Chongqing University, China Judith Gomez,
National Renewable Energy
Eli Ringdalen,
Laboratory, USA
Sintef, Norway
Marcelo Breda Mourao,
Evgueni Jak,
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
The University of Queensland,
Australia Mark E. Schlesinger,
Missouri University of Science and
Gabriella Tranell,
Technology, USA
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway Maurits Van Camp,
Umicore Research, Belgium
Geir Martin Haarberg,
Norwegian University of Science and Merete Tangstad,
Technology, Norway Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Norway
Gerardo R E Alvear,
Xstrata Technology, Australia
 Mingming Zhang,
ArcelorMittal, USA
Miroslaw Karbowniczek,
AGH University of Science and
Technology, Poland
N. Bharath Ballal,
Indian Institute of Technology, India
Neale R. Neelameggham,
IND LLC, USA
Neslihan Dogan,
McMaster University, Canada
Pallava Kaushik,
ArcelorMittal, USA
Patrick Taylor,
Colorado School of Mines, USA
Pekka Taskinen,
Aalto University, Finland
Peter Hayes,
The University of Queensland,
Australia
Prabhat K. Tripathy,
Idaho National Laboratory,
Ray D. Peterson,
Real Alloy, USA
Rian Dippenaar,
University of Wollongong, Australia
Siddhartha Misra,
Tata Steel, India
Somnath Basu,
Indian Institute of Technology, India
Sunday Abraham,
SSAB Americas, USA
Suresh Chandra Parida,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
Valentina Stolyarova,
Saint Petersburg State University,
Russia
Viswanathan Nurni,
Indian Institute of Technology, India
Wagner Viana Bielefeldt,
Federal University of Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil
William Slye,
Vesuvius, USA
 Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and Salts: Proceedings of The 10th International
Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN16)
Edited by: Ramana G. Reddy, Pinakin Chaubal, P. Chris Pistorius, and Uday Pal
TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2016

ADVANCES IN MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES, A N D SALTS:
Proceedings of

ijuiku.qg
THE 10 t h INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

MOLTEN
SLAGS, FLUXES A N D SALTS

Plenary Session
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Vitriniconus 16
Sitala 2
Kaliella 8
Trochomorpha 21
Endodonta 1
Plectopylis 3
Plectotropis 1
Aulacospira 3
Pupisoma 1
Satsuma 2
Dorcasia 2
Chloritis 7
Obbina 19
Papuina 1
Phoenicobius 7
Cochlostyla 247
Amphidromus 2
Hapalus (?) 4
Hypselostoma 1
Pupa 4
Clausilia 1
Subulina 3
Prosopeas 2
Opeas 4
Geostilbia 1
Tornalellina 1
Succinea 3
Vaginula 2
Ancylus 1
Limnaea 3
Planorbis 3
Physa 2
Melania 50
Pirena 2
Bithynia 1
Vivipara 7
Ampullaria 5
Acmella 2
Diplommatina 41
Arinia 6
Pupina 5
Registoma 7
Hargreavesia 1
 Callia 2
Pupinella 3
Helicomorpha 4
Coptochilus 1
Alycaeus 1
Leptopoma 42
Lagochilus 11
Cyclophorus 31
Ditropis 7
Cyathopoma 5
Cyclotus 19
Omphalotropis 3
Helicina 18
Georissa 3
Anodonta 1
Cyrena 3
Corbicula 7
Islands adjacent to the Philippines.—The Philippines are
connected with Borneo by two distinct ridges or banks of elevation,
which enclose between them the Soo-loo or Mindoro Sea. There can
be little doubt that these ridges represent the ancient highway of
transit, by which Indo-Malay species passed into the Philippines. The
depth of the sea on either side is profound, ranging from an average
of about 1000 fathoms west of Palawan to 2550 off the south-west
coast of Mindanao.
It appears that the fauna of the Soo-loo ridge is definitely
Philippine up to and including Bongao, Sibutu, and Bilatan, the last
islands at the Bornean end of the ridge. On these are found two
species of Cochlostyla and an Obbina.
The Palawan ridge may also be described as more or less
Philippine throughout. One species of Cochlostyla occurs on
Balabac, just north of Borneo, and two on Palawan, but these are
perhaps counterbalanced by the definitely Indo-Malay Amphidromus
and Opisthoporus (1 sp. each). At the northern end of the ridge, on
Busuanga and Calamian, the Philippine element predominates.
Representatives of two remarkable groups of Helix (Camaena and
Phoenicobius) occur along the Palawan ridge and in Mindoro. The
Phoenicobius find their nearest allies in the curious small group
known as Obba, from N. Celebes, the Camaena possibly in a type of
Helix (Hadra) occurring in New Guinea and N.E. Australia. The only
other Helix from the whole of the E. Indies which bears any
resemblance to the Phoenicobius group is H. codonodes Pfr., which
is peculiar to the Nicobars. A few forms assigned to Camaena also
occur in Further India and Siam. It would appear possible, therefore,
that these two isolated groups are a sort of survival of a fauna which
perhaps had once a much more extended range.
(2) The Chinese Sub-region.—The Chinese Sub-region includes
the whole of China from its southern frontier up to and including the
basin of the Blue or Yang-tse River, together with the coast district,
including Corea, perhaps as far north as Vladivostok, and the
outlying islands of Hainan, Formosa, the Loo-Choo and Bonin
groups, and Japan to the north of Niphon. It may be divided into two
provinces, the Chinese and the Japanese.
(a) The fauna of the Chinese province proper bears, in many
respects, strong marks of relationship to that of India and Siam. Thus
Streptaxis, Helicarion, Macrochlamys, Kaliella, Sitala, Ariophanta,
Rhysota, Hemiplecta, Diplommatina, Opisthoporus, Pterocyclus,
Lagochilus, and Alycaeus all occur, especially in Southern China.
The two points in which the sub-region bears special marks of
individuality are Helix and Clausilia. The sub-genera of Helix which
have their metropolis in China are Satsuma, Cathaica, Aegista,
Acusta, Euhadra, Plectotropis, and Plectopylis. Sinistral forms
(compare Fig. 213) are rather prevalent. In several cases—e.g.
Trichia, Gonostoma, Fruticicola—there is a reappearance of forms
which appear to belong to well-known European sub-genera.
Clausilia here attains a kind of second centre of distribution, and is
represented by its finest forms, which belong to several peculiar sub-
genera. The carnivorous Mollusca are not abundant, and are
represented by Rathouisia (a peculiar genus of naked slug), Ennea,
and Streptaxis. In the western provinces Buliminus is abundant in
several sub-genera, one of which appears to be the European
Napaeus.
 Fig. 213.—Helix
(Camaena) cicatricosa
Müll., China.
There is little which is striking in the operculates, which are most
abundant in the south, and appear to be mainly derived from Indian
and Siamese sources. The occurrence of Helicina (3 sp.),
Omphalotropis (1), Leptopoma (2), and Realia (2), is evidence of
some influence from the far East. Heudeia is a very remarkable and
quite peculiar form of Helicina with internal plicae, perhaps akin to
the Central American Ceres.
Fresh-water genera are exceedingly abundant, especially
Melania, Unio, and Anodonta. The occurrence of Mycetopus (a
South-American genus) is remarkable. There are several peculiar
forms of fresh-water operculates, whose exact position is hardly yet
assured.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Chinese Province
Rathouisia 1
Streptaxis 7
Ennea 12
Parmarion 2
Helicarion 15
Euplecta 3
Macrochlamys 19
Microcystina 2
Microcystis 7
Kaliella 16
Sitala 8
Ariophanta 1
Rhysota 5
Hemiplecta 1
Trochomorpha 2
Limax 1
Philomycus 1
Patula 2
Gonostoma 4
Metodontia 2
Vallonia 1
Plectotropis 9
Fruticicola 11
Satsuma 14
Trichia 10
Cathaica 22
Aegista 10
Armandia 3
Acusta 15
Obbina 1
Camaena 5
Euhadra 14
Plectopylis 19
Stegodera 6
Chloritis 1
Hel. Inc. sed. 39
Buliminus 21
Buliminopsis 3
Buliminidius 3
Napaeus 14
Rachis (?) 4
Pupa 10
Clausilia 102
Opeas 12
Euspiraxis 1
Subulina 5
Stenogyra (?) 12
Succinea 8
Vaginula 7
Limnaea 2
Planorbis 6
Melania 44
Paludomus 3
Bithynia 12
Lithoglyphus 3
Melantho (?) 1
Pachydrobia 1
Prososthenia 2
 Stenothyra 2
Hydrobia 2
Mecongia 1
Oncomelania 9
Margaracya 1
Rivularia 4
Delavaya 1
Fenouillia 1
Vivipara 34
Diplommatina 20
Pupina 6
Alycaeus 23
Leptopoma 2
Lagochilus 10
Cyclophorus 18
Coelopoma 1
Pterocyclus 3
Opisthoporus 4
Cyclotus 10
Scabrina 4
Ptychopoma 12
Omphalotropis 1
Realia 2
Pseudopomatias 1
Helicina 3
Georissa 4
Heudeia 1
Cyclas 1
Corbicula 50
Unio 53
Monocondylaea 1
Anodonta 55
Mycetopus 12
Pseudodon 1
Dipsas 4

The island of Hainan, in the extreme south of the sub-region, has

40 species of Mollusca, 22 of which are peculiar, but there is no
peculiar genus.
The Mollusca of Formosa, although in many cases specifically
distinct, show close generic relationship with those of China. The
characteristic Chinese groups of Helix and Clausilia occur, and there
is still a considerable Indian element in several species of Streptaxis,
Macrochlamys, Kaliella, and Alycaeus. The occurrence of two
Amphidromus, a genus which, though Siamese, is not found in
China or Hainan, is remarkable.
The peninsula of Corea must undoubtedly be included in the
Chinese sub-region. It is true that the land operculates scarcely
occur, but there are still a number of Clausilia, and several of the
characteristic Chinese groups of Helix are reproduced. In some
points Corea appears to show more affinity to Japan than to China,
four of the Helices being specifically identical with those of Japan,
but the peninsula is at present too little explored for any
generalisations to be made as to its fauna in this respect.
(b) Japanese Province.—Kobelt distinguishes four groups of
Mollusca inhabiting Japan (a) circumpolar species, actually occurring
in Europe, Siberia, or N. America, or represented by nearly allied
species (these of course do not belong to the Japanese province as
such); (b) Indo-tropical species; (c) species which are Chinese or
akin to Chinese; (d) peculiar species, a mixture of two forms,
southern and northern, the latter being chiefly Hyalinia, Patula, and
Fruticicola. Out of a total of 193 Japanese species, at least 164 are
peculiar.
The Japanese Helices belong to sub-genera common to China
(Plectotropis 8, Euhadra 21, Acusta 23?); but the Naninidae scarcely
occur at all. The principal feature of the fauna is the development of
Clausilia, which presents some extraordinarily fine forms. One slug
(Philomycus) is identical with an Indian species. The operculates,
which consist mainly of a few species each of Diplommatina,
Cyclophorus, Pupinella, Pupina, Helicina, and Georissa, belong
almost exclusively to the southern islands Kiu-siu, Sikoku, and
southern Niphon. The three species usually reckoned as Japonia are
probably forms of Lagochilus.

C. The Australasian Region

This region includes all the islands of the Pacific east of the
Moluccas, and falls into three sub-regions—the Papuan, the
Australian, and the Polynesian.
1. The Papuan Sub-region may be divided into—(a) the Papuan
Province proper, which includes New Guinea, with the Aru Is. and
Waigiou, the Admiralty Is., New Ireland, New Britain, and the
d’Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Groups; (b) the Queensland
Province, or the strip of N.E. Australia from C. York to the Clarence
R. (about 29° S. lat.); (c) the Melanesian Province, which includes
the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, with the Loyalty Is. and the Viti
Is. The Solomons form a transition district between the Papuan and
Melanesian provinces, abounding on the one hand in characteristic
Papuan Helices, while on the other they form the north-western limit
of Placostylus, the group especially characteristic of the Melanesian
province.
(a) The Papuan Province.—The molluscan fauna of New Guinea
is the richest and by far the most original of all the Australasian
region. We find ourselves, almost in a moment, in a district full of
new and peculiar forms. New Guinea may be regarded as the
metropolis of the rich Helicidan fauna, which is also characteristic of
the Moluccas to the west, of N. and N.E. Australia to the south and
south-east, and of the Solomons and other groups to the north-east.
Here abound species of Papuina and Insularia (the latter being quite
peculiar), among which are found, if not the largest, certainly the
most finished forms of all existing Helices. Chloritis (13 sp.),
Planispira (5), and Cristigibba (9) are common with the Moluccas,
while a tropical Australian element is shown in Pedinogyra (1) and
Hadra (4). Very remarkable, too, is the occurrence of one species of
Obbina and Rhysota, genera which culminate in the Philippines and
here find their most eastward extension; while a single Corasia
serves to form a link between the Corasia of the Philippines and
those of the Solomon Is., if the latter are true Corasia.
We naturally find considerable traces of a Polynesian element,
which appears to be principally characteristic of the eastern part of
the island. Most noteworthy in this respect is the occurrence of
Partula (3), Tornatellina (1), Charopa (1), Thalassia (3). As compared
with the true Pulmonata, the operculates are feebly represented, and
the great majority are of a markedly Polynesian type. Not a single
Cyclophorus occurs; Lagochilus, Alycaeus, and all the tubed
operculates, so marked a feature of the Indo-Malay fauna, are
conspicuous by their absence, and the prevailing genera are
Cyclotus, Helicina, and a number of sections of Pupina. Leptopoma,
as in the Philippines, is strongly represented. Not that an Indo-Malay
element is altogether absent. We still have Xesta (5), Hemiplecta (8),
and even Sitala (2), but the great predominance of Helix seems to
have barred the progress, for the greater part, of the Indian
Naninidae.
The slugs appear to be represented by a solitary Vaginula. A
single Perrieria is a very marked feature of union with Queensland,
where the only other existing species (P. australis) occurs. The
solitary Rhytida, so far the only representative of the carnivorous
group of snails, emphasises this union still further. Little is known of
the fresh-water fauna. Melania (28 sp.) is predominant, but on the
whole the relations are Australian rather than Indo-Malay. Ampullaria
is wanting, while a decisive point of similarity is the occurrence of
Isidora (3 sp.), a genus entirely strange to the Oriental region, but
markedly characteristic of the Australasian.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of New Guinea
Rhytida 1
Helicarion 2
Rhysota 1
Hemiplecta 11
Xesta 2
Microcystis 3
Microcystina 2
Sitala 2
Oxytes (?) 2
Conulus 1
Trochomorpha 8
Nanina (?) 3
Charopa 1
Thalassia 3
Ochthephila(?) 1
Chloritis 13
Planispira 5
Cristigibba 9
 Insularia 17
Obbina 1
Albersia 3
Hadra 4
Pedinogyra 1
Papuina 35
Corasia (?) 1
Bulimus (?) 1
Calycia 4
Partula 3
Pupa 1
Stenogyra 1
Tornatellina 1
Perrieria 1
Succinea 1
Vaginula 1
Limnaea 2
Isidora 3
Melania 28
Faunus 1
Vivipara 4
Diplommatina 1
Pupina 4
Pupinella 3
Omphalotropis 2
Bellardiella 2
Leptopoma 16
Cyclotus 5
Cyclotropis 5
Helicina 15
Unio 4
Cyrena 3
Corbicula 1
Batissa 8
Waigiou is practically a part of New Guinea. Twelve genera and
twenty species of Mollusca are known, eight of the latter being
peculiar. The occurrence of Papuina, Insularia, and Calycia
sufficiently attest its Papuan relationship. Two species each of
Albersia, Chloritis, and Planispira occur.[372]
 The Aru Is. are, as we should expect from their position, and
particularly from the configuration of the adjacent sea bottom (see
map), markedly Papuan. At the same time they show unmistakable
signs of long-continued separation from the parent island, for of their
36 land Mollusca 15, and of their 20 fresh-water Mollusca 9 are
peculiar. The Papuan element consists in the presence of Papuina,
Albersia, and Cristigibba. Moluccan influence is not absent, for the
three Helicina, the Albersia, and one Cyclotus are all Moluccan
species. The fresh-water fauna appears to be a mixture of varied
elements. The single Segmentina is common to India, the
Glaucomya to Malacca and the Philippines, while the single Batissa
is also found in New Zealand.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Aru Islands
Xesta 4
Microcystis 1
Hyalinia(?) 1
Trochomorpha 1
Patula 1
Eulota 1
Chloritis 5
Cristigibba 2
Albersia 1
Papuina 4
Pupa 2
Stenogyra 2
Planorbis 1
Segmentina 1
Melania 14
Leptopoma 3
Moussonia 1
Realia 1
Cyclotus 3
Helicina 3
Cyrena 2
Glaucomya 1
Batissa 1
The Louisiades, the d’Entrecasteaux, and Trobriand Is., and
Woodlark I., are closely related to New Guinea, containing no
peculiar genera. Each group, however, contains a considerable
proportion of peculiar species, an indication that their separation
from New Guinea dates from a very distant period. From the
Louisiades are known 34 species in all, 22 of which are peculiar.
The fauna of the Admiralty Is., of New Hanover, and New Ireland
is markedly Papuan, without any especial feature of distinction. The
Admiralty Is. contain 15 sp. Papuina, 7 Chloritis, 1 Planispira, and 1
Corasia. A single Janella shows relationship with the New Hebrides
and with New Zealand. In New Ireland Planispira (which is specially
characteristic of W. New Guinea and the Moluccas) has
disappeared, but there are 7 Papuina and 6 Chloritis. The essentially
Polynesian Partula is present in both groups.
The prominent feature of the Mollusca of the Solomon Is. is the
extraordinary development of Papuina, which here culminates in a
profusion of species and singularity of form. The genus is arboreal,
crawling on the branches and attaching itself to the leaves of trees
and underwood. Of the 140 land Pulmonata known from the group,
no less than 50, or 36 per cent, are Papuina. Ten species of Corasia
occur, but whether the shells so identified are generically identical
with those of the Philippines, is not satisfactorily determined.
Trochomorpha, with 22 species, here attains its maximum. Chloritis
begins to fail, but still has 3 species. Indo-Malay influence still
appears, though feebly, in Hemiplecta (3), Xesta (1), and possibly
even Macrochlamys (1). The Rhytida, the 3 Hadra, and possibly the
Paryphanta represent the Australian element. The growing numbers
of Partula (13), the small and inconspicuous land operculates (only
22 in all, with Helicina very prominent), and the almost complete
absence of fresh-water bivalves, show signs of strong Polynesian
affinities. An especial link with the New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
and the Viti Is. is the occurrence of Placostylus (16 sp.). It is very
remarkable that this genus should occur in the Solomon Is. and not
in New Ireland. The occurrence of Streptaxis, if authentic, is very
noteworthy, the nearest species being from the Philippines.
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Solomon Islands
Streptaxis (?) 1
Rhytida 1
Paryphanta (?) 1
 Helicarion 2
Xesta 1
Macrochlamys 1
Hemiplecta 3
Microcystis 2
Trochomorpha 22
Nanina (?) 2
Patula 1
Thalassia 2
Chloritis 3
Philina 2
Hadra 3
Papuina 50
Merope 1
Corasia (?) 10
Placostylus 16
Partula 13
Succinea 1
Melania 18
Diplommatina 2
Pupina 4
Leptopoma 4
Omphalotropis 2
Cyclotus 1
Cyclotropis 2
Helicina 7
Unio 1

(b) The Queensland Province.—The strip of coast-line from Cape

York to the Clarence R. stands apart from the rest of Australia, and is
closely connected with New Guinea. There can be little doubt that it
has been colonised from the latter country, since an elevation of
even 10 fathoms would create (see map) a wide bridge between the
two. Many of the genera are quite strange to the rest of Australia.
Land operculates are abundant, and of a Papuan type. Several of
the characteristic Papuan genera of Helix (Papuina, Chloritis,
Planispira) occur, while Hadra attains its maximum. Panda,
Pedinogyra, and Thersites are three remarkable groups in a rich
Helix fauna. Parmacochlea is a peculiar form akin to Helicarion. The
carnivorous Mollusca are represented by Rhytida, Diplomphalus
(New Caledonia), and Elaea. One species of Janella, a slug peculiar
to this region, occurs. The predominant fresh-water genus is Bulinus
(Isidora). Ampullaria and Anodonta are entirely absent from Australia
and New Zealand.
Fig. 214.—Characteristic
Australian Helices: A, H.
(Hadra) pomum Pfr.; B, H.
(Thersites) richmondiana Pfr.
× ⅔.
 Map D. To face page 322.
MAP
to illustrate the relations
OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NEW GUINEA WITH THOSE
OF NORTH AUSTRALIA.
The red line marks the 100 fathom line
London: Macmillan & Co.

Land Mollusca of the Queensland Province

Diplomphalus 1
Rhytida 10
Elaea 1
Parmacochlea 1
Helicarion 7
Nanina 3
Hyalinia 10
Thalassia 4
Charopa 5
 Patula (?) 4
Macrocyclis (?) 1
Helicella 10
Planispira 8
Hadra 51
Chloritis 5
Pedinogyra 1
Thersites 1
Papuina 6
Panda 2
Helix (inc. sed.) 6
Bulimus (?) 1
Stenogyra 1
Tornatellina 4
Pupa 3
Vertigo 4
Perrieria 1
Succinea 3
Vaginula 1
Janella 1
Georissa 1
Pupina 16
Hedleya 1
Callia 1
Diplommatina 3
Ditropis 2
Dermatocera 1
Helicina 8

(c) The Melanesian Province includes those islands on which the

remarkable group Placostylus occurs, the metropolis of whose
distribution is New Caledonia. These islands are very possibly the
remains of what was once a much wider extent of land. A single
species of Placostylus occurs both on Lord Howe’s I. and in the
North I. of New Zealand, but this fact, while highly interesting as
indicating a possible former extension of land in a south-easterly
direction, is hardly sufficient to bring these islands within the
province as now limited. The Solomon Is., although containing
Placostylus as far to the west as Faro I., form, as has been already
stated, a transitional district to the Papuan province.
 New Caledonia.—The chief features of the Mollusca are the
remarkable development of the helicoid carnivorous genera Rhytida
(30 sp.) and Diplomphalus (13 sp.), and of Placostylus (45 sp.).
There is a stray Papuina, and a peculiar form Pseudopartula, but
Helix has almost entirely disappeared. Polynesian influence is
represented by Microcystis (3 sp.), the so-called Patula (13 sp.,
many of which are probably Charopa), Tornatellina (2 sp.), and
Helicina (20 sp.). Partula does not reach so far south, but there are
two species of Janella. The recurrence of Melanopsis (19 sp.),
absent from the whole Oriental region, is curious, and forms another
link with New Zealand. The curious sinistral Limnaea (Isidora),
common with Australia and New Zealand, is abundant.

Fig. 215.—Placostylus
caledonicus Pet., New
Caledonia, × ⅔.
The New Hebrides link New Caledonia and the Solomons by their
possession of the typical heavy Placostylus (5 sp.) of the former, and
the lighter and more elegant Charis (2 sp.) of the latter. There are 4
Papuina, and Partula is abundant (18 sp.), but there is no evidence
at present that the carnivorous genera or the Melanopsis and Isidora
of New Caledonia occur.
The Fiji Is., by the possession of 14 Placostylus of the Charis
section, which is entirely absent from the adjacent Tonga group, form
the eastern limit of the province. There appears to be only a single
Partula, but the Polynesian element, especially as seen in Navicella
(8 sp.), Neritina (20 sp.), Helicina (11 sp.), and Omphalotropis (11
sp.), is very strong. The Microcystis (9 sp.) and Trochomorpha (14
sp.) are also of a Polynesian type.
 (2) The Australian Sub-region includes the whole of Australia
(with the exception of the Queensland province) and Tasmania, with
New Zealand and the off-lying islands. The fauna, from the
prevalence of desert, is scanty, especially in genera. Land
operculates are almost entirely wanting. Limax is not indigenous,
though several species have become naturalised. The bulk of the
fresh-water species belong to Isidora, and it is doubtful whether
Physa occurs at all. Unio has a few species, and also Vivipara, but
neither Anodonta nor Ampullaria occur. There are a few Melania and
Neritina.
Tropical South Australia.—The Mollusca are scanty, and occur
chiefly in the neighbourhood of the rivers, the soil being arid, with no
shelter either of trees or rocks. Fresh-water species predominate,
and the rich land fauna of Queensland is totally wanting. There are
no land operculates, 6 Hadra, 1 Bulimus (?), 1 Stenogyra.
West Australia.—Owing to the deserts which bound it, the
Mollusca are very isolated, only one species being common with N.,
S., and E. Australia. The chief characteristics are Liparus, a form
intermediate between Helix and Bulimus, and, among the Helices,
the group Rhagada. There are no slugs, no carnivorous snails, and
only three land operculates.
Land Mollusca of West Australia
Lamprocystis 1
Hyalinia 1
Patula 7
Chloritis 2
Gonostoma 2
Trachia 3
Xerophila 1
Rhagada 8
Hadra 5
Liparus 10
Pupa 4
Succinea 3
Cyclophorus 2
Helicina 1
 In Eastern and Southern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria,
and South Australia) the tropical element, so abundant in
Queensland, almost entirely disappears, the last operculate (a
Helicina) only reaching Port Macquarie, though several species of
Helicarion occur in the extreme south. Hadra is still abundant in New
South Wales (18 sp.) and S. Australia (10 sp.), but becomes scarce
in Victoria (2 sp.); New South Wales has also one Panda and two
Thersites. Cystopelta is common with Tasmania, and one of the
Janellidae (Aneitea) with Queensland. The carnivorous snails are
represented by Rhytida. Caryodes, a bulimoid group perhaps akin to
Liparus, is common with Tasmania only.
Tasmania.—About 80 species of land Mollusca are known, not
more than 10 being common with Australia. No land operculates
occur; Endodonta and Charopa are rare, and Hadra has entirely
disappeared, but Pupa and Succinea occur. Carnivorous genera are
represented by Paryphanta, Rhytida, and Rhenea. Anoglypta is a
peculiar section of Helix, while Caryodes, Cystopelta, and Helicarion
are common with Australia. Among the fresh-water Mollusca are a
Gundlachia (see p. 345), and some forms of Amnicola or Hydrobia,
one of which (Potamopyrgus) is common only with New Zealand.
[373]

The Neozealanian Province.—The Mollusca of New Zealand, with

the Kermadec, Chatham, and Auckland Is., are remarkably isolated.
Such genera as Nanina, Partula, Pupa, Stenogyra, Succinea,
Vaginula, Truncatella, Helicina, and Navicella, which might have
been expected to occur, are entirely absent. The bulk of the land
Mollusca are small and obscure forms, perhaps remains of a very
early type, and appear to belong to the Zonitidae, neither Patula nor
Helix occurring at all. The carnivorous forms are represented by
Schizoglossa, a peculiar genus akin to Daudebardia, by Paryphanta,
an extraordinary group of large shells with a thick leathery epidermis,
and by Rhytida and Rhenea. In spite of its extreme isolation, the
general relations of the fauna are partly with New Caledonia, partly
with E. Australia. The occurrence of Placostylus has already been
mentioned (p. 323), and three species of Janella, a genus which also
occurs in Queensland and New Caledonia, indicate the same affinity.