organic chemistry.

Alkanes
Alkenes

AKOOK
CA

Alkanes .

Methane
-
/ -
H
#
L

Hydrocarbons
.

saturated -

I
/ compands having
compounds having carson in Hydrogen
carbon-carbon
atoms
bonds
single
1OWLY)
-
ON

suffix IUPAL

prefix-
.

/ -

I
pentag on

I Jians -
.
all

auf V

auf
.
octagon
and

IT als ave

anc

aus

a
meth
are

auf

ass
Ethane

pent and
~ Alkanc
B
Ethan
auf
methane ,

<

66 Alkane

↓ -
Alkane

Hexand ↓
↳ a
 Draw

h
-

he / hie = uponds
-

17
Ethane

T Taikan
/Latons
.

↓ / & M
-C Saturated mydrocarsons
.

H I
V I 1
c -
C
u -
L -
H
H
-I I
9
Displayed formulae
-
1H H

CHU
Displayed For walke
.

a -

M F .

Alkams
.

10
.

11

H
-
Number
The & type of
I
H => ch different atoms in
"
Methaul H L
-- onemolecule .

H
I
-

&
Ete
H
Ethaul
Hacke
propane
but all H H H

-C z Cete
I I
H
pentance H - L -
-

#It
,
nex all
-

- - Heyzate/atto
I
L -
-

=
-

ChyyyeH
I I

-
I
- 2 -
L -

L
-
-

,
& ,

Catchy
I I , 1 ,
C C
-

-
--

Ttin
I-
 structural formula

I F
6 F
.

>
cheChyCheche
-

Molecular Formula
.

T ↓ ↓ ↓ -

-4 4 4
-
-

pentance

Ches CheechyHe
- - - - -

↓ ↓ ↓
--
- -
-

-
L I

# H No .

atoms ONLY
11
u
-
- L - Hydrocarson
I

H
!t - Not saturated
-
.

General Formula : MF in terms 'n 'where in is the

-
Number of carbony
.

Chu
Exte >
-
inten + 2
s
Cuttio
Us Hij
"
50 #25th announ
 Fatue
.

Ye
,

btw an
a
kno
it does not fit the GF of allows
No , be
,
i

.e
.
cultente

+60 .

=ottyz
/Set set za+ z
.

Alkana-He
Name

Displayed
6.

M .

G F .

Trends of physical properties

.
Akaneh. -
-

pensity mass Flammability

.
Cu
sir H
.

.
- -

case increases a
decrease

CH6
CHS i
Cuttio
"
↳ Hiz I

Resistance to flow
Hil
-

(4) -
-
paint volatility
a viscosity
.

Boxing
-
-

decreases . increases
-
 chemical reactions
.
-

L -
/ v =

⑭ D
① combustion
Reaction v
substitution
②
⑪ wacking/pyrolysis
.

12 , PNy 1 Fy

Sabatitation
Reaction .

-> X
Alkanes + Halogens

light
> V
sullizkan
.
+
Alkanes Halogens
! ultra voilet
Light
Fa :
Minencollisions
Reaction

photochemical
-
·
Halogenoalames
Elk s
O right
. -

-- H
H
substitution
monosules
-
.

& H
I
Hydrogen
chlorida
-
.

H L + a -
-
1
-
light
> H-
-

O
I + H -4

- I

G
I
H oth + 1 > -
CHyC + H1H
chlorin v
methan Chloromethane

m
-

O
C
I
H-
c -
a + c - d - +
- -
c -
⑪+ H -
1
~
I I -
> Chedly dichoromethane
H chycl + My -
+ HC

C
O

1 > H
- k H + H-
1 a-1 - - -

H - -
+

↑
&
↓ -Trichlorometha
chec + 12 >
CAC
+ Hd
-

- C

x -y
I - H - H + H
-
4
H--- O +

- I
C
 14 + H
cAdy +
1 >
-

/
.
methane
Tetrachloro
-

uv right
-
-
+ Kary >
-

11

>
- EH5Pr + HE
CHO + By
F

6 times

- The
① combustion
-

↓ Any fuel -
barns in excess
-
of to give or
-

too an large
-
amounts .
energy of

~
Balc
Bal H

Ha
Bal O > 12

+
-
Alkams + 02
4
2xn
=

= 4
-2xx
cu + 202 > - CO2 +2He O
=6

2xa = 7 2xa
2[EH
~
> 2002 1 + 320]
Ye
x=
-
+
-

2xa
-

2xa = 10 ~
~ n =4

beh8 + 502 >

- -22 thiyo
= 12

-2xx
24 +
Pe
> =-14/y 4002 + 5↳
/
z0 J
2xx = 10
a =
5
 2xn = 27
- z
=
11

+ 11 %
> 1002 + 8420
H
-
2

Incomplete combustion
.

&
-

surns in
which
limited by
Any fuel
small amounts
to giveco in to in
of
.
energy
limited
-

+ Hy0
cha + of -
xx2 = 5
-
3Hy0]
2 to +
He +
200

+ He
EgHg + 02 >
-

02 > 1 + 20
H,0 + -

soz
-
-
- r-r-r
1-1 - -

C
-
-

-
-

2 -

- c -

(PAH
soot (C) /unburnt HC , particulates

,
wacking
-
alkane .

HC are broken
less useful saturated
when larger -

down into smaller more useful I

-

↑ temp (1550X
↑ pressure 11 Goatm)X
zolite/won)·
Catalyst (Aeon 1
Absence Of
 cracking
-

T2H26
Alon
Temp
↑ prese
% ot22 + O
sure >
-

-
LI
intra >
- St
-
+ -
butene

O
#
inte >
- He + 25th +
-
-
10

propane forms ,
z mous of
th
ethene
↓
pentere
Exy
banproduct
-

L th
-

one or -

Cyto >
-

# +
E

> Goo +
g)
Gottee
-

in armand
more useful
Smarter chain
He are
①
⑦ provides a source of y
③ provides a source of gasonu/petrol. (tsis)
.
making plastics /polymers)
① provides feedstock
for

Im
-

I-
 exene.
Ma
hydrocarbona
.
unsaturated

/ cat atoms
at least one ONLY
carbon-carbon boud
which is not a
single
Lond

#
Alkene
ene

ent

prefix ene

eve

ene

81 Octene .

-
ene

eve
eul

we

musat
- US
7
T1I
etent
1-
T
-
-H Buteue It
-

H H .
displayed #
H
11
I
↑
(c HEHH
I
L H
CHzcHy
=
V -
- -
c -

S
I I
# H
↓
in I
cute
litt

y
methene-uns
He
propense
-
HHH
I I I
etwent
+m +
4
H 2 =a - -
- -

H
=CHUHe
 CH =
CHCAM .

↓
HH 4
!- E
- C H
-

I
H
H

tomore
Ethe

YuHg

How Alkenes

cracking
of alames T
studied bore).
-
-

H H
11
11 =L
-
-
- -
u

T
Hy
11 # #

446 Hz
>
-
Elte +
-

O
Akanes
tracking
↑ Temp
↑ pres
> Alkenes
.

Aloe
No
-
,
oxygen
 chemical Reactions
Alkenes .

L
> Brea C
-

=1 -

Reaction
① Addition
② combustion v
(end).
③ polyneration
.
combustion
-

c
-2xa
=

x 2
2Hy
=
-> 2002 +
EH + 302

[I
Bal

2[ta + * 2 >
-
3002
1
+zitza 7
I
2xn = A
n =
1/2
-
2xn = 4
- n =2

Eth +2 >
-
200 + yo

hig > 30 + 34z0

↳ + -

/
2xa =6
a= 1 -

Forly ↑
one product
formed 3
is
E6
u
Addition reaction
(Hydrogenation)
,

Addition ty
① He/g)
Atten
of ·

H H Alkene
2009
2008
↑ weat
1100
-

H
I
H
1
-

S 1 H
Nick) H
H - L- L
-

H H H
-

+
- -

↓
c L
-
-
-

- (150am)
~
-
-

emeneHy -
ethane

Nich
Exc +
Hy 2007 Ete
 wat 200 # H H&

-k
I
I
-
+ H - H Mi(s)
>
-
. - c -
I
c -
c
-
C - It
&
-
-
I
-

N
I

-
I #
I Hi
If

&
>
Cutto
-
cutte + He

kina oil
cumsat).

Halogenation
② Addition of Halogens -

[Foom]
-

# H H
' H
Hi 4 -H
1
-
= C -H + 1 -
>
-

C -
C
H -

-
- I'a
12
-

12th +
W
/
[water Hagmankams
Bromine
-

k *
--- -
I I
2 c L
-

+ Em
-

c G1 = c -

L
- -

law)
-
I

-↓
&

cute >
- Cuttstrz
+
By >
- Colourless
.
orange
Era
decolonise

F
* -
(1)
- 12

↓
Traumat
Addition

[nania]
.

Braint L
-

- Cly
 Hydro Halogenation
HC

Hydrogen
- I

adition
⑪ -

11

-
-- 44
L Halakene
-th >
+ Ha- EH5C -

Promine water Test

(b)
④ No reaction
.
>
Akane +rayal - -
-

↳ orange >/Remans -

.
Haloalkans
+Pay can) -
>
Alkent .

orange - > colourless

Hydration
.
Note :
-

g1]
bends
of steam (He/
⑪ Addition show all
.

-
.

H H
HH
x+-
k H
'
-

H-
-

H- -H +
1
=

Snoo
~ -- O

It
-h +
+2019) toou
alcohol .

phosphoric acia]
[acidified acuous -
 -
2
Alkanes

Absence O2 ,
earlie
substituent grtp wil 420/91 .

T
pi Go atm
It
:
-

HerOn/Atcaul
He

L 000*
V
Haloalkanes
-
latmosphere-lookba
00 -N
Alcohol .

6000
-

N =

. I
-
displayed
, 11
H
***
I H > - 1 -
x
+ H - H
-

c
- -

= c -

C- u
-
-

I
I

I
-

-
I

-
L
&Ho
cute +
Heg > 9
.
-

r 1
-

alconol .

-
 /
· soren
inegar
-
-

. >
volatile -
gues,
-

Accou

j
sat componen ,

Shydroxy, group]
↓

namienefa. -
CH
H
Che oh
k
oct
methane of
H -
-

Eman of
H H
CHeHzH
4
H
k -
-
o -
H
H
↳ Hy ON
-

Butane of
I
*

popanyo
H HH
it
-y k o H
-
- -

c -
c
#
Huta

↳ H
H

-
I
c

111
-
↑
-
H
I
- o - H
ChyCHyChyCHO

H
#
atachycityof
/
CHyH
 # off it # HH
111 11 I
H Ac
-
l -
1 -
ok
H -c
-
-
-

111
HHH ↓
↓ CHeCHeCHyOH
CHACH(OH) M

# c c
- -
-
ok
H c - -
-

I I
CHOH I
In H H
H
CH5OH

-
G F
-
.

CHyH
YukaOH
Intentio
15 H1 of

Alcohol -
19C

"Hea of

How are alcohols

Formed
-

① Add .

Ex Akes .

(Hydration).
-

etuantol.
& 200
Gu T Els oH
+
Hey & He HYaw)
-
↓ bath .
↓
exene
[00 KPA] ethano

ail
ac ,
 cuts
>
-
Sutto-
+
g

C =-1
11-
- t + Hot-kick I I
-

I 11
&

② Fermentation
-
(of quose)
Yeast
>
grape-- water -
>

↓
ethanok bury E
airtight

[10-15days]
> yeast etuarol + carsundiaxim
-
gurse ,as 256
& denatured
25-45 %
-
- -

yeast + Z Co2
2CH50H

pa
>
setting sam
-

(1) (g) .

&
-

Absence of
Oz

↓
[Respires AnaerobicallyJ1
dil. sol

*
I 15) .
-

(6) -

Add wath to H12 %

① O
N
15 %
of .
(25-357
in provide a tump
② Add yeast

① Asence of of
Ho + 2
place
to give
termutation takes
⑤
⑧ > EH5OH +
1219)
Chican- (1)
Fractional distillation obtain ↑ etwand.
⑦ to a conc
 .
L
Bata
process - Shower vs -

mydration

Disadv
Fermentation Adv
-
process .

① lower energy cons-glower

-

uses reading a Not a continuous

②
.
-

Resources process

Eguse zenmabe]
·

is

Hydration ① Higher energy

consumption
(Non-renewable
finite
① Quicker process ② is
.
a
emere

Fable
Fontimos process] -
source
② reading

chemical reactions
of Monda
.

/
① combustion v

v
⑦ oxidation
⑪ esterification ICA .

2xx = 1
-
-- n = My
I
+attyc

If
> - 12
che + 0
↳ 'T0'
2xa = 4

CHE of -
thot
->
- 2002 thyo 7
2xx = 4 -
101
- ~ + htzo
+h > 300-
o
resty-

-
 acidified aqueous potassium Manganate (i).

3
.
oxidation .
carboxylic acid
vinegar
- .

H
H Example Tolowi -

I I kMnOu/At CAN) I
of H-c -c
=
0
H Ho
C
[O] f
-

wat
-

-
-

↳
I
In I ot
H
H

j
H Emaniaa
X
H
I
H
I
& .

2ea] H

250] >
I
H- c -
- -
H + -
H - - - 10 + Hy

H
I
it I ot

Acids
carboxylic
-
.

· + 123181772015 fri
know
0 + 923355694666-Sulaiman
·
Scarboxylchem
.

PM) 26th April ,

2026
.
(8 45
-
:
0
-

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