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Textbook Facing The Revocation Huguenot Families Faith and The Kings Will 1St Edition Lougee Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Facing The Revocation Huguenot Families Faith and The Kings Will 1St Edition Lougee Ebook All Chapter PDF
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i
Château de Berneré. Pastel by Jean Reboux. Property of the author. Courtesy of the
artist.
iii
C A R O LY N C H A P P E L L L O U G E E
1
iv
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
“Why study one noble family? What can the social his-
torian learn from a single case? Abandoning all claims
to the typicality of the family in any statistical sense
does not mean retreating to antiquarianism and the
quaintness of the particular.”
—Robert Forster, The House of Saulx-Tavanes (1971)
CONTENTS
Principal Personages ix
Glossary xi
Introduction 1
PA RT ON E T H E CH A M PAGN É I N S A I N TONG E
3. Marie in Jeopardy 75
PA RT T WO E SC A PI NG F ROM F R A NCE
PA RT T H R E E T HOSE W HO STAY ED
vii
viii
viii Contents
P R I N C I PA L P E R S O N AG E S
Additional Persons
Salbert family: Louis de Salbert, Seigneur de Soulignonne. Husband of
Madelene de Solière; Léa de Bessay. Mother of Louis de Salbert, wife in her
second marriage to Jean Isle de Beauchesne
ix
x
x P r i n c i p a l Pe r s o n a g e s
NOTE: The appendix offers family trees for the Isle, La Rochefoucauld,
Robillard de Champagné, Prévost de Touchimbert, Mazières-Voutron, and
D’Aubigné-Olbreuse families.
xi
GLOSSA RY
xi
xii
xii Glossary
Factum. A legal brief written by a litigant’s lawyer to lay out the facts of a case
as the client saw them.
Gabare. A small river boat, wide and flat, typically used for transporting
cargo or for fishing.
Généralité. The geographical area administered by an intendant. Most géné-
ralités contained several fiscal districts called élections.
Governor. A royal appointee charged with oversight chiefly of military af-
fairs in a province, city, or fortified place. His deputy was the king’s lieutenant
(lieutenant du roi) or lieutenant-general de province.
Hôpital général. Asylum for beggars, vagabonds, and the poor.
Intendant. Chief crown official administering a generalité or intendancy,
overseeing all aspects of royal authority, seconded by his subdelegate.
League. The distance a person could walk in one hour, reckoned (in various
localities) as 2–3 miles.
Légitime. In Roman law, the share of a parent’s estate to which every child
had a legal entitlement and from which the parent could not disinherit a child
without sufficient legal cause.
Lettre de cachet. A letter issued over the king’s signature, secured with his
wax seal (cachet), and giving notice of his express personal will on any matter
of urgent concern, sometimes an order for a subject’s exile or imprisonment.
The Ligue. An ultra-Catholic party in the sixteenth-century Wars of Religion
that fought to eradicate Protestantism, weaken the Huguenot nobility, and
merge royal authority with religious orthodoxy.
Livre. The principal money of account in France, divisible into 20 sols (12
deniers per sol). The franc had the same monetary value as the livre, but the
two terms were used differently in common parlance. An écu was generally
reckoned the equivalent of three livres. Other common and legally valid cur-
rencies included Louis or Louis d’or (originally equivalent to 10 livres), pistoles
(equivalent to Louis), and liards (3 deniers).
Nobles of the Sword, Robe, Cloche. Individuals recognized as having social
and fiscal privileges originating in service to the military (Sword), administra-
tive or judicial corps (Robe), and municipal offices (Cloche).
Parlements. Sovereign courts (from which there was no judicial appeal) with
broad powers of police in Paris and across the kingdom.
xiii
Glossary xiii
Préciput. A preference legacy, usually favoring the eldest son, that was man-
dated by law regimes in some parts of France.
Presidial, sénéchaussée, siège royal. Ordinary royal law courts handling
civil and criminal cases as tribunals of first instance or upon appeal from the
lesser seigneurial courts. Officials who oversaw law cases included the sen-
eschal, counselors, lieutenant-criminal, lieutenant-general (de sénéchaus-
sée), lieutenant-particular, king’s prosecutor (procureur du roi), king’s attorney
(avocat du roi), clerk (greffier). Also designates the geographical area subject to
such a court’s jurisdiction.
Recherches de noblesse. Royal investigations into the legitimacy of individ-
uals’ and families’ claims to noble status.
Reconnaissance. An act by which refugees who had abjured under pressure
in France confessed their fault, re-embraced Protestantism, and were reinte-
grated into the church community.
Religion prétendue réformée (R.P.R.). The official title for Protestantism in
France, translatable as “supposedly reformed religion.” Protestantism was also
sometimes referred to as “The Religion” (“la Religion”) and its adherents as
“Religionnaires” or, more commonly, as “Huguenots.”
Rente. A loan at interest camouflaged as a sale, which was a common form of
borrowing and lending at a time when lending at interest was suspect or pro-
hibited by law. Government rentes were bonds secured on municipal revenues.
Seigneury. A landed estate in which were embedded certain economic, social,
judicial, and honorific privileges and obligations. The holder of the estate was
known as the seigneur.
Témoignage. A certificate from a former temple warranting that the bearer
adhered to the Protestant faith and was worthy of admission as a member in
another congregation.
xiv
xv
Itineraries of the Champagné. Created by Zephyr Frank and Erik Steiner at the Spatial
History Project, Stanford University.
The Champagné’s Charentes. Created by Zephyr Frank and Erik Steiner at the Spatial History
Project, Stanford University.
xviii
1
Introduction
Before dawn on an April day in 1687, six children of the Protestant noble
family Robillard de Champagné slipped among the wine casks belowdecks of
an English eighteen-tonner and made their escape from La Rochelle to Devon.
Their mother and eldest brother traced the same route to exile in June. Eleven
months later, the father fled overland to Holland. A baby sister was left behind.
Who were the Champagné, and why did they leave France? How did they
manage to escape? And what became of these emigrants abroad, by contrast
with those who stayed?
In her brief memoir of the emigration, the mother of the family, Marie de
La Rochefoucauld,1 offered an answer to each of these questions. She and her
husband Josias de Robillard were French nobles, proprietors respectively of
the noble estates of Berneré and Champagné in the southwestern province of
Saintonge. They left France out of a desire for “liberty to worship God openly,”
which the policies of Louis XIV denied to Protestants like them. They suc-
ceeded in escaping by outwitting the authorities who closed possible emigra-
tion routes when the 1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes criminalized
what was officially called the Religion prétendue réformée (R.P.R.) and forbade
departures from the kingdom. In exile abroad they lost—for the sake of true
religion—the economic advantages and social standing they could have con-
tinued to enjoy at home.
It is a storyline of many truths. Josias carried into exile—and his descend-
ants preserved down into the twenty-fi rst century—the genealogies, deeds,
leases, contracts, and inventories of property that established the Champagné’s
identity as a noble landholding family and demonstrated Marie’s inheritance of
Berneré. Religion certainly did stand at the heart of the decision-making that
led to the emigration. Both Josias and Marie inherited a familial Protestant
identity from forebears who fought for the Reformed religion in the terrible
wars of the Reformation and from those who coexisted with Catholicism after
Henri IV’s 1598 Edict of Nantes made France a kingdom with two lawful re-
ligions. It was Josias’ and Marie’s misfortune to found their own family and
1
2
live as Protestants during the reign of Henri IV’s grandson, Louis XIV, who
gradually circumscribed their religious freedoms and civil privileges until,
in October 1685, he revoked his grandfather’s Edict of Nantes. While all the
family members who escaped—the two parents and the seven children—
remained faithful to Protestantism to the end of their days, neither the parents
nor the children could enjoy, in exile, anything resembling the life they had
expected at Berneré. Facing the Revocation changed everything.
Marie’s telling of the Champagné story is, however, partial, for it masks
much in order to establish a certain picture of their lives and of the decisions
they made when facing the Revocation. Restoring the portions of experience
she withheld is a key to restoring much more than one family’s history. Her tell-
ing has seemed convincing for more than three centuries because it matched
so closely the consensus narrative composed by numerous French Protestant
exiles: the stability of life in France but for the Revocation, the religious motive
for emigrating, the heroic clandestine escape against heavy odds, and the sacri-
fice of fortune for religious constancy. This framework, created by Huguenots
themselves at the Revocation, has continued to encrust the Huguenot story.
Because it emphasized how exceptional the Huguenot experience was vis-à-v is
the evolution of state and society that is seen as the heart of the national story, it
contributed to narrowing the place their story could claim in French memory.2
Enlarging that claim is the broad objective of a recent quickening in revisionist
histories that eschew the misleading tidiness of the standard Huguenot nar-
rative, excavating stories “messier and more ambiguous … messier and more
truthful … learning to remember with complexity.”3
“Learning to remember with complexity” has transformed a number of his-
torical fields from which this recollection of the Champagné experience takes
inspiration. Family history and women’s history have established strong re-
ciprocal connections, over time, between private experience—the texture of
family life, the strategies families adopt to promote their own prosperity and
survival, the beliefs and attitudes generated in family contexts—and public
processes. Autobiographical studies have pushed beyond literal reading of
eyewitness testimonies, probing firsthand accounts for the selective inclusions
and exclusions that reshape lives into the plausible rather than the true. “In
every story is a story not told.”4 Migration studies, too, have generated new
layers of meaning by reconceptualizing population movements. Rather than
emphasizing, or limiting discussion to, migrants’ adaptation to the receiving
culture—“pick[ing] up the story only after the arrivals step off the vessel”—
they seek to trace continuity and rupture across the full succession of stages
from origin and exit to transit and resettlement. Rather than portraying
given migrations as economic or political or religious, they aspire to embed
individual agency within the full range of pertinent contexts. And they have
3
Introduction 3
Introduction 5
PA R T O N E
THE CHAMPAGNÉ
IN SAINTONGE
8
9
Events of the early spring 1677 would have lasting consequences for public
life in France as well as for private families, even for families as distanced
from public functions and as obscure in historical memory as the Robillard
de Champagné. Taking personal command in late February of the French
armies in Flanders, Louis XIV touched off a cascade of springtime victories—
Valenciennes, Cambrai, Mont-Cassel, Saint-Omer—that impressed French
subjects with the qualities of their king and strengthened his hand at the peace
negotiations begun in Nijmegen the previous year. Louis’ decision to make
Versailles his residence and capital set off an intensive phase of building or-
chestrated by Hardouin Mansart and the innovative, largely anti-Dutch deco-
rative program devised by Charles Le Brun to showcase the personal glory of
the Sun King.
Word of these developments could not have reached the Champagné by the
morning of March 8, when Susanne Isle, widowed grandmother of the Dame
de Champagné, divided the patrimony among her six granddaughters and re-
tired. The family would surely have heard that their fellow Protestant Abraham
Duquesne, in the company of some of their kin, had given France control of
its southern sea through a succession of victories in the Mediterranean.1 And
they might even have caught whispers, from friends and relations who went
occasionally to Paris, that a child of the region, Françoise d’Aubigné, Marquise
de Maintenon, was beginning to be spoken of as the favorite of the king, dis-
placing Madame de Montespan, whose ancestral château was just downriver
at Tonnay-Charente. But on that day their attention had to be on their own
intricate private affairs, and they could not have suspected how the events in
Flanders and Versailles would undo their kin and their best, most careful stew-
ardship of family lives.
The property division alone would be a complicated task. Susanne Isle’s
holdings would have to be enumerated and appraised. Nothing—neither
assets nor liabilities—could be left out, and yet her properties were diverse
and dispersed. Her family, the Isle, loomed as large in local landholding as
9
10
Figure 1.1 Plan of the Château de Forgette, near Saint-Savinien, from Claude Masse,
“Recueil des Plans de Saintonge,” 94[97] (pen & ink and w/c on paper) (b/w photo).
Service historique de la Défense. Armée de Terre, Vincennes. By permission of Bridgeman
Images .
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