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ELECTRICAL WIRING
COMMERCIAL
Based on the 2014 National Electrical Code®
16 TH EDITION
i
ELECTRICAL WIRING
COMMERCIAL
Based on the 2014 National Electrical Code®
16 TH EDITION
PHIL SIMMONS
RAY C. MULLIN
CHAPTER
1
Commercial Building Plans and Specifications . . . . . . . . . 1
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to Electrical Wiring—Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Safety in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Commercial Building Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Working Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Codes and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
NEC Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Language Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Defined Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Abandoned Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Metrics (si) and the NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHAPTER
2
Reading Electrical Working Drawings—Entry Level . . . . . 35
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Electrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Drugstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
The Bakery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
CHAPTER
3
General Requirements for Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Consider Circuit Segments Separately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Conductor Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
v
vi
CHAPTER
4
Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Defining the Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Other Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Using the Panelboard Branch-Circuit Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
CHAPTER
5
Switches and Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Snap Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Occupancy Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Neutral at the Switch Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Switch and Receptacle Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
CHAPTER
6
Wiring Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Raceway Sizing in the NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Rigid Metal Conduit (Rmc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Intermediate Metal Conduit (Imc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Electrical Metallic Tubing (Emt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Raceway Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Flexible Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Armored (Type Ac) and Metal-Clad (Type Mc) Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (Pvc) (Nec Article 352) . . . . . . . . . 125
Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (Ent) (Nec Article 362) . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Raceway Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Raceway Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Special Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Box Styles and Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Selecting the Correct Size Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
C0NTENTS vii
CHAPTER
7
Motor and Appliance Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Motors and Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
The Basics of Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Motor Branch-Circuit Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault Protection . . . . 173
Motor-Starting Currents/Code Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Type 1 and Type 2 Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Equipment Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Appliance Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
The Bakery Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
CHAPTER
8
Feeder Load Calculation and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
The Electrical Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Energy Code Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Lighting Load Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Other Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Motors and Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Feeder Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Feeder Component Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Panelboard Worksheet, Schedule, and Load Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Feeder Ampacity Determination, Drugstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
CHAPTER
9
Special Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Surface Metal Raceways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Multioutlet Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Floor Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Fire Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
viii
CHAPTER
10
Working Drawings—Upper Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Insurance Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Beauty Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Real Estate Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Toilet Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
CHAPTER
11
Special Circuits (Owner’s Circuits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Panelboard Worksheet, Panelboard Schedule, and
Load Calculation Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Lighting Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Sump Pump Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Water Heaters and Space Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Elevator Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Optional Electric Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
CHAPTER
12
Panelboard Selection and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Working Space Around Electrical Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
CHAPTER
13
The Electric Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Transformer Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Transformer Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Utility Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Important Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Service-Entrance Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
C0NTENTS ix
Grounding/Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Ground Fault Protection of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Safety in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
14
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Lighting Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Lumens per Watt (lm/W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Incandescent Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Low-Voltage Incandescent Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Fluorescent Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Retrofitting Existing Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Energy Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Hazardous Waste Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
CHAPTER
15
Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Energy Savings by Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Loading Allowance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Luminaires in Clothes Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Watts Per Unit Area Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
CHAPTER
16
Emergency, Legally Required Standby, and Optional
Standby Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Sources of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Classification of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Special Wiring Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Generator Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Transfer Switches and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
x
CHAPTER
17
Overcurrent Protection: Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . 381
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Disconnect Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Types of Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Testing Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Delta, 3-Phase, Corner-Grounded “B” Phase System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Time-Current Characteristic Curves and Peak Let-Through Charts . . . . 401
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Series-Rated Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Series-Rated Systems Where Electric Motors Are Connected . . . . . . . . 414
Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Cost Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Heating, Air-Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
CHAPTER
18
Short-Circuit Calculations and Coordination
of Overcurrent Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Marking Short-Circuit Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Short-Circuit Current Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Coordination of Overcurrent Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Single Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
CHAPTER
19
Equipment and Conductor Short-Circuit Protection . . . 442
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Conductor Short-Circuit Current Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Conductor Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Calculating a Conductor’s 758C Thermoplastic
Insulation Short-Time Withstand Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Calculating a Bare Copper Conductor and/or
Its Bolted Short-Circuit Withstand Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
C0NTENTS xi
CHAPTER
20
Low-Voltage Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Energy Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Low-Voltage Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Wiring Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
CHAPTER
21
The Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Expansion Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Hermetic Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Cooling System Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Cooling System Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Electrical Requirements for Air-Conditioning
and Refrigeration Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Special Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
CHAPTER
22
Commercial Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
The Photovoltaic Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
The Basic Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Rapid Shutdown of PV Systems on Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
xii
xiii
xiv PREFACE
all electrical work must be done in accordance with drawings and an explanation of symbols can be
the National Electrical Code and any local electrical found in the first chapter.
codes. • National Electrical Code references are inte-
The electrician must understand that he or she grated throughout the chapters, familiarizing
is a part of a construction team with the goal of get- readers with the requirements of the Code and
ting the project completed on time and within the including explanations of the wiring applica-
budget. Cooperation and “pulling your load” are the tions. Revisions to the NEC between the 2014
keys to success. The general contractor and owner and 2017 editions are carefully identified.
count on every trade and specialist to get the com-
ponents on the job when they are needed and in- • Review Questions at the end of each chapter
allow readers to test what they have learned
stall them so as to keep the project moving ahead
in each chapter and to target any sections that
smoothly.
require further review.
When the electrician is working on the initial in-
stallation or is modifying an existing installation, the
circuit loads must be determined. Thorough expla-
nations and numerous examples of calculating these
loads help prepare the reader for similar problems New to This Edition
on the job. The text and assignments make frequent Every Code reference in the sixteenth edition of
reference to the Commercial Building drawings at Electrical Wiring—Commercial is the result of com-
the back of the book. paring each and every past Code reference with the
The electrical loads (lighting, outlets, equip- 2017 NEC. As always, the authors review all com-
ment, appliances, etc.) were selected to provide the ments submitted by instructors from across the coun-
reader with experiences that he or she would en- try, making corrections and additions to the text as
counter when wiring a typical commercial building. suggested. The input from current users of the text
The authors also carry many calculations to a higher ensures that what is covered is what electricians need
level of accuracy as compared to the accuracy re- to know.
quired in many actual job situations. This is done
to demonstrate the correct method according to the • Emphasis is given to making the wiring of the
Commercial Building conform to energy saving
National Electrical Code. Then, if the reader and/
Standards. In other words, the wiring and con-
or the instructor wish to back off from this level,
nected loads in Electrical Wiring—Commercial
based upon installation requirements, it can be done
are “Green.”
intelligently.
• Text and a figure were added about the require-
ment that the short-circuit current be marked
at the service equipment, the calculation docu-
Features mented and distributed. The value in the mark-
ing must be updated if this value changes due to
• Safety is emphasized throughout the book and modifications.
fully covered in the first chapter. Special con-
siderations in working with electricity, such as
• Article 100: Definitions of “Readily Accessi-
ble” and “Structure” were revised.
how to avoid arc flash, as well as guidelines for
safe practices, provide readers with an overview • 110.14(D): The use of a calibrated torque mea-
of what dangers are to be expected on the job. suring device is required for tightening wire
terminals.
• Commercial Building Drawings are included
in the back of the book, offering readers the op- • 210.8: Direction is provided for measuring the
portunity to apply the concepts that they have distance from a sink for GFCI protection.
learned in each chapter as they step through • 210.8(B)(9): GFCI protection required in non-
the wiring process. A description of working dwelling crawl spaces.
PREFACE xv
• 210.71: Receptacle requirements added for enhance classroom instruction. The slides
meeting rooms. allow instructors to tailor the course to meet the
needs of the individual class.
• 225.27: Sealing requirements for raceways that
enter a building. • An Image Gallery that offers a database of
hundreds of images in the text. These can easily
• 250.66(A), (B), and (C): clarification of con-
be imported into the PowerPoint® presentation.
nection to grounding electrodes.
• 250.122(F): Rules for equipment grounding • Instructor’s Guide in Microsoft Word enables
instructors to view and print answers to review
conductors in parallel significantly revised.
questions contained in the book.
• 310.15(B)(3)(c): derating for raceways on roof-
tops significantly revised. • Blueprints from the back of the book are avail-
able in PDF format.
• 314.15: sizing of weep holes revised.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero
• 406.15: rules on dimmer-controlled receptacles is a flexible, online system that allows you to:
removed.
• Author, edit, and manage test bank content.
• 440.9: equipment grounding conductor re-
quired in some raceways installed on rooftops • Create multiple test versions in an instant.
for HVAC equipment. • Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom,
or wherever you want.
• 445.20: requirements for receptacles on porta-
ble receptacles revised.
Instructor’s Resource CD
• Extensive changes were made to Article 690 for
photovoltaic systems. The chapter in this text The Instructor Resource CD provides instructors
was revised to update these requirements. with valuable classroom materials on CD-ROM.
• Revisions were made to the branch circuit ta-
bles and load calculation tables for consistency.
• Major revisions of many diagrams and figures Mindtap for Electrical Wiring
have been made to improve the clarity and ease Commercial
of understanding the Code requirements.
MindTap is a personalized teaching experience with
• All National Electrical Code references have relevant assignments that guide students to analyze,
been updated to the 2017 NEC. Changes apply, and improve thinking, allowing you to mea-
between the 2014 and 2017 editions of the NEC sure skills and outcomes with ease.
are marked with these symbols: ▶◀
• Personalized Teaching: Becomes your own with
a Learning Path that is built with key student
objectives. Control what students see and when
Supplement Package they see it; match your syllabus exactly by hid-
ing, rearranging, or adding your own content.
Instructor Companion Website
• Guide Students: Goes beyond the traditional
The Instructor Companion Website, found on cen- “lift and shift” model by creating a unique
gagebrain.com, offers the following components to learning path of relevant readings, multimedia,
help minimize instructor preparation time and en- and activities that move students up the learn-
gage students: ing taxonomy from basic knowledge and com-
• PowerPoint ® lecture slides outline the im- prehension to analysis and application.
portant concepts covered in each chapter. Ex- • Measure Skills and Outcomes: Analytics and re-
tensively illustrated with photos, tables, and ports provide a snapshot of class progress, time
diagrams from the book, the presentations on task, engagement, and completion rates.
xvi PREFACE
of Electrical Grounding and Bonding, all published Electrical Plans Examiner and field Electrical In-
by Cengage Learning. While at the International As- spector. While employed with the State, Phil per-
sociation of Electrical Inspectors (IAEI), Phil was formed plan review and inspection of health care
author and illustrator of several books, including the facilities including hospitals, nursing homes, and
Soares Book on Grounding of Electrical Systems (five boarding homes.
editions), Analysis of the NEC (three editions), and Phil served the IAEI as Executive Director from
Electrical Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwell- 1990 to 1995 and as Education, Codes, and Stand-
ings (three editions). Phil wrote and illustrated the ards Coordinator from 1995 through June 1999. He
National Electrical Installation Standard (NEIS) was International President in 1987 and has served
on Standard on Types AC and MC Cables for the on several local and regional committees.
National Electrical Contractors Association. He served Underwriters Laboratories as a Cor-
Phil presently serves NFPA on Code Making porate Member and on the Electrical Council from
Panel-5 of the National Electrical Code Commit- 1985 to 2000 and served on the UL Board of Direc-
tee (grounding and bonding). He previously served tors from 1991 to 1995. Phil is a retired member of
on the NEC CMP-1 (Articles 90, 100, and 110), as the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
Chair of CMP-19 (articles on agricultural buildings
and mobile and manufactured buildings), and mem-
ber of CMP-17 (health care facilities). He served Important Note
six years on the NFPA Standards Council, as NFPA
Electrical Section President and on the NEC Techni- Every effort has been made to be certain that this
cal Correlating Committee. book is technically correct, but there is always the
Phil began his electrical career in a light- possibility of typographical errors.
industrial plant. He is a master electrician and was If changes in the NEC do occur after the printing
owner and manager of Simmons Electric Inc., an of this text, these changes will be incorporated in the
electrical contracting company. He is also a licensed next printing.
journeyman electrician in Montana. Phil passed the The National Fire Protection Association has a
certification examinations for Electrical Inspector standard procedure to introduce changes between
General, Electrical Plan Review, and Electrical In- NEC Code cycles after the actual NEC is printed.
spector One- and Two-Family. These are called “Tentative Interim Amendments,”
He previously served as Chief Electrical In- or TIAs. TIAs and a list of errata items can be down-
spector for the State of Washington from 1984 to loaded from the NFPA website, http://www.nfpa.
1990 as well as an Electrical Inspector Supervisor, org, to make your copy of the Code current.
Acknowledgments
The authors and Publisher wish to thank the following reviewers of this and past editions for
their contributions:
Warren DeJardin
Northeast Wisconsin Technical College
Green Bay, WI
Charlie Eldridge
Indianapolis Power and Light, Retired
Indianapolis, IN
Greg Fletcher
Kennebec Valley Technical College
Fairfield, ME
David Gehlauf
Tri-County Vocational School
Glouster, OH
Wesley Gubitz
Cape Fear Community College
Castle Hayne, NC
Fred Johnson
Champlain Valley Tech
Plattsburgh, NY
Thomas Lockett
Vatterott College
Quincy, IL
Gary Reiman
Dunwoody Institute
Minneapolis, MN
Lester Wiggins
Savannah Technical College,
Savannah, GA
xix
xx Acknowledgments
Ray Mullin and Phil Simmons want to join in The authors gratefully acknowledge the con-
thanking our friends and colleagues who over the tribution of the chapter on Commercial Utility In-
years have provided us with many helpful com- teractive Photovoltaic Systems by Pete Jackson,
ments and suggestions. These individuals are in electrical inspector for the City of Bakersfield, CA.
the electrical industry, members of Code Making Applicable tables and section references are re-
Panels, electrical inspectors, instructors, training printed with permission from NFPA 70-2017, Na-
directors, electricians, and electrical contractors. tional Electrical Code, copyright © 2016, National
To name but a few . . . Madeline Borthick, David Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169. This
Dini, John Dyer, Paul Dobrowsky, Joe Ellwanger, reprinted material is not the complete and official po-
Ken Haden, David Hittinger, Michael Johnston, sition of the NFPA on the referenced subject, which
Robert Kosky, Richard Loyd, Neil Matthes, Bill is represented only by the standard in its entirety.
Neitzel, Don Offerdahl, Cliff Redinger, Jeff Sargent,
Gordon Stewart, Clarence Tibbs, Charlie Trout, • National Electrical Code and NEC are regis-
Ray Weber, J.D. White, Lester Wiggins, David tered trademarks of the National Fire Protection
Williams, and the electrical staff at NFPA head- Association, Inc., Quincy, MA 02269. Appli-
quarters. We apologize for any names we might cable tables and section references are reprinted
have missed. with permission from NFPA 70-2017, the Na-
We would also like to thank Vince Saporita for tional Electrical Code, Copyright © 2016,
his detailed review of the overcurrent protection National Fire Protection Association, Quincy,
subject matter in Chapters 17, 18, and 19. Massachusetts 02169.
Chapter 1
1
2 Chapter 1 Commercial Building Plans and Specifications
out of harm’s way. Yet these injuries can almost in- may be exposed are required to be de-energized be-
stantly change your life in a very negative manner. fore the employee works on or near them, unless the
Most often, victims are never the same as before the employer can demonstrate that de-energizing intro-
incident. duces additional or increased hazards.
Important requirements for training are found in Working on “live” equipment is acceptable
NFPA 70E Article 110. The training required is spe- only if there would be a greater hazard if the sys-
cifically related to the tasks to be performed. The rule tem were de-energized. Examples of this would be
includes a statement: A person can be considered life-support systems, some alarm systems, certain
qualified with respect to certain equipment and ventilation systems in hazardous locations, and the
methods but still be unqualified for others.** power for critical illumination circuits. Working on
If you have not been trained to do a specific task, you energized equipment requires properly insulated
are considered unqualified in that area. The training tools, proper flame-resistant clothing, rubber gloves,
given and received is required to be documented. If protective shields and goggles, and in some cases
you are ever in an electrical accident that is report- insulating blankets. As previously stated, OSHA
able to OSHA, one of the first things they will ask for regulations allow only qualified personnel to work
is a copy of your personnel record to prove you were on or near electrical circuits or equipment that has
trained for the task you were performing. Employ- not been de-energized. The OSHA regulations pro-
ers are required to provide appropriate training and vide rules regarding lockout and tagout (LOTO)
safety procedures. Employees are required to comply to make sure that the electrical equipment being
with the safety training they have received. worked on will not inadvertently be turned on while
Only qualified persons are permitted to work on someone is working on the supposedly dead equip-
or near exposed energized equipment. To become ment. As the OSHA regulations state, “A lock and
qualified, a person must a tag shall be placed on each disconnecting means
• have the skill and training necessary to distin- used to de-energize circuits and equipment.”
guish exposed live parts from other parts of Some electricians’ contractual agreements re-
electrical equipment; quire that, as a safety measure, two or more quali-
fied electricians must work together when working
• be able to determine the voltage of exposed live
on energized circuits. They do not allow untrained
parts; and
apprentices to work on live equipment but do allow
• be trained in the use of special precautionary apprentices to stand back and observe.
techniques, such as personal protective equip- According to NFPA 70E, Standard for Electri-
ment, insulations, shielding material, and insu- cal Safety in the Workplace, circuits and conduc-
lated tools. tors are not considered to be in an electrically safe
An unqualified person is defined in Article 100 work condition until all sources of energy are re-
of NFPA 70E as A person who is not a qualified moved; the disconnecting means is under lockout/
person.* Although this seems simplistic, a person tagout; and the absence of voltage is verified by an
can be considered qualified for performing some approved voltage tester. Proper personal protective
tasks and yet be unqualified for other tasks. Training equipment (PPE) is required to be worn while test-
and experience make the difference. ing equipment for absence of voltage during the
Subpart S, paragraph 1910.333, of the OSHA lockout/tagout procedure. Equipment is considered
regulations, requires that safety-related work prac- to be energized until proven otherwise.
tices be employed to prevent electrical shock or Safety cannot be compromised. Accidents do
other injuries resulting from either direct or indirect not always happen to the other person.
electrical contact. Live parts to which an employee Follow this rule: Turn off and lock off the power,
and then properly tag the disconnect with a descrip-
tion as to exactly what that particular disconnect
**Reprinted with permission from NFPA 70E-2015 serves.
*Source: NFPA 70-2017
4 Chapter 1 Commercial Building Plans and Specifications
flame-resistant personal protective equipment that energy that the system is capable of delivering, for as
must be worn. This posting is so important because long as it takes the main circuit breaker or fuse to open.
the incident energy can vary from one piece of How much current (energy) the main breaker will let
equipment to another. With this information, electri- through depends on the available fault current and the
cians can select the personal protective equipment breaker or fuse opening time. A joke in the electrical
that is needed so they are protected in the hazardous trade is that a power company will sell power to you a
area. In some cases, the arc-flash study may dictate little at a time—or all in one huge arc blast.
that an arc-flash suit with a beekeeper-type hood be Although not required for dwelling units, NEC
used. The best approach continues to be that work on 110.16 specifies that, Electrical equipment, such
the equipment only be done while it is de-energized. as switchboards, switchgear, panelboards,
Electricians seem to feel out of harm’s way industrial control panels, meter socket enclo-
when working on small electrical systems and seem sures, and motor control centers, that are in
to be more cautious when working on commer- other than dwelling units, and are likely to re-
cial and industrial electrical systems. Do not allow quire examination, adjustment, servicing, or
yourself to get complacent. Nearly half of the elec- maintenance while energized, shall be field or
trocutions each year are from 120-volt systems. A factory marked to warn qualified persons of
very small current is all that is needed when flow- potential electric arc flash hazards. The mark-
ing through our nervous system to cause paralysis ing shall meet the requirements in 110.21(B)
so the electrician is “hung up.” This occurs when the and shall be located so as to be clearly vis-
external voltage flowing through the electrician’s ible to qualified persons before examination,
nervous system prevents him or her from releasing adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the
contact with the energized part. equipment.*
A fault at a small main service panel, however, can Section 110.21(B) provides requirements for
be just as dangerous as a fault on a large service. The warning or hazard labels that are applied in the field. It
available fault current at the main service disconnect, includes requirements to adequately warn of the
for all practical purposes, is determined by the kilo- hazard using effective words, colors, or symbols.
volt-ampere (kVA) rating and impedance of the trans- See Figure 1-3 for an example of the warning,
former. Other major limiting factors for fault current danger, and caution labels in standard colors specified
are the size, type, and length of the service-entrance by ANSI Z535.4 Product Safety Signs and Labels.
conductors. If you want to learn more, we suggest The warning label must also be permanently
that you search for “fault current calculations” on the affixed to the equipment and is not permitted to be
Internet, where you will find a lot of information on hand written except for filling in a blank for variable
the topic, including tutorials. An Excel spreadsheet information. The label must be of sufficient durabil-
designed to simplify fault-current calculations is avail- ity to withstand the environment where located.
able for free download from several sources including Figure 1-4 is an example of a commercially
at http://www.mikeholt.com/technical-calculations- available label.
formulas.php. Applications for smart phones are read-
ily available; most can be downloaded for free. Check Electrical Power Tools on the Job
out the Bussmann FC2 app for smartphones. It is ad-
vertised to easily calculate single and three-phase fault On the job, you will be using portable electric
current and to produce one-line diagrams and calcula- power tools. Although many of these tools are bat-
tion labels. Look for it at your smartphone app store. tery powered, several larger tools like threaders,
Short-circuit calculations are discussed in detail benders, bandsaws, and pullers are powered by 120
in Chapter 18 of this text. or 240 volts. The electrical supply on construction
Electricians should not be fooled into thinking sites is often in the form of temporary power, cov-
that if they cause a fault on the load side of the main ered by Article 590 of the NEC.
disconnect, the main breaker will trip off and protect
them from an arc flash. An arc flash will release the *Source: NFPA 70-2017
6 Chapter 1 Commercial Building Plans and Specifications
WARNING
WARNING indicates a potentially haz-
! ardous situation which, if not avoided,
could result in death or serious injury.
! WARNING
CAUTION
CAUTION indicates a potentially haz-
! ardous situation which, if not avoided,
may result in minor or moderate in-
jury. It may also be used to alert
CAUTION
CAUTION or NOTICE without the
safety alert symbol is appropriate for
property-damage-only hazards.
NOTICE
Figure 1-3 Danger, Warning, Caution, and Notice signs as indicated in ANSI Z535.4.
collection you should carry and use a portable ground- device has saved countless lives and reduced the
fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) of the type shown in electric shock injuries.
Figure 1-5—an inexpensive investment that will pro- Refer to Chapter 5 for details on how GFCIs op-
tect you against possible electrocution. Remember, erate and where they must be installed.
“The future is not in the hands of fate, but in ourselves.”
Now consider the effects of 60-hertz (60-cycle) Stand to One Side!
ac currents on humans in the study by Charles F.
Dalziel (“Dangerous Electric Currents,” reported in A good suggestion is that when turning a stan-
AIEE Transactions, vol. 65 [1946], p. 579; discus- dard disconnect switch on, do not stand in front of
sion, p. 1123), presented in Table 1-1. (The effects the switch. Instead, stand to one side. For example,
vary depending on whether the current is dc or ac if the handle of the switch is on the right, then stand
and on the frequency if it is ac.) to the right of the switch, using your left hand to
Mr. Dalziel is credited with inventing the operate the handle of the switch, and turn your head
ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), which, for away from the switch. That way, if an arc flash oc-
the Class A personnel protection version, is required curs when you turn the disconnect switch on, you
to open between 4 and 6 mA of current flow. This will not be standing in front of the switch. You will
Table 1-1
Current in milliampere (mA), 60 hertz.
Effect(s) Men Women
not have the switch’s door fly into your face. There sections are presented to acquaint the electrician
is a good chance that the molten metal particles re- with the full scope of the document.
sulting from an arc flash will fly past you. The specification is a book of rules governing
all of the material to be used and the work to be per-
More Information formed on a construction project. The specification
is usually divided into several sections.
You will find more information about the haz-
ards of an arc flash and when conditions call for
personal protective equipment (PPE) in Electrical
General Clauses and Conditions
Safety in the Workplace NFPA 70E and in Chapter The first section of the specification, General
13 of this text. Clauses and Conditions, deals with the legal re-
Information on the content of warning signs quirements of the project. The index to this section
can be found in the ANSI Standard Z535.4, Product may include the following headings:
Safety Signs and Labels.
Just about every major manufacturer of elec- Notice to Bidders
trical equipment has arc-flash information on its Schedule of Drawings
website. Instructions to Bidders
Proposal
Where Do We Go Now? Agreement
General Conditions
With safety the utmost concern in our minds, let
us begin our venture on the wiring of a typical com- Some of these items will impact the electrician
mercial building. on the job, and others will be of primary concern to
the electrical contractor. The following paragraphs
give a brief, general description of each item.
Commercial Building
Specifications Notice to Bidders. This item is of value to the
contractor and their estimator only. The notice de-
When a building project contract is awarded, the scribes the project, its location, the time and place
electrical contractor is given the plans and specifi- of the bid opening, and where and how the plans and
cations for the building. These two contract docu- specifications can be obtained.
ments govern the construction of the building. It is
very important that the electrical contractor and the Schedule of Drawings. The schedule is a list, by
electricians employed by the contractor to perform number and title, of all of the drawings related to the
the electrical construction follow the specifications project. The contractor, estimator, and electrician
exactly. The electrical contractor will be held re- will each use this schedule prior to preparing the bid
sponsible for any deviations from the specifications for the job: the contractor, to determine whether all
and may be required to correct such deviations or the drawings required are at hand; the estimator, to
variations at personal expense. Thus, it is important do a takeoff and to formulate a bid; and the electri-
that any changes or deviations be verified—in writ- cian, to determine whether all of the drawings nec-
ing. Avoid verbal change orders. essary to do the installation are available.
It is suggested that the electrician assigned to a Instructions to Bidders. This section pro-
new project first read the specifications carefully. vides the contractor with a brief description of the
These documents provide the detailed information project, its location, and how the job is to be bid
that will simplify the task of studying the plans. The (lump sum, one contract, or separate contracts for
specifications are usually prepared in book form and the various construction trades, such as plumbing,
may consist of a few pages to as many as several heating, electrical, and general). In addition, bid-
hundred pages covering all phases of the construc- ders are told where and how the plans and specifica-
tion. This text presents in detail only that portion of tions can be obtained prior to the preparation of the
the specifications that directly involves the electri- bid, how to make out the proposal form, where and
cian; however, summaries of the other specification when to deliver the proposal, the amount of any bid
Another random document with
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Wittenbergistä, maisteri Drysiuksen Rogbergasta, tulemaan meille
päivällistä aterioimaan jonakin päivänä. Se on minun mieleisen!
mies. Kutsun tarkotus on se että hän näkisi Margitin. Tämä tarvitsee
semmoisen aviomiehen. Kuta pikemmin Margit tulee pois talosta,
sitä parempi hänelle itselleen.
*****
— Maalauksiani.
*****
*****
AARTEENKAIVAJA.
— Vuosi aikaa sitten sain tietää, mistä voisin löytää — jopa löytää
äärettömän paljokin. Mutta ensinkin se aarre ei ole saatavissa
lapiolla, ellen saa kaivaa vapaasti ja käyttää palvelukseeni sata
miestä? Kenties en löydä sitä sittenkään, sillä en tiedä kuinka syvällä
se piilee. Mutta kaikki velhojen kirjoissa ja kirjotuksissa sekä
kansantarinoissa mainitut merkit ovat siellä minulle ilmestyneet, ja
seudun asukkaat ovat monessa miespolvessa perättäin tienneet,
että aarre on olemassa. Mutta ilman loihtulukuja on mahdoton saada
sitä ilmiin. Täytyy kiristää haltioita kantamaan aarretta luokseni. Ja
tiedänkin, miten siinä on meneteltävä. Faustin "Kolmikertainen
hornanväkivipu" on minulla täällä levättini alla, ja noitapiiriin sekä
suitsutuksiin tarvittavat aineet ynnä turvakeinot, mitä loitsija
tarvinnee, on minulla osaksi täällä repussani, osaksi kaivettuna sen
tien viereen, josta paikalle päästään. Mutta loihtumies ei saa mennä
sinne yksin, ja parasta on, jos hän saa apurikseen papin ja
paholaisen manaajan, sillä yhtä varmaan kuin tiedän voivani itse
kutsua esiin ja pakottaa henkiä, ylitä epätietoinen olen kykenenkö
häjyläisiä karkottamaan pois…
— Noitakedolla.
— Slatten maalla.
— Sepä ikävää…
*****