organic chemistry.

Alkanes
Alkenes

AKOOK
CA

Alkanes .

Methane
-
/ -
H
#
L

Hydrocarbons
.

saturated -

I
/ compands having
compounds having carson in Hydrogen
carbon-carbon
atoms
bonds
single
1OWLY)
-
ON

suffix IUPAL

prefix-
.

/ -

I
pentag on

I Jians -
.
all

auf V

auf
.
octagon
and

IT als ave

anc

aus

a
meth
are

auf

ass
Ethane

pent and
~ Alkanc
B
Ethan
auf
methane ,

<

66 Alkane

↓ -
Alkane

Hexand ↓
↳ a
 Draw

h
-

he / hie = uponds
-

17
Ethane

T Taikan
/Latons
.

↓ / & M
-C Saturated mydrocarsons
.

H I
V I 1
c -
C
u -
L -
H
H
-I I
9
Displayed formulae
-
1H H

CHU
Displayed For walke
.

a -

M F .

Alkams
.

10
.

11

H
-
Number
The & type of
I
H => ch different atoms in
"
Methaul H L
-- onemolecule .

H
I
-

&
Ete
H
Ethaul
Hacke
propane
but all H H H

-C z Cete
I I
H
pentance H - L -
-

#It
,
nex all
-

- - Heyzate/atto
I
L -
-

=
-

ChyyyeH
I I

-
I
- 2 -
L -

L
-
-

,
& ,

Catchy
I I , 1 ,
C C
-

-
--

Ttin
I-
 structural formula

I F
6 F
.

>
cheChyCheche
-

Molecular Formula
.

T ↓ ↓ ↓ -

-4 4 4
-
-

pentance

Ches CheechyHe
- - - - -

↓ ↓ ↓
--
- -
-

-
L I

# H No .

atoms ONLY
11
u
-
- L - Hydrocarson
I

H
!t - Not saturated
-
.

General Formula : MF in terms 'n 'where in is the

-
Number of carbony
.

Chu
Exte >
-
inten + 2
s
Cuttio
Us Hij
"
50 #25th announ
 Fatue
.

Ye
,

btw an
a
kno
it does not fit the GF of allows
No , be
,
i

.e
.
cultente

+60 .

=ottyz
/Set set za+ z
.

Alkana-He
Name

Displayed
6.

M .

G F .

Trends of physical properties

.
Akaneh. -
-

pensity mass Flammability

.
Cu
sir H
.

.
- -

case increases a
decrease

CH6
CHS i
Cuttio
"
↳ Hiz I

Resistance to flow
Hil
-

(4) -
-
paint volatility
a viscosity
.

Boxing
-
-

decreases . increases
-
 chemical reactions
.
-

L -
/ v =

⑭ D
① combustion
Reaction v
substitution
②
⑪ wacking/pyrolysis
.

12 , PNy 1 Fy

Sabatitation
Reaction .

-> X
Alkanes + Halogens

light
> V
sullizkan
.
+
Alkanes Halogens
! ultra voilet
Light
Fa :
Minencollisions
Reaction

photochemical
-
·
Halogenoalames
Elk s
O right
. -

-- H
H
substitution
monosules
-
.

& H
I
Hydrogen
chlorida
-
.

H L + a -
-
1
-
light
> H-
-

O
I + H -4

- I

G
I
H oth + 1 > -
CHyC + H1H
chlorin v
methan Chloromethane

m
-

O
C
I
H-
c -
a + c - d - +
- -
c -
⑪+ H -
1
~
I I -
> Chedly dichoromethane
H chycl + My -
+ HC

C
O

1 > H
- k H + H-
1 a-1 - - -

H - -
+

↑
&
↓ -Trichlorometha
chec + 12 >
CAC
+ Hd
-

- C

x -y
I - H - H + H
-
4
H--- O +

- I
C
 14 + H
cAdy +
1 >
-

/
.
methane
Tetrachloro
-

uv right
-
-
+ Kary >
-

11

>
- EH5Pr + HE
CHO + By
F

6 times

- The
① combustion
-

↓ Any fuel -
barns in excess
-
of to give or
-

too an large
-
amounts .
energy of

~
Balc
Bal H

Ha
Bal O > 12

+
-
Alkams + 02
4
2xn
=

= 4
-2xx
cu + 202 > - CO2 +2He O
=6

2xa = 7 2xa
2[EH
~
> 2002 1 + 320]
Ye
x=
-
+
-

2xa
-

2xa = 10 ~
~ n =4

beh8 + 502 >

- -22 thiyo
= 12

-2xx
24 +
Pe
> =-14/y 4002 + 5↳
/
z0 J
2xx = 10
a =
5
 2xn = 27
- z
=
11

+ 11 %
> 1002 + 8420
H
-
2

Incomplete combustion
.

&
-

surns in
which
limited by
Any fuel
small amounts
to giveco in to in
of
.
energy
limited
-

+ Hy0
cha + of -
xx2 = 5
-
3Hy0]
2 to +
He +
200

+ He
EgHg + 02 >
-

02 > 1 + 20
H,0 + -

soz
-
-
- r-r-r
1-1 - -

C
-
-

-
-

2 -

- c -

(PAH
soot (C) /unburnt HC , particulates

,
wacking
-
alkane .

HC are broken
less useful saturated
when larger -

down into smaller more useful I

-

↑ temp (1550X
↑ pressure 11 Goatm)X
zolite/won)·
Catalyst (Aeon 1
Absence Of
 cracking
-

T2H26
Alon
Temp
↑ prese
% ot22 + O
sure >
-

-
LI
intra >
- St
-
+ -
butene

O
#
inte >
- He + 25th +
-
-
10

propane forms ,
z mous of
th
ethene
↓
pentere
Exy
banproduct
-

L th
-

one or -

Cyto >
-

# +
E

> Goo +
g)
Gottee
-

in armand
more useful
Smarter chain
He are
①
⑦ provides a source of y
③ provides a source of gasonu/petrol. (tsis)
.
making plastics /polymers)
① provides feedstock
for

Im
-

I-
 exene.
Ma
hydrocarbona
.
unsaturated

/ cat atoms
at least one ONLY
carbon-carbon boud
which is not a
single
Lond

#
Alkene
ene

ent

prefix ene

eve

ene

81 Octene .

-
ene

eve
eul

we

musat
- US
7
T1I
etent
1-
T
-
-H Buteue It
-

H H .
displayed #
H
11
I
↑
(c HEHH
I
L H
CHzcHy
=
V -
- -
c -

S
I I
# H
↓
in I
cute
litt

y
methene-uns
He
propense
-
HHH
I I I
etwent
+m +
4
H 2 =a - -
- -

H
=CHUHe
 CH =
CHCAM .

↓
HH 4
!- E
- C H
-

I
H
H

tomore
Ethe

YuHg

How Alkenes

cracking
of alames T
studied bore).
-
-

H H
11
11 =L
-
-
- -
u

T
Hy
11 # #

446 Hz
>
-
Elte +
-

O
Akanes
tracking
↑ Temp
↑ pres
> Alkenes
.

Aloe
No
-
,
oxygen
 chemical Reactions
Alkenes .

L
> Brea C
-

=1 -

Reaction
① Addition
② combustion v
(end).
③ polyneration
.
combustion
-

c
-2xa
=

x 2
2Hy
=
-> 2002 +
EH + 302

[I
Bal

2[ta + * 2 >
-
3002
1
+zitza 7
I
2xn = A
n =
1/2
-
2xn = 4
- n =2

Eth +2 >
-
200 + yo

hig > 30 + 34z0

↳ + -

/
2xa =6
a= 1 -

Forly ↑
one product
formed 3
is
E6
u
Addition reaction
(Hydrogenation)
,

Addition ty
① He/g)
Atten
of ·

H H Alkene
2009
2008
↑ weat
1100
-

H
I
H
1
-

S 1 H
Nick) H
H - L- L
-

H H H
-

+
- -

↓
c L
-
-
-

- (150am)
~
-
-

emeneHy -
ethane

Nich
Exc +
Hy 2007 Ete
 wat 200 # H H&

-k
I
I
-
+ H - H Mi(s)
>
-
. - c -
I
c -
c
-
C - It
&
-
-
I
-

N
I

-
I #
I Hi
If

&
>
Cutto
-
cutte + He

kina oil
cumsat).

Halogenation
② Addition of Halogens -

[Foom]
-

# H H
' H
Hi 4 -H
1
-
= C -H + 1 -
>
-

C -
C
H -

-
- I'a
12
-

12th +
W
/
[water Hagmankams
Bromine
-

k *
--- -
I I
2 c L
-

+ Em
-

c G1 = c -

L
- -

law)
-
I

-↓
&

cute >
- Cuttstrz
+
By >
- Colourless
.
orange
Era
decolonise

F
* -
(1)
- 12

↓
Traumat
Addition

[nania]
.

Braint L
-

- Cly
 Hydro Halogenation
HC

Hydrogen
- I

adition
⑪ -

11

-
-- 44
L Halakene
-th >
+ Ha- EH5C -

Promine water Test

(b)
④ No reaction
.
>
Akane +rayal - -
-

↳ orange >/Remans -

.
Haloalkans
+Pay can) -
>
Alkent .

orange - > colourless

Hydration
.
Note :
-

g1]
bends
of steam (He/
⑪ Addition show all
.

-
.

H H
HH
x+-
k H
'
-

H-
-

H- -H +
1
=

Snoo
~ -- O

It
-h +
+2019) toou
alcohol .

phosphoric acia]
[acidified acuous -
 -
2
Alkanes

Absence O2 ,
earlie
substituent grtp wil 420/91 .

T
pi Go atm
It
:
-

HerOn/Atcaul
He

L 000*
V
Haloalkanes
-
latmosphere-lookba
00 -N
Alcohol .

6000
-

N =

. I
-
displayed
, 11
H
***
I H > - 1 -
x
+ H - H
-

c
- -

= c -

C- u
-
-

I
I

I
-

-
I

-
L
&Ho
cute +
Heg > 9
.
-

r 1
-

alconol .

-
 /
· soren
inegar
-
-

. >
volatile -
gues,
-

Accou

j
sat componen ,

Shydroxy, group]
↓

namienefa. -
CH
H
Che oh
k
oct
methane of
H -
-

Eman of
H H
CHeHzH
4
H
k -
-
o -
H
H
↳ Hy ON
-

Butane of
I
*

popanyo
H HH
it
-y k o H
-
- -

c -
c
#
Huta

↳ H
H

-
I
c

111
-
↑
-
H
I
- o - H
ChyCHyChyCHO

H
#
atachycityof
/
CHyH
 # off it # HH
111 11 I
H Ac
-
l -
1 -
ok
H -c
-
-
-

111
HHH ↓
↓ CHeCHeCHyOH
CHACH(OH) M

# c c
- -
-
ok
H c - -
-

I I
CHOH I
In H H
H
CH5OH

-
G F
-
.

CHyH
YukaOH
Intentio
15 H1 of

Alcohol -
19C

"Hea of

How are alcohols

Formed
-

① Add .

Ex Akes .

(Hydration).
-

etuantol.
& 200
Gu T Els oH
+
Hey & He HYaw)
-
↓ bath .
↓
exene
[00 KPA] ethano

ail
ac ,
 cuts
>
-
Sutto-
+
g

C =-1
11-
- t + Hot-kick I I
-

I 11
&

② Fermentation
-
(of quose)
Yeast
>
grape-- water -
>

↓
ethanok bury E
airtight

[10-15days]
> yeast etuarol + carsundiaxim
-
gurse ,as 256
& denatured
25-45 %
-
- -

yeast + Z Co2
2CH50H

pa
>
setting sam
-

(1) (g) .

&
-

Absence of
Oz

↓
[Respires AnaerobicallyJ1
dil. sol

*
I 15) .
-

(6) -

Add wath to H12 %

① O
N
15 %
of .
(25-357
in provide a tump
② Add yeast

① Asence of of
Ho + 2
place
to give
termutation takes
⑤
⑧ > EH5OH +
1219)
Chican- (1)
Fractional distillation obtain ↑ etwand.
⑦ to a conc
 .
L
Bata
process - Shower vs -

mydration

Disadv
Fermentation Adv
-
process .

① lower energy cons-glower

-

uses reading a Not a continuous

②
.
-

Resources process

Eguse zenmabe]
·

is

Hydration ① Higher energy

consumption
(Non-renewable
finite
① Quicker process ② is
.
a
emere

Fable
Fontimos process] -
source
② reading

chemical reactions
of Monda
.

/
① combustion v

v
⑦ oxidation
⑪ esterification ICA .

2xx = 1
-
-- n = My
I
+attyc

If
> - 12
che + 0
↳ 'T0'
2xa = 4

CHE of -
thot
->
- 2002 thyo 7
2xx = 4 -
101
- ~ + htzo
+h > 300-
o
resty-

-
 acidified aqueous potassium Manganate (i).

3
.
oxidation .
carboxylic acid
vinegar
- .

H
H Example Tolowi -

I I kMnOu/At CAN) I
of H-c -c
=
0
H Ho
C
[O] f
-

wat
-

-
-

↳
I
In I ot
H
H

j
H Emaniaa
X
H
I
H
I
& .

2ea] H

250] >
I
H- c -
- -
H + -
H - - - 10 + Hy

H
I
it I ot

Acids
carboxylic
-
.

· + 123181772015 fri
know
0 + 923355694666-Sulaiman
·
Scarboxylchem
.

PM) 26th April ,

2026
.
(8 45
-
:
0
-

↓
#ST

1 : 00 AM
 Alcohol .

② oxidation carboxylic //

arids -

H H
kMnOu/g -
-

11 H
H c -
oh 2(0)>
I
+ Hy

2
+
-
c
-

- -u
=
a
H
-
-

1 I weat
- O 11
H H # of
H
examp &
etampic
H
acid
-

H
I
+
I
4
o
H
201 Hz0
-

+ > +
- -
-
-

It
I

H #
propaneof #
H
-
c
-

I
-

I
-
-
0

I
I OH
H H
H

Bacterial oxidation [acid Fermentation]

.
-

↳
"

Lactobacter
.

bacteria

Loz
oxysm in the air
3
bacteria uses the

[
The acctobacter

to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid .

i e .

vinegar
.

H H
# I
&

1 -
1
I
-o
+ 20 >H
-
-
- -
-a
-
- #
20
H- I I
I

I H H OH

H
H
 Acids
carboxylic .

acids
#you, ANO
weak organic .
-
,

L
-
ionises in (a) sol
partially
4
41-
chacoocan- citycoo At

--
I I drogen ion .

cool)
emanate

↳ ion

-
Aikant of
① metancois and

metant of
Aland oir
methaneoir
acid

acid
I ② enant ana
⑪ Butau oic
a
acid .

pentanoic
.
acc

⑤ -

Draw
.
O
- v

Fat
H -
-
ot
-

① methanoic acid -

I
>
② Ethanoic acid
-

H H O

⑪ propanoic
acid > -

# -
-kid-oh
acd i i
④ Butanoic -
>
⑤ pentanoic
acid -C-
I"-ot -

11

↓ 111
O

-oh
-c
c -c
-

- c -

I
111
 ethanoate -

oxiation .

H O
I Il
↓
-

0
-
c
H
- L -

I
etand H
H
# O
H H
Ill
H - k-d -
an + 20 >
-
H - 1 - -of +H
S
11
H
H H
paltanol anoic
Balt
acid

!
O

------- L oH + 201 >

-
↓ -
-
- H
-
+ Hy
.

I
11/

D F .

4I F
M . .

O
↓
-
↓
" ot # cool
H # cool >
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

-
! ou Chycook
--
>
-
My

"I
--- or
He o - Ets
10
c
Il

krk -k
I
- c - ot
H

tentH)
I A F -

1
>
-
carboxylic
-

.
acid I cool
IC

i'c'c A .

EHy col
-
 1-
carboxyla
① Etazense
-

⑦ esterification -
.

① metal + Ad >
- sal + Hy
H
mg + 2 cook >
-
(*
coolymg +

-
I ziecor-Xmq
+
/ate'
S

etamox-
.
acid

acid > Magnesim

magnesium tetuanoic
-

ethanoate
salt water
② Aud + Metal
Hydroxide >
- +

↓ ↓
HCOOH + Nao-
> HoN + Hy

↓ ↓
Nalt
#cop

+
metal carbonate > salt-water
-

Acid + carson dioxide .

↓
2CHCOOH + >
Naycor- H + 12

↓ ↓
ICACOG I NA
It
sodium emano
Sodium
water +
etanoic t sodium >
- etanate +

carson dioxide
acid carbonate .

-
 +He
Ichcool +
mgo
>
-
(Heng
↓
200x mgt
↓
H
24
I -
H - L
-
mg
I

estrification .

conc HesOucan)
.

ester
Anon-
carboxylic

Hi
+
wat 200

-
"Food 11

fa

y sente
Eropy
↑
-

atte
etanoic and -
+ propanol -

>
-
+ water

Heat 200
cor. Hy sou
# O
I Il
111
c 1 -

of
-

O L H
-

H
- -

- C - L
11
I
CHeCOOCHaCycH
↓ ↓
.

exanoate propyl

propyl
emanate
 etuart of A
ethanoic acid as -

O I
I
I
-10-10-
Il
CHACOOCHCHes
-
1
-

↓
I

ethanoate
etryl
-
methanoic acid ethanol OH H
- T
O
COOHeche
H - L
"-I-L!
- D
- H

metrarcate
ethyl
mo .
+ move-large
small
.
macue
Butanoic acid propanol
-
-

O
111
L 1 -i - 1 - (

Hockeye
-

-
p - c -

- -

111

/
I I
&

este linkage OH H

.
Butarate
propyl -
-----
11

Butaneate
etayl
O

111
-
-
- - c p
(
- -
2 - r - 1
-
-
-

111I

petyl propanoate
CHCHzCHeCHOCOLACAM .

-
&
I
Il
2
!
-
-n -L -c
-

- c
-
o -

#Hete
1
I I

etryl Butate

CHHCHOCOLA
D
I
Il
I +o ---
-

I I I
L - -
-
↓
11
I ethanate
But Y

Homologous seric 7

Advanced Navy
ISOENC
-
 Homologous series

T
-
-

same teatures
- family .

with the :
A family of compones

Same general Intente,

Formula futtens
①
Intent,
② same functional group
intent , co

L an atom

send
,
or a

responsible
group atoms

for the
,
or a

chemical properties
specific
Axanes X
-
of a
family (tomo 3). .

1
Alkenes' =

Alcohols : - of (hydroxyl)
1A :
-cooH (carboxyl)
Haloalkanes : -X

chemical Reactions
③
Similar

⑪ Trend in physical properties

differ by-chE
⑤ successive/consecutive
members
unit
-

a
Alcohol

Acac
]
Cho Che
Jatz Et offJatz y

-a
↳
che I Butane
-
L - - -
- -
-

11
 I
I select the
O
Alkanes Advanced Naving longest
unbroken

&
.

ce
-
-
'c'chain

- -
,
11 112 I4
Butane we
② an
start
- - - u - 1 -
L -

( I 11
VI - -+] 5 is the
-
.
closest
lower 3
.

itf
I
propane
propor
L to
u --
2-methyl
-
-

I
L I
1-
I

I - -
-

-
1
ethane

-
H
C ethane

-
- methane

Butaut
Che of
1111 I I I I
c 1 u - c
-
c
-
I
------
-
-

0
-
- - - -

11 I
I I 11 S

Butane 2-methyl propane

CHCHeCHycHes cheCH(Ches Che

-

Butent

uz
1
Alkane .

Alkes, Alcohol/
, Halaicanes
① = Chty
-

-
= c -

O select the longest

- -

2 13 14 He =

unbroken's chain

-
Baut -
ens
w/'f g
⑪ nu ② start where

& 111- ⑪ che +.% is closest

O
.

- L
1- c
- -

I
-
c I M -
I z 1
n I =c L
-
-

I I -

U I
↓
↓ But-2-ene
CHCH = CACHes 2-methyl prop-l-ene

① I
i 320
1 = 1
u u
-

c =c
-

prop-1-enc prop-l-ene
 Alcohol .

Not -

o ,
10I 12 in
----- (
- - c
O C
11214
-
u
- -

I 11 11

propan-1-o) propane-ol
Buttan-1-01 .

Butan-2-ol
Q Ot
o
1111
① I & I
I

1 -c -c
- 7
-

CCHyMeH
-

- --L
-

c
11
-
-

↓
,

↓ ,↓
I
T
I
U c
-
L
-

-
C -
c -

111
ci CHICH(OH) Chychr
11 212
-
c -c -
C
propan
-

↑chloro
d
I

4
I
2-chloro propane
4-4
-
-

structural isomers

compounds wy the
&
same M
-
-
F but diff structural

Forumla ↓

↓ diff Names .
cuts
-
,

-
Cuts cults
11
11
I 111 -
u=
-6
-

-
oc -1 -2 I
-
~

I I
.
Bot-2-ene
Balt-l-ene

Cuts C5H
I
I I I I 1111
--
c= c
-c
- c
-

c = c -
c -

- -

I 1
I 1
 12 U 4221
V= L
cc
-

L
-

C = c -c
-

Palt-lene
But-1-eve

/
chain
Isomers

Acana) ↓
[
- = -It
No
1 - E 2 2
-

p
Cuts

But-I-eve Bout-2-eve

2 -

Methyl prop-1-ene

c= c
-
C
c
-

c
-
C
u= c -

I-u
Thes,
-v =
↓
 O

-
11
-
-
-
C
Il _ c
-
L
I
C-

I I H I I

H, 0 +60

C
1121h - c
11 12
-
Hi
- -
L
i
-

r -1 ---
-

I
I S
I I

1-chloropropane 2-chloropropane

Alcohol
[
↑ * I

i o i
i I

40 -
-
L

Ho-TT
c - -
-
.

CH, 0 60

Bentzare) propainto
,
Beut-1-en
 polymerisation .

unit
small unit+ small unit + small int > large
-

↓ Ismall molecules). ↓
monomer + Monour + monou > Polymer
-

- -

TTwi many units .

many
large modules formed
run
polymers :

(monomers) join .
together
-

small molecules

↓
Macromolecules
.

Raynes

/ Yonausation
Addition
.

-
-

~ Alas
.

paymisation
:
Addition I
monomers must have
- = wond
.

m
polyeture X
.

NemP

[zeigu at
fritt
-

I
with
3
Repea
sma eve fit
moron

2 Repeat units
Raychloroethane

-I -
-

I-

Polychloroethane

n( ) >
-

fi
poly tetrafluoro eune

#I I
c
-
L -
c
-
L
-

F F
c -
-
C

I I

↑ F
 above or below the
.
opene
poly

)
#

I N
H

( I'
- -

1 If I -
H -

"He ive
- L

- I

-Am
H -

polybut-2-ene
.
- H
H H
H
111
H
I -
1
↓u
-
1=

polybut-rene

#
-

- 11

/
-

HH is -

5 But-2-eve
 tuent
I
film
.

not be broken down

Non-biodegradable
by
by organisms/decomposed fungi
-

Eacteria/decayed by
↳ chemically unreactive (c-c)

↳ No active
-
site [bacteria
wond
.
cannot]

↓ sites
① disposal in landfill

of toxic gases from suring

② formation
in (aquatic life)
③
occans
accumulation

raying

[collect ,
separated , melted -

Te
products
newJ

[
*

J
.
bacteria
Degradable
starch- Sagradable
↳ additives - >

> additives smlight >

pregrada
- -

light
 polycturne
- /Addition).
-

poor conductor of elect electrical appliances

-

① insulator -

food
⑦ unreactive-store
.

③ righter to
carry

.
condensation

- to form a
in which React
monomers together
and another
.
small molecule
polymer

/ - -man-made
con
synthetic Natural ~
v ~
Terylene (PET) rates , X starch protein
.

Nylon
,
,
-

synthetic
Hookh) y cook

Nylon (66)
-
dicarboxylicacia diamine

-
-

O v

I
a

I
↓
Ho-k -/
ij I
An! "
CCC)- -

,
-
OH (21
wit
I Repeat
-

O
& H H
O I -
1 N
Il -

(polypeptide
-

synthetic
-
- -
c

/
polyamide
-
.

Nylon >
-

--
-

CON
amisde
Fabric
clothing , ,

of
pope
Ho-
-

Fishing nets
- H
 kage at
,

-
/-
/
Ho
- ou Y
X Hydrolysis
.

wr -air] -

H-NB
-

(PET) syntactic proyectors

-

.
2 Terylene

dic A.

O
did
H
OH
! 0
Ho-H
-
-

Lester

· -
-
" um
D -
-

polyesters
,

bed liven
.
water bottles ,
clothing ,

Natural
 jerotin >
Amino Acida-
monomers :
Amino
acids +

-reset side
-OH

crains
H

H = oH

⑧I
O

Il -
- N -D -

-N--l

I amide linkage
Nat polyamides
Prof :
·

"

Ny66 syn
.

pro Amic diamine

:

FatSpayets] Natural

Teryuney
starch -

- starch
gurose surose

--B-0-0- H Ho

Ho

H
 con Addition
.
.

cond Add

↓
Addition tel
-
conden #X .

an eraa
by product
-
retro-chain homochain
at
are
Mon similar
was-donbesond
or
twodify
at least a .
g +

iii'
-

- c
- 1 ~

L
-
-

I
A-A-A-A
-

/
"

A-B-A-B -

↓ ---
-

- H

>
19)

(4)