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 SIXTH EDITION

EARTH
PORTRAIT
OF A
PLANET
 SIXTH EDITION

EARTH
PORTRAIT
OF A
PLANET

Stephen Marshak
universit y of illinois

n
W. W. NORTON & COMPANY
NEW YORK • LONDON
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Name: Marshak, Stephen, 1955– author.

Title: Earth : portrait of a planet / Stephen Marshak
(University of Illinois).
Description: Sixth edition. | New York : W.W. Norton & Company, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018010310 | ISBN 9780393617511 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Geology—Textbooks.
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To Kathy, David, Emma, and Michelle
Brief Contents

Preface xx
See for Yourself: Using Google Earth xxiii
PRELUDE And Just What Is Geology? 1

PART I OUR ISLAND IN SPACE

CHAPTER 1 Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth 16
CHAPTER 2 Journey to the Center of the Earth 40
CHAPTER 3 Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas 66
CHAPTER 4 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics 90

PART II EARTH MATERIALS

CHAPTER 5 Patterns in Nature: Minerals 120
INTERLUDE A Introducing Rocks 148
CHAPTER 6 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks 160
INTERLUDE B A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils 190
CHAPTER 7 Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks 210
CHAPTER 8 Metamorphism: A Process of Change 242
INTERLUDE C The Rock Cycle in the Earth System 270

PART III TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF A

DYNAMIC PLANET
CHAPTER 9 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions 280
CHAPTER 10 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes 322
INTERLUDE D The Earth’s Interior, Revisited: Seismic Layering, Gravity,
and the Magnetic Field 370
CHAPTER 11 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and
Mountain Building 390

vi
PART IV HISTORY BEFORE HISTORY
INTERLUDE E Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution 430
CHAPTER 12 Deep Time: How Old Is Old? 448
CHAPTER 13 A Biography of the Earth 482

PART V EARTH RESOURCES

CHAPTER 14 Squeezing Power from a Stone: Energy Resources 522
CHAPTER 15 Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources 564

PART VI PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS

AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE
INTERLUDE F Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic
Cycle 590
CHAPTER 16 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass
Movements 606
CHAPTER 17 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running
Water 634
CHAPTER 18 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts 676
CHAPTER 19 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater 720
CHAPTER 20 An Envelope of Gas: The Earth’s Atmosphere and
Climate 756
CHAPTER 21 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts 802
CHAPTER 22 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages 832
CHAPTER 23 Global Change in the Earth System 876

Metric Conversion Chart A-1

The Periodic Table of Elements A-2
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

vii
Special Features

WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE

Hot-Spot Volcano Track, Fig. 4.17d • 106 The Earth System, Prelude • 6-7
The East African Rift, Fig. 4.18d • 108 Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System,
Chapter 1 • 34-35
Basalt Sill in Antarctica, Fig. 6.12c • 172
The Earth from Surface to Center, Chapter 2 • 60-61
Dike Near Shiprock, NM, Fig. 6.13a • 173
Magnetic Reversals and Marine Magnetic Anomalies,
Contact Between Basement and Cover Rocks in the
Chapter 3 • 86-87
Grand Canyon, Fig. 7.2c • 213
The Theory of Plate Tectonics, Chapter 4 • 110-111
Stratigraphic Formation, Fig. 7.13 • 226
Mineral Formation, Chapter 5 • 130-131
Crossbeds, Fig. 7.15d • 228
Formation of Igneous Rocks, Chapter 6 • 178
Deposits of an Ancient River Channel, Fig. 7.18e • 231
Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production,
Displacement on the San Andreas Fault, Fig. 10.4a • 327
Interlude B • 200-201
Displacement and Fault Zone, Fig. 11.10a • 403
The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 • 232-233
Slip on a Thrust Fault, Fig. 11.10b • 403
Environments of Metamorphism, Chapter 8 • 264-265
The San Andreas Fault, Fig. 11.10c • 403
Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle,
Horsts and Grabens, Fig. 11.13e • 405 Interlude C • 272-273
Train of Folds, Fig. 11.15d • 407 Volcanoes, Chapter 9 • 296-297
Plunging Anticline, Fig. 11.15e • 407 Faulting in the Crust, Chapter 10 • 330-331
Flexural-Slip Fold, Fig. 11.16a • 408 The Collision of India with Asia, Chapter 11 • 416-417
Passive Fold, Fig. 11.16b • 408 The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic History,
Ramp anticline, Fig. 11.17e • 409 Chapter 12 • 468-469

Slaty Cleavage, Fig. 11.18b • 410 The Earth Has a History, Chapter 13 • 514-515

Horizontal Sandstone Beds, Fig. 12.4c • 453 Power from the Earth, Chapter 14 • 550-551

Chilled Margin, Fig. 12.4h • 454 Forming and Processing the Earth’s Mineral Resources,
Chapter 15 • 580-581
Unconformity in Scotland, Fig. 12.8a • 457
The Hydrologic Cycle, Interlude F • 598-599
Unconformity in a Road cut, Fig. 12.8b • 457
Mass Movement, Chapter 16 • 622-623
New York Outcrop, OFT. 12.1 • 481
The Changing Landscape along a Stream, Chapter 17 • 662-663
Topographic Profile, Fig. BxF.1d • 593
Oceans and Coasts, Chapter 18 • 712-713
The Oso, Washington Mudslide, Fig. 16.5b • 613
Caves and Karst Landscapes, Chapter 19 • 750-751
Drainage Basins on a Ridge, Fig. 17.5b • 639
Life Cycle of a Large Tornado, Chapter 20 • 788-789
Floodplain in Utah, Fig. 17.17c • 650
The Desert Realm, Chapter 21 • 822-823
Desert Pavement, Arizona, Fig. 21.20b • 819
Glaciers and Glacial Landforms, Chapter 22 • 858-859
Consequences of Sea-Level Change, Chapter 23 • 910-911

viii
Contents

Preface xx

PRELUDE
And Just What Is Geology? 1
P.1 In Search of Ideas 1
P.2 Why Study Geology? 3
P.3 Themes of This Book 5
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Earth System 6–7
BOX P.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Scientific Method 10
Prelude Review 13

PART I OUR ISLAND IN SPACE

CHAPTER 1
Cosmology and the Birth of the Earth 16
1.1 Introduction 17
1.2 An Image of Our Universe 17
BOX 1.1 SCIENCE TOOL BOX: Force and Energy 20
BOX 1.2 CONSIDER THIS: Foucault’s Pendulum 24
1.3 Forming the Universe 25
BOX 1.3 SCIENCE TOOL BOX: Matter and Energy 28
BOX 1.4 SCIENCE TOOL BOX: Heat and Temperature 30
1.4 We Are All Made of Stardust 31
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon
System 34–35
Chapter Review 38

CHAPTER 2
Journey to the Center of the Earth 40
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Welcome to the Neighborhood 41
BOX 2.1 CONSIDER THIS: Comets and Asteroids: The Other Stuff
of the Solar System 44
2.3 Basic Characteristics of the Earth 47
2.4 How Do We Know That the Earth Has Layers? 51
ix
 BOX 2.2 CONSIDER THIS: Meteorites: Clues to What’s Inside 54
2.5 What Are the Layers Made of? 55
BOX 2.3 SCIENCE TOOL BOX: Heat Transfer 58
2.6 The Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere 59
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Earth from Surface to Center 60–61
Chapter Review 64

CHAPTER 3
Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas 66
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift 67
3.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading 72
3.4 Paleomagnetism—Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading 77
BOX 3.1 CONSIDER THIS: Finding Paleopoles 79
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Magnetic Reversals and Marine Magnetic
Anomalies 86–87
Chapter Review 88

CHAPTER 4
The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics 90
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 What Do We Mean By Plate Tectonics? 91
4.3 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading 95
4.4 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction 99
4.5 Transform Boundaries 101
4.6 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic 104
4.7 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die? 107
4.8 Moving Plates 109
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Theory of Plate Tectonics 110–111
Chapter Review 116

PART II EARTH MATERIALS

CHAPTER 5
Patterns in Nature: Minerals 120
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 What Is a Mineral? 122
BOX 5.1 SCIENCE TOOL BOX: Some Basic Concepts from Chemistry: A Quick
Review 124
5.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structure 126
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Mineral Formation 130–131
5.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another? 133
5.5 Organizing Knowledge: Mineral Classification 136

x Contents
 BOX 5.2 CONSIDER THIS: Asbestos and Health: When Crystal Habit
Matters! 138
5.6 Something Precious: Gems! 140
BOX 5.3 CONSIDER THIS: Where Do Diamonds Come From? 141
Chapter Review 146

INTERLUDE A
Introducing Rocks 148
A.1 Introduction 149
A.2 What Is Rock? 149
A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification 151
A.4 Studying Rock 155
Interlude A Review 159

CHAPTER 6
Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous
Rocks 160
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Why Do Melts Form? 161
6.3 What’s in Molten Rock? 165
6.4 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock 167
BOX 6.1 CONSIDER THIS: Bowen’s Reaction Series 170
6.5 Comparing Extrusive and Intrusive Environments 171
6.6 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock? 175
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Formation of Igneous Rocks 178
6.7 Plate Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity 182
Chapter Review 188

INTERLUDE B
A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils 190
B.1 Introduction 191
B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment 193
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Weathering, Sediment, and Soil
Production 200–201
B.3 Soil 202
Interlude B Review 209

CHAPTER 7
Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary
Rocks 210
7.1 Introduction 211
7.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks 211
7.3 Sedimentary Structures 224

Contents xi
 7.4 How Do We Recognize Depositional Environments? 229
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 232–233
7.5 Sedimentary Basins 237
Chapter Review 240

CHAPTER 8
Metamorphism: A Process of Change 242
8.1 Introduction 243
8.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism 243
8.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks 249
8.4 Defining Metamorphic Intensity 255
BOX 8.1 CONSIDER THIS: Metamorphic Facies 257
8.5 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? 259
BOX 8.2 CONSIDER THIS: Pottery Making—An Analog for Thermal
Metamorphism 261
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Environments of Metamorphism 264–265
Chapter Review 268

INTERLUDE C
The Rock Cycle in the Earth System 270
Igneous rock forming, Hawaii Sedimentary rock, Colorado

C.1 Introduction 271

Metamorphic rock, California
C.2 Rock Cycle Paths 271
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock
Cycle 272–273
C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle 274
C.4 Cycles of the Earth System 276
Interlude C Review 277

PART III TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF A

DYNAMIC PLANET

CHAPTER 9
The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions 280
9.1 Introduction 281
9.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions 283
9.3 Structure and Eruptive Style 290
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Volcanoes 296–297
BOX 9.1 CONSIDER THIS: Explosive Eruptions to Remember 300
9.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism 302
9.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards! 308
9.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath 311
9.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization 315

xii Contents
9.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets 317
Chapter Review 320

CHAPTER 10
A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes 322
10.1 Introduction 323
10.2 What Causes Earthquakes? 325
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Faulting in the Crust 330–331
10.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement 333
10.4 Defining the “Size” of Earthquakes 338
10.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur? 342
10.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? 348
10.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”? 359
BOX 10.1 CONSIDER THIS: The 2010 Haiti Catastrophe 360
10.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning 365
BOX 10.2 CONSIDER THIS: When Earthquake Waves Resonate—Beware! 366
Chapter Review 368

INTERLUDE D Magnetic anomaly

strength (nanoteslas)
+400

The Earth’s Interior, Revisited: Seismic Layering,

+100

+50

Gravity, and the Magnetic Field 370 –50

–100

–400

D.1 Introduction 371

D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior 371
D.3 Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior 373
BOX D.1 CONSIDER THIS: Resolving the Details of the Earth’s Interior with
EarthScope 380
D.4 The Earth’s Gravity 382
D.5 The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited 386
Interlude D Review 389

CHAPTER 11
Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building 390
11.1 Introduction 391
11.2 ​Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust 391
11.3 ​Brittle Structures 397
BOX 11.1 CONSIDER THIS: Describing the Orientation of Geologic
Structures 400
11.4 Folds and Foliations 405
11.5 Causes of Mountain Building 411
11.6 Mountain Topography 415
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Collision of India with Asia 416–417
11.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons 421
11.8 Life Story of a Mountain Range: A Case Study 424
Chapter Review 426

Contents xiii
 PART IV HISTORY BEFORE HISTORY

INTERLUDE E
Memories of Past Life: Fossils and
Evolution 430
E.1 ​The Discovery of Fossils 431
E.2 ​Fossilization 432
E.3 Characterizing Life of the Past 437
BOX E.1 CONSIDER THIS: Defining Life 439
BOX E.2 CONSIDER THIS: The Biosphere’s Biomass 442
E.4 Evolution and Extinction 442
Interlude E Review 447

CHAPTER 12
Deep Time: How Old Is Old? 448
12.1 Introduction 449
12.2 The Concept of Geologic Time 449
BOX 12.1 CONSIDER THIS: Time: A Human Obsession 450
12.3 Relative Age 452
12.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record 457
12.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation 459
12.6 The Geologic Column 464
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Record in Rocks: Reconstructing Geologic
History 468–469
12.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages? 470
BOX 12.2 CONSIDER THIS: Carbon-14 Dating 471
12.8 Numerical Ages and Geologic Time 475
Chapter Review 480

CHAPTER 13
A Biography of the Earth 482
13.1 Introduction 483
13.2 Methods for Studying the Past 483
13.3 The Hadean Eon and Before 486
13.4 The Archean Eon: Birth of Continents and Life 487
13.5 The Proterozoic Eon: The Earth in Transition 491
BOX 13.1 CONSIDER THIS: Where Was the Cradle of Life? 493
13.6 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble and Life Gets Complex 496
BOX 13.2 CONSIDER THIS: The Evolution of Atmospheric Oxygen 497
BOX 13.3 CONSIDER THIS: Stratigraphic Sequences and Sea-Level Change 498
13.7 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled 502
13.8 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be 510
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Earth Has a History 514–515
Chapter Review 518

xiv Contents
PART V EARTH RESOURCES

CHAPTER 14
Squeezing Power from a Stone: Energy
Resources 522
14.1 Introduction 523
14.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System 525
14.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources 526
14.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems 529
BOX 14.1 CONSIDER THIS: Types of Oil and Gas Traps 532
14.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves 537
BOX 14.2 CONSIDER THIS: Hydrofracturing (Fracking) 540
14.6 Coal: Energy from the Swamps of the Past 542
14.7 Nuclear Power 547
14.8 Other Energy Sources 549
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Power from the Earth 550–551
14.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems 555
BOX 14.3 CONSIDER THIS: Offshore Drilling and the Deepwater Horizon
Disaster 558
Chapter Review 562

CHAPTER 15
Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources 564
15.1 Introduction 565
15.2 Metals and Their Discovery 565
15.3 Ores, Ore Minerals, and Ore Deposits 568
15.4 Ore-Mineral Exploration and Production 574
15.5 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources 576
BOX 15.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Amazing Chilean Mine Rescue of 2010 577
BOX 15.2 CONSIDER THIS: The Sidewalks of New York 579
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Forming and Processing the Earth’s Mineral
Resources 580–581
15.6 Global Mineral Needs 583
Chapter Review 586

Contents xv
 PART VI PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS
AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE

INTERLUDE F
Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic Cycle 590
F.1 Introduction 591
F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface 591
BOX F.1 CONSIDER THIS: Topographic Maps and Profiles 593
F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development 596
F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle 597
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Hydrologic Cycle 598–599
F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets 600
BOX F.2 CONSIDER THIS: Water on Mars? 602
Interlude F Review 605

CHAPTER 16
Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass
Movements 606
16.1 Introduction 607
16.2 Types of Mass Movement 608
BOX 16.1 CONSIDER THIS: What Goes Up Must Come Down 612
16.3 Why Do Mass Movements Occur? 618
BOX 16.2 CONSIDER THIS: The Storegga Slide and North Sea Tsunamis 619
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Mass Movement 622–623
16.4 Where Do Mass Movements Occur? 626
16.5 How Can We Protect against Mass-Movement Disasters? 628
Chapter Review 632

CHAPTER 17
Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running
Water 634
17.1 ​Introduction 635
17.2 Draining the Land 635
17.3 Describing Flow in Streams 641
17.4 The Work of Running Water 643
17.5 How Do Streams Change along Their Length? 646
17.6 Streams and Their Deposits in the Landscape 648
17.7 The Evolution of Fluvial Landscapes 656
17.8 Raging Waters 660
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Changing Landscape along a
Stream 662–663

xvi Contents
 BOX 17.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Johnstown Flood of 1889 666
BOX 17.2 CONSIDER THIS: Calculating the Threat Posed by Flooding 671
17.9 Vanishing Rivers 672
Chapter Review 674

CHAPTER 18
Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts 676
18.1 Introduction 677
18.2 Landscapes beneath the Sea 679
18.3 Ocean Water Characteristics 684
18.4 Tides 686
BOX 18.1 CONSIDER THIS: The Forces That Generate Tides 688
18.5 Wave Action 690
18.6 Currents: Rivers in the Sea 693
BOX 18.2 CONSIDER THIS: A Closer Look at the Coriolis Effect 696
18.7 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms 699
18.8 Causes of Coastal Variability 710
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Oceans and Coasts 712–713
18.9 Coastal Problems and Solutions 714
Chapter Review 718

CHAPTER 19
A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater 720
19.1 Introduction 721
19.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside? 722
19.3 Characteristics of the Water Table 726
19.4 Groundwater Flow 729
19.5 Tapping Groundwater Supplies 731
BOX 19.1 CONSIDER THIS: Darcy’s Law for Groundwater Flow 732
BOX 19.2 CONSIDER THIS: Oases 735
19.6 Hot Springs and Geysers 737
19.7 Groundwater Problems 739
19.8 Caves and Karst 746
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Caves and Karst Landscapes 750–751
Chapter Review 754

CHAPTER 20
An Envelope of Gas: The Earth’s Atmosphere
and Climate 756
20.1 Introduction 757
20.2 The Formation of the Atmosphere 758
20.3 General Atmospheric Characteristics 760
BOX 20.1 CONSIDER THIS: Air Pollution 761

Contents xvii
 BOX 20.2 CONSIDER THIS: Why Is the Sky Blue? 762
20.4 Atmospheric Layers 764
20.5 Wind and Global Circulation in the Atmosphere 766
BOX 20.3 CONSIDER THIS: The Earth’s Tilt: The Cause of Seasons 769
20.6 Weather and Its Causes 772
20.7 Storms: Nature’s Fury 779
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Life Cycle of a Large Tornado 788–789
20.8 Global Climate 795
Chapter Review 800

CHAPTER 21
Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts 802
21.1 Introduction 803
21.2 The Nature and Location of Deserts 803
21.3 Producing Desert Landscapes 806
21.4 Deposition in Deserts 811
21.5 Desert Landforms and Life 813
BOX 21.1 CONSIDER THIS: Uluru (Ayers Rock) 818
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: The Desert Realm 822–823
21.6 Desert Problems 824
Chapter Review 830

CHAPTER 22
Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages 832
22.1 Introduction 833
22.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers 834
BOX 22.1 CONSIDER THIS: Polar Ice Caps on Mars 838
22.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice 845
22.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation 851
22.5 Consequences of Continental Glaciation 856
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Glaciers and Glacial Landforms 858–859
22.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age 863
BOX 22.2 CONSIDER THIS: So You Want to See Glaciation? 864
22.7 The Causes of Ice Ages 868
Chapter Review 874

CHAPTER 23
Global Change in the Earth System 876
23.1 Introduction 877
23.2 Unidirectional Changes 878
23.3 Cyclic Changes 880
23.4 Global Climate Change 883
BOX 23.1 CONSIDER THIS: Global Climate Change and the Birth
of Legends 887

xviii Contents
 BOX 23.2 CONSIDER THIS: Goldilocks and the Faint Young Sun
890
23.5 Human Impact on Land and Life 894
23.6 Recent Climate Change 898
23.7 The Future of the Earth 908
GEOLOGY AT A GLANCE: Consequences of Sea-Level Change 910–911
Chapter Review 912

Metric Conversion Chart A-1

The Periodic Table of Elements A-2
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

Contents xix
Preface
Narrative Themes
Why do earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and landslides
happen? What causes mountains to rise? How do beauti-
ful landscapes develop? How have climate and life changed
through time? When did the Earth form, and by what pro-
cess? Where do we dig to find valuable metals, and where
do we drill to find oil? Does sea level change? Do continents
move? The study of geology addresses these important ques-
tions and many more. But from the birth of the discipline,
in the late 18th century, until the mid-20th century, geolo-
gists considered each question largely in isolation, without
pondering its relation to the others. This approach changed,
beginning in the 1960s, in response to the formulation of
two paradigm-shifting ideas that have unified thinking about
the Earth and its features. The first idea, called the theory of
plate tectonics, states that the Earth’s outer shell, rather than
being static, consists of discrete plates that slowly move, rela-
tive to each other, so that the map of our planet continuously
changes. Plate interactions cause earthquakes and volcanoes,
build mountains, provide gases that make up the atmosphere,
and affect the distribution of life on our planet. The second
idea, the Earth System concept, emphasizes that the Earth’s
water, land, atmosphere, and living inhabitants are dynami-
cally interconnected, so that materials constantly cycle among
various living and nonliving reservoirs on, above, and within
the planet. In the context of this idea, we have come to realize
that the history of life is intimately linked to the history of the
physical Earth, and vice versa.
Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition, is an introduc-
tion to the study of our planet that uses the theory of plate
tectonics as well as the Earth System perspective throughout,
to weave together a number of narrative themes, including:
1. The solid Earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and life
interact in complex ways.
2. Many important geologic processes involve the inter-
actions of plates—pieces of the Earth’s outer, rela-
tively rigid shell.
3. The Earth is a planet formed, like other planets, from
dust and gas. But, in contrast to other planets, the
Earth is a dynamic place where new geologic fea-
tures continue to form, and old ones continue to be
destroyed.
xx
4. The Earth is very old—indeed, about 4.56 billion
years have passed since its birth. During this time,
the map of the planet and its surface features have
changed, and life has evolved.
5. Internal processes (driven by the Earth’s interior heat)
and external processes (driven by heat from the Sun)
interact at the Earth’s surface to produce complex
landscapes.
6. Geologic knowledge can help society understand, and
perhaps reduce, the danger of natural hazards, such as
earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and floods.
7. Energy and mineral resources come from the Earth
and are formed by geologic phenomena. Geologic
study can help locate these resources and mitigate the
consequences of their use.
8. Geology is a science, and the ideas of science come
from observation, calculation, and experiment by
researchers—it is a human endeavor. Furthermore,
geology utilizes ideas from physics, chemistry, and
biology, so the study of geology provides an excel-
lent opportunity for students to improve their science
literacy.
These narrative themes serve as the book’s take-home mes-
sage, a message that students hopefully will remember long
after they finish their introductory geology course. In effect,
the themes provide a mental framework on which students
can organize and connect ideas, and can develop a modern,
coherent image of our planet.
Pedagogical Approach
Educational research demonstrates that students learn best
when they actively engage with a combination of narrative
text and narrative art. Some students respond more to the
words of a textbook, which help to organize information,
provide answers to questions, fill in the essential steps that
link ideas together, and help a student develop a context for
understanding ideas. Some students respond more to figures
and photos, for images help students comprehend, visual-
ize, and remember the narrative. And some respond best
to active learning, an approach where students can practice
their knowledge by putting ideas to work. Earth: Portrait of
a Planet, Sixth Edition, provides all three of these learning
tools. The text has been crafted to be engaging, the art has
been configured to tell a story, the chapters are laid out to help
students internalize key principles, and the online activities
have been designed both to engage students and to provide
active feedback. This book’s narrative doesn’t merely provide
a dry statement of facts. Rather, it provides the story behind
the story—the reasoning and observation that led to our cur-
rent understanding, as well as an explanation of the processes
that cause a particular geologic phenomenon.
Each chapter starts with a list of Learning Objectives that
frame key pedagogical goals for each chapter. These objectives
are revisited in the end-of-chapter Review Questions and in
the Smartwork5 online activities. Take-Home Message panels,
which include both a brief summary and a key question,
appear at the end of each section to help students solidify key
themes before proceeding to the next section. Throughout the
chapter, brief Did You Ever Wonder? questions prompt stu-
dents with real-life questions they may already have thought
about—answers to these questions occur in the nearby text. See
for Yourself panels guide students to visit spectacular examples
of geologic features, using the power of Google Earth. They
allow students to apply their newly acquired knowledge to the
interpretation of real-world examples. In the ebook version
of the text, these features are live links that “fly” students to
the precise locations discussed. Each chapter concludes with
a concise, two-page chapter summary that reinforces under-
standing and provides a concise study tool at the same time.
Review Questions at the end of each chapter include two parts:
the first addresses basic concepts; and the second, labeled as
On Further Thought, stimulates critical thinking opportunities
that invite students to think beyond the basics. Some of the
questions use visuals from the chapter.
To enhance active-learning opportunities, the Smartwork5
online activity system has been developed specifically for Earth:
Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition. Smartwork5 offers a wide
range of visual exercises, including ranking, labeling, and sort-
ing questions. Smartwork5 questions make the textbook art
interactive, and they integrate the Narrative Art Videos, anima-
tions, and simulations that have been created to accompany the
text. Questions are designed to give students answer-specific
feedback when they are incorrect, coaching them toward
developing a thorough understanding of the core concepts dis-
cussed in the book.
Organization
The topics covered in this book have been arranged so that
students can build their knowledge of geology on a foun-
dation of overarching principles. To set the stage, the book
starts by describing processes that led to the formation of the
Earth, in the context of scientific cosmology. It then intro-
duces the architecture of our planet, from surface to center.
With this basic background, students are prepared to delve
into plate tectonics theory. Plate tectonics appears early in the
book, so that students can relate the content of subsequent
chapters to the theory. Knowledge of plate tectonics, for
example, helps students understand the suite of chapters on
minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. Knowledge of plate tec-
tonics and rocks together, in turn, provides a basis for study-
ing volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains. And with this
background, students are prepared to see how the map of the
Earth has changed through the vast expanse of geologic time,
and how energy and mineral resources have developed. The
book’s final chapters address processes occurring at or near
the Earth’s surface, such as the flow of rivers, the evolution
of coasts, and the carving of landscapes by glaciers. We also
consider the problems that the Earth’s surface processes can
cause, such as landslides and floods. This part concludes with
a topic of growing concern in society—global change, par-
ticularly climate change.
In addition to numbered chapters, the book contains sev-
eral Interludes. These are, in effect, “mini-chapters” that focus
on topics that are self-contained but are not broad enough
to require an entire chapter. By placing selected topics in
interludes, we can keep the numbered chapters reasonable in
length, and can provide additional flexibility in sequencing
topics within a course.
Although the sequence of chapters and interludes
was chosen for a reason, this book is designed to be flex-
ible enough for instructors to choose their own strategies
for teaching geology. Therefore, each self-contained chap-
ter reiterates relevant material where necessary. For exam-
ple, if instructors prefer to introduce minerals and rocks
before plate tectonics, they simply need to reorder the read-
ing assignments. A low-cost, loose-leaf version of the book
allows instructors to have students bring to class only the
chapters that they need.
We have used a tiered approach in highlighting termi-
nology in Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition. Termi-
nology, the basic vocabulary of a subject, serves an important
purpose in simplifying the discussion of topics. For example,
once students understand the formal definition of a mineral,
the term can be used again in subsequent discussion without
further explanation or redundancy. Too much new vocabu-
lary, however, can be overwhelming. So we have tried to
keep the book’s Guide Terms (set in boldface and referenced
at the end of each chapter for studying purposes) to a mini-
mum. Other terms, less significant but still useful, appear
in italic when presented, to provide additional visual focus
for students as they read the chapters. We take care not to
use vocabulary until it has been completely introduced and
defined.
Preface xxi
Special Features of this Edition
Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition, contains a number
of new or revised features that distinguish it from all compet-
ing texts.
Narrative Art, What a Geologist Sees,
and See for Yourself
It’s difficult to understand many features of the Earth System
without being able to see them. To help students visualize
these and other features, this book is lavishly illustrated with
figures that try to give a realistic context for the particular
feature, without overwhelming students with too much extra-
neous detail. The talented artists who worked on the book
have used the latest computer graphics software, resulting
in the most sophisticated pedagogical art ever provided by
a geoscience text. Many figures have been updated with an
eye toward improving students’ 3-D visualization skills. The
figures have also been reconfigured to be more friendly and
intuitive. All of the plate tectonics figures have been revised
in this Sixth Edition in order to provide students the clearest,
most vibrant, and most accurate visual understanding of the
Earth’s interior dynamics.
In addition to the drawn art, the book also boasts over
1,000 stunning photographs from all around the world. Many
of the photographs were taken by the author, in order to illus-
trate the exact concept under discussion. Where appropriate,
photographs are accompanied by annotated sketches named
What a Geologist Sees. These figures allow students to see how
geologists perceive the world around them and to encourage
students to start thinking like geologists.
Throughout the book, drawings and photographs have
been integrated into narrative art, which has been laid
out, labeled, and annotated to tell a story—the figures are
drawn to teach! Subcaptions are positioned adjacent to rel-
evant parts of each figure, labels point out key features,
and balloons provide important annotation. Subparts are
arranged to convey time progression, where relevant. The
color schemes of drawings have been tied to those of rele-
vant photos, so that students can easily relate features in the
drawings to those in the photos. The author has also written
and narrated over a dozen Narrative Art videos, which bring
this art to life.
Google Earth provides an amazing opportunity for stu-
dents to visit and tour important geologic sites wherever they
occur. Throughout the book, we provide See for Yourself panels,
which offer coordinates and descriptions of geologic features
that students can visit at the touch of a finger, or the click of
xxii Preface
a mouse. The adjacent box provides a quick guide for using
these panels.
Featured Paintings—Geology at a Glance
In addition to individual figures, artists Gary Hincks and
Stan Maddock have created spectacular two-page annotated
paintings for each chapter. These paintings, called Geology at
a Glance, integrate key concepts introduced in the chapters,
visually emphasize the relationships between components
of the Earth System, and allow students a way to review a
subject . . . at a glance. The Sixth Edition includes three new
paintings, illustrating the formation of minerals (Chapter 5),
the life cycle of a tornado (Chapter 20), and the consequences
of sea-level change (Chapter 23).
Enhanced Coverage of Current Topics
To ensure that Earth: Portrait of a Planet continues to reflect
the latest research discoveries and help students understand
geologic events that have been featured in current news, we
have updated many topics throughout the book. For example,
the Sixth Edition discusses the causes of and lessons learned
from recent natural disasters such as Hurricanes Harvey,
Irma, and Maria (Chapter 20), and assesses the impact of
recent earthquakes in Nepal, Japan, and Ecuador (Chapter 8).
The Sixth Edition also includes updated coverage of the
economics of oil and other energy resources, and the dif-
ference between conventional and unconventional reserves
(Chapter 14). These topics, along with expanded discussion
of climate change and its impacts (Chapter 23), highlight the
relevance of physical geology concepts and phenomena to stu-
dents’ lives today.
Other notable new content in the Sixth Edition
includes a revision of the paleomagnetism discussion to
makes this topic more accessible (Chapter 3); new coverage
of mantle modeling technology, and how it has changed
our understanding of the appearance and behavior of
subducted plates (Interlude D); new introductions to the
concepts of phylogenetics, ecosystems, and paleoecology
(Interlude E); and an intensive revision of the explana-
tion of the Coriolis force and other atmospheric concepts,
using text and figures developed in collaboration with
atmospheric scientist Robert Rauber of the University of
Illinois, coauthor of the First Edition of a separate book,
Earth Science. This reworking ensures that students have
access to the most contemporary and accurate explanations
of these important processes (Chapter 18).
See for Yourself
Using Google Earth
Visiting the SFY Field Sites Identified
in the Text
There’s no better way to appreciate geology then to see it
first-hand in the field. The challenge is that the great variety of
geologic features that we discuss in this book can’t be visited
from any one locality. So, even if your class takes geology field
trips during the semester, at best you’ll see examples of just a few
geologic settings. Fortunately, Google Earth makes it possible to
fly to spectacular geologic field sites anywhere in the world in a
matter of seconds—you can take a virtual field trip electronically.
In each chapter in this book, See for Yourself panels identify
geologic sites that you can explore on your own computer (Mac
or PC) using Google Earth software, or on your Apple/Android
smartphone or tablet with the appropriate Google Earth app.
To get started, follow these three simple steps:
1. Check to see if Google Earth is installed on your personal
computer, smartphone, or tablet. If not, download the free
software from https://www.google.com/earth, or access the
desktop version at earth.google.com. You can also download
the app from the Apple or Android app store.
2. 
Each See for Yourself panel in the margin of the chapter
provides a thumbnail photo of a geologically interesting site,
as well as a very brief description of the site. The panel also
provides the latitude and longitude of the site.
3. Open Google Earth and enter the coordinates of the site in the
search window. As an example, let’s find Mt. Fuji, a beautiful
volcano in Japan. We note that the coordinates in the See for
Yourself panel are as follows:
Latitude 35°21’41.780N
Longitude 138°43’50.740E
Type these coordinates into the search window of Google Earth as:
35 21 41.78N, 138 43 50.74E
with the degree, minute, and second symbols left blank. When
you click “Enter” or “Return,” your device will bring you to the
viewpoint right above Mt. Fuji, as illustrated by the left-hand
thumbnail above.
Google Earth contains many built-in and easy-to-use tools
that allow you to vary the elevation, tilt, orientation, and position
of your viewpoint, so that you can tour around the feature, see
it from many different perspectives, and thus develop a three-
dimensional sense of the feature. In the case of Mt. Fuji, you’ll
be able to see its cone-like shape and the crater at its top. By
zooming out to higher elevation, you can instantly perceive the
context of the given geologic feature—for example, if you fly up
into space above Mt. Fuji, you will see its position relative to the
tectonic plate boundaries of the western Pacific. The thumbnail
on the right below shows the view of the same location you’ll see
if you tilt your viewing direction and look north.
Vertical view, looking down. Inclined view, looking north.
Need More Help?
If you’re having trouble, please visit digital.wwnorton.com/earth6.
There you will find a video showing how to download and install
Google Earth, additional instructions on how to find the See for
Yourself sites, links to Google Earth videos describing basic functions,
and links to any hardware and software requirements. Also, notes
addressing Google Earth updates will be available at this site.
We also offer a separate book—
the Geotours Workbook, Second
Edition (ISBN 978-1-324-00096-9), by
Scott Wilkerson, Beth Wilkerson, and
Stephen Marshak—that identifies
additional interesting geologic sites
to visit, provides active-learning
exercises linked to the sites, and
explains how you can create your
own virtual field trips.
Smartwork5 Online Activities
Smartwork5
Smartwork5 is Norton’s tablet-friendly, online activity plat-
form. Both the system and its physical geology content were
designed with the feedback of hundreds of instructors, result-
ing in unparalleled ease of use for students and instructors alike.
Smartwork5 features easy-to-deploy, highly visual assign-
ments that provide students with answer-specific feedback.
Students get the coaching they need to work through the
assignments, while instructors get real-time assessment of
student progress via automatic grading and item analysis. The
question bank features a wide range of higher-order questions
such as ranking, labeling, and sorting. All of the Narrative Art
videos, animations, and interactive simulations are integrated
directly into Smartwork5 questions—making them assignable.
Smartwork5 also contains What a Geologist Sees questions that
take students to sites not mentioned in the book, so they can
apply their knowledge just as a geologist would. In addition,
Smartwork5 offers reading quizzes for each chapter and Geo-
tours-guided inquiry activities using Google Earth.
Based on instructor feedback, Smartwork5 offers three
types of pre-made activity:
• Chapter Reading Quizzes, designed to help students pre-
pare for lecture
• Chapter Activities, consisting of highly visual exercises
covering all chapter Learning Objectives
• Geotours Worksheets—guided inquiry activities that use
Google Earth
Smartwork5 is fully customizable, meaning that instructors
can add or remove questions, create assignments, write their
own questions, or modify ours. Easy and intuitive tools allow
instructors to filter questions by chapter, section, question
type, and learning objective.
SMARTWORK5 features a variety of question types to get
students working hands-on with geologic concepts.
xxiv Preface
All Smartwork5 content is written by geology instructors. Our
Sixth Edition Smartwork5 authors include Heather Lehto
of Angelo State University, Tobin Hindle of Florida Atlantic
University, Christine Clark of Eastern Michigan University,
and Jacqueline Richard of Delgado Community College.
Media and Ancillaries
Animations, Simulations, and Videos
Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition, provides a rich col-
lection of new animations, developed by Alex Glass of Duke
University, working with Heather Cook of California State
University, San Marcos. These illustrate geologic processes
in a consistent style and with a 3-D perspective. Interactive
simulations allow students to control variables and see the
resulting output. The newest simulations are designed to help
students understand basic terminology.
Narrative Art Videos, written and narrated by Stephen Mar-
shak, bring both textbook art and supplementary field photos to
life. And a robust suite of over 100 real-world video clips illus-
trate key processes, concepts, and natural phenomena.
ANIMATIONS illustrate geologic processes.
All the videos, animations, and interactive simulations are
free, require no special software, and are available in a variety
of settings to offer ultimate flexibility for instructors and stu-
dents: on the Norton Digital Landing Page (digital.wwnor-
ton.com/earth6); in LMS-compatible coursepacks; integrated
into Smartwork5 questions; linked to the ebook; and as
linked resources in the new Interactive Instructor’s Guide
that accompanies the text (iig.wwnorton.com/earth6/full).
Mobile-ready E-book
Earth Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition is available in a new
format perfect for tablets and phones. Within the ebook, art
expands for a closer look, links send you to geologic locations
in Google Maps, animations and videos link out from each
chapter, and pop-up key terms allow for quick review. It’s
also easy to highlight, take notes, and search the text.
The Geotours Workbook
Created by Scott Wilkerson, Beth Wilkerson, and Stephen
Marshak, the Geotours Workbook, Second Edition, provides
active-learning opportunities that take students on virtual
field trips to see outstanding examples of geology at locations
around the world, using Google Earth. Arranged by topic,
the questions in the Geotours Workbook have been designed for
auto-grading, and they are available as worksheets, both in
print format (these come free with the book and include com-
plete user instructions and advanced instruction) or electroni-
cally with automatic grading through Smartwork5 or your
campus LMS. The Geotours Workbook also provides instruc-
tions that will allow instructors or students to make their own
geotours. Request a sample copy to preview each worksheet.
Lecture PowerPoints and Image Files
Norton provides a variety of electronic presentations of art
and photographs in the book to enhance the classroom expe-
rience. These include:
• Lecture Slides—Designed for instant classroom use, these
slides utilize photographs and line art from the book in a
form that has been optimized for use in the PowerPoint
environment. The art has been relabeled and resized for
projection. Lecture Slides also include supplemental
photographs. For the Sixth Edition, the lecture bullet
PowerPoints were revised by Brian Zimmer of Appalachian
State University, and accuracy-checked by Lalo Guerrero
of Portland Community College.
• Labeled and Unlabeled Image Files—These include all art
from the book, formatted as JPEGs, pre-pasted into Pow-
erPoints. We offer one set in which all labeling has been
stripped for use in quizzes and clicker questions, and one
set in which the labeling has been retained. Individual
JPEGs are also available for download.
• Quarterly Update PowerPoints—Norton offers a quar-
terly update service that provides new PowerPoint slides,
with instructor support, covering recent geologic events.
Monthly updates are authored by Paul Brandes.
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank
The Instructor’s Manual, prepared by Robin Nagy of Houston
Community College, and accuracy-checked by Kerry
Workman-Ford of California State University, Fresno, is
designed to help instructors prepare lectures and exams. It con-
tains detailed Learning Objectives, Chapter Summaries, and
complete answers to the end-of-chapter Review Questions and
On Further Thought Questions for every chapter and interlude.
The Test Bank, written by Heather Cook of California
State University, San Marcos, and Geoffrey Cook of Univer-
sity of California, San Diego, has been revised not only to
correlate with this new Edition, but to provide greater, more
rounded assessment than ever before. Expert accuracy check-
ers Angela Aranda of California State University, Fullerton,
and Haraldur Karlsson of Texas Tech University have ensured
that every question in the Test Bank is scientifically reliable
and truly tests students’ understanding of the most important
topics in each chapter, so that the questions can be assigned
with confidence.
Interactive Instructor’s Guide—
https://iig.wwnorton.com/earth6/full
New for the Sixth Edition, the Interactive Instructor’s Guide
is a dynamic, searchable, online resource that provides all
instructor resources in one place. With content tagged by
book chapter and section, learning objective, and keyword,
instructors can find what they need, when they need it—
whether a Real World Video, an in-class activity idea, or the
Lecture Slides for the chapter.
LMS Coursepacks
Available at no cost to professors or students, Norton Course-
packs bring high-quality Norton digital media into a new or
existing online course. Coursepacks contain ready-made con-
tent for your campus LMS. For Earth: Portrait of a Planet,
Sixth Edition, content includes the full suite of animations,
simulations, and videos keyed to core figures in each chapter;
the Test Bank; reading quizzes authored by Cynthia Liutkus-
Pierce of Appalachian State University and accuracy-checked
by Karen Koy of Missouri Western State University; new
European case studies; Geotour questions; vocabulary flash-
cards; and links to the ebook.
Acknowledgments
Many people contributed to the long and complex process of
bringing this book from the concept stage to the shelf in the
first place, and now to the continuous effort of improving the
book and keeping it current. Textbooks are, by definition,
always a work in progress.
Developing and revising this book is done in partner-
ship with my wife, Kathy. She carries out the immense task
Preface xxv
of pulling together content and writing changes introduced in
my other books, Essentials of Geology, Fifth Edition, and Earth
Science, First Edition, including suggestions from users and
reviewers, to produce Earth: Portrait of a Planet, Sixth Edition.
Kathy edits new text, cross-checks many sets of proofs, and
manages the never-ending inflow and outflow of proofs that
perpetually occupy our dining-room table. Without her
efforts, the updating of Earth: Portrait of a Planet through the
years would not be possible. We are grateful to our daugh-
ter, Emma, and our son, David, who provided valuable feed-
back and several of the photos—and who also served as scale
in some of the photos. They allowed “the book” to become
a member of our household, for more than two decades, and
tolerated the overabundance of geo-stops on family trips.
Kathy and I are very grateful to the staff of W. W. Norton
& Company for their incredible, continuing efforts during
the development of this book and its companions, over the
past two decades. It has been a privilege to work with an
employee-owned company that is willing to collaborate so
closely with its authors. In particular, I would like to thank
Jake Schindel, the geology editor at Norton, who has injected
new enthusiasm and ideas into the project, working steadfastly
to bring order to the chaos of juggling multiple titles at once.
His skill in editing, ability to oversee many moving parts, and
his friendly reminders of deadlines, led this book to comple-
tion on an accelerated production schedule. Thom Foley, the
book’s senior project editor, as always, does an amazing job
of guiding the book through production. He somehow keeps
track of all the drafts, all the changes, and all the figures for
a lengthy and complicated project, while remaining incred-
ibly calm and providing essential institutional memory for the
geology team at Norton. It’s thanks to Thom that everything
somehow manages to get done, and that mistakes are few and
far between. Rob Bellinger continues to keep the technology
component of the book at the cutting edge, by introducing
new web tools and overseeing the development of Smart-
work5 for the book. Katie Sweeney has done wonders as the
marketing manager for the book, by helping to determine how
to meet the needs of adopters worldwide. I also wish to thank
the previous editors for the book. Eric Svendsen ably over-
saw the Fourth and Fifth Editions. And our dear friend, the
late Jack Repcheck, served as the editor for the first three edi-
tions of the book. Jack suggested many of the innovations that
strengthened the book, and his instincts about what works in
textbook publishing brought the book to the attention of a
wider geological community than I ever thought possible. He
will always be remembered as an understanding friend and a
fountain of sage advice.
Moving a new edition of Earth: Portrait of a Planet from
concept to completion involves a large team of professionals.
The artists, Joanne Brummett and Stan Maddock, in Cham-
paign, Illinois, have created beauty and enhanced pedagogy
xxvi Preface
with the new illustrations that they have rendered for this
Edition. Their work, along with the past work of other art-
ists once anchored at Precision Graphics, set the bar for the
quality of art in geology textbooks. Stan established the initial
style of the book’s art and developed innovative ways of visu-
alizing geologic phenomena. Trish Marx has done a fantas-
tic job with the Herculean task of finding, organizing, and
crediting photographs and bringing the photo selection pro-
cess into the 21st century. Lissi Sigillo creatively developed
a clean and friendly page design. I am also grateful to Rob
Bellinger, Cailin Barrett Bressack, Liz Vogt, Kim Yi, Marcus
Van Harpen, Leah Clark, Francesca Olivo, Arielle Holstein,
Gina Forsythe, and Kelly Smith for their innovative approach
to ancillary and e-media development. Thanks also go to
Marcus Van Harpen, Lizz Thabet, and Mateus Teixeira for
their work on the tablet and mobile e-books, and to associ-
ate production director Benjamin Reynolds, who coordinated
the back-and-forth between the publisher and various vendors
and suppliers. Norma Sims-Roche has done an excellent job
as copy editor for this Sixth Edition, and Associate Editor
Rachel Goodman provided consistent editorial support and
trouble-shooting throughout the process of making this book.
The six editions of this book and its cousin, Essentials of
Geology, have benefited greatly from input by expert reviewers
for specific chapters, by general reviewers of the entire book,
and by comments from faculty and students who have used
the book and were kind enough to contact the author or the
publisher with suggestions and corrections. We gratefully
acknowledge the contributions of the individuals listed below,
who have provided invaluable input into this and past editions
either through comments or reviews. I apologize if I’ve inad-
vertently left anyone off the list.
Jack C. Allen, Bucknell University
David W. Anderson, San Jose State University
Martin Appold, University of Missouri, Columbia
Philip Astwood, University of South Carolina
Eric Baer, Highline University
Victor Baker, University of Arizona
Julie Baldwin, University of Montana
Miriam Barquero-Molina, University of Missouri
Sandra Barr, Acadia University
Keith Bell, Carleton University
Mary Lou Bevier, University of British Columbia
Jim Black, Tarrant County College
Daniel Blake, University of Illinois
Andy Bobyarchick, University of North Carolina,
Charlotte
Ted Bornhorst, Michigan Technological University
Michael Bradley, Eastern Michigan University
Mike Branney, University of Leicester, UK
Sam Browning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bill Buhay, University of Winnipeg
Rachel Burks, Towson University
Peter Burns, University of Notre Dame
Katherine Cashman, University of Oregon
Cinzia Cervato, Iowa State University
George S. Clark, University of Manitoba
Kevin Cole, Grand Valley State University
Patrick M. Colgan, Northeastern University
Peter Copeland, University of Houston
John W. Creasy, Bates College
Norbert Cygan, Chevron Oil, retired
Michael Dalman, Blinn College
Peter DeCelles, University of Arizona
Carlos Dengo, ExxonMobil Exploration Company
Meredith Denton-Hedrick, Austin Community College,
Cypress Creek
John Dewey, University of California, Davis
Charles Dimmick, Central Connecticut State University
Robert T. Dodd, Stony Brook University
Missy Eppes, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Eric Essene, University of Michigan
David Evans, Yale University
James E. Evans, Bowling Green State University
Susan Everett, University of Michigan, Dearborn
Dori Farthing, State University of New York, Geneseo
Mark Feigenson, Rutgers University
Grant Ferguson, St. Francis Xavier University
Eric Ferré, Southern Illinois University
Leon Follmer, Illinois Geological Survey
Nels Forman, University of North Dakota
Bruce Fouke, University of Illinois
David Furbish, Vanderbilt University
Steve Gao, University of Missouri
Grant Garvin, John Hopkins University
Christopher Geiss, Trinity College, Connecticut
Bryan Gibbs, Richland Community College
Gayle Gleason, State University of New York, Cortland
Patrick Gonsoulin-Getty, University of Connecticut
Cyrena Goodrich, Kingsborough Community College
William D. Gosnold, University of North Dakota
Lisa Greer, William & Mary College
Steve Guggenheim, University of Illinois, Chicago
Henry Halls, University of Toronto, Mississuaga
Bryce M. Hand, Syracuse University
Anders Hellstrom, Stockholm University
Tom Henyey, University of South Carolina
Bruce Herbert, Texas A & M University
James Hinthorne, University of Texas, Pan American
Paul Hoffman, Harvard University
Curtis Hollabaugh, University of West Georgia
Bernie Housen, Western Washington University
Mary Hubbard, Kansas State University
Paul Hudak, University of North Texas
Melissa Hudley, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
Warren Huff, University of Cincinnati
Neal Iverson, Iowa State University
Charles Jones, University of Pittsburgh
Donna M. Jurdy, Northwestern University
Thomas Juster, University of Southern Florida
H. Karlsson, Texas Tech
Daniel Karner, Sonoma State University
Dennis Kent, Lamont Doherty/Rutgers
Charles Kerton, Iowa State University
Susan Kieffer, University of Illinois
Jeffrey Knott, California State University, Fullerton
Ulrich Kruse, University of Illinois
Robert S. Kuhlman, Montgomery County Community
College
Lee Kump, Pennsylvania State University
David R. Lageson, Montana State University
Robert Lawrence, Oregon State University
Heather Lehto, Angelo State University
Scott Lockert, Bluefield Holdings
Leland Timothy Long, Georgia Tech
Craig Lundstrom, University of Illinois
John A. Madsen, University of Delaware
Jerry Magloughlin, Colorado State University
Scott Marshall, Appalachian State University
Kyle Mayborn, Western Illinois University
Jennifer McGuire, Texas A&M University
Judy McIlrath, University of South Florida
Paul Meijer, Utrecht University, Netherlands
Aric Mine, California State University, Fresno
Jamie Dustin Mitchem, California University of
Pennsylvania
Alan Mix, Oregon State University
Marguerite Moloney, Nicholls State University
Preface xxvii
 Otto Muller, Alfred University
Kristen Myshrall, University of Connecticut
Kathy Nagy, University of Illinois, Chicago
Pamela Nelson, Glendale Community College
Wendy Nelson, Towson University
Robert Nowack, Purdue University
Charlie Onasch, Bowling Green State University
David Osleger, University of California, Davis
Bill Patterson, University of Saskatchewan
Eric Peterson, Illinois State University
Ginny Peterson, Grand Valley State University
Stephen Piercey, Laurentian University
Adrian Pittari, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Lisa M. Pratt, Indiana University
Eriks Puris, Portland Community College
Mark Ragan, University of Iowa
Robert Rauber, University of Illinois
Bob Reynolds, Central Oregon Community College
Joshua J. Roering, University of Oregon
Eric Sandvol, University of Missouri
William E. Sanford, Colorado State University
Jeffrey Schaffer, Napa Valley Community College
Roy Schlische, Rutgers University
Sahlemedhin Sertsu, Bowie State University
Anne Sheehan, University of Colorado
Roger D. Shew, University of North Carolina,
Wilmington
Doug Shakel, Pima Community College
Norma Small-Warren, Howard University
Donny Smoak, University of South Florida
David Sparks, Texas A&M University
Angela Speck, University of Missouri
Larry Standlee, University of Texas, Arlington
Tim Stark, University of Illinois
Seth Stein, Northwestern University
David Stetty, Jacksonville State University
xxviii Preface
Kevin G. Stewart, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
Michael Stewart, University of Illinois
Don Stierman, University of Toledo
Gina Marie Seegers Szablewski, University of Wiscon-
sin, Milwaukee
Barbara Tewksbury, Hamilton College
Thomas M. Tharp, Purdue University
Kathryn Thornbjarnarson, San Diego State University
Robert Thorson, University of Connecticut
Basil Tikoff, University of Wisconsin
Spencer Titley, University of Arizona
Robert T. Todd, Stony Brook University
Torbjörn Törnqvist, University of Illinois, Chicago
Jon Tso, Radford University
James Tyburczy, Arizona State University
Stacey Verardo, George Mason University
Barry Weaver, University of Oklahoma
John Werner, Seminole State College of Florida
Alan Whittington, University of Missouri
John Wickham, University of Texas, Arlington
Lorraine Wolf, Auburn University
Christopher J. Woltemade, Shippensburg University
Jackie Wood, Delgado Community College, City Park
Kerry Workman-Ford, California State University,
Fresno
Thanks!
I am very grateful to the faculty who have selected Earth: Por-
trait of a Planet for their classes, and to the students who engage
so energetically with the book. I particularly appreciate receiv-
ing questions and corrections from readers that help to improve
the book and keep it as accurate as possible. I continue to wel-
come comments and can be reached at smarshak@illinois.edu.
Stephen Marshak
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“Now,” her voice became grave, “you are to be, each instant, ready
at the post of duty. You will personally telephone your orders as
received from me to your buyer. The bank will then telephone me the
deliveries of the stock, and I will telephone you to pay over each
cheque myself.
“The thing is to be reversed in sales, when you have received
certified cheques to your name as trustee, for any sales, you are
then to telephone down your delivery order to be confirmed by me,
after you have brought me the cheques. I have a private wire to the
cashier, remember.
“But, above all, silence. You are now suspected of being a daring
and a lucky speculator. You will be watched.
“Therefore, go out everywhere in society during the next three
weeks. Show yourself as gay and jolly as you can.
“I am also handling some other very heavy matters, and I wish you,
just now, to be particularly thought the gayest reveler in Gotham.
“In exhibiting yourself everywhere, the gossips will cease to watch us
jointly and our different purposes will be divided in the public eye.
“Miss Kelly’s record of each day’s transactions will be your warrant.
She comes to me nightly to report.”
Vreeland was overjoyed as he received Mrs. Willoughby’s hearty
approval of his employing a personal stenographer.
“If you get the right person,” said his patroness, “she may be a
pleasant companion for my trusted little Mary.”
When he had raised the lady’s hand to his lips and departed he
realized how sternly he was being kept out of her real councils. Even
the vainest fool could not have deceived himself.
“It’s the payment of money, the changing of coin between us, that
simply makes me only an upper servant,” he snarled.
“Once that money passes between man and woman, in any relation,
there is an end of any free will. But, I can wait. And, you shall pay
me, Madame, to the uttermost, when you are in my power.”
He knew the probable magnitude of the transactions and, even his
iron nerve was shaken.
“It cannot be merely herself, it is the grouped official cowards behind
her, who are making money on the sly.”
He found a new surprise awaiting him at his rooms, one which
brought the blood to his heart with a sudden surge. There was a
bunch of red roses awaiting him with a sealed note. He knew not the
handwriting, but, his eyes gleamed with a strange fire as he read:
“The Lady of the Red Rose will visit you at ten to-morrow night.
Remember your promise. Fail not. She will be veiled and dressed in
black. Be alone. And, at your door, at ten.”
“They are all the same,” he gasped, with a wildly beating heart,
“under the rose, lurks always some wild intrigue, some desperate
game.
“Life in New York is only a game of catch who catch can.”
And, when the sunset of the next day came, Mr. Harold Vreeland
had dispatched the acute Bagley to Boston with a “valuable
package” to be deposited in a Safe Deposit Company there, and he
was seated in his own room gazing tenderly upon the crimsoned
flowers whose mute incense filled the air.
The crawling hands of the clock were a torture to the man whose
darkest purpose was now hidden behind a smiling face—for it is not
often given, even to a smooth scoundrel, to betray two women at
once. He was swimming in a sea of glory, now.
Vreeland slept but little after his conference with his resolute and
beautiful patroness. He had scanned her face keenly to see the
“sweet unrest of Love,” or the play of a hidden passion written there,
but all that the keen schemer could discern was the calmness of a
settled purpose, the poise of an unshaken self-control.
“She has either no heart, or else, a marvelous power of
dissimulation,” he wearily decided. He felt that she was playing some
great hidden game in which he was but a mere pawn, a poor private
soldier in the fight.
“It’s a waiting game,” he rightly concluded, “but, it is for vengeance,
or a fight to cover up her clouded past.”
He knew now that Elaine Willoughby was victorious over her young
social enemy at every point of the field. For, the house of Hathorn
was known to be divided against itself, and the once magnificent
Frederick’s careworn brow showed a sullen discontent.
Hathorn’s disgruntled face was now too often reflected in the mirrors
of the Café Savarin bar; he was shunned at the clubs even by the
young flâneurs who had now gone over bodily to Mrs. Willoughby,
and the little Sunday afternoon séances at Mrs. Alida Hathorn’s
became noted for their daring camaraderie and the “high class
vaudeville” enacted there.
Hathorn was now more frequently absent from town “upon
business,” and Vreeland wrongly suspected him of tracing down the
past antecedents of “his dearest foe.”
“What the old Harry did she throw him over and pick me up for?” he
vainly pondered. “She may have found him creeping too closely on
her track and perhaps she feared him.
“To cut the cord, she has pushed him out, and, pensioned him off on
Alida.
“But, what chilling spectre of the past affrights her? That I can only
reach by tapping her secret lines.
“I must get in between Endicott and her. I must find out her relations
with the Sugar Trust, and also get at the underground railroad to the
chamber where the first news of the secret operations of the ‘Senate
Finance Committee’ makes her the witch of the Street.
“She is a sly one. She may be trading coldly on the secrets of the
Sugar magnates, possibly selling out her senatorial friends and
betraying old Endicott’s banking connections.
“Her social entertainments, those little confidences of the ‘pearl
boudoir,’ give her a safe chance to play these men off, the one
against the other.”
Vreeland’s San Francisco experience, his analytical brain, and his
quick wit, had enabled him in his few months of New York stock
speculating, to quietly pick up every trick of the “put, call and
straddle,” every dark cross of the bucket-shop infamy, every
“dummy” subterfuge used in “shearing the sheep.”
He knew now every mystery of “doubled trades,” “crossing trades,”
and “wiping out a margin.”
“She has evidently never trusted me for a single moment, and, has
covered her right hand, while she has played me as a ‘left bower.’”
It dawned upon him that she perhaps, like David, said in her heart,
“All men are liars.” That her “developing process” with Fred Hathorn
had made her “sadly wise,” and that she was “trying him out” now at
every distance, before making him a champion.
He had, however, preserved the same even, devoted watchful
courtesy, and he was wise enough not to try to jump blindly from
“seed time” to harvest. “She has not opened her heart to me; if she
ever marries me, it will only be when she is driven to my arms.
“But, I can wait.”
And, so, never having dipped deeper into any true woman’s heart
than the light-winged swallow brushing the lake, he forgot that he
was not true to her. He knew not the force of those ringing lines of “A
Fo’castle Ballad”:
 “If you’re good to her, she’s good to you!
For a woman’s square, if you treat her right!”

The morning found the energetic Mr. Harold Vreeland in close

conference with the thin-lipped Miss Marble, of “Marble’s Business
Agency,” near that dingy little square where Greeley in bronze gazes
vacantly down at his own feet, awed by the stony glare of the New
York Herald’s singularly inartistic owls.
The wary woman broker had listened in silence to the young
banker’s long description of his need of an accomplished “private
secretary.”
She flushed slightly when Vreeland mentioned the Elmleaf as the
scene of the varied “labors.”
The quiet orgies of that “whited sepulchre” were now the theme of
much whispered comment over the whole Tenderloin.
There were other “rising men” besides Harold Vreeland burning the
candle of Life at both ends there and covertly reënacting the lurid
scenes of old Monte Tiberio, and infamous Baiæ.
“Expense is no object, my dear Miss Marble,” softly purred Vreeland.
“I fancy you know now what I want. I would prefer a capable young
woman who is a stranger to New York City.
“One who has been accustomed to refinement. My private
correspondence is largely social.”
The handsome scoundrel’s eye sunk under the keen woman’s direct
thrust.
“There may be an objection on the part of the young lady, your social
surroundings are of the gayest.”
Miss Marble was already familiar through the “blanket sheets,” with
the comet-like cavorting of the young Western star in these Eastern
skies.
“There is a business secretary, always there on duty, an exemplary
young woman now in my employ, so, you can dismiss all your fears,”
insidiously remarked Vreeland, “and, for the right person, I will pay
you any commission that you ask.”
The eyes of the two adroit schemers met.
“I want a woman whom I can train up into my own ways,” meaningly
said Vreeland. “I think that you understand me, now.”
The pale-green eyes of Miss Marble shone with glee at the prospect
of some other woman “with reluctant feet” going blindly on to the
thirty-third degree initiation of the hard ways of New York.
“I do, perfectly,” she replied, her thin, pitiless lips pressed closely
together.
“How shall I select the one who is best fitted to suit you?” Her voice
was slightly shaky.
“Easy enough,” lightly cried Vreeland, reaching for his hat and cane.
“Take two or three days. Go over the whole field of your most
promising applicants. Have say, four or five of them here to meet me
when you are ready.
“You can indicate the one whom you would prefer. Find out all their
private histories, as far as you can get at it,” he uneasily laughed.
“I will call in, of course, by hazard, and then take a look at them. You
can then have the one whom we decide upon, meet me as your only
candidate. The rest you can leave to me. If the first one is not
suitable, we will follow on down the list.
“Remember, salary is no object. I am liberal in all things, especially,
as to your commission.”
For once in her artful career, Miss Joanna Marble infused a real
warmth into the clasp of her clammy hand.
For these two read between the lines of each other’s impassive
faces.
“A very fine man—the sort of man likely in time, to get shot or
lynched, down South,” mused the veteran Miss Marble, “as near a
sleek human wolf in sheep’s clothing as they put them up.”
And, then, Joanna Marble carefully indited a dragnet advertisement
which next day brought a shoal of young womanhood to the
breakers of her woman trap.
There was “the solemn silence of the night,” the “speaking silence of
a dream,” at ten o’clock, as the waiting Harold Vreeland listened with
a beating heart behind the portals of his aerial den in the Elmleaf.
That gliding step came at last. “Soft as the dews that fell that night,”
was the footfall of the Lady of the Red Rose when très discretement
vêtue, in shrouding black, with her face swathed in an impermeable
veil, Alida Hathorn glided into his room, and coolly threw aside her
hat and wraps.
The flowers and ornate wealth of decorations made the room a very
dream of luxury. Vreeland sprang forward when he had locked the
door, but the burning words of tenderness on his lips were stayed as
a slender, uplifted arm stopped him. The visitor’s face was
impassive.
“Not yet. We must understand each other,” was the whisper which
sounded like the voice of a lost soul. It was, with a fatal
overreaching, that Vreeland murmured, “This is hardly the place for a
business interview.”
“I know it,” stolidly said Alida Hathorn, turning toward him a face
whose burning eyes thrilled him to his bosom’s core. “You have as
much to lose as I have, perhaps more.”
“My life is ruined,” she gloomily said. “We will play fair to-night, you
and I, with the cards on top the table. I know all your game—you
shall now know mine. And, I presume that both of us are willing to
pay the price.”
A French clock ticked away in the awkward silence, and then,
Vreeland, a master of woman’s moods, quietly seated himself beside
the excited woman, and took her burning palms in his own.
“Tell me what your will is. It shall be my law,” he simply said.
Alida Hathorn coldly studied his face for a moment. “I will soon test
your sincerity,” she answered. “I will tear off the lying mask we all
wear for a moment, and let you see the real woman behind the
society veneer.”
“I have found out that my husband is only a reckless stock gambler,
a man who coldly married me simply as ‘means to an end.’ He is half
crazed by his loss of influence in the Street.
“He has lately established secret branches of his house in Buffalo,
Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago and Montreal.
“There seems to have been some devil crossing him everywhere,
and, he has also fought out a silent duel to the death with Elaine
Willoughby, who has torn the old firm to pieces.”
Vreeland was now watching her with gleaming eyes.
“Wolfe has nothing whatever to lose. My husband insists that I shall
back the firm (practically himself), and, he swears that you are the
most successful man on the Street. He knows of all your individual
plunging.
“And he knows, too, that you are ‘on the inside’ of the great Sugar
deals, the Oil Company’s intrigues, and, are first favorite now since
Hathorn married.”
Her voice rang out bitterly as she buried her face in her hands. “A
woman’s capacity of resistance has its limits.
“I come to you to-night for help. I will make one last effort to break
him of his mad folly, or else, leave him to his fate.
“When he is penniless, he may follow me over to Europe. He, at
least, will be a husband, in name; a protection against the foreign
society mob, over there.” Her voice was bitterly hard.
Vreeland began to murmur platitudes.
The beautiful woman’s eyes flashed. “Don’t dissemble. You shall
know what I want!” she cried, pacing the room in her rising agitation.
“There is an ominous look in the Sugar market. You will go into the
deal on a sure basis. Open your heart to me to-night, for my own
sake. Give me your game for the next week. Let me copy it. I will
make just one turn for him. If you only play fair, I may save him. It
may bring me peace.
“If Hathorn will not be ruled, then my future life will be my own. I
depend on you—on your honor, on your pledges made to me, at the
Waldorf and the Savoy. I have come to you, here, fearlessly. What is
your answer?”
They were facing each other, as Vreeland hoarsely whispered, “And,
my reward?” The woman’s warring soul shone in her eyes.
“Let me know first that I can trust you,” she whispered with ashen
lips. “Trust to me, and, remember a woman’s gratitude can overpay.
Drive no hard bargain with me.”
In a moment, Harold Vreeland, on his pinnacle of sudden prosperity,
saw the gulf yawning before him. “If Elaine should find it out.” He
bowed his head, but the truth stole into his lying face.
“Is it possible that you are a coward?” cried Alida Hathorn. “You
would flinch before the woman who has come to you here—here, at
your bidding. I believed that we both were ready to pay the price.” He
sprang to her side, in answer to the invitation of her eyes.
“Listen,” he whispered. “I will, so help me God, give you all the
duplicate orders of my private account for the next two weeks. But,
to you, alone.”
He listened, and was astounded at her daring plan to receive his
betrayal of the confidence of a woman who had been her bane, and
yet, he yielded to the charm at last.
The echo of her departing foot on the stair left him stunned and
breathless at his own unwitting self-surrender. For, caught off his
guard, he had left the vantage-ground which he proposed to hold.
“In any case, neither of us will dare to speak. There is ruin staring us
both in the face, and, we should play fair. Fear is a wise counselor,”
she had frankly said. He trembled before her moonlight eyes,
burning in a wild unrest.
She had dominated him at the last, and, swept away an unscarred
victor.
Three days of wild excitement followed the nocturnal visit of the Lady
of the Red Rose. Vreeland was unable to leave his apartment even
for a moment to meet Justine, his busy spy, or to respond to the
urgent invitation of Miss Joanna Marble, who had telegraphed to
him: “I have found the very woman you want. A perfect stranger,
and, a beauty.”
In the haste of his feverish stock gambling, he had only time to order
this happily discovered nonpareil to await his pleasure.
“Keep her with you. Give her a month’s salary, in advance. Accept
my check sent by messenger as your commission. Will call soon.”
So he had telegraphed in reply to the adroit Miss Marble, and
dashed off a check for a round sum—a sum which clearly indicated
to the overjoyed Miss Marble, the nature of the “discretionary advice”
which she was to give to the beautiful neophyte in New York’s
fiercest glitter.
Harold Vreeland, with a pale face, sat on watch in his own room, his
eyes glued upon the features of Mary Kelly as she recorded each
momentous message from the strange woman at the Circassia who
was now playing a gigantic game.
An influx of bank and stock private confidential messengers, the
evening conferences with Elaine Willoughby, and a breathless study
of check book stubs “delivery and statements,” pressed him, while
the pale-faced woman near him, cut out every lurid article of the daily
journals describing the cyclonic rise and fall of the price of Sugar
Certificates now heaving in a storm of unrest as sweeping as the
Bay of Fundy’s tides.
Below, in the noisy street, the newsboys bawled “extras,” while all
the hotels, clubs and money marts were thronged with excited
babblers.
For three days, the corridors of the New York Stock Exchange were
crowded with men whose vulpine faces were either hardened by
despair, or else excitedly gleaming with the flush of victory.
Broad and Wall streets were filled with excited crowds, while in the
galleries, the clients, reporters and money-betting public watched the
members on the floor struggling over Sugar.
From ten to three daily the heat of battle was on, and, even after
dark the duels of winner and loser were transferred “uptown.”
In the Consolidated Petroleum and Stock Exchange a mad riot
reigned, intensified by the vociferous dealings of the crowding “curb-
stone” brokers.
With a cowardice newly born of his mean treason, Harold Vreeland
trembled as he crept out of the “Elmleaf,” during the three days to
steal into a decorous-looking private residence near, where from ten
to three with her eyes glittering with a fierce excitement, Alida
Hathorn sat in a rear parlor, guarded by the all too accommodating
Mrs. Volney McMorris cozily ensconced upstairs.
But the schemer well knew that Hathorn was a leading figure in the
downtown mêlée where “Sugar” had been steadily hammered down
from “seventy” to “fifty” under tremendous sales. Every conceivable
disaster had been suddenly “materialized” around the standard of
the hitherto strongly upheld monopoly.
It was on Friday, at one o’clock, that Vreeland, awestruck, added up
his scheduled statement of sales, on ten-day delivery terms. It
amounted to nearly twenty thousand shares, and the total of the
transactions astounded him.
He had just stolen in to report the last order to Alida Hathorn, a sale
of a thousand shares, and she had gleefully whispered, “You have
already handled twenty, but I have turned forty thousand shares, and
I’ve now reached my limit. If it goes down ten dollars more, we can
cover all our contracts and clear nearly a half million dollars.”
Vreeland’s eyes opened in wonder, as he saw the file of waiting
messengers in her gallery, and a cipher book at her side. He fled
away in silence.
At the door of his room, he was seized by Mary Kelly, her white
hands trembling. “She is there now at the instrument, calling you—
hasten.”
Bold, intrigant, as he was, Vreeland paled, and the blood left his
heart as he listened to Elaine Willoughby’s last orders. It was a most
momentous message. “Telegraph instantly down over private wire, to
Cashier Mineralogical Bank. For my order, buy in, at once—on this
board—forty thousand shares of Sugar in lots of one to five thousand
shares. Do not leave the instrument for one moment, till you report
the execution back to me. Have them telegraph to you the buying
rate of each lot and report when all is bought in. Then I will come to
the Waldorf and send over for you.
“I will sign the checks myself there at the hotel. Keep the
messengers there in your room with the stocks. I have suite No. 700
in the hotel.”
Mary Kelly’s flying fingers had recorded the momentous message in
shorthand as it fell from Hathorn’s pallid lips, and, her fingers then
pressed the telegraph key with lightning rapidity. Vreeland was
dazed. “My God, this is ruin for her,” he whispered. It was of the Lady
of the Red Rose he spoke.
“You must sit here, sir, and record for me,” cried the girl. “They are
holding me on the wire.” The agony of hell was in the heart of the
entrapped scoundrel.
He knew that his whole personal future now depended on executing
his mistress’ behests with lightning rapidity. There was no way to
warn Alida Hathorn. He dared not trust Bagley—a spy, perhaps.
One hasty sentence of explanation and he sat down at the table,
beside the girl, while far away at the Circassia, Elaine Willoughby
eagerly awaited the warning ring of the telephone bell. In three-
quarters of an hour, Vreeland staggered to the speaking tube. “The
whole order is covered,” he reported, “opening price, forty-nine;
closing price, seventy-three. I will await you here.”
With a sickening heart, the would-be traitor watched Mary Kelly
adding up the scheduled lots and averaging the prices.
“The whole forty thousand shares average us sixty-four dollars,” she
whispered, pushing the paper over to him, as she bent over her
clicking key. “There has been a terrific rise. Failures on the Street are
reported. Sugar is going up with jumps. Market practically bare.”
“My God!” groaned Vreeland, as he hid his face for a few moments in
his own room.
“This will be her ruin. Poor Alida. Forty thousand shares left to cover,
means a loss of three-quarters of a million.”
And then his own white face stared back at him, in the glass as his
trembling lips refused to frame the question: “Did Elaine know of his
treachery?” For, it seemed that his sin had found him out.
He dared not even for a single moment leave the presence of the girl
who was now recording each message from the cashier of the bank,
announcing the departure of the agents with each lot of the stocks as
bought in.
“Was it a blind pool to break and make a market?” he queried.
But, he found no time to steal away an instant from Mary Kelly’s
eyes and the impassive Bagley who stood waiting to conduct him to
Mrs. Willoughby at the Waldorf. “I am watched,” the cowed traitor
muttered.
The house was dark where Alida Hathorn had directed her secret
campaign when Vreeland, under Bagley’s escort, returned at
midnight from the Waldorf. Vreeland turned his eyes away in a
sickening dread.
The only remark made by the serene Queen of the Street was a
commendation of his promptness. She was graciously cheerful. “The
market turned upon us so quickly, that not a moment was to be lost,”
placidly remarked Elaine Willoughby, whose pleasant smile of
dismissal followed the sending up of a card whereon Vreeland saw
the words “Hiram Endicott.” But, his patroness said, “You have
earned a week’s rest. I can now give you that. You can amuse
yourself for a week. I shall stand out of the market. You can go
ahead and pick up the threads of current affairs down town.
“Remember, not a word of this to Wyman. It would lead to our instant
parting. You have done well. I know now that I can trust to you, to the
very last.”
Vreeland shuddered and stole away, wearing a sickly smile. The
night had new terrors for him now.
All that long night, Mr. Harold Vreeland paced his room, waiting for
the morrow. His haggard face was gray and ashen in the morning
dawn, as he waited for the earliest journals.
And, for once, the brandy bottle was his friend.
He recalled a thousand times the impassioned face of the beautiful
woman who had blindly followed his desperate lead.
“I had nothing to lose,” he mused. “This fierce play was only a flurry
to my nerves, but, she may be wrecked. And if she should now turn
upon me.”
He did not dare to think of facing her, and he even feared to show
himself in Wall Street until the news of his beautiful accomplice’s
situation should reach him.
“Where would she land on Life’s stormy seas?” He did not dare to
face the ruin he had wrought.
An occupation for his morning hours suggested itself. He would visit
Miss Joanna Marble, and so, at eleven o’clock, he was seated in her
“Bureau,” curiously awaiting the arrival of the young woman who was
to fill the lofty position of “private secretary” to the “star” of the
Elmleaf. Leaning out of the window, he beckoned to one of a
shouting mob of newsboys as the words “Extra! extra! Failures in
Wall Street!” resounded high above the din of Herald Square.
Tossing the lad a half dollar, he unfolded the still damp sheet. Among
the glaring headlines, he read, “Failure of Hathorn & Wolfe.
Liabilities, one million dollars.”
He sank back in his chair, and then, seized with a sudden impulse,
he quickly ran downstairs and jumped into a coupé, bidding the
agent detain the expected beauty.
Some indefinable impulse led him to his rooms, where the grave
Bagley handed him a telegraphic dispatch. He tore it open and read
the bitter lines: “You have lied and basely betrayed me. I have left
America forever. I leave it to the future to punish you.” The signature,
“Red Rose,” was that of a woman who was sobbing alone in her
stateroom on the Etruria, as she glided past the Narrows on this
sunny Saturday morning.
With a clouded brow, Vreeland descended the stair and at the street
door, met Mr. Jimmy Potter, who whispered: “Fred Hathorn has
cleared out to Havana—last night—the fool. He gouged his wife out
of half a million.
“I saw her off on the Etruria to-day, and I’m going to save what I can
for her out of the wreck, and, then go over and meet her in Paris.
“I told you that all things would come round to the man who waits.”
With a smothered oath, Vreeland pushed on, glad to escape the
easy-going tormentor who was destined to be the prochain ami of
the daring Lady of the Red Rose.
He dashed away to Miss Marble’s “Bureau,” where his eyes gleamed
as Miss Joanna led him into her private room. Her warning glance
gave him the key to his conduct.
And he was speechless in silent rapture, as he gazed upon the fresh
and womanly beauty of “Miss Romaine Garland, stenographer.”
“She is the very woman,” he mused. “The woman of my dreams.”
Afar, uptown, in the shaded boudoir of her pleasaunce palace, Elaine
Willoughby dropped the newspaper from her hands. “I am safe at
last. He is a criminal fugitive.
“And, now, to plead to God for the return of my child.”
 CHAPTER IX.

SENATOR ALYNTON’S COLLEAGUE.

An exciting month had slipped away after the sudden Sugar flurry in
Wall Street which had filled its gray granite channels with lame and
dead ducks.
Seated in his cozy morning room at the “Elmleaf,” Mr. Harold
Vreeland was reflectively watching the snowflakes whirled by a
March storm in fluffy white eddies, and furtively gazing askance upon
the beautiful face of Romaine Garland at his side.
“Where have I seen that face before?” he mused, as the lovely
stenographer arose with a silent bow, and passed through the half-
open door to seat herself at her typewriting table, en vis-à-vis with
Mary Kelly nodding over her clicking telegraph instrument.
There was ample time for Vreeland to attend to his growing personal
correspondence in these long mornings when he awaited the next
secret orders of his patroness. But, a singular social and speculative
lethargy now seemed to have seized upon Mrs. Elaine Willoughby.
The nearness of Lent, the reaction of the giddy winter social season,
and the cares of a large property all contributed to keep the woman
who had fought Alida Hathorn to a finish, out of the garish glare of
show society.
All the news that Vreeland could gain from the watchful Doctor
Alberg and the pliant Justine was, that the Lady of Lakemere was
seemingly drifting into a settled melancholy. Vreeland was
astonished at the dead water into which he himself had glided. His
afternoons were regularly spent now at the Wall Street office, where
Wyman was busied with the “legitimate.”
It had been Vreeland’s secret self-appointed task to follow out all the
details of the Hathorn & Wolfe failure, whose echoes still
reverberated in the curses of the defrauded customers.
Wolfe was left alone to face the music, and the whole financial world
knew that the great sums paid in to the firm’s coffers by customers in
the sudden Sugar flurry had been all diverted by the fugitive Hathorn
to margin those enormous private deals of his own plunging, which,
even criminal in their character, had been made dead against the
rising market. The “double or quits” had been “quits” with him. His
disgraced name was off the club lists, the VanSittart town mansion
was closed, the deserted Oakwood place was garrisoned for a long
foreign stay of the unhappy heiress, and “lightly they spoke of the
spirit” which had fled with Hathorn’s good luck.
There was little left for the plundered creditors to divide but
“experience.”
Wolfe, the luckless partner, was sullen and crushed, and a new
champion, Mr. James Potter, alertly moved around town gathering up
loose ends in the interest of the absent wife.
Wyman, beyond a cold comment that Hathorn’s “pace had been a
killing one,” never referred to the utter crash of their natural enemies,
and the social world was beginning to forget Mr. Frederick Hathorn,
having relegated him to the “Limbo” of failure, and marked him off as
a “has been.” The mad rush of New York life soon tramples the
forgotten graves to a dead level.
In the avoidance of any question as to his regular morning absence,
Vreeland knew that Wyman had been evidently posted by Judge
Endicott as to Vreeland’s sidereal duties under the orders of
Mrs. Willoughby.
It was wormwood to the man who still aspired to read every hidden
secret of Elaine Willoughby’s life to know that Wyman and Endicott
now frequently spent the long evenings with the Queen of the Street
at the “Circassia,” and that vouchers, schedules and papers covered
the great table where only the three sat, well out of reach of Justine’s
eaves-dropping.
“Cool old file is Endicott,” growled Vreeland. “Cased in steel armor of
proof. Nor passion, pride, nor weakness ever leaves him open to the
enemy a moment.”
And then his habitual sneer returned. “Bah! He is too old for all of
man’s follies. It is only the young and ardent who burn with fond
hopes and bravely take the chances of life in the open.
“He has nothing left to gain, why should he disquiet himself? Man
delights him not, no—nor woman either.”
But Mrs. Elaine Willoughby had really overplayed the game of an
assumed carelessness as to Hathorn’s fate. Vreeland was not
deceived.
He narrowly watched her when he ventured to call and report the
aftermath of the Hathorn failure. Her lack of interest in the downfall of
the two whom she had fought in society and on the Street was
entirely forced. She gloated over her victory.
Her despondency, however, was real, for a vague sorrow shone in
her eyes and the great rooms of the Circassia were no longer filled
with that glittering throng which she had drawn away from Alida
Hathorn’s Fifth Avenue drawing-rooms.
“Did she ever love Hathorn?” was Vreeland’s self-torturing question.
“And is her vengeance after all only Dead Sea fruit?” He secretly
resented the calm, equable kindness of his patroness, for there was
no answering glow within her splendid eyes, no quickening of her
frozen pulses at his approach.
“She has only used me as a human buffer, a switch to safely reach
the other track, and I have worked under the espionage of the adroit
Mary Kelly. I see her whole plan,” wrathfully decided Vreeland.
“To break up her whole secret into disjointed links. To play us off, one
against the other, and then perhaps to drop me, forever, as she
dropped Hathorn, if I am ever caught napping.
“She guards some momentous secret. Either of this hidden
syndicate’s inside methods, or else the dangerous past life which
blackens her present. How much of that did Hathorn know?
“Not enough to hurt her. But, I will rule her by fear yet, for love is out
of the game. Let me secretly tap her lines, and, then, gare le
corbeau!”
He had once timidly approached Mrs. Willoughby as to the
immediate-future programme of the uptown “special bureau.” His
patroness manifested but little interest and simply coldly said, “You
will have ample leisure for society and your own affairs. Remain
there silent, watchful, and always on duty, though.
“The reincorporation in New Jersey, the coming division into
common and preferred stock, and the court’s dubious actions may
cause me to act strongly in simulated attack or defense, at any
moment. And there’s always that veering Congress; its actions are
inexplicably swayed under flex or reflex of the public mind, private
manipulation or ‘advanced journalism.’” Vreeland chafed in his heart
that there had been as yet no rapprochement between himself and
Senator Alynton. A slight cold disdain seemed to chill that magnate’s
courtesy in all their brief rencontres. “He likes me not!” was the
schemer’s just observation. And yet, he gravely held a uniform
courtesy.
A special delivery letter at last awoke Vreeland from his reverie, as
he was furtively gazing at Miss Romaine Garland’s shapely head
bowed over her machine, and then the tube’s whistle announced
from below a call of “Mr. James Potter” on “the most important
business.”
The letter lay unopened as Vreeland wonderingly advanced to meet
his unfrequent visitor.
It was easy to see that the “butterfly” of fashion was gravely
impressed. It was none of the Dickie Doubleday’s crumpled rose