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Jianyong Qiao  Xinchao Zhao
Linqiang Pan  Xingquan Zuo
Xingyi Zhang  Qingfu Zhang
Shanguo Huang (Eds.)

Communications in Computer and Information Science 951

Bio-inspired Computing:
Theories and Applications
13th International Conference, BIC-TA 2018
Beijing, China, November 2–4, 2018
Proceedings, Part I

123
Communications
in Computer and Information Science 951
Commenced Publication in 2007
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Phoebe Chen, Alfredo Cuzzocrea, Xiaoyong Du, Orhun Kara, Ting Liu,
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Simone Diniz Junqueira Barbosa
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio),
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Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal
Igor Kotenko
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
Lizhu Zhou
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7899
Jianyong Qiao Xinchao Zhao
•

Linqiang Pan Xingquan Zuo

•

Xingyi Zhang Qingfu Zhang

•

Shanguo Huang (Eds.)

Bio-inspired Computing:
Theories and Applications
13th International Conference, BIC-TA 2018
Beijing, China, November 2–4, 2018
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editors
Jianyong Qiao Xingyi Zhang
Beijing University of Posts Anhui University
and Telecommunications Hefei
Beijing China
China
Qingfu Zhang
Xinchao Zhao City University of Hong Kong
Beijing University of Posts Kowloon
and Telecommunications Hong Kong
Beijing
China Shanguo Huang
Beijing University of Posts
Linqiang Pan and Telecommunications
Huazhong University of Science Beijing
and Technology China
Wuhan
China
Xingquan Zuo
Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications
Beijing
China

ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Communications in Computer and Information Science
ISBN 978-981-13-2825-1 ISBN 978-981-13-2826-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2826-8

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 Preface

Bio-inspired computing is a field of study that abstracts computing ideas (data struc-
tures, operations with data, ways to control operations, computing models, etc.) from
living phenomena or biological systems such as evolution, cells, tissues, neural net-
works, immune system, and ant colonies. Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and
Applications (BIC-TA) is a series of conferences that aims to bring together researchers
working in the main areas of natural computing inspired from biology, for presenting
their recent results, exchanging ideas, and cooperating in a friendly framework.
Since 2006, the conference has taken place at Wuhan (2006), Zhengzhou (2007),
Adelaide (2008), Beijing (2009), Liverpool and Changsha (2010), Penang (2011),
Gwalior (2012), Huangshan (2013), Wuhan (2014), Hefei (2015), Xi’an (2016), and
Harbin (2017). Following the success of previous editions, the 13th International
Conference on Bio-Inspired Computing: Theories and Applications (BIC-TA 2018)
was organized by Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, during
November 2–4, 2018.
BIC-TA 2018 attracted a wide spectrum of interesting research papers on various
aspects of bio-inspired computing with a diverse range of theories and applications. In
all, 89 papers were selected for this volume of Communications in Computer and
Information Science.
We gratefully thank Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Huaz-
hong University of Science and Technology, the Operation Research Society of China,
and the Chinese Society of Optimization and Overall Planning and Economic Math-
ematics for extensive assistance in organizing the conference. We thank Tingfang Wu,
Lianghao Li, Di Zhang, Taosheng Zhang, and Wenting Xu for their help in collecting
the final files of the papers and editing the volume. We thank Xing Wan for his
contribution in maintaining the website of BIC-TA 2018 (http://2018.bicta.org/). Many
thanks are given to Hui Tong, Guangzhi Xu, Rui Li, Sai Guo, Min Chen, Jia Liu, Jiaqi
Chen, Shuai Feng, and Qing Xiong for their work in organizing the conference. We
also thank all the other volunteers, whose efforts ensured the smooth running of the
conference.
The editors warmly thank the Program Committee members for their prompt and
efficient support in reviewing and handling the papers. The warmest thanks should be
given to all the authors for submitting their interesting research work.
Special thanks are due to Springer for their skilled cooperation in the timely pro-
duction of these volumes.

August 2018 Jianyong Qiao

Xinchao Zhao
Linqiang Pan
Xingquan Zuo
Xingyi Zhang
Qingfu Zhang
Shanguo Huang
 Organization

Steering Committee
Guangzhao Cui Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
Kalyanmoy Deb Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Miki Hirabayashi National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT), Japan
Joshua Knowles University of Manchester, UK
Thom LaBean North Carolina State University, USA
Jiuyong Li University of South Australia, Australia
Kenli Li University of Hunan, China
Giancarlo Mauri Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Yongli Mi Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,
SAR China
Atulya K. Nagar Liverpool Hope University, UK
Linqiang Pan Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Gheorghe Păun Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Mario J. Pérez-Jiménez University of Seville, Spain
K. G. Subramanian Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Robinson Thamburaj Madras Christian College, India
Jin Xu Peking University, China
Hao Yan Arizona State University, USA

Program Committee
Muhammad Abulaish South Asian University, India
Chang Wook Ahn Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,
Republic of Korea
Adel Al-Jumaily University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Junfeng Chen Hohai University, China
Wei-Neng Chen Sun Yat-Sen University, China
Tsung-Che Chiang National Taiwan Normal University, China
Shi Cheng Shaanxi Normal University, China
Bei Dong Shaanxi Normal University, China
Xin Du Fujian Normal University, China
Carlos Fernandez-Llatas Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
Shangce Gao University of Toyama, Japan
Wenyin Gong China University of Geosciences, China
Shivaprasad Gundibail Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
Ping Guo Beijing Normal University, China
Yi-Nan Guo China University of Mining and Technology, China
VIII Organization

Shan He University of Birmingham, UK

Tzung-Pei Hong National University of Kaohsiung, China
Florentin Ipate University of Bucharest, Romania
Sunil Jha Banaras Hindu University, India
He Jiang Dalian University of Technology, China
Liangjun Ke Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
Ashwani Kush Kurukshetra University, India
Hui Li Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
Kenli Li Hunan University, China
Li Li Guilin University of Electronic Technology, China
Xingmei Li North China Electric Power University, China
Yangyang Li Xidian University, China
Qunfeng Liu Dongguan University of Technology, China
Xiaobo Liu China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), China
Wenjian Luo University of Science and Technology of China, China
Lianbo Ma Northeastern University, China
Wanli Ma University of Canberra, Australia
Holger Morgenstern Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Germany
G. R. S. Murthy Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Akila Muthuramalingam KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Yusuke Nojima Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
Linqiang Pan Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Andrei Paun University of Bucharest, Romania
Xingguang Peng Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Chao Qian University of Science and Technology of China, China
Rawya Rizk Port Said University, Egypt
Rajesh Sanghvi G. H. Patel College of Engineering and Technology,
India
Ronghua Shang Xidian University, China
Ravi Shankar Florida Atlantic University, USA
Yindong Shen Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Chuan Shi Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Chengyong Si University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,
China
Bosheng Song Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Tao Song China University of Petroleum, China
Jianyong Sun University of Nottingham, UK
Shiwei Sun Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Yifei Sun Shaanxi Normal University, China
Gaige Wang Ocean University of China, China
Feng Wang Wuhan University, China
 Organization IX

Hui Wang South China Agricultural University, China

Hui Wang Nanchang Institute of Technology, China
Yong Wang Central South University, China
Sudhir Warier IIT Bombay, India
Slawomir T. Wierzchon Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Xiuli Wu University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Zhou Wu Chonqing University, China
Bin Xin Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Gang Xu Nanchang University, China
Yingjie Yang De Montfort University, UK
Zhile Yang Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China
Kunjie Yu Zhengzhou University, China
Defu Zhang Xiamen University, China
Jie Zhang Newcastle University, UK
Gexiang Zhang Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Peng Zhang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Xingyi Zhang Anhui University, China
Yong Zhang China University of Mining and Technology, China
Xinchao Zhao Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Yujun Zheng Hangzhou Normal University, China
Aimin Zhou East China Normal University, China
Shang-Ming Zhou Swansea University, UK
Xinjian Zhuo Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
Dexuan Zou Jiangsu Normal University, China
Xingquan Zuo Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
China
 Contents – Part I

Research on Price Forecasting Method of China’s Carbon Trading

Market Based on PSO-RBF Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Yuansheng Huang and Hui Liu

An Efficient Restart-Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for the Coalition

Formation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Miao Guo, Bin Xin, Jie Chen, and Yipeng Wang

U-NSGA-III: An Improved Evolutionary Many-Objective

Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Rui Ding, Hongbin Dong, Jun He, Xianbin Feng, Xiaodong Yu,
and Lijie Li

Elman Neural Network Optimized by Firefly Algorithm

for Forecasting China’s Carbon Dioxide Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Yuansheng Huang and Lei Shen

Research on “Near-Zero Emission” Technological Innovation Diffusion

Based on Co-evolutionary Game Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Yuansheng Huang, Hongwei Wang, and Shijian Liu

Improved Clonal Selection Algorithm for Solving AVO Elastic

Parameter Inversion Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Zheng Li, Xuesong Yan, Yuanyuan Fan, and Ke Tang

A Pests Image Classification Method Based on Improved Wolf Pack

Algorithm to Optimize Bayesian Network Structure Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Lin Mei, Shengsheng Wang, and Jie Liu

Differential Grouping in Cooperative Co-evolution for Large-Scale

Global Optimization: The Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Heng Lei, Ming Yang, and Jing Guan

Spiking Neural P Systems with Anti-spikes Based on the

Min-Sequentiality Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Li Li and Keqin Jiang

Solving NP Hard Problems in the Framework of Gene Assembly

in Ciliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ganbat Ganbaatar, Khuder Altangerel, and Tseren-Onolt Ishdorj
XII Contents – Part I

A Study of Industrial Structure Optimization Under Economy, Employment

and Environment Constraints Based on MOEA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Ruozhu Zhang

DNA Strand Displacement Based on Nicking Enzyme for DNA

Logic Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Gaiying Wang, Zhiyu Wang, Xiaoshan Yan, and Xiangrong Liu

Motor Imaginary EEG Signals Classification Based on Deep Learning . . . . . 142

Haoran Wang and Wanying Mo

DNA Origami Based Computing Model for the Satisfiability Problem . . . . . . 151
Zhenqin Yang, Zhixiang Yin, Jianzhong Cui, and Jing Yang

DNA 3D Self-assembly Algorithmic Model to Solve Maximum

Clique Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Jingjing Ma and Wenbin Gao

Industrial Air Pollution Prediction Using Deep Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . 173

Yu Pengfei, He Juanjuan, Liu Xiaoming, and Zhang Kai

An Efficient Genetic Algorithm for Solving Constraint Shortest

Path Problem Through Specified Vertices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Zhang Kai, Shao Yunfeng, Zhang Zhaozong, and Hu Wei

An Attribute Reduction P System Based on Rough Set Theory. . . . . . . . . . . 198

Ping Guo and Junqi Xiang

Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Traffic Load Based on User Activity

Characteristics in Mobile Cellular Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Moqin Zhou, Xueli Wang, Xing Zhang, and Wenbo Wang

A Simulator for Cell-Like P System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Ping Guo, Changsheng Quan, and Lian Ye

Dynamic Multimodal Optimization Using Brain Storm

Optimization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Shi Cheng, Hui Lu, Wu Song, Junfeng Chen, and Yuhui Shi

A Hybrid Replacement Strategy for MOEA/D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Xiaoji Chen, Chuan Shi, Aimin Zhou, Siyong Xu, and Bin Wu

A Flexible Memristor-Based Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Junwei Sun, Gaoyong Han, and Yanfeng Wang

A Biogeography-Based Memetic Algorithm for Job-Shop Scheduling . . . . . . 273

Xue-Qin Lu, Yi-Chen Du, Xu-Hua Yang, and Yu-Jun Zheng
 Contents – Part I XIII

Analysing Parameters Leading to Chaotic Dynamics in a Novel

Chaotic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Junwei Sun, Nan Li, and Yanfeng Wang

Enhanced Biogeography-Based Optimization for Flow-Shop Scheduling . . . . 295

Yi-Chen Du, Min-Xia Zhang, Ci-Yun Cai, and Yu-Jun Zheng

A Weighted Bagging LightGBM Model for Potential lncRNA-Disease

Association Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Xin Chen and Xiangrong Liu

DroidGene: Detecting Android Malware Using Its Malicious Gene . . . . . . . . 315

Yulong Wang and Hua Zong

Visualize and Compress Single Logo Recognition Neural Network . . . . . . . . 331

Yulong Wang and Haoxin Zhang

Water Wave Optimization for Artificial Neural Network Parameter

and Structure Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Xiao-Han Zhou, Zhi-Ge Xu, Min-Xia Zhang, and Yu-Jun Zheng

Adaptive Recombination Operator Selection in Push and Pull Search

for Solving Constrained Single-Objective Optimization Problems . . . . . . . . . 355
Zhun Fan, Zhaojun Wang, Yi Fang, Wenji Li, Yutong Yuan,
and Xinchao Bian

DeepPort: Detect Low Speed Port Scan Using Convolutional

Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Yulong Wang and Jiuchao Zhang

A Dual-Population-Based Local Search for Solving Multiobjective

Traveling Salesman Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Mi Hu, Xinye Cai, and Zhun Fan

A Cone Decomposition Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm

with Adaptive Direction Penalized Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Weiqin Ying, Yali Deng, Yu Wu, Yuehong Xie, Zhenyu Wang,
and Zhiyi Lin

Origin Illusion, Elitist Selection and Contraction Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Rui Li, Guangzhi Xu, Xinchao Zhao, and Dunwei Gong

A Multi Ant System Based Hybrid Heuristic Algorithm for Vehicle

Routing Problem with Service Time Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Yuan Wang and Lining Xing

Model Predictive Control of Data Center Temperature Based on CFD . . . . . . 423

Gang Peng, Chenyang Zhou, and Siming Wang
XIV Contents – Part I

Computer System for Designing Musical Expressiveness in an Automatic

Music Composition Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Michele Della Ventura

A Hybrid Dynamic Population Genetic Algorithm for Multi-satellite

and Multi-station Mission Planning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Yan-Jie Song, Xin Ma, Zhong-Shan Zhang, Li-Ning Xing,
and Ying-Wu Chen

An 8 to 3 Priority Encoder Based on DNA Strand Displacement . . . . . . . . . 454

Mingliang Wang and Bo Bi

Multifunctional Biosensor Logic Gates Based on Graphene Oxide. . . . . . . . . 473

Luhui Wang, Yingying Zhang, Yani Wei, and Yafei Dong

Medium and Long-Term Forecasting Method of China’s Power Load

Based on SaDE-SVM Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Yuansheng Huang, Lijun Zhang, Mengshu Shi, Shijian Liu,
and Siyuan Xu

Coupling PSO-GPR Based Medium and Long Term Load Forecasting

in Beijing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Yuansheng Huang, Jianjun Hu, Yaqian Cai, and Lei Yang

Nonlinear Finite-Element Analysis of Offshore Platform Impact Load

Based on Two-Stage PLS-RBF Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Shibo Zhou and Wenjun Zhang

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

 Contents – Part II

Application of Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm in Vehicle

Routing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Shiyu Jia, Kang Zhou, Yu Yang, Huaqing Qi, Yiting Zhen, Long Hu,
Zhou Zhang, and Heping Zhang

Three-Input and Nine-Output Cubic Logical Circuit Based on DNA

Strand Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Yanfeng Wang, Meng Li, Junwei Sun, and Chun Huang

A Simulated Annealing for Multi-modal Team Orienteering Problem

with Time Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Yalan Zhou, Chen Li, and Yanyue Li

Discrete Harmony Search Algorithm for Flexible Job-Shop

Scheduling Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Xiuli Wu and Jing Li

Barebones Particle Swarm Optimization with a Neighborhood Search

Strategy for Feature Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chenye Qiu and Xingquan Zuo

The Chinese Postman Problem Based on the Probe Machine Model . . . . . . . 55

Jing Yang, Zhixiang Yin, Jianzhong Cui, Qiang Zhang, and Zhen Tang

Research on Pulse Classification Based on Multiple Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Zhihua Chen, An Huang, and Xiaoli Qiang

Hybrid Invasive Weed Optimization and GA for Multiple

Sequence Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Chong Gao, Bin Wang, Changjun Zhou, Qiang Zhang, Zhixiang Yin,
and Xianwen Fang

RNA Sequences Similarities Analysis by Cross-Correlation Function. . . . . . . 83

Shanshan Xing, Bin Wang, Xiaopeng Wei, Changjun Zhou,
Qiang Zhang, and Zhonglong Zheng

Refrigerant Capacity Detection of Dehumidifier Based on Time Series

and Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Gang Peng, Zuhuang Yang, and Min Wang

An Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and Its Taguchi Analysis . . . . 104
Yudong Ni, Yuanyuan Li, and Yindong Shen
XVI Contents – Part II

PLS-Based RBF Network Interpolation for Nonlinear FEM Analysis

of Dropped Drum in Offshore Platform Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Hongwei Liu, Wenjun Zhang, Shuaichen Liu, and Yan Li

Logic Circuit Design of Sixteen-Input Encoder by DNA

Strand Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Yanfeng Wang, Aolong Lv, Chun Huang, and Junwei Sun

PLS-RBF Neural Network for Nonlinear FEM Analysis of Dropped

Container in Offshore Platform Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Zehua Li, Wenjun Zhang, and Haibo Xie

A Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm Based Dynamic Bus Vehicle

Scheduling Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Hongyi Shi, Chunlu Wang, Xingquan Zuo, and Xinchao Zhao

Research on the Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

Complex Logical Operations Based on the DNA Strand Displacement. . . . . . 162
Chun Huang, Yanfeng Wang, and Qinglei Zhou

An Improved GMM-Based Moving Object Detection Method Under

Sudden Illumination Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Jian Cheng, Yusen Gang, Shuai Bai, Yi-nan Guo, and Dongwei Wang

A Method of Accurately Accepting Tasks for New Workers Incorporating

with Capacities and Competition Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Dunwei Gong, Chao Peng, Xinchao Zhao, and Qiuzhen Lin

Iteration-Related Various Learning Particle Swarm Optimization for Quay

Crane Scheduling Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Mingzhu Yu, Xuwen Cong, Ben Niu, and Rong Qu

An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic System Using DNA

Sequence Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Xuncai Zhang, Zheng Zhou, Ying Niu, Yanfeng Wang, and Lingfei Wang

An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Dynamic DNA Coding

and Hyper-chaotic Lorenz System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Guangzhao Cui, Lingfei Wang, Xuncai Zhang, and Zheng Zhou

Application of BFO Based on Path Interaction in Yard Truck Scheduling

and Storage Allocation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Lei Liu, Lu Xiao, Lulu Zuo, Jia Liu, and Chen Yang

Research on Optimization of Warehouse Allocation Problem Based

on Improved Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Ding Ning, Wang Li, Teng Wei, and Zhao Yue
 Contents – Part II XVII

An Expert System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension

Based on Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Wang Jie, Peng Yan, Ren Xiaoxiao, and Qiao Yixuan

A Three Input Look-Up-Table Design Based on Memristor-CMOS . . . . . . . . 275

Junwei Sun, Xingtong Zhao, and Yanfeng Wang

Complex Logic Circuit of Three-Input and Nine-Output by DNA

Strand Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Yanfeng Wang, Guodong Yuan, Chun Huang, and Junwei Sun

Modified Mixed-Dimension Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization

for Liner Route Planning with Empty Container Repositioning . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Mingzhu Yu, Zhichuan Chen, Li Chen, Rong Qu, and Ben Niu

A Wrapper Feature Selection Algorithm Based on Brain

Storm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Xu-tao Zhang, Yong Zhang, Hai-rong Gao, and Chun-lin He

A Hybrid Model Based on K-EPF and DPIO for UAVs Target Detection . . . 316
Jinsong Chen, Lu Xiao, Jun Wang, Huan Liu, and Qianying Liu

A Hybrid Data Clustering Approach Based on Hydrologic Cycle

Optimization and K-means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Ben Niu, Huan Liu, Lei Liu, and Hong Wang

A Decomposition Based Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm

for Dynamic Overlapping Community Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Xing Wan, Xingquan Zuo, and Feng Song

Research on Public Opinion Communication Mechanism Based

on Individual Behavior Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Weidong Huang and Yang Cui

A Comprehensive Evaluation: Water Cycle Algorithm and

Its Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Rana Muhammad Sohail Jafar, Shuang Geng, Wasim Ahmad,
Safdar Hussain, and Hong Wang

A Bias Neural Network Based on Knowledge Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Yulong Wang, Zhi Wu, and Yifeng Huang

LSTM Encoder-Decoder with Adversarial Network for Text Generation

from Keyword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Dongju Park and Chang Wook Ahn

Quantum Algorithm for Crowding Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Jun Suk Kim and Chang Wook Ahn
XVIII Contents – Part II

Random Repeatable Network: Unsupervised Learning to Detect

Interest Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Pei Yan and Yihua Tan

An Orthogonal Genetic Algorithm with Multi-parent Multi-point Crossover

for Knapsack Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Xinchao Zhao, Jiaqi Chen, Rui Li, Dunwei Gong, and Xingmei Li

Cooperative Co-evolution with Principal Component Analysis

for Large Scale Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Guangzhi Xu, Xinchao Zhao, and Rui Li

HCO-Based RFID Network Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Jun Wang, Jinsong Chen, Qianying Liu, and Jia Liu

Cuckoo Search Algorithm Based on Individual Knowledge Learning. . . . . . . 446

Juan Li, Yuan-Xiang Li, and Jie Zou

An Improved DV-Hop Algorithm with Jaccard Coefficient Based

on Optimization of Distance Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Wangsheng Fang, Geng Yang, and Zhongdong Hu

An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Hyper-chaotic System

and Genetic Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Xuncai Zhang, Hangyu Zhou, Zheng Zhou, Lingfei Wang, and Chao Li

A Performance Comparison of Crossover Variations in Differential

Evolution for Training Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . 477
Tae Jong Choi, Yun-Gyung Cheong, and Chang Wook Ahn

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

 Research on Price Forecasting Method
of China’s Carbon Trading Market
Based on PSO-RBF Algorithm

Yuansheng Huang and Hui Liu(B)

Department of Economics and Management,

North China Electric Power University,
Baoding 071003, Hebei, China
895983934@qq.com

Abstract. The forecasting of carbon emissions trading market price is

the basis for improving risk management in the carbon trading market
and strengthening the enthusiasm of market participants. This paper
will apply machine learning methods to forecast the price of China’s
carbon trading market. Firstly, the daily average transaction prices of the
carbon trading market in Hubei and Shenzhen are collected, and these
data are preprocessed by PCAF approach. Secondly, a prediction model
based on Radical Basis Function (RBF) neural network is established
and it parameters are optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Finally, the PSO-RBF model is validated by actual data and proved
that the PSO-RBF model has better prediction effect than BP or RBF
neural network in China’s carbon prices prediction, indicating that it
has more significant rationality and applicability and deserves further
popularization.

Keywords: China’s carbon market · Prediction method

RBF neural network · PSO algorithm

1 Introduction
The establishment of a carbon emission trading system provides a market-
oriented means for countries around the world to implement low-carbon devel-
opment. China, as the world’s largest carbon emission country, is curbing the
greenhouse gas emissions with pragmatic actions. A carbon emissions trading
market is an effective policy tool for the Chinese government to control car-
bon emissions. China launched carbon emissions trading pilot markets in seven
provinces and cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Tian-
jin, Chongqing, and Hubei from 2011, and launched all online transactions in
2014. As of the end of 2017, China has fulfilled its emission reduction commit-
ments to the international community and completed the overall design of the
country’s carbon emissions trading system. National unified carbon emissions
c Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
J. Qiao et al. (Eds.): BIC-TA 2018, CCIS 951, pp. 1–11, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2826-8_1
2 Y. Huang and H. Liu

trading market will gradually mature in the next few years and will play an
increasingly important role as a national policy adjustment platform in the area
of emission reduction in the next decade.
The key to building a carbon trading market is a scientific and reasonable
carbon price mechanism. However, Chinese carbon emissions trading market has
just been formed, resulting in unstable carbon price, irregular changes and the
more prominent market risk. Therefore, research on the carbon price forecast-
ing model will help reduce the risk of carbon price fluctuations and promote
the construction of China’s carbon trading market. It can better manage risk
to play the pricing function of the market, that is able to increase investment
expectations and reduce risks rationally. Improve the efficiency and liquidity of
the carbon market to lead the healthy development of the market.
Machine learning technology is increasingly being cited in the nonlinear and
non-stationary time series predictions. Zhu and Wei [1] constructed a carbon
price forecasting based on integration of group method of data handing (GMDH),
PSO and least squares support vector machines (LSSVM). Zhu [2] also proposed
a multiscale ensemble model, which is composed of empirical mode decomposi-
tion (EMD), genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial neural network (ANN) to
forecast carbon price in ECX. Gao and Li [3] set up an international carbon
financial market price error correction prediction model based on EMD, PSO and
SVM. Fan et al. [4] established a multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP)
forecasting model to study the carbon price of EU EST from the perspective
of chaos. Jiang and Wu [5] built a model based on Support Vector Regression
(SVR) algorithm to predict international carbon market price. Sun et al. [6]
found that using variational mode decomposition (VMD) and spiking neural
networks (SNNS) to forecast the ICE carbon price can obtain a better empirical
test effect. Zhang et al. [7] advanced a hybrid approach integrating PSO and
multioutput support vector regression (MSVR) to forecast carbon prices. Jiang
and Peng [8] presented a carbon prices prediction model based on BP neural
network optimized by Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) algorithm.
In summary, neural network theory has shown good prediction ability in car-
bon price forecasting. RBF is a kind of neural network which is better than tradi-
tional neural network in time series prediction in terms of approximation ability,
classification ability and learning speed, etc. The structure of RBF is simpler,
and its training success rate is higher. Gu et al. [9] trained historical electricity
price by RBF neural network and hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA), and
the test results are satisfactory. Zhang et al. [10] established a model to forecast
short-term load though combining the RBF neural network with the adaptive
neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Coelho and Santos [11] found RBF neu-
ral network model with GARCH errors can show good results in application to
electricity price forecasting. Shen [12] chose RBF neural network optimized by
the artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) to forecast the stock indices. Cecati
et al. [13] designed new algorithm called ErrCor in machine learning to train
RBF for 24 h electric load prediction.
 Forecasting Carbon Prices by PSO-RBF 3

RBF neural network has been successfully applied to time series prediction
and analysis. However due to the inherent characteristics of RBF neural net-
work can easily cause itself to fall into a local optimum. Furthermore, the center
number of RBF and the network’s weights extremely need to rely on past expe-
rience. If some optimization algorithm are adopted to overcome these defects,
the network performance will be further improved. Therefore, this paper uses
PSO to optimize RBF neural network and applies it to China’s carbon prices
prediction for the first time. Compared with the traditional forecasting model,
the PSO-RBF model is more suitable for China’s carbon prices prediction, thus
providing a simple, practical and accurate price prediction method for China’s
carbon trading market.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 describes the fundamen-
tals of RBF and PSO, then elaborates on the PSO-RBF model, Sect. 3 presents
the used dataset and obtained results, Sect. 4 concludes the study.

2 Methodology
2.1 RBF Neural Network
Radical Basis Function neural network (RBFNN) is a three-layer feedforward
neural network, which proposed by Moody and Darken [14] in the 1980s. The
input layer consists of the signal source nodes. The second layer is the hidden
layer, and the number of hidden units depends on the needs of the described
problem. The third layer is the output layer, which responds to the role of the
input mode. The general structure of an RBFNN is shown in Fig. 1.
X = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) is an m-dimensional vector and W = (w1 , w2 , . . . , wn )
is the weight of output layer. gi (X), i = (1, 2, . . . , n) is Gaussian function selected
as activation function, where n means the number of neurons in hidden layer.
In gi (X) = gi (||X − Ci ||), Ci is the center of ith activation function, and || ∗ ||
is Euclid norm.
The output of the ith neuron in hidden layer of RBFNN can be represented
in the form.  
||X − Ci ||2
qi = gi (||X − Ci ||) = exp − (1)
2σi2
σi is the width of the receptive field.
The activation of the output layer is linear combination of units on the hidden
layer, which can be expressed as:
n
y = i=1 wi qi (2)

where wi is the connecting weights from hidden layer to output layer.

When the center point of the RBF is determined, the mapping relationship is
determined. The transformation from the input space to the hidden layer space
is nonlinear, the mapping from the hidden layer to the output layer is linear.
The output of the network is the linear weighted sum of the output of the hidden
layer, where the weight here is the tunable parameter of network.
4 Y. Huang and H. Liu

Fig. 1. General structure of the RBFNN

The theoretical basis of RBFNN is that radial basis exists as a hidden base to
form the hidden layer space. So that the input vector can be directly mapped to
the hidden space, does not need to connect through the weight. According to the
Cover Theorem, the inseparable data in the low-dimensional space is more likely
to become separable in high-dimensional space. In other words, the function of
the hidden layer of the RBFNN is to map the input of the low-dimensional space
to a high-dimensional space through a non-linear function, and then to fit the
curve in this high-dimensional space. It is equivalent to finding a surface that
best fits the training data in an implied high-dimensional space, so that the
transition from the low dimension to the high dimension can be achieved. It can
be easily solved problems which cannot be solved in the low dimension in the
high-dimensional space.

2.2 PSO Algorithm

PSO is an evolutionary optimization algorithm, introduced by Kennedy and
Eberhart [15] in 1995. Similar to GA, PSO is also belong to the population
iteration. However, the particles of PSO follow its own optimal particle in the
entire swarm to search the global optimum solution. Each particle keeps track of
its own best position and velocity in the problem space, and its initial position
and velocity are generated randomly. So PSO is an easy stochastic optimization
technique because of a few parameters to adjust. For a complex nonlinear system,
PSO is a better global optimization capability and high searching speed.
 Forecasting Carbon Prices by PSO-RBF 5

Let the position and velocity of the ith particle in the n-dimensional
search space be respectively assumed as Pi = [pi,1 , pi,2 , . . . , pi,n ] and Vi =
[vi,1 , vi,2 , . . . , vi,n ]. According to a specific fitness function, the local best of the i
th particle cloud be Pil = pli,1 , pli,2 , . . . , pli,n , and P g = pg1 , pg2 , . . . , pgn is the global
best found. The new positions and velocities of the particles will be updated at
each iteration. This process follows the following two formulas.

Pi (k + 1) = Pi (k) + Vi (k + 1) (3)

Vi (k + 1) = Vi (k) + c1 ∗ r1 ∗ (Pil (k) − Pi (k) + c2 ∗ r2 ∗ (P g − Pi (k)) (4)

Where i = 1, 2, . . . , m, m is the number of particles in a population. Pi (k)
and Pil (k) are the position and the local best of ith particle at iteration k,
respectively, P g is the global best of all particles, Vi (k) is the velocity of ith
particle at iteration k. c1 and c2 are both acceleration coefficient, but one is the
cognitive parameter and other is the social parameter. r1 and r2 are the random
numbers between 0 and 1.

2.3 RBF Optimized by PSO

Predicting accuracy of the RBFNN lies on three parameters: output weights
wi , the hidden layer nodes widths σi , the data center of basis function Ci . The
three parameters are updated by PSO, taking the place of the Gradient Descent
method. In this paper, the number of hidden layer nodes of the RBFNN is 10,
and the input data is normalization. The training error of RBFNN is taken as
the fitness function of PSO, as shown in Eq. 5. The minimum value of the fitness
function is get through the optimal particle positions calculated by the PSO
algorithm, and the optimal value of each parameter of the RBFNN is obtained.
⎛  ⎞2
N M
1 ⎝  ||X − Cj ||2 ⎠
F itness = yi − wj exp − (5)
N i=1 j=1
2σj2

The specific steps of adopting PSO to search the optimal values of the RBF
network parameters are as followed and the flow chart of RBF optimized by PSO
is demonstrated in Fig. 2.

Step 1. Define the number of particles, initialize their position and velocity.
Step 2. Calculate the fitness function to obtain the optimal value of each particle
and the global optimal value.
Step 3. Update each particle’s velocity and position.
Step 4. Recalculate its fitness and acquire the optimal value of each particle and
the global optimum value again.
Step 5. Determine whether the fitness reaches the minimum value. If not, loop
to step 3 until a criterion is met.

Finally, the optimal wi , σi and Ci are get to form a trained RBFNN to predict
the data of the testing set.
6 Y. Huang and H. Liu

Start Initialize parameters of PSO Setting the number of hidden

layer nodes in RBF

Error of Training by RBF served as

Input fitness function
Initializing weight w,
center c, width σ

Searching for Pl and Pg

Carbon price series

Optimum w, c, σ

Pacf Update the particle's

velocity and position
Forecasting carbon
price using RBF
Renewal of the fitness value

Output
Updating Pl and Pg

N Y
Terminal condition

Fig. 2. The flow chart of RBF optimized by PSO

3 Simulation and Results

3.1 Data Preprocessing

This article mainly forecasts China’s carbon market transaction prices. As shown
in Fig. 3, Hubei’s carbon trading volume is the largest among seven carbon emis-
sion trading pilot markets in China (we do not consider carbon market in Fujian),
and its turnover is also the largest. The carbon trading pilot market in Shenzhen,
as the earliest carbon markets in China, has a certain significance in research.
Therefore, the daily average transaction prices (Data does not include holidays
and no trading days.) of the carbon trading pilot market in Hubei and Shenzhen
are selected as sample data, and details of samples are reported in Table 1. All
the data comes from the Wind database.

Table 1. Samples of carbon prices.

Carbon price Size Date

Hubei Sample set 980 28 April 2014–31 May 2018
Training set 800 28 April 2014–30 August 2017
Testing set 180 30 August 2017–31 May 2018
Shenzhen Sample set 1090 5 August 2013–31 May 2018
Training set 900 5 August 2013–29 June 2017
Testing set 190 29 June 2017–31 May 2018
 Forecasting Carbon Prices by PSO-RBF 7

Fig. 3. The accumulated trading volume and turnover of carbon markets in China

In order to confirm the format of training data, PACF is selected to derive

the autocorrelogram of data. Figures 4 and 5 respectively show the PACF results
of Hubei and Shenzhen’s data. Setting x(i) as the output variable, if the partial
autocorrelation at lag k is out of the 95% confidence interval, x(i − k) can be
one of the input variables. Table 2 shows input variables of carbon prices data
in Hubei and Shenzhen obviously.

Fig. 4. PACF results of Hubei’s data

As can be seen from Table 2, the carbon price of Hubei on the ith day is
predicted by the carbon prices of the (i − 1)th and (i − 2)th days as the input
variables of the model. Similarly, the carbon prices of the (i − 1)th, (i − 2)th and
(i − 3)th days are used as input variables to output the ith day’s carbon price
of Shenzhen.
8 Y. Huang and H. Liu

Fig. 5. PACF results of Shenzhen’s data

Table 2. Analysis of carbon prices data in Hubei and Shenzhen PACF results.

Hubei Lag Shenzhen Lag

x(i) x(i − 1), x(i − 2) x(i) x(i − 1), x(i − 2), x(i − 3)

3.2 The Obtained Results of Forecasting Carbon Prices by

PSO-RBF

Set up RBF parameters by PSO algorithm and use samples of carbon prices
data to train the RBF network. In this research, Gaussian function is selected
as the radial basis function, and the number of hidden layer nodes is set as 15.
The input values are given by the data after dealing with by PACF. And the
parameters of the PSO algorithm are as follows: the number of particles is 1000,
and the learning factor is c1 = c2 = 2.
At the same time, the PSO-RBF model proposed in this article is compared
with using RBF and BPNN (there are 20 hidden nodes in BPNN) to predict the
carbon prices in Hubei and Shenzhen. The carbon price forecasting results for
Hubei and Shenzhen are shown in Figs. 6 and 7 below.

Fig. 6. Comparison of the Hubei’s carbon prices forecasting results between PSO-RBF,
RBF and BP
 Forecasting Carbon Prices by PSO-RBF 9

Fig. 7. Comparison of the Shenzhen’s carbon prices forecasting results between PSO-
RBF, RBF and BP

3.3 Comparison and Analysis

Figures 6 and 7 reveal the carbon price prediction results for Hubei and Shenzhen
based on three different models, and it can be seen from the figures:

(a) Compared with a single model RBF or BPNN, the PSO-RBF model’s car-
bon price prediction results are closest to the true value, and the forecasting
results of RBF neural network is simultaneously better than BP neural net-
work.
(b) There is a large deviation between the RBF model’s individual prediction
results and the PSO-RBF model’s prediction results as well as the actual
values, indicating that PSO plays a positive role in the parameter optimiza-
tion of RBF.

The predicted value error of different prediction models is presented in

Table 3, we also can be the same conclusion by comparing the size of the Mean
Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE). From
Table 3, the MAPE and the MAE of PSO-RBF model for the Hubei’s carbon
price forecasting are respectively 1.580% and 0.233, and the Shenzhen’s are sep-
arately 6.942% and 1.863. These values are both smaller than the MAPE and
MAE of RBF neural network and BP neural network. It is proved that the
PSO-RBF model is superior to the BPNN model and RBFNN model in terms
of prediction effect, prediction accuracy, etc. It also indicates the validity of the
PSO-RBF model in Chinese carbon price prediction.
10 Y. Huang and H. Liu

Table 3. The predicted value error of different prediction models.

MAPE (%) MAE

Hubei Shenzhen Hubei Shenzhen
BPNN 2.907 12.102 0.420 3.222
RBF 2.175 10.405 0.316 2.817
PSO-RBF 1.580 6.942 0.233 1.863

4 Conclusion
Price forecasting of carbon market is of great significant, especially after China
launched the nation’s unified carbon emissions trading market in 2017, either for
the government or companies. A PSO-RBF neural network model is presented
and applied to prediction in this study. Set up a China’s carbon prices forecasting
model by comprehensive utilizing the self-learning ability of RBF network and
the optimized advantages of PSO. As shown in this research by the results of an
example of factual forecasting which is the prices of carbon market in Hubei and
Shenzhen, this forecasting model can work effectively and enhance the predicting
precision. Compared with RBF and BP neural network, the simulation results
evidence that the PSO-RBF model has stronger approximation ability, faster
convergence rate and higher forecasting accuracy.
As one of the largest suppliers of emission reduction markets, China’s annual
carbon trading volume will exceed 200 million tons in the next five years, and it
is expected to become the world’s largest market for carbon emissions trading.
At the same time, China’s carbon market transaction price may increase over
time in the future. The proposed PSO-RBF method can be further extended to
the future carbon price forecast for the nation’s unified carbon emissions trading
market in China.

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 An Efficient Restart-Enhanced Genetic
Algorithm for the Coalition Formation
Problem

Miao Guo, Bin Xin(B) , Jie Chen, and Yipeng Wang

School of Automation,
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex Systems,
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems,
Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing 100081, China
brucebin@bit.edu.cn

Abstract. In multi-agent system (MAS), the coalition formation (CF)

is an important problem focusing on allocating agents to different tasks.
In this paper, the single-task single-coalition (STSC) formation problem
is considered. The mathematical model of the STSC problem is built
with the objective of minimizing the total cost with the ability con-
straint. Besides, an efficient restart-enhanced genetic algorithm (REGA)
is designed to solve the STSC problem. Furthermore, this paper con-
structs a comparison experiment, employing a random sampling method,
an estimation of distribution algorithm and a genetic algorithm without
restart strategy as competitors. The results of statistical analysis by the
Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test demonstrate that the designed REGA per-
forms better than its competitors in solving the STSC cases of different
scales.

Keywords: Genetic algorithm · Single-task single-coalition (STSC)

Minimizing the total cost · Ability constraint
Estimation of distribution algorithm

1 Introduction
Multi-Agent System (MAS) has become a hot research topic in artificial intel-
ligence, control science and other fields. Because of good robustness and high
efficiency, MAS has been widely applied to complex tasks such as multi-robot
cooperation, distributed monitoring network, emergency disaster rescue, etc. [1–
3]. In these complex missions, a single agent is obviously not enough to complete
the task, and multiple agents are required to collaboratively perform the task.
A group of agents with a common task is denoted by a coalition. How to select
a group of agents to form a coalition is defined as the coalition formation (CF)
problem which has become an important research in MAS and it was proved to
be an NP-hard problem [4].
c Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
J. Qiao et al. (Eds.): BIC-TA 2018, CCIS 951, pp. 12–23, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2826-8_2
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to turn Mohammedan: they would give me camels, nákahs, slaves,
&c. I was at length obliged to silence them. After this came the
newspapers, out of which I made some extracts, which Abú read to
them in Arabic, and with which they were highly pleased. They
hoped the Sultán would persist in attacking the French: they said
that these districts could furnish, mount, and arm fifty thousand men;
but though they are fond of exaggeration, I think that twenty
thousand might be raised in this quarter. A man has come this day to
say, that he knows of two Christian slaves in the desert; they are
Spaniards. He wishes to know if I would buy them, or if the consul at
Suweïrah or Tangier would. After this, he asked me for some
medicines. I gave him a settler, by asking how he could come to me
a Christian, and ask for medicines, when he had taken these poor
Christians, and meant to sell them? Upon this, some words ensued;
to which the arrival of the Sheïkh put a stop. I told him to go to
Suweïrah, and asked how could he expect mercy, who shewed so
little to others? The heat very oppressive to-day. The Damánís were
right: the stolen horse did not go beyond the place they pointed out.
They have this day returned, having taken the thief, and his brother,
who had stolen three cows: they had ridden the horse to death. The
two brothers have made a pretty disclosure. They were sent by the
son of Sídí Hasan to murder Billah, a confidential servant of the
Sheïkh, who had left the service of Sídí Hasan, because the son of
the latter had violated the wife of Billah. If they could not kill Billah,
they were to seize and carry away his present wife, who is a pretty
woman; and, failing in that, they were to steal the Sheïkh’s favourite
horse, as a punishment for protecting Billah, who, with his wife,
escaped both the murder and abduction, and the Sheïkh’s horse fell
the sacrifice. For this pretty job the fellows were to have about three
shillings each. I hope the Sheikh will shoot them. At length the
Damánís have been to my rooms, and told me, that if no káfilah is to
go for some time, they will proceed with me. I like them much; they
are fine specimens of wild men, but not savages. A large party of
them came in the evening, and staid till one A.M., and only left me to
go and eat.
Saturday, June 26.—Therm. 82°. Symptoms of heat by the haze
over the mountains; spoke to the Sheïkh, and all appears to be
settled, but the main point is the money. If this is to be exorbitant, I
shall give up the thing at once. This question is to be arranged, when
Hájí Majíbí comes home. I fear I shall have a quarrel with that fellow
before I get off. The Sheïkh recommends the káfilah: I am aware it
would be the safer course, but I could not so well make notes and
observations, and should be bored to death for advice and
medicines during the whole road. If it goes soon, however, I shall join
it; if not, I shall proceed with my five or six people. Read the prayers;
most of the people here come to listen, although they could not
understand a word. The tribe of Ergebát[111] has sent a deputation to
the Sheïkh, and have this day been heard, and have explained the
cause of their attack upon the Taghakánths. The Sheïkh decided in
favour of the Ergebáts, and there is to be a reconciliation and
friendship. I must try to profit by this event, and get past the Ergebáts
before hostilities are renewed, which will be soon the case. The heat
has been oppressive to-day; I am rather glad of it, as it helps to
season me for the desert. Hope my party will not come this evening.
This is one of the great feasts amongst the Muselmáns; but it is not
kept here. The 12th of Safer is Mohammed’s birth-day. Went to rest
early, fearing my party would come.
Monday, June 27.—Therm. 86°. The heat has become very
oppressive. An express has arrived from Taghakánth, with a report
that the place has been attacked by the Ergebáts, who mustered
nine hundred men; while the Taghakánths, who were taken by
surprise, could bring together only three hundred to meet the enemy:
these, however, were sufficient to defeat their assailants, after killing
ninety of them, with a very trifling loss on their own part. This is bad
news for me, as we shall assuredly be attacked when passing the
district of the Ergebáts. The Damánís have set off in haste for their
place. Hájí Majíbí has returned; he is brought down considerably,
and came in a very humble manner to pay his respects: he is a
consummate scoundrel. Had a visit from Mas’úd, who wished to give
me a Tumbuktú quilt; but I can take no presents, and he left me in
dudgeon at my refusal. I dislike this man more and more. Things are
at last in a train; but I had a threatener this morning, having nearly
fallen two or three times, in consequence of the great heat and
excitement, and the immoderate use of tobacco. I shall try to leave
off the pipe, and begin reducing the quantity of fluid. Very weak tea
and water have been my only drink for more than three months; and
I must now leave off the tea. Attended the unpacking of the ivory:
some of the teeth are immense. Abú tells me, that I shall see some
as large rotting on dunghills; that the people about Kong live entirely
upon elephants, and are constantly employed in hunting them. The
small tusks are used for music; but from the want of means of
transport, the large ones are thrown away. Hámed has just been
here to take leave: he is a most grateful creature, and promises that
wherever I meet any people of his tribe, they will respect Ján and
Yaghá. He then said he had one more favour to ask: I had cured
him, and had given him too many things; but as he knew I could do
any thing, “I love,” said he, “the daughter of the brother of my father;
she is the prettiest woman in our tribe; I am dying for her; but she
does not love me, although I am the Sheïkh’s son, and shall be the
Sheïkh myself; give me such a charm, as shall force her to love me.”
It was in vain that I told him, I had no love-charm. He said that I had
given one to the son of the Sheïkh of Dar’ah, and that his wife had
come back to him. I had then to make up a story that I must see the
lady, and, as she is unmarried, fold the charm, while she looked on.
This he is convinced will prove effectual; and when I get to
Taghakánth I am to make him happy. I don’t know what he has
promised to do for me. My two guides remain here to make the
necessary arrangements about our start. I have been asked, if I will
fight, should we be attacked, and have had to give a specimen of my
ability to use a sword and pistols. My powder and ball, and every
thing else was approved of, and I am promised that all will be well;
but that I must make up my mind to some suffering; that they will
carry extra water for me, but one Samúm[112] may drink it all up. The
die is cast, and I must run the hazard.
Tuesday, June 28.—Mekkí died yesterday. This is the first death
since I have been here; and even this man might have been saved,
had he followed my advice. A large arrival of poor female slaves: I
was astonished at their spirits, especially when I saw the parting of
two sisters; they certainly have not the same feelings as the whites. I
am sorry to admit a point, which I have often strongly contested.
During the evening I was taken very ill, and compelled to lie down.
Wednesday, June 29.—Therm. 82°. Took calomel, Hunt’s pills,
&c., last night. Fainted away this morning, and had a great swimming
in the head, but wanted courage to bleed myself. I mean to try what
medicines and abstemiousness will do. Was very ill all day: took my
carpet to the garden, where I passed a few quiet hours; went early to
bed. The heat very oppressive.
Thursday, June 30.—Therm. 82°. Hazy and lowering. This
morning another arrival from Taghakánth. A small party from Súdán
has likewise been attacked. This last party confirms the news of the
attack on Taghakánth, and brings intelligence that many of the
Taghakánths have been killed. My room has been stormed by these
fresh arrivals. I am sick to death of them, and have been poisoned
by their stench. It is impossible to help myself, and the Sheïkh dare
not say a word to them. The courier has arrived, and brought most
satisfactory letters from Lord Glenelg, Mr. Hay, Mr. Willshire, &c. Had
a party in the evening. All were anxious to see the King’s letter.
Being much delighted, I staid up till two A.M. writing.
Friday, July 1.—Therm. 84°. The Damání crowd is off, and now
comes the settling question. I saw at once that extortion was
intended; but I cannot get Abú to act or speak with any force. They
want two months to prepare. Asked at first 2,300 dollars; after much
wrangling they came down to 1,500: this, added to the extravagant
sum demanded by the Sheïkh, is more than I can venture to give,
without the sanction of Mr. Willshire. I have written to him to know
how I am to act. That same villain, Majíbí, who has already robbed
me of 320 ducats, is at the bottom of all this. I hold a threat over
them, that I have another way open. I now learn, that a report has
got abroad of my being one of the royal family of England; that I
have plenty of money, and that the people of Sús intend making me
pay a larger sum for permission to return. We have counted too
much on the Sheïkh. This has quite upset me.
Saturday, July 2.—Therm. 84°. Lots of wounded. The trouble I
have in persuading these people that all cannot bear the same
quantity of medicine, is quite provoking. I have made up some
bread-pills to complete the number, where one would require three,
and another only two. The Damánís have dropt to one thousand
dollars, but I have refused to give an answer till I hear from Mr.
Willshire. I sent to inquire about the two Christian Spaniards, who
are in the desert. Wrote to Lord Palmerston, at Sheïkh Beïrúk’s
request, and to Lord Glenelg, Thom, and G. Dodd. Sat up till day-
light, having to dispatch my courier early. Laid down just as the sun
was rising.
Sunday, July 3.—Therm. 82°. The Sheïkh came to me as soon as
I had laid myself down. He told me that the Damánís were under an
idea that I was a person of great consequence, and have large sums
at my command; and that they have only to ask and receive. He said
that as I should be obliged to pay the one thousand dollars to get on
either way, I had better make up my mind to it; that he must admit his
own agent had played the rascal, for he had not expended the sum
he claims; but as he has received the money from the consul, there
is, I fear, little chance of getting any of it back again. Wrote to his
Royal Highness, Lord Glenelg, Mr. Hay, &c. Sent for my double-
barrelled pistols, but forgot the spectacles. Sent to Mr. Hay for some
knives and other things from Gibraltar. Read the prayers, and took to
my carpet early, as I had been up two nights.
Monday, July 4.—Therm. 84°. Symptoms of great heat. Received
a large present of Kermesú Nasárá, (fig of the Christians) and the
prickly pear, (called Tagharnúp by the Berbers); they came very
acceptably: there were also a few half-ripe pears and some apricots;
I am afraid of fruit, but ate some of the first. The Damánís are very
anxious for my answer. The Sheïkh Mohammed Múlid tells him, he
will make an oath AHAD .................. that he will conduct me in safety
to Tumbuktú and Jennah, and that he will obtain for me whatever I
want from Hámed Libbú. I like this man; but have been so often
disappointed, that I have some fear of eventually changing my
opinion. He is more frank and open, and more like the man of his
word, than any I have seen since I set my foot in Africa. Had great
fun with the Taghakánth people, giving them some imitations of
character. We are all friends. I was struck with the quiet and happy
state of the slaves lately arrived here, who say they would not accept
their liberty on condition of having to cross again the desert. This
gives me a fearful idea of it; but I will try it.
Tuesday, July 5.—Therm. 84°. The Sheïkh Mohammed Múlid
came to make his AHAD oath, that he would protect me, and do all
in his power for me. Wrote to Mr. Willshire all particulars (of the
information I had received), and likewise told him that Mons.
Anthoine D’Abbadie intended to start from Tunis. Four slaves are
here from Kóng, who have told Abú that his cousin and school-fellow
Kutúk the warrior, is now the king of Kóng, and that his power
extends to Ashantí. An Arab from some distance came in to-day with
some savage-looking wretches: I was sitting or rather lying on the
ground writing: I sent them off in a hurry; but was afterwards told that
the Arab was a great Sheïkh, who, having heard of the arrival of a
great Christian Sheïkh, had come to pay me a visit. On his return I
told him that he ought to have taken off his slippers; he made a fair
apology: I then asked him to sit down; when he said that he had
heard of a Christian who could tell by a little magic thing, where any
place in the world lay; but that he could not believe the story, and
had therefore come to ask me about it. I humoured the man, and got
out my pocket compass, and told him to question me; when I told
him where each place was, and the number of days, which I had
already learnt, between any two or more places. He then stated, that
he had heard that I walked half the day and half the night, and was
never tired. Is that true? said he; to which when I replied in the
affirmative, he asked to inspect my feet, and after counting my toes,
he told his companions that I had only five on each foot: he then
examined the knee-pan and cried out Wáhed aëdá, ‘only one;’ then
taking me by the hand, he praised the prophet. From this, as usual,
he asked to see every thing, when I had to open boxes, &c., and
could hardly get him and his party away: he then asked for a
present; a little tobacco did here, but as he is coming again to-
morrow, (it will not be so easy to satisfy him). I learnt a good deal
from Tayyeb about Tumbuktú; he says that it contains sixteen
mosques, of which Sídí ’Alís is the largest; that it takes two hours to
go round the city, which now reaches to Kabrah; and that has a
village contiguous to it on the north; that in these countries people
walk but little: that its markets are now better than those of Jennah;
and that people come to it from all quarters. He states also that
Lamdo Lillahi[113] stands on the river, whereas the map makes it
appear twenty miles to the east. He lived till he was thirteen years
old at Tumbuktú, and has been here more than two years: he knows
more than most persons of his age; but is a great scamp. His mother
is one of Hámed Libbú’s family, and I therefore put up with many of
his rogueries. The heat has been very trying to-day.
Wednesday, July 6.—Therm. 84°. At eleven A.M. the town was
alarmed by the report that all the Sheïkh’s camels had been stolen.
All the people mounted, and set off armed: even the women went out
of the town on the road to Agadír, to see what was going on. At two
P.M. most of the people returned: the report was only partially true. A
few had been stolen, but the direction they had taken was known.
Mohammed Sierra mounted my horse, and with two others went to
get a reinforcement on the road. The reports about the great power
of the Sheïkh, are all moonshine: it is in reality nothing. During my
stay here, I have seen much of the African Arabs; they differ greatly
from the Asiatic: they are more wild in their appearance, but far more
cultivated: nearly all of them can read, and a great many can write. I
have been much pressed about giving my answer as to going on. I
must wait one week more; although I fear that the two months will
have elapsed from the time of deciding. Am very anxious for the
villain Majíbí and his party to leave me; I cannot bear the sight of that
fellow, ever since I was convinced of his roguery. Am in some
anxiety about my gold watch, as the Thillahs have stripped the last
couriers that passed through Sús. This Majíbí’s villainy is capable of
any thing. I gave him a rub this morning, and if I had only protection
here, I would give him the stick.
Thursday, July 7.—Therm. 76°. Had a large party to dinner to day,
as the Sheïkh had killed a cow. These beasts have come to feast on
the entrails, which they prefer to the meat; on being asked what we
did with them, I told them to their utter dismay, that we gave them to
the common dogs, as well-bred ones would not touch them. Had
some of the meat sent me, but it was not very palatable. I received
likewise a present of unripe pears; for these people will not permit
the fruit to ripen. At one P.M. about thirty of the tribe of Assereit
Terjmert arrived here: they are worse than any I have seen as yet:
had a row with them. The Sheïkh and all his people, who are
evidently afraid of being asked for something by all new-comers,
slink away, and leave me alone with every fresh batch of vagabonds:
I told them my mind as well as I could, and then scolded them in
English. At night the Aboudah Ich Saabi came, as it was expected,
on a conference relative to this quarrel; but as it turned out, they only
came to gorge: a cow is not killed every day. There is a report, that
two hundred horse will be here to-morrow, with what truth, time will
show. Am happy to hear that the beasts from Mogador are to go
back on Monday next.
Friday, July 8.—Therm. 82°. Felt poorly all day. Dies non.
Saturday, July 9.—Therm. 82°. All are busy to-day in preparing for
the káfilah, which is to start for Suweïrah on Monday. Feel far from
well. Went to the medicine chest: but find that the least dose
disagrees with me. Renewed rumours of wars. The Damánís are
anxious for my answer, and I am equally anxious to give one. I know
not how things will go on. Am sick of the whole affair, and feel a
presentiment that it will be a failure.
Sunday, July 10°.—Therm. 82. Read prayers. The weather is
heavy and sultry. This has proved one of the most trying days for the
constitution, as the excessive heat has been succeeded by a very
cold wind in the evening, and this followed by a most sultry night. All
the people are fully occupied in preparing for the káfilah, which is to
start to-morrow morning with ivory, gum, &c.; I find that the ivory sells
here at seventy mitcal the canter, while at Mogador it brings sixty
dollars: the quantity of it is enormous. Felt very poorly all day, and
did not go out.
Monday, July 11.—Therm. 84°. All has been bustle to-day. The
káfilah had hardly started, when the two hundred horse arrived. They
came to hold a conference about going to war with a neighbouring
tribe, as one of the Sheïkh’s friends had been killed by a Marabout of
that people: after a long consultation, it was agreed, that as the
Marabout was non compos, there could be no intention of an insult,
and thus instead of a fight we had a feast. The Damánís are
preparing to be off, as my answer is expected to-morrow. I fear I
must give all the money: it is an anxious time for me. There is a great
talk about my long stay, and some of the Shilhah[114] people are not
over civil. The Sheïkh, poor man, is desirous to pay me every
attention; but he is fearful of enforcing a proper authority over these
people. Money is his curse, and he is avarice personified. The heat
is excessive.
Tuesday, July 12.—Therm. 84°. The heat is beyond every thing
to-day; the sun literally scorches: all are gasping. The slaves are
lying about. The Arabs say, that in the Sahrá on such a day, twenty
draughts of water would not quench the thirst. It is one of the hot
winds. I have been walking for more than two hours to the
astonishment of the natives. Evening came, but no post. The heat
still tremendous. I have been drinking tea for more than an hour, and
am still thirsty. Sent out again respecting the Spanish slaves: hope to
get the poor fellows. There has been a slight quarrel between the
Sheïkh and his son; but matters are, I suppose, now made up, as the
son came to pray in his father’s room. Some ostrich marrow was
sent to me to purchase, but I will not buy it without some eggs.
Patients are beginning to be troublesome again. I feel myself
somewhat better than yesterday.
Wednesday, July 13.—Therm. 86°. Symptoms of summer. Am
looking most anxiously for the post. The Damánís have all left,
except Mohammed and Hámed, who are waiting for Mr. Willshire’s
answer. I gave them a present which cost me thirty-nine ducats: they
were highly pleased, and so was the Sheïkh. At three P.M. the
thermometer under the colonnade was at 100°, and though there is a
breeze, the sun is scorching. All are done up. As there was no post, I
was in very bad spirits, and went early to rest: hope to get a little
sleep.
Thursday, July 14.—Therm. 84°. To-day all are done up and out of
temper, with the exception of Abú. The heat is excessive; we are all
stripped to our shirts. Evening brought a cooling breeze, and this
brought back our spirits. I was obliged to lie down early, oozing at
every pore. Despite my little food, and the great heat, have picked up
most of my lost flesh. Am in great anxiety for the post; it has not
arrived to-day; if it does not come to-morrow, I shall suspect
something has gone wrong.
Friday, July 15.—Therm. 84°. Dies non. Out of health, spirits and
temper. No post.
Saturday, July 16.—Therm. 84°. Felt very poorly; kept my bed.
Getting out of all patience, as no post has arrived. Am in great
anxiety about my watch and letters from England. All this is owing to
the villain Majíbí.
Sunday, July 17.—Therm. 86°. Passed a bad night: was up early
and went out to bathe. Read the prayers. Was in hopes of the post
arriving at the usual time: disappointed. Sent Abú to the market, who
brought nothing I could eat; there was no fruit or vegetables. I cannot
manage the kuskusú. Received a present of six bunches of grapes
from a poor slave boy, to whom I had given some medicines; he had
walked out to meet the people coming to market, and had bought all
they had. Sent a present of a loaf of sugar to the beautiful Jewess by
Abú, together with three bunches of the grapes, to ask if she could
make me a pie; for which there is no name in Arabic. I cannot go to
the Leïlá myself, but have been promised something as near to
Abú’s directions as she can make it. I would have done it at home,
but Abú is a bad cook. As the grapes were very sour, I mashed up
two bunches with milk and sugar, and fancied it gooseberry-fool;
contrived, however, to make a meal of it; the only one I have had for
many days. I intended to take a ride, but the heat was greater than I
had ever felt. At two P.M. the thermometer in the sun was at 141°. It
fell one degree at a quarter-past three P.M. and did not sink below
138° till half-past five P.M. I was obliged to cover the stirrups and
kummiyahs,[115] and all metal articles, with pieces of háïk: the
stirrups were too hot to be handled. The horses and cattle are all
suffering; yet there is a strong wind from the N.W., but it is blowing
fire. Mohammed tells me that on the E. of the mountains, which shut
out this wind, it is impossible to face the hot wind. All here are
astonished at my being able to stand it; there is no fear of me; I am
living too low to take any harm. My fear is not that my stomach will
go, but my head. Still no post. All are in anxiety. A cold current of air
is passing over us. At nine P.M. the moon and stars are shooting with
a peculiar glare, such as I have often witnessed here after great
heat. At ten P.M. the heat returned, and nearly suffocated us. I dread
the night—being half destroyed by the vermin. Am very anxious for
to-morrow.
Monday, July 18.—Therm. 86°. Rose early and went out. There
was more wind than yesterday. It feels cooler, but promises to be a
hot day. Conceiving I might be mistaken, while reading “Hints on
various Sciences,” p. 166, I took three thermometers, and
suspended one six feet from the ground, but exposed to the air and
sun, at the distance of six feet from the wall, into which a pole had
been driven, from which it hung perpendicularly. At twelve this had
reached to 115° Fahrenheit. I then laid a second on a mat, exposed
to the sun; and this rose to 138°. The third I placed erect on the box
of the thermometer, which rested on the sand, and was propped up
by a piece of stick. This last rose to 126°. After they had been
exposed about a quarter of an hour, the three gave the following
results:—

Hanging. Standing. Lying. S[116]

At One 119° 126° 143°
Two 119 124 139 109°
Three 121 131 139 110
Five 120 121 126 107

At half-past five, the wind freshened again. During the whole of

this period the wind was very strong from N.W. to N.N.W., and
carried a cambric handkerchief, in which was placed a stone of one
pound, at the rate of four knots an hour. The Arabs, who took the
greatest interest in any thing that I was doing, wanted to know what I
was about, and whether it had any reference to the country. As I
always had a story ready to excite their wonder or a laugh, I told
them that I expected a letter from England, and I was endeavouring
to ascertain how fast the ship was sailing; that the little glasses were
to tell me the heat of the sun, and the handkerchief the force of the
wind; that if when the sun was so hot, the wind had a certain power; I
knew how much greater would be the power of the wind, when the
sun was less hot; and by the velocity of the wind, I could tell the rate
of the ship’s sailing; the sun and the wind being enemies to each
other. Upon this they cried out “Tayyabek Allah:” after this came the
usual finale, by my taking some fire from the sun by the burning
glass; and what astonished them more than any thing else, was that
they could do it themselves as well as I could. At five P.M. I received
my grape-pie from the Jewess; but it was a sad failure, as it was the
third day in which I had gone without a dinner. It is now evident the
post has been stopped on purpose. I am in a nest of villains, and
know not how to extricate myself. The heat continued of the most
distressing kind: at midnight the thermometer was 100°.
Tuesday, July 19.—Therm. 95°. The heat is beyond endurance.
No sleep. All are lying down and panting. The long-wished-for post
has at last arrived: and this morning every thing was settled for our
starting without fail on September 15. All travelling now is quite
impossible, as the camels are dying on the route from the north, in
consequence of the heat, which is greater than usual. Every body is
suffering, and yet they say it is cool here, compared with the
temperature on the south side of the mountains. I have nothing on,
but what decency requires. The consumption of water is immense.
Wednesday, July 20.—Therm. 95°. The heat is terrific. No sleep,
no rest. The stream that passes the Sheïkh’s garden was this
morning at 75°. Mashaba (Majíbí) and his gang left us at three P.M.
Went out a little this afternoon, as I felt poorly, and procured some
eggs from the Arabs in the tents, but many of them were rotten. I
have now had no food for a week. Would give a dollar for a draught
of beer. Thirst distressing, and am pouring with perspiration. The
walls of the house are cracking with the heat and the ground is
distressing to the feet. Wrote to Mr. Willshire. The Damánís are
preparing to start to-morrow.
Thursday, July 21.—Therm. 95°. This morning I exposed about a
quart of water in a tea-kettle, on the roof of the house, to the action
of the sun. The water was brought from a small rill that passes the
Sheïkh’s garden, and was 75° when about fifty yards from the spring.
At twelve the water in the kettle had risen to 112°; at three P.M. it was
taken away to be used as hot water; this happened a few minutes
before I got up to try its temperature. The heat decreased much
towards the evening. Have been very poorly all day, and must have
recourse to a blue pill at night.
Friday, July 22.—Therm. 82°, and has been lower. This sudden
fall of 15° has been felt severely. At no period has the glass reached
within 15° of what it was yesterday. It has made me quite ill, and
unable to go out to a fantasía in the afternoon. A káfilah is now
preparing for Suweïrah.
Saturday, July 23.—Therm. 83°. There was a heavy mist early this
morning. Thank God, the heat is lessened. The trees and fruit were
parched up by the heat of the three last days. The cattle are dying in
the roads, and the very slaves suffering. Feel very poorly; and have
now starved for a week, and been obliged to go often to the
medicine-chest. Had to send to the Jews for brandy to keep me up. I
am expecting some fruit to-morrow, and hope to get a fowl also, and
make some broth. Obliged to shut up books.
Sunday, July 24.—Therm. 85°. The weather fine and pleasant,
and the house quiet. Read the prayers. Received a present of two
fine quinces, called here ................ Their flavour is exceedingly fine;
they came from Tamazert; those that are grown here are not near
ripe; the others have a thin yellow rind, and their flavour is like that of
ripe raspberries. Being far from well, I did not leave the house. Abú
went to market, and bought some eggs, and dispatched Seulïmán to
Tamazert to buy more, together with half-a-dozen of fowls; the latter
being very dear here, about threepence each. I have agreed to
purchase a cow in partnership with Seulïmán, whose child is sick,
and wants more milk, &c., than he can get. I am to be supplied with
fresh butter every day. The cost of the animal, which has just had a
calf, is ten mitcals, about twenty-five shillings. This is a sore subject
for the Sheïkh,[117] who has had a quarrel with his women, and they
will not supply me. I really pity the man.
Monday, July 25.—Therm. 86°. Felt a little better; but as I was still
poorly, kept to the house. No incident.
Tuesday, July 26.—Therm. 78°. Day cold and cloudy. There was a
large arrival from Bamara. Felt very poorly to-day; these sudden
changes almost kill me. Got at last a fowl to-day, and ate a little.
Complained strongly to the Sheïkh.
Wednesday, July 27.—Therm. 80°. Health improving. There was
an addition to our party. Did not go out. House the best place. Had a
new dish to-day; stewed quinces and meat: it was not bad, but I had
no appetite.
Thursday, July 28.—Therm. 78°. Not so well to-day; kept to the
house. In the evening a party from Taghakánth brought intelligence
of the war still raging.
Friday, July 29.—Therm. 77°. Day fine; went out a little: am much
better, thank God.
Saturday, July 30.—Therm. 75°. The night has been cool, and
very pleasant. Went out a little this morning: towards the middle of
the day the heat returned with great power. A simúm is blowing in
the desert; we are all covered with dust, and the houses are perfectly
obscured. I tried the water again to-day: a quart was exposed from
one to three P.M. in a tea-pot, on the top of the house; it rose to 112°;
at four P.M. it had reached 125°, when it came into service, being
half-boiled, to fill up the tea-kettle. We are to have three or four
oppressive days again. Spirits very low. Took a half pint of the Jews’
brandy, having a very cholera-feel.
Sunday, July 31.—Therm. 80°. Passed a very bad night. Walked
out a little. Read the prayers, and mean to fast to-day. In the
afternoon we felt the simúm again, and the night was oppressive in
the extreme.
Monday, Aug. 1.—Therm. 86°. The whole horizon buried in a
cloud of dust. The mountains to the S. and S.E. were not visible; the
cattle exhibit a disinclination to go to their pastures. We are to have a
sweltering day, by all appearance. We are looking out for the post,
which, we suppose, was stopt yesterday by the excessive heat, and
will not now reach us before to-morrow. Felt very poorly this evening.
Tuesday, Aug. 2.—Therm. 80°. Very poorly, and kept to the
house.
 Wednesday, Aug. 3.—Therm. 75°. Much cooler. There is a strong
breeze, but the dust still comes from the desert. For the three last
nights we have been annoyed with the jackalls, who have been
driven in from the Sahrá. Felt a little better to-day, and went out for
an hour. No appetite. This confinement is very sad. Received large
presents of unripe fruit. These people will leave nothing to ripen; they
are perfect hogs. A host of jackalls have made their appearance.
Gave Abú a lesson in medicine; made him number the bottles in the
chest, for fear of being too ill to go to it myself, and he should poison
me. We have some misgivings about the post, which is three days
behind its time. Persons have been dispatched to look after the
postman.
Thursday, Aug. 4.—Therm. 76°. A high wind, with dust, which
nearly blinded us all. Feel rather better to-day. Still no post, and all in
anxiety.
Friday, Aug. 5.—Therm. 76°. Weather much pleasanter. The night
cool, and not so many vermin. Received a fine present of grapes.
This evening the post came in, but brought no letters. The Sheïkh is
in a great rage about a letter, which that rascal, Majíbí, has written;
who now that he has been blown upon, is trying to make mischief.
Affairs are rather ticklish. I have a hard game to play to keep all
matters right. There is some unpleasant talk about the length of my
stay, and some not very pleasing hints to the Sheïkh about his
treatment of me. I have tried to put every thing in a correct light.
Saturday, Aug. 6.—Therm. 78°. Fine day. Feel somewhat better.
There has been another fight between the Jews about my food and
washing. I fear the Sheïkh leans to the scoundrel, whose wife is
more free-looking than Fehedia, whom he cannot seduce: the case
is to be heard to-morrow.
Sunday, Aug. 7.—Therm. 76°. Early this morning Sídí Mohammed
El Fakír arrived from Suweïrah, bringing me a letter, together with
tea, sugar, and coffee, from Mr. Willshire, and a present of fruit from
himself. By the letter I learnt that the Sheïkh had written to Mr.
Willshire for the money for the journey, which the Sheïkh said he had
paid the Damánís. I do not, nor does Mr. Willshire, like this paying
before hand. Had a large party at breakfast; there was one Múléï
’Alí, and some hogs of Berbers. Read the prayers, and prepared to
catch the Sheïkh. He promises to give me an acknowledgment, that I
shall have nothing to pay on my arrival at Tumbuktú, and that all
shall be right. There are no signs of my tent coming back. Sídí
Mohammed, who is anxious that I should not go on, brought his son,
the only really learned man here, who is to write privately to Mr.
Willshire, should any thing happen to me. I am more than ever
pleased with the Fakír, and feel great satisfaction in having a person
who can communicate, if necessary, with Suweïrah, unknown to the
Sheïkh. I am not over easy that all is quite safe: these are a
thankless people, and are now very angry that I have complained so
much of the bad treatment I have experienced. I shall make friends
with this young man, and try what can be done through him, in case
of need. Feel much better to-day.
Monday, Aug. 8.—Therm. 78°. The house is full of visitors again,
and my pest, the Sheïkh Hammó, has returned. Abú was puzzled to-
day in some questions about Hájí Majíbí. Gave him a lesson to-night;
but he is a very dull scholar: he has no idea of position,[118] nor can I
make him understand the drawing of the ka’bah. Some mischief is at
work from that rascal, Majíbí, who has gone back to Suweïrah. I will
catch him yet. Feel better to-day, and am beginning to be myself
again.
Tuesday, Aug. 9.—Therm. 78°. Up early, and out to breakfast. The
post arrived with letters from Mr. Willshire, who says that he has sent
half the money for the journey; but that no pesetas were to be
procured, and therefore the remaining half would be sent by Hájí
’Abíb, whom Mr. W. insists upon coming here to see me off—an
event which now seems doubtful. I do not like this payment of all the
money before hand, as I may be left on the road, although I have
great faith in the Damánís. I had some high words with the Sheïkh.
His people owe Mr. Willshire five thousand dollars, and would not
take a credit for the one thousand. My good opinion of the Sheïkh all
oozing away. He is a beastly miser. Wrote to Mr. W. Felt done up
again by this business.
 Wednesday, Aug. 10.—Therm. 66°. The night was so cold, that I
had to get up, and put on some clothes; and this morning the glass
shews a fall of 10°. Felt this change very sensibly, and the more so
as I have been out of temper since yesterday’s row with the Sheïkh.
As there were symptoms of heat, I tried the thermometer, and found
that it stood
At 10 A.M. in the shade 80° in the sun 110°.
— 12 M. 82° 124°.
— 2 P.M. 82° 120°.
— 6 76° 85°.
— 10 in doors 75° out of doors 70°.

I feel rather uneasy about the arrangements. Heard of a party going

to Tumbuktú in ten days. I have been told not to pay all the money
before hand. Am determined to speak again to the Sheïkh, even if I
am to give up the thing. All parties here are agreed as to my having
been ill treated. I fear this man is now bent on plunder. I mean to
dispatch a courier privately to Mr. Willshire to-morrow. I cannot allow
myself to be robbed with impunity. My treatment is now as bad as
ever, and if the money be once paid, I shall never get on.
Thursday, Aug. 11.—Therm. 70°. It begins to feel very cold. All the
people have taken to their Sulhams. A man was shot through the
ankle, and they came to me for some camphor, their sovereign
remedy. I told them that all mine was gone, and desired them to go
to Mes’úd. This strange fellow was born a Jew, and is now a
Muselmán. He is much looked up to. He too said that all his camphor
was gone; but was sure that I had some; for he had seen a great
many Jinns[119] about at this place, and one or two big ones at
Agader, where I go sometimes, and he was sure that they came for
my camphor; that they stole a great deal of his, and were very fond
of it, and would come a long way to get it. Finding, however, the
applicant, who was the father of the boy, to be greatly distressed for
the want of the camphor, I give him a little and some plasters.
Mes’úd told him how to tie it up, and Abú had to write a charm to
keep away the Jinns, and prevent them attacking the boy on the
road, which Mes’úd said they would be sure to do unless he took the
spell with him. Abú wrote two extra charms for the Táleb, on the
condition that he would shew me his book of magic to-morrow.
Friday, Aug. 12.—Therm. 70°. Had a great row with the Sheïkh,
who has over-shot the mark; I fear we shall quarrel yet, and the thing
fail entirely. Got the book on magic, but had to pay a mithkál for
looking at it.
Saturday, Aug. 13.—Therm. 70°. Weather cloudy and wind cold.
Towards noon, I had a great row with Sídí Salám, and threatened to
leave the house; I have frightened them a little, but made myself ill
again.
Sunday, Aug. 14.—Therm. 63°. It feels quite cold; I have taken to
clothe again. The people are preparing to go to the Múlíd at Muwah,
which takes place on Wednesday. Read the prayers. A sand wind
from the desert, which nearly blinded us: at five P.M. the glare was so
vivid as to distress the eyes; one could see the doors of the houses,
and the faces of all the people in the Sók. It had also the effect of the
mirage in giving a gigantic appearance to all persons; we could
distinguish even the tracks on the mountains, which were some
miles distant: it lasted above an hour. A Jew lad, who has been in
the habit of bringing me food, came with his schoolmaster, the
Rabbi, to take leave; he can repeat the whole of the Pentateuch,
although he is unable to read a letter: his schoolmaster told me he
had been teaching him to be a tradesman, not a scholar. The lad got
a dollar from me to pay his expenses on the road. The Sheïkh is not
yet returned.
Monday, Aug. 15.—Therm. 72°. Wind strong. A large káfilah is
starting for Suweïrah. The Sheïkh is to come back this evening. I am
sick at heart. Fasted to-day, partly out of spite to these people, and
partly by way of medicine.
Tuesday, Aug. 16.—Therm. 72°. This was rather an interesting
morning. The Arabs who are about to return to the Sahrá, came for
the Mazkát Allah. This is a kind of tithe given of the barley, only to
those people whose land will not produce any, and whose
occupation as guides to the káfilahs prevent them from tilling the
ground. It is not however the unjust tithe on the industry and capital
of the English farmer; but is a tenth of the actual increase—in the
scriptural meaning. The seed-corn is deducted, together with the
quantity requisite for the wages of the labourers, and the cost of
tillage, and gathering the produce; of which one tenth of the actual
increase is given. There was a great variety of character
(deportment), and a blessing was given to, and by each person as
he came for and went away with his share. In this manner they
obtain corn enough for nearly all their wants. A few presents were
brought for the Sheïkh, who I could see, gave grudgingly, and in
return asked very anxiously, if they wanted to buy any thing. I had a
great row with Sheïkh Hammód, and nearly came to blows. This
fellow is the greatest hog I have ever seen. I am very anxious to hear
again from Suweïrah; had Kádí ’Alí been here, I would have left the
house this morning. To-day was the ceremony of swearing faith to
the Sheïkh, and of protection to the káfilahs to and from Wad Nún.
Portions of the Koran were read; the Ahdah[120] taken, and faith
pledged, accompanied by the ceremony of stepping over a stone. I
have frightened the Sheïkh, and I hope to some purpose: but matters
are hard to arrange.
Wednesday, Aug. 17.—Therm. 74. These Arabs of the Sahrá are
certainly the men in Belzoni’s tomb, with their curls standing out, and
dresses close to their necks, and feathers in their heads; none of
them ever wear turbans. Some have a string of pearls (islik); some a
cord; but the generality are content with their thick woolly curls, that
make the head look like a mop, or the hair upon a poodle dog. They
are a slim race, but very hardy and courageous. Two large wolves
were killed this morning. We are looking out for the post. The wind is
high, but with the haze over the mountains, the fore-runner of a
return of the heat. At eleven A.M. it blew a perfect hurricane. The
Simúm[121] felt like the blast of a furnace. The thermometer rose
suddenly from eighty-five degrees to ninety-five degrees. The heat
was terribly oppressive; we all felt it, and the people were lying about
and panting, and all work was suspended. This lasted till one P.M.
and has so heated the air, that there is no moving. The Sheïkh says
there will be two or three such days: that we are lucky in not having
started; but that the weather will then become settled. This is the
approach of their second summer. I have this day had a proper
explanation. The Jew has been sent for, and ordered to purchase
every thing requisite on pain of banishment, and to bring in a weekly
bill of my expenses. The poor fellow at first thought I had been
making a complaint; but has gone away quite satisfied. There are
symptoms, I am sorry to see, of further detention. At half-past two
P.M. the hurricane returned; when the whole air was loaded with dust
that made the sun look red. The thermometer, was, in the sun, one
hundred and twenty-one degrees, and at three P.M. one hundred and
twenty-six degrees; in the shade, one hundred degrees and one
hundred and one degrees respectively; with a very trying wind,
E.S.E. This has been a thirty-drink day. The heat at night was
excessive. I am to go to the Jew’s to-morrow with the Sheïkh. A
great change has taken place: I have frightened these people in right
earnest, and I am determined to keep the vantage ground.
Thursday, Aug. 18.—Therm. 86°. Very hot outside the door. Went
to the Millah with the Sheïkh to breakfast, at the chief Jew’s,
Soleïmán. Every thing was very good, indeed, of a rather superior
kind: but what a place to live in! We went on foot, the Sheïkh
carrying a loaded pistol in one hand, and with the other on his
kummiyah.[122] After eating for two hours, the Muselmán party went
home to sleep. I remained with the sons and daughters of Israel,
who had come to the Millah, which is seldom honoured by a visit
from the Sheïkh, and still less frequently to eat there. The Jew’s wife
is one of the most beautiful creatures I have ever seen: she is much
respected, and possesses some property of her own. The Rabbi, at
my request, read the first five chapters of Genesis, and then a
portion of Exodus. I hoped to find some other books; but there were
only Sepher Kodesh.[123] Returned home, and found a great change
for the better in the establishment. The heat was excessive: the
thermometer at 101° in the colonnade. The moon looked pale and
sickly. At midnight the thermometer stood at 101°: every body was
fainting from the oppressiveness of the heat.
Friday, Aug. 19.—Therm. 89°. The heat suffocating: went out a
little to accustom myself to it. At two P.M. the thermometer was at
110° in the shade. This is the second summer here: it lasts for twenty