Chapter 4: Relative Equilibrium of Liquids

Problem 4 - 1

An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long. 2 m wide and 25 m high is filled with
water to a depth of 2 m. pr) What maximum horizontal acceleration can be imposed on the tank
without spelling any water and determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass? (c) It the
acceleration increased to om/w how much water is spilled out?
Problem 4 – 2

A closed horizontal cylindrical tank 1.5 m in diameter and 4 m long is completely filled with
gasoline (sp. gr. = 0.82) and accelerated horizontally at 3 m/s². Find the total force acting at the
rear wall and at the front wall of the tank. Find also the accelerating force on the fluid mass.
Problem 4 – 3

A closed rectangular tank 4 m long, 2 m wide, and 2 m high is filled with water to a depth of 1.8 m.
If the allowable force at the rear wall of the tank is 200 kN, how fast can it be accelerated
horizontally?
Problem 4 – 4

An open tank 1.82 m square weighs 3,425 N and contains 0.91m of water. It is acted by an
unbalanced force of 10,400 N parallel to a pair of sides. What is the force acting in the side with
the smallest depth?
Problem 4 – 5

An open trapezoidal tank having a bottom width of 3 m is 2 m high, 1.5 m wide, and has its sides
inclined 60° with the horizontal. It is filled with water to a depth of 1.5 m. If the tank is accelerated
horizontally along its length at 4.5 m/s², how much water is spilled out?
Problem 4 – 6

A vessel 3 m in diameter containing 2.4 m of water is being raised. (a) Find the pressure at the
bottom of the vessel in kPa when the velocity is constant, and (b) find the pressure at the bottom
of the vessel when it is accelerating 0.6 m/s² upwards.
Problem 4 – 7

A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15° with the horizontal at 1.2 m/s².
Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the motion is (a) upwards, and (b) downwards.
Problem 4 – 8

An open tank containing oil (sp. gr. = 0.8) is accelerated vertically at 8 m/s². Determine the
pressure 3 m below the surface if the motion is (a) upward with a positive acceleration, (b) upward
with a negative acceleration, (c) downward with a positive acceleration, and (d) downward with a
negative acceleration.
Problem 4 – 9

A cylindrical water tank used in lifting water to the top of a tower is 1.5 m high. If the pressure at
the bottom of the tank is must not exceed 16 KPa, what maximum vertical acceleration can be
imposed in the cylinder when it is filled with water.
Problem 4 – 10

An open cylindrical vessel having a height equal to its diameter is half-filled with water and
revolved about its own vertical axis with a constant angular speed of 120 rpm. Find its minimum
diameter so that there can be no liquid spilled.
Problem 4 – 11

An open cylindrical tank 1.6 m in diameter and 2 m high is full of water. When rotated about its
vertical axis at 30 rpm, what would be the slope of the water surface at the rim of the tank?
Problem 4 – 12

An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2.1 m high is 2/3 full of water. Compute the amount
of water in liters that will be spilled out is the vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant
angular speed of 90 rpm.
Problem 4 – 13

An open cylindrical tank, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high contains water to a depth of 3 m. It is

rotated about its own vertical axis with a constant angular speed.

(a) If = 3 rad/sec., is there any liquid spilled?

(b) What maximum value of @ (in rpm) can be imposed without spilling any liquid?

(c) If = 8 rad/s, how much water is spilled out and to what depth will the water stand when brought
to rest?

(d) What angular speed (in rpm) will just zero the depth of water at the center of the tank?

(e) If = 100 rpm, how much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered?
Problem 4 – 14

An open vertical cylindrical vessel, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high is filled water to the top. If
rotated on its own vertical axis in order to discharge a quantity of water to uncover a circular area
at the bottom of the vessel 1 m in diameter: (a) Determine the angular speed in rpm, and (b) how
much water is left in the cylinder after rotation?
Problem 4 – 15

A 1.90 m diameter closed cylinder, 2.75 m high is completely filled with oil having sp. gr. of 0.8
under a pressure of 5 kg/cm² at the top. (a) What angular speed can be imposed on the cylinder so
that the maximum pressure at the bottom of the tank is 14 kg/cm²? (b) Compute the pressure
force exerted by oil on the side of the tank in kg.
Problem 4 – 16

An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 300 mm and a height of 1.2 m is full of water. How fast
should it be rotated about its own vertical axis so that 75% of its volume will be spilled out?
Problem 4 – 17
An open cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and 3 m high is full of water. At what speed (in rpm) must
it be rotated to discharge 1/3 of its content.

Problem 4 – 18
An open vessel, 500 mm in diameter and filled with water, is rotated about is vertical axis at such
velocity that the water surface 100 mm from the axis makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal.
Compute the speed of rotation in rpm.

Problem 4 –19
An open cylindrical tank 1.2 m in diameter and 1.8 m deep is filled with water and rotated about its
own axis at 60 revolutions per minute. How much liquid is spilled and what is the pressure at the
center of its bottom?

Problem 4 – 20
A closed cylindrical vessel, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high is filled with water to a depth of 3m and
rotated about its own vertical axis at a constant angular speed, o. The air inside the vessel is
under a pressure of 120 kPa.

(a) If = 12 rad/sec, what is the pressure at the center and circumference at the bottom of the tank?

(b) What angular speed & will just zero the depth of water at the center?

(c) If = 20 rad/sec, how much area at the bottom is uncovered?

Problem 4 – 21

A closed vertical cylindrical vessel, 1.5 m in diameter and 3.6 m high is 3/4 full of brine (s= 1.3) and
is revolved about its vertical axis with a constant angular speed. The vessel is made up of steel 9
mm thick with an allowable tensile stress of 85 MPa and has a small opening at the center of the
top cover (a) If the angular speed is 210 rpm, what is maximum the stress in the walls? (b) To what
maximum angular speed can the vessel be revolved?
Problem 4 – 22

A 1.8 m diameter closed cylinder, 2.7 m high is completely filled with glycerin having sp. gr. of 1.6
under a pressure of 245 kPa at the top. The steel plates which form the cylinder are 5 mm thick
with an ultimate tensile stress of 82 MPa. How fast can it be rotated about its vertical axis to the
point of bursting?
Problem 4 – 23

The 1.5 m diameter impeller of a closed centrifugal water pump is rotated at 1500 rpm. If the
casing is full of water, what pressure is developed by rotation?
Problem 4 – 24

A conical vessel with sides inclined 30° with its vertical axis is revolved about another axis 1 m
from its own and parallel. How many revolutions per minute must it make in order that water
poured into it will be entirely discharged by the rotative effect?
Problem 4 – 25

A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 m long is just filled with oil (sp. gr. = 0.822) and then capped, and
placed on a horizontal position. It is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec about a vertical axis 0.5 m from one
end (outside the pipe). What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe?
Problem 4 – 26

A glass U-tube whose vertical stems are 300 mm apart is filled with mercury to a depth of 150 mm
in the vertical stems. It is rotated about a vertical axis through the midpoint of the horizontal
section. What angular speed @ will produce a pressure of absolute zero in the mercury at the
axis?
Problem 4 – 27

A glass U-tube whose vertical stems are 600 mm apart is filled with mercury to a depth of 200 mm
in the vertical stems. It is rotated about a vertical axis through its horizontal base 400 mm from
one stem. How fast should it be rotated so that the difference in the mercury levels in the stems is
200 mm?
Problem 4 – 28

A glass tubing consist of 5 vertical stems which are 500 mm apart connected to a single horizontal
tube. The tube is filled with water to a depth of 500 mm in the vertical stems. How fast should it be
rotated about and axis through the middle stem to just zero the depth of water in that stem?
Problem 4 – 29

A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 m long is filled with water and capped at both ends It is held on a plane
inclined 60° with the horizontal and rotated about 2 vertical axis through its lower end with a
constant angular speed of 5 rad/sec (a) Compute the pressure at the upper end of the pipe and (b)
determine the minimum pressure and its location in in the pipe.
Problem 4 – 30

A cylindrical bucket 150 mm in diameter and 200 mm high contains 150 mm of water. A boy
swings the bucket on a vertical plane so that the bottom of the bucket describes a circle of radius
1 m. How fast should it be rotated so that no water will be spilled?
Problem 4 – 31

A cubical tank is filled with 2 m of oil having sp. gr. of 0.8. Find the force acting on one side of the
tank when the acceleration is 5 m/s² (a) vertically upward, and (b) vertically downward.
CHAPTER 5: Fundamentals of Fluid Flows
• The previous chapters deals only with fluids at rest in which the only significant property
used is the weight of the fluid. This chapter will deal with fluids in motion which is based on
the following principles: (a) the principle of conservation of mass, (b) the energy principle
(the kinetic and potential energies), and (c) the principle of momentum.

DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q

• Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time. This
is expressed as a mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec), weight flow rate (ex. kN/sec), and volume flow
rate flow rate (ex. m³/s, lit/s).
Volume flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Mass flow rate, 𝑀 = 𝑝𝑄
Weight flow rate, 𝑊 = 𝑦𝑄
where:
𝑄 = discharge in m³/s or ft³/s

A = cross-sectional area of flow in m² or ft²

𝜈 = mean velocity of flow in m/s of ft/s

𝑝 = mass density in kg/m³ or slugs/ft³

𝛾 = weight density in N/m³ or lb/𝑓𝑡 3

DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Fluid Flow may be steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform; continuous; laminar or

turbulent; one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional; and rotational or
irrotational.
Steady Flow

− The occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant with time. If the
flow Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady.
Uniform Flow
− This occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a stream, the average velocity
of flow is the same at every cross-section. This usually occurs when an incompressible fluid
flows through a stream with uniform cross- section. In stream where the cross-sections and
velocity changes, the flow is said to be non-uniform.
Continuous Flow
− This occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same
(principle of conservation of mass).

Continuity Equation
− For incompressible fluids:

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝜈1 = 𝐴2 𝜈2 = 𝐴3 𝜈3 = constant (Eq.5-4)
− For compressible fluids:

𝑝1 𝐴1 𝜈1 = 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝜈2 = 𝑝3 𝐴3 𝜈3 = constant (Eq.5-5)
or 𝛾1 𝐴1 𝜈1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝜈2 = 𝛾3 𝐴3 𝜈3 = constant (Eq.5-6)
Laminar Flow
− The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or
intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number R, is less than
(approximately) 2,100.
Turbulent Flow
− The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles are regular and
continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when the Reynolds number
exceed 2,100, (although the most common situation is when it exceeds 4000)
− Laminar flow in circular pipes can be maintained up to values of R, as high as 50,000
However, in such cases this type of flow is inherently unstable, and the least disturbance will
transform it instantly into turbulent flow. On the other hand, it is practically impossible for
turbulent flow in a straight pipe to persist at values of R. much below 2100, because any
turbulence that is set up will be damped out by viscous friction
One-Dimensional Flow
− This occurs when in an incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude of the velocity at
all points are identical
Two-Dimensional Flow
 − This occurs when the fluid particles move in planes or paralle: planes and the streamline
patterns are identical in each plane.
Streamlines
− These are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in
various sections of the flow of the fluid system.
Streamtubes
− These represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of streamlines
which confine the flow.
Flow Nets

− These are drawn to indicate flow patters in case of two-dimensional flow, or even three-
dimensional flow.
Problem 5 – 1
Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec. Find (a) the volume flow rate
in m³/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec, and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.

Problem 5 – 2
What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm and speed of 0.5
m/sec?
Problem 5 – 3
Air at 30°C and 110 kPa flows at 20 N/s through a rectangular duct that measure 160 mm x 320 mm.
Compute the average velocity and volume flux. Use gas constant R = 29.3 m/°K.

Problem 5 – 4
A 100-mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank filled with oil having sp. gr.
of 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how many N/s of oil is being forced out at a 30-mm diameter
hole?

Problem 5 – 5
If the velocity of flow in a 75-mm diameter fire hose is 0.5 m/s, what is the velocity in a 25 mm
diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached at the end of the pipe. Compute also the power available
in the jet.

Problem 5 – 6
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61 m³/s. Assuming an efficiency
of 87%, what is the head acting on the turbine?
Problem 5 – 7

A standpipe 5 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the
water if the elevation datum is taken 2 m below the base of the standpipe.

Problem 5 – 8
Determine the energy flux of 0.02 m³/s of oil (sp. gr. discharging through a 50-mm diameter nozzle.

Problem 5 – 9
Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with
a velocity of 20 m/s?

Problem 5 – 10
Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3 m/s. It flows down a chute
into another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting friction, determine
the difference in elevation of the channel floors.

Problem 5 – 11
A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at section 1 and 450 mm
at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 kPa and 60 kPa respectively.
If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head lost and the direction of flow.

Problem 5 – 12
Gas is flowing through a square conduit whose section gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1)
to 300 mm (section 2). At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1 kg/m³
while at section 2 the velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow rate and the density of the
gas at section 2.

Problem 5 – 13
Gas is flowing through a square conduit whose section gradually changes from 150 mm (section 1)
to 300 mm (section 2). At section 1, the velocity of flow is 7 m/s and the density of gas is 1 kg/m³
while at section 2 the velocity of flow is 2 m/s. Calculate the mass flow rate and the density of the
gas at section 2.

Problem 5 – 14
Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/s through 75-mm diameter pipe (pipe 1) and leaves through 50-mm
diameter and 65-mm diameter pipes at the rate of 3 m/s and 3.5 m/s, respectively as shown in the
Figure. Air at the top of the tank escapes through a 50-mm-diameter vent. Calculate dh/dt and the
velocity of air flow through the vent. Assume the flow to be incompressible.

Problem 5 – 15
A liquid having sp. gr. of 2.0 is flowing in a 50 mm diameter pipe. The total head at a given point
was found to be 17.5 Joule per Newton. The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3 m and the
pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the velocity of flow and the horsepower in the stream at
that point.

Problem 5 – 16
The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10 m and lifts it to reservoir B at
elevation 60 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the 200 mm diameter
pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten times the velocity head in the 150 mm diameter pipe.
Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters when the
discharge is 0.03 m³/sec.

Problem 5 – 17
A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown. Find the flow rate when pump develops an 80 ft
(24.4 m) head. Assume head lost in the 6-inch (152 mm) pipe to be five times its velocity head while
the head lost in the 4-inch (102 mm) pipe to be twelve time its velocity head. (a) Compute the flow
rate, (b) sketch the energy grade line and hydraulic grade line, and (c) find the pressure head at the
suction side.
Problem 5 – 18
Water enters a motor through a 600-mm-diameter pipe under a pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through
a 900-mm-diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical distance of 2.5 m separates the
centers of the two pipes at the sections where the pressures are measured. If 500 liters of water pass
the motor each second, compute the power supplied to the motor.
Problem 5 – 19
A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency draws water from a suction line whose diameter
is 200 mm and discharges into air through a line whose diameter is 150 mm. The velocity in the 150
mm line is 3.6 m/s. If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below the atmosphere,
where A is 1.8 m below B on the 150 mm line, determine the maximum elevation above B to which
water can be raised assuming a head loss of 3 m due to friction.
Problem 5 – 20
A fire pump delivers water through a 300-mm-diameter main to a hydrant to which is connected a
cotton rubber-lined fire hose 100 mm in diameter terminating to a 25-mm-diameter nozzle. The
nozzle is 2.5 m above the hydrant and 16 m above the pump. Assuming frictional losses of 3 m from
the pump to the hydrant, 2 m in the hydrant, 10 m from the hydrant to the base of the nozzle, and the
loss in the nozzle of 4% of the velocity head in the jet, to what vertical height can the jet be thrown
if the gage pressure right after the pump is 550 kPa?

Problem 5 – 21
For the pipe shown in the Figure v₁ = V2 = 1.2 m/s. Determine the total head lost between 1 and 2.

Problem 5 – 22
A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60° with the horizontal issues a 50-mm diameter water jet at the rate
of 10 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is the area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile?

Problem 5 – 23
Oil of sp. gr. 0.84 is flowing in a pipe under the conditions shown in the Figure. If the total head loss
from point 1 to point 2 is 900 mm, find the pressure at point 2.

Problem 5 – 24
A 50-mm diameter siphon discharges oil (sp. gr. = 0.82) from a reservoir (elev. 20 m) into open air
(elev. 15 m). The head loss from the reservoir (point 1) to the summit (point 2, elev. 22 m) is 1.5 m
and from the summit to the discharge end is 2.4 m. Determine the flow rate in the pipe in lit/sec and
the absolute pressure at the summit assuming atmospheric pressure to be 101.3 kPa.

Problem 5 – 25
Determine the velocity and discharge through the 150 mm diameter pipe shown (a) assuming no
head loss and (b) considering a head lost of 200 mm.
Problem 5 – 26
Water flows freely from the reservoir shown through a 50-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 6.31 lit/sec.
If the head lost in the system is 11.58 Joule/N, determine the elevation of the water surface in the
reservoir if the discharge end is at elevation 4 m.

Problem 5 – 27
Neglecting head loss, determine the manometer reading in the system shown when the velocity of
water flowing in the 75-mm diameter pipe is 0.6 m/s.
Problem 5 – 28
A horizontal pipe gradually reduces from 300 mm diameter section to 100 mm diameter section. The
pressure at the 300 mm section is 100 kPa and at the 100 mm section is 70 kPa. If the flow rate is 15
liters/sec of water, compute the head lost between the two sections.

Problem 5 – 29
A diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at a depth of 10 m below the water surface. The
diameter of the tube gradually increases from 150 mm at the throat to 225 mm at the outlet.
Neglecting friction, determine: (a) the maximum possible rate of discharge through this tube, and
(b) the corresponding pressure at the throat.

Supplementary Problems
Problem 5 – 30
Air is moving through a square 0.50-m by 0.50-m duct at 180 m³/min. What is the mean velocity of
the air?
Answer: 12m/s

Problem 5 – 31
The piston of a hypodermic apparatus shown in Figure 5-8 is being withdrawn at 6 mm/sec, alr leaks
around the piston at 20 mm³/sec. Whats the average speed of blood flow in the needle?
Answer: 498mm/sec

Problem 5 – 32
The water tank in Figure 5-9 is being filled through section 1 at 6 m/s and through section 3 at 15
L/s. If water level it is constant, determine the exit velocity 𝜈2 .
Answer: 7.97m/s

Problem 5 – 33
If the water level in Problem 5 - 32 varies and 𝜈2 = 10 m/s, find the rate of change 𝑑ℎ/𝑑𝑡.
Answer: − 9𝑚𝑚/𝑠

Problem 5 – 34
Fluid having sp. gr. 0.88 enters the cylindrical arrangement shown in Figure 5-10 at section A, at
0.16 N/s. The 80-mm-diameter plates are 3mm apart. Assuming steady flow, determine the average
velocity at section A and at section 8. Assume radial flow at B.
Answer: 𝜈1 = 1.47𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝑣2 = 2.46𝑐𝑚/𝑠

Problem 5 – 35
If a jet is inclined upward 30° from the horizontal, what must be its velocity to reach over a 3-m wall
at a horizontal distance of 18 m, neglecting friction?
Answer: 16.93m/s
Problem 5 – 36
Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will rise if projected with
velocity of 21 m/s?
Answer: 22.5m

Problem 5 – 37
High velocity water flows up an inclined plane, as shown in Figure 5 - 11. What are the two possible
depth of flow at section 2? Neglect al losses.
Answer: 0.775m & 2.74m
CHAPTER 6 : FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
Problem 6 – 1

A volumetric tank 1.20 m in diameter and 1.50 m high was filled with oil in 16 minutes and 32.4 seconds.
What is the average discharge?

Problem 6 – 2

A volumetric tank 1.20 m in diameter and 1.50 m high was filled with oil in 16 minutes and 32.4 seconds.
What is the average discharge?
Problem 6 – 3

Calculate the discharge in liters per second through a 100-mm diameter orifice under a head of 5.5 m of
water. Assume C₁ = 0.61 and C₂ = 0.98.

Problem 6 – 4

An orifice has a coefficient of discharge of 0.62 and a coefficient of contraction of 0.63. Determine the
coefficient of velocity for the orifice.
Problem 6 – 5

Calculate the discharge through the 140-mm diameter orifice shown. Assume C

Problem 6 – 6

An open cylindrical tank, 2.4 m in diameter and 6 m tall has 1 m of glycerin (S, = 1.5), 2.5 m of water, and
1.5 m of oil (S. = 0.82), Determine the discharge through the 125 mm diameter located at the bottom of the
tank. Assume C 0.65.
Problem 6 – 7

The discharge through a 75-mm diameter orifice at the bottom of a large tank was measured be 1,734 liters
in 1 minute. If the head over the orifice remain constant at 5.5 m, compute the coefficient of discharge.
Problem 6 – 8

A calibration test of a 12.5-mm-diameter circular sharp-edged orifice in a vertical side of a large tank
showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a constant head of 4.70 m. Measurement of the jet
showed that it traveled 2.35 m horizontally while dropping 300 mm. Compute the three orifice coefficients.
Problem 6 – 9

A 50-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice at the side of a tank discharges water under a head of 3 m.
If the coefficient of contraction C. = 0.63 and the head lost is 240 mm, Compute the discharge and the
coefficients of velocity C. and discharge C.
Problem 6 – 10

An orifice of 50 mm square, with C = 0.6 is located on one side of a closed cylindrical tank as shown. An
open mercury manometer indicates a pressure head of - 300 mm Hg in the air at the top of the tank. If the
upper 4 m of the tank is oil (sp. gr. = 0.80) and the remainder is water, determine the discharge through the
orifice.

Problem 6 – 11

A steel barge, rectangular in plan, floats with a draft of 1.5 m. If the barge m long, 5 m wide, and 2 m deep,
compute the time necessary to sink it to top edge after opening a standard orifice, 180 mm in diameter, in
its bottom Neglect the thickness of the vertical sides and assume C = 0.60.
Problem 6 – 12

Calculate the discharge through a 90-mm-diameter sharp edged orifice in the figure shown. Assume C =
0.65

Problem 6 – 13

Water flows through an orifice at the vertical side of a large tank under a constant head of 2.4 m. How far
horizontally from the vena contracta will the jet strikes the ground 1.5 m below the orifice?
Problem 6 – 14

A cylindrical steel tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two layers of liquid. The bottom
layer is water 2 meters deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is not known to a
depth of 1 meter. A 50 mm diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated one meter from
the bottom of the tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 2.75 m horizontally away from the vena
contracta. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the top layer.
Problem 6 – 15

A large closed cylindrical steel tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two layers of liquid.
The bottom layer is water 2 meters deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is not
known, to a depth of 1 meter. The air space at the top is pressurized to 16 kPa above atmosphere. A 50-
mm-diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated one meter from the bottom of the tank.
The jet from the orifice hits the ground 3.5 m horizontally away from the vena contracta. Determine the
specific gravity of the liquid at the top layer.
Problem 6 – 16

A jet is issued from the side of a tank under a constant head of 3 m. The side of the tank has an inclination
of 1H to 1V. The total depth of water in the tank is 6.70 m. Neglecting air resistance and assuming C = 1.0,
determine the following:

(a) the maximum height to which the jet will rise,

(b) the point it strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m below the bottom of the tank, and
(c) the velocity of the jet as it strike the ground.
Problem 6 – 17

Determine the diameter of an orifice that permits a tank of horizontal cross- section 1.5 m² to have its
liquid surface draw down at the rate of 160 mm/s for 13.35-m head on the orifice. Use C = 0.63.
Problem 6 – 20

A concrete culvert 1.2 m in diameter and 5 m long conveys flood water. Both ends of the culvert are
submerged and the difference in water level upstream and downstream is 2.40 m. Calculate the discharge
assuming C = 0.61.

Problem 6 –18

A 75-mm-diameter orifice discharges 1.812 m³ of liquid (sp. gr. = 1.07) in 82.2 seconds under a 2.75 m
head. The velocity at the vena contracta is determined by Pitot static tube with a coefficient of 1.0. The
manometer liquid is acetylene tetrabromide having a sp. gr. of 2.96 and the gage difference is 1.02.
Determine the three orifice coefficients.

Problem 6 – 19
A closed cylindrical tank 5 m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm circular rifice is situated 0.5 m from
its bottom. What air pressure must be maintained in the air space in order to discharge water at 10 hp.

Problem 6 – 21

It is desired to divert 5.1 m³/s water from a pool whose water surface elevation is 45 m, to an adjacent pond
whose water surface elevation is 42 m by means of a short concrete culvert 8 m long and with both ends
submerged. What size of culvert is needed assuming C = 0.587
Problem 6 – 22

A 75-mm-diameter orifice discharges 23.41 liters per second of liquid under a head of 2.85 m. The
diameter of the jet at the vena contracta is found by callipering to be 66.25 mm. Calculate the three orifice
coefficients.
Problem 6 – 23

A Borda's mouthpiece 150 mm in diameter discharges water under a head of 3 m. Determine the discharge
in m³/s and the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.

Problem 6 – 24

A Borda's mouthpiece 150 mm in diameter discharges water under a head of 3 m. Determine the discharge
in m³/s and the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.
Problem 6 – 25

Oil discharges from a pipe through a sharp-crested round orifice as shown in the figure. The coefficients
of contraction and velocity are 0.62 and 0.98, respectively. Calculate the discharge through the orifice and
the diameter and actual velocity in the jet.
Problem 6 – 26

Oil flows through a pipe as shown in the figure. Determine the discharge of oil in the pipe assuming C =
0.63.

Problem 6 – 27

A 1.5-m-diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3 m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm-diameter circular
sharp-edged orifice is located at its bottom Assume C = 0.60.

(a) How long will it take to lower the water level to 1 m deep after opening the orifice?

(b) How long will it take to empty the tank?

Problem 6 – 28

A100-mm-diameter orifice on the side of a tank 1.83 m in diameter, draws the surface down from 2.44 m
to 1.22 m above the orifice in 83.7 seconds. Calculate the discharge coefficient?
Problem 6 – 29

An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil (sp. gr. = 0.8).
Find the time to empty the tank through a 100- mm diameter orifice at the bottom. Assume C, 0.9 and C. =
0.98.

Problem 6 – 30

A tank circular in cross-section is 10m high. It takes 10 minutes --------- How long will it take to drop the
upper 6m of water.
Problem 6 – 31

The initial head on an orifice was 9m and when the flow was terminated the head was ------- . What
constant head H would the same orifice discharge the same volume of water in the same interval of time?
Problem 6 – 32

A vertical cylindrical tank has an orifice for its outlet. ------- What uniform air pressure must be applied at
the surface if the same volume of water is to be discharged in 10 minutes?
Problem 6 – 33

A composite non-prismatic 5-m-high cylindrical tank shown has a frustum of a cone at the bottom with
upper base --- determine the time to empty the tank in minutes.
Problem 6 – 34

A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone 1.50m in diameter and the bottom, 3-m-diameter at
the top, and 3.5m high, is full of water. ------- What diameter of orifice is needed to empty the tank in eight
minutes?