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DRONES
WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW®
DRONES
WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW®
SARAH KREPS
Cornell University
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Courier Press, USA
CONTENTS
FOREWORD VII
1 Introduction 1
NOTES 165
INDEX 187
FOREWORD
Over the last decade, the United States went from having
unarmed surveillance drones to sophisticated armed drones
capable of conducting prolonged surveillance and then killing
the target. This chapter will take stock of those developments
by answering a number of questions that provide context for
the recent evolution of armed drone technology.
Q. What is a drone?
The term “drone” has come to loosely refer to “unmanned aerial
vehicles” (UAVs), or what the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) refers to as an “unmanned aerial system” (UAS) and the
US Air Force to as a “remotely piloted aircraft” (RPA). The lat-
ter organization prefers to incorporate “pilot” because of the
significant training required, even for a remotely positioned
operator. All of these names speak to the attribute that unifies
drones: that they operate without pilots on-board.
For some observers, this essentially means that everything is
a drone. As Kelsey Atherton of Popular Science puts it, “ ‘drone’ as
a category refers to any unmanned, remotely piloted flying craft,
ranging from something as small as a radio-controlled toy heli-
copter to the 32,000-lb., $104 million Global Hawk. If it flies and
it’s controlled by a pilot on the ground, it fits under the every-
day-language definition of drone.”1 Despite this broad defini-
tion, Atherton suggests that until recently, model airplanes have
been governed by a different set of laws from drones. Indeed,
Canadian laws have distinguished between drones and hobby
8 Drones
helped lay the groundwork for the use of drones in war, the
operation was far from a glowing success—some of the bal-
loons were blown back over Austrian lines. Moreover, these
vehicles were remotely piloted only insofar as they depended
on the direction of the wind.
World War I saw the testing and development of another set
of remotely piloted vehicles, though none actually operated
before the war ended. One such vehicle developed by Orville
Wright and Charles Kettering during WWI, but not used in
battle, was the Kettering Bug; it was a 12-foot-long wooden
biplane weighing only 530 lb. (including a 180-lb. bomb). To
get the Kettering Bug to fly the right distance, operators had
to account for wind speed and direction, and then calculate
the correct number of engine revolutions required; then, the
vehicle would act as an unmanned torpedo that would strike a
target. The Dayton-Wright Airplane Company built around 50
of the unmanned vehicles, though this system acted more as
the Harop discussed above, rather than what we would think
of as the two-way Predator or Reaper.
Between WWI and WWII, the United Kingdom and the
United States both developed a series of radio- controlled
drones which they used primarily as aerial targets on which
their pilots could practice. In the 1930s, the Royal Air Force
began developing the de Havilland Tiger Moth, a training air-
craft used for target practice. In 1935, a variant of the Tiger Moth
came online called the Queen Bee, thought to be the namesake
for the term “drone” often used to describe unmanned sys-
tems because the rear cockpit had a radio-control system. The
Queen Bee had a radio-control system in the rear cockpit that
allowed the aircraft to be flown unmanned and under radio
control, which was of course desirable given its role as a target
drone for anti-aircraft gunnery practice. While the company
made 400 of these aircraft, almost all were destroyed, having
served the function for which it was intended.
Around the same time, Reginald Denny, an actor and
former member of the British Royal Flying Corps, formed a
Armed Drone Technology 11
« Quand la Reine du ciel posa le pied sur le sol, c’est sur cette
pierre qu’elle le posa. » Il faut croire qu’elle était fatiguée du voyage,
car elle pesa lourdement.
Comme bien vous le supposez, les Tolédains furent
excessivement flattés de cette bonne visite. Mais dans l’impossibilité
de la lui rendre ils ont tenu à lui prouver leur gratitude, et par de
petits cadeaux entretenir cette amitié distinguée.
Dans une chapelle belle comme un rêve des Mille et une Nuits,
ils parèrent leur Vierge comme jamais sultan amoureux ne para
l’odalisque chérie. Ils lui achetèrent les plus riches écrins, la plus
somptueuse des garde-robes. Certaines de ces jupes sont chargées
de pierreries d’une valeur de plusieurs millions de réaux. A chaque
fête de l’année, on renouvelle sa toilette, on lui change de robe, de
diadème, de boucles d’oreilles, de bagues, de collier.
Le grand luxe des dames espagnoles consistant principalement
en bagues, il est tout naturel que la Dame du Paradis en soit
chargée.
Vous avouerez avec moi que les bons Tolédains ne pouvaient
mieux faire les choses et montrer plus décemment combien ils
étaient sensibles aux excellents procédés de la Mère de Dieu.
En m’extasiant devant cette splendide toilette, l’idée me vint de
demander si le trousseau était complet, si enfin en lui changeant de
robe on lui changeait aussi de chemise.
Le sacristain que j’interrogeai timidement me répliqua, indigné de
mon doute :
« Une chemise ! certainement elle a une chemise, et toute brodée
de fleurs d’argent.
— Ah !
— Oui, monsieur, et je vous prie de croire qu’elle est aussi propre
que le reste. »
Le reste ! quel reste ? Le fonctionnaire avait une mine si
rébarbativement dévote que je n’osai pousser plus loin mes
investigations.
A côté d’une aussi somptueuse Vierge, le pauvre Jésus fait triste
figure, sur sa vieille croix de bois, affublé de son jupon qu’on
change, j’espère, aussi quelquefois.
Que n’est-il venu rendre visite, comme sa mère, à la cathédrale
de Tolède !
Devant cet inconvenant jupon, je me suis remémoré le mot de
Diderot : « L’indécent n’est pas le nu, mais le troussé, » car il me
semble placé là tout exprès pour donner une furieuse envie aux
curieuses petites Espagnoles de le trousser pour voir ce qu’il y a
dessous.
Ce jupon, dont on affuble non seulement Jésus, mais les deux
larrons qui le flanquent, est un obstacle sérieux à l’investigation que
citait Fra Gabriele de Barletta, l’une des lumières de la chaire au
quinzième siècle, et dans les sermons macaroniques duquel la
Fontaine tira, dit-on, sa fable des Animaux malades de la peste.
Prêchant à Naples pendant un carême, il raconta aux dévotes
extasiées que la belle Samaritaine reconnut Jésus-Christ à trois
choses : son vêtement râpé, sa barbe blonde et sa circoncision.
Voilà qui était pousser un peu loin l’examen !
XXIII
LES BONNES LAMES DE TOLÈDE