SET # 01

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1. During freak propagation conditions, false echoes have been observed on the
display as a result of such conditions. These are referred to as:-
a. Indirect echoes
b. Multiple echoes
c. Second-trace echoes
d. Side echoes
2. If the following targets have the same equivalent echoing area, also the same
composition and surface texture, which will be the weakest target.
a. Cube
b. Cone
c. Cylinder
d. Sphere
3. The time taken for a Radar pulse to travel out to and the echo returning from a
target at a range of 16.2 n.m. (30.0 km) is (approximately)
a. 100 micro seconds
b. 200 micro seconds
c. 300 micro seconds
d. 400 micro seconds
4. What is affected by radar pulse length
a. Range accuracy
b. Range discrimination
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
5. What are the advantages of keeping a radar on standby
a. It reduces power consumption
b. Reduces the wear of some element
c. Reduces interference on other radar
d. All of the above

6. For the same antenna height which radar will have a greater range.

a. A 3 cm radar
b. A 10 cm radar
c. Both will have same range
d. None of the above

7. For the same height of cye & radar antenna which of the following will be greater.

a. Radar horizon
b. Optical horizon
c. Geometrical horizon
d. All of them will be equal

8. Under normal propagation condition, how do the radar signal travel from the
antenna.
 a. In a straight line
b. Exactly following the curvature of the earth
c. Bending slightly towards the Earth’s surface
d. Bending away from the Earth’s surface

9. The change of own ships course and speed effects

a. The targets course

b. The targets speed
c. The targets course and speed
d. None of the above

10. Bearing discrimination is governed by-

a. Horizontal beam-width
b. Spot size
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

SET # 02
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1. What input is necessary to set up a radar display in relative motion north-up

mode?
a. Speed
b. Compass error
c. Gyro heading information
d. All of the above
2. The specification for marine radars requires that “…….the echo of a General
Purpose Conical (GPC) buoy shall be visible……down to a range of”
a. 15 meters
b. 50 meters
c. 75 meters
d. 125 meters
3. On the shorter range scales it is usual to increase the P.r.f.

a. to avoid the possibility of second-trace returns

b. to increase the transmission energy
c. to improve the minimum detection range
d. to increase the number of lines per scan

4. The strength of a returning echo depends upon

a. Radar peak power only
b. Pulse duration only
c. Aerial efficiency only
d. All of the above
5. Which one of the followings is it most appropriate to observe while manually
tunings a radar set?
a. Fineness of rings
b. Output of Performance Monitor
c. The speckled background of the display
d. The extent of sea clutter
6. A small ship, dead ahead visually at abut 2 miles bears 003 (relative) on the radar
display.
a. The heading marker represents 3 Red
b. The heading marker represents 3 Green
c. The Gyro error is 3 high
d. The aerial is rotating 3 per revolution faster than the trace.

7. A “Balanced Mixer” is used in radar to

a. Climinate thermal noise originating in the klystron, so that the chance of
poor response targets can be improved.
b. Provide the speckled background for use in setting of the gain control
c. Speed up the T/R switch-over time and thus improve the minimum range
d. Allow the tuning to occur at the midpoint of travel of the tuning control.
8. The F.T.C. control can be useful for-
a. Detection of targets beyond rain
b. Bringing receiver frequency into line with that of the transmitter
c. Improving range discrimination
d. The suppression of “Radar-to-Radar” interference
9. A target vessel which is on a collision course can appear to change its compass
bearing if –
a. The mechanical cursor is used when the electronic center is displaced
b. Own ship is yawing and relative bearings are observed on an unstabilised
display
c. A constant compass error is not allowed for
d. The heading marker is not correctly aligned on the bearing scale.
10. “Beam-with Distortion” can be partly compensate for by
a. Lowering the setting of the brilliance control
b. Fine tuning
c. Using a shorter pulse-length
d. Lowering the setting of the gain control
11. During freak propagation conditions, false echoes have been observed on the
display as a result of such conditions. These are referred to as:-
a. Indirect echoes
b. Multiple echoes
c. Second-trace echoes
d. Side echoes
12. If the following targets have the same equivalent echoing area, also the same
composition and surface texture, which will be the weakest target.
a. Cube
b. Cone
c. Cylinder
 d. Sphere
13. The time taken for a Radar pulse to travel out to and the echo returning from a
target at a range of 16.2 n.m. (30.0 km) is (approximately)
a. 100 micro seconds
b. 200 micro seconds
c. 300 micro seconds
d. 400 micro seconds
14. What is affected by radar pulse length
a. Range accuracy
b. Range discrimination
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
15. What are the advantages of keeping a radar on standby
a. It reduces power consumption
b. Reduces the wear of some element
c. Reduces interference on other radar
d. All of the above

16. For the same antenna height which radar will have a greater range.

a. A 3 cm radar
b. A 10 cm radar
c. Both will have same range
d. None of the above

17. For the same height of cye & radar antenna which of the following will be greater.

a. Radar horizon
b. Optical horizon
c. Geometrical horizon
d. All of them will be equal

18. Under normal propagation condition, how do the radar signal travel from the
antenna.

a. In a straight line
b. Exactly following the curvature of the earth
c. Bending slightly towards the Earth’s surface
d. Bending away from the Earth’s surface

19. The change of own ships course and speed effects

a. The targets course

b. The targets speed
c. The targets course and speed
d. None of the above

20. Bearing discrimination is governed by-

a. Horizontal beam-width
b. Spot size
c. All of the above
d. None of the above
SET # 03
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1). The time taken for a radar pulse to travel out to and the echo returning from a
target at a range of 24 nautical miles is (approximately):-
a. 100 micro-seconds
b. 200 micro-seconds
c. 300 micro-seconds
d. 400 micro-seconds

2). The specification for marine radars requires that for an antenna mounted 15
metres above sea level the echo of an object such as navigational buoy having an
effective echoing area of approximately 10 square meters shall give a clear
indication at:-
a. ½ mile
b. 1 mile
c. 2 miles
d. 3 miles

3. A target ship is crossing from port to starboard showing two points of possible
collision (PPCs) 350° (relative) 5 m and 050° (relative) 10 m respectively will
Own ship:-

a. Be on a collision course
b. Pass ahead of the target
c. Pass astern of the target

2. On a radial- Scan re-timed display the time base on the 48-mile range scale is
(approximately):-

a. 9.25 micro-seconds
b. 37.0 micro-seconds
c. 148.2 micro-seconds
d. 592.6 micro-seconds
3. On the shorter range scales is it usual to increase the P.R.F :-
a. To avoid the possibility of seconds – trace returns
b. To increase the transmission energy
c. To improve the minimum detection range
d. To increase the number of lines per scan.
4. The strength of a returning echo depends upon :-
a. Radar peak power only
b. Pulse duration only
c. Aerial efficiency only
d. All of the above
5. Which one of the following is most appropriate to observe while tuning radar set?
a. Fineness of rings
b. Output of performance monitor
c. The speckled background of the display
d. The extent of sea clutter
 6. The Overall Performance Monitor will give warning when :-

a. There is condensation in the wavelength

b. Detection ranges are reduced due to atmosphere attenuation
c. Ranging errors only exist
d. Bearing errors only exist
e. Both ranging and bearing errors exist.
7. “ Beam –width Distortion” occurs as a result of :-

a. “Squinting” of modern radar aerials

b. Diffraction of waves
c. Refraction of waves
d. The radar beam having a practical finite width in the horizontal plane.

8. A small ship, dead ahead visually at about 2 miles bears 357° (relative) on the
radar display :-
a. The heading marker represents 3° Red
b. The heading marker represents 3° Green
c. The gyro error is 3° high
d. The gyro error is 3° low
e. The aerial is rotating 3° per revolution faster than the trace
f. The aerial is rotating 3° per revolution slower than the trace.

SET # 04
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Put True or False

1. Double the plotting interval will half the chance of making errors in the
estimation of the nearest approach

2. The output power of radar is a function of peak power and P.r.f.

3. The IMO specification of marine radars requires that the radar beam in the
horizontal plane shall not be less than 2° , measured to the half power points.

4. “X” band radar operates at a frequency of approximately 9,400 MHz and

wavelength of 3.2 cm, while “S” band radar operates at a frequency of
approximately 3,000 MHz and a wavelength of 10 cm.

5. An aerial having an aperture of 300 cms, in the horizontal plane will have better
bearing discrimination when used with waves of 10cm. length than with waves of
3 cm, length.
6. Radar interference, which is observed when only one ship’s echo is on the
display, indicates that the vessel concerned is using its radar.

7. The rain clutter on 3 cm, radar sets is less dense than on 10 cm. radar sets, given
that external conditions are identical.
8. The height of the tide may affect the intensity of echoes on a marine radar display.

9. The VRM is inherently more accurate than the range rings.

10. A larger aerial aperture will improve bearing discrimination.

11. Second-trace echoes are unlikely when using a high P.R.F.

12. Unwanted responses from a Racon at close range can be minimized by using the
differentiator control.

13. One of the factors favoring sub-refraction is relative humidity increasing with
height.

14. Switching on the FTC control aids the detection of targets beyond rain

15. Range discrimination depends on pulse duration.

16. A 10-cm. radar will have better bearing discrimination than a 3-cm. radar,
if their aerials have the same aperture.

17. The brilliance control adjusted to its optimum setting can usually be left
unadjusted when range scales are changed.

18. Using the parallel index technique on a relative motion display the observer is
able to constantly monitor the effect of a cross tide by observing the motion of a
fixed target.

19. Under sub-refraction conditions the radar of a target is likely to be less than its
true range.

20. A reliable method of ensuring optimum performance of a radar set is to tune for
maximum response of sea clutter.

21. A 10-cm. radar set transmits in the X-band.

22. Targets outside the angle subtended by half-power points of the transmitted
beam may return echoes.

23. Multiple echoes can be minimized by the fitting of Radar absorbent Material
to obstructions causing blind arcs.

24. One of the factors favoring super-refraction conditions is cool air blowing over a
warm sea.
25. Equal spacing of range rings confirms that they are accurate for range
measurements.
26. The detection range of a target is improved by the use of a larger horizontal beam-
width.
27. The tuning control varies the transmitted frequency.

28. Range discrimination depends upon the horizontal beam-width.

29. Snow clutter appearing near the maximum of the 6-mile range scale can be
effectively reduced by careful operation of the sea clutter control.

30. When side echoes are observed the true echo can be determined by temporarily
reducing the gain.