Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power

Contemporary Research Proceedings

of the 5th International and 41st
National Conference on FMFP 2014 1st
Edition Arun K. Saha
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/fluid-mechanics-and-fluid-power-contemporary-resear
ch-proceedings-of-the-5th-international-and-41st-national-conference-on-fmfp-2014-1
st-edition-arun-k-saha/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Advances in Fluid and Thermal Engineering Select

Proceedings of FLAME 2018 Pankaj Saha

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-fluid-and-thermal-
engineering-select-proceedings-of-flame-2018-pankaj-saha/

Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Fifth

Edition WBUT–2016 P. K. Nag

https://textbookfull.com/product/engineering-thermodynamics-and-
fluid-mechanics-fifth-edition-wbut-2016-p-k-nag/

Fluid mechanics Second Edition Falkovich

https://textbookfull.com/product/fluid-mechanics-second-edition-
falkovich/

Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on

Advanced Ceramics and Composites 1st Edition Jonathan
Salem

https://textbookfull.com/product/proceedings-of-the-41st-
international-conference-on-advanced-ceramics-and-composites-1st-
edition-jonathan-salem/
Ludwig Prandtl A Life for Fluid Mechanics and
Aeronautical Research Michael Eckert

https://textbookfull.com/product/ludwig-prandtl-a-life-for-fluid-
mechanics-and-aeronautical-research-michael-eckert/

Engineering Fluid Mechanics Hongqing Song

https://textbookfull.com/product/engineering-fluid-mechanics-
hongqing-song/

Fluid Structure Sound Interactions and Control

Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Fluid Structure
Sound Interactions and Control 1st Edition Yu Zhou

https://textbookfull.com/product/fluid-structure-sound-
interactions-and-control-proceedings-of-the-3rd-symposium-on-
fluid-structure-sound-interactions-and-control-1st-edition-yu-
zhou/

Fluid Mechanics of Planets and Stars Michael Le Bars

https://textbookfull.com/product/fluid-mechanics-of-planets-and-
stars-michael-le-bars/

Proceedings of First International Conference on Smart

System Innovations and Computing SSIC 2017 Jaipur India
1st Edition Arun K. Somani

https://textbookfull.com/product/proceedings-of-first-
international-conference-on-smart-system-innovations-and-
computing-ssic-2017-jaipur-india-1st-edition-arun-k-somani/
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Arun K. Saha
Debopam Das
Rajesh Srivastava
P.K. Panigrahi
K. Muralidhar Editors

Fluid Mechanics
and Fluid Power
– Contemporary
Research
Proceedings of the 5th International
and 41st National Conference on FMFP 2014
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
About this Series

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-

ments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Also considered for publication are monographs, contributed volumes
and lecture notes of exceptionally high quality and interest. Volumes published in
LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new challenges of mechanical
engineering. Topics in the series include:

• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

Arun K. Saha Debopam Das
•

Rajesh Srivastava P.K. Panigrahi

•

K. Muralidhar
Editors

Fluid Mechanics and Fluid

Power – Contemporary
Research
Proceedings of the 5th International
and 41st National Conference
on FMFP 2014

123
Editors
Arun K. Saha P.K. Panigrahi
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
India India

Debopam Das K. Muralidhar

Department of Aerospace Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
India India

Rajesh Srivastava
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-81-322-2741-0 ISBN 978-81-322-2743-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931198

© Springer India 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNature

The registered company is Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Preface

The 5th International and 41st National Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid
Power was held in the campus of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur during
December 12–14, 2014. A total of 450 scientific participants, 275 of whom were
students, attended the conference. The participants had fruitful scientific and
technical discussions and exchanges that made the conference a complete success.
The overall response to the conference was quite encouraging. A large numbers
of papers were received. After careful review, 397 papers were chosen for the
inclusion for presentation during the conference. Among these, 286 papers were
chosen for oral presentation while the rest were displayed in the form of posters.
Subsequent to conference, an additional round of review was carried out. Among
the presented papers, 161 papers were selected for inclusion in the published
proceedings.
The papers appearing in the proceedings are distributed into 14 major parts:
1. Fundamental Issues and Perspective in Fluid Mechanics
2. Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation
3. Computational Fluid Dynamics
4. Instability, Transition, and Turbulence
5. Turbomachinery
6. Multiphase Flows
7. Fluid-structure Interaction and Flow-induced Noise
8. Microfluidics
9. Bio-inspired Fluid Mechanics
10. IC Engines and Gas Turbines
11. Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing and Manufacturing
12. MHD and EHD Flows
13. Granular Flows
14. Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics
These papers represent the most recent research on the subject. The editors
would like to thank all the authors and the anonymous referees for paying attention

v
vi Preface

to the quality of the publications. Partial financial support for publishing the con-
ference proceedings is due to the financial support received from IITK, ISRO, DST,
DRDO, and DAE and companies, including Coolflo (Hyderabad), GE Global
Research (Bangalore), TESSCORN (Bangalore), Laser Science Services (Mumbai),
and TSI Instruments (Bangalore).
The contents of these proceedings reveal the breadth of current activities in
different themes related to fluid mechanics. We hope they form a useful starting
point for beginners as well as practitioners in this discipline.

Kanpur, India Arun K. Saha

Debopam Das
Rajesh Srivastava
P.K. Panigrahi
K. Muralidhar
About the Conference

Over the years, the country has made substantial progress in the fields related to
fluid mechanics and fluid power. This development can be attributed to rapid
advancements in computational methods and experimental techniques. The out-
come has immensely benefitted the industry in numerous ways. In order to dis-
seminate research findings and academic contributions relevant to the industry, the
National Society of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power (http://www.me.iitb.ac.in/
*fmfp/) holds a national conference every year and international conference once
in every 4 years, either at an academic institution or at a research organization.
The National Society of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power was established in
1973 at IIT Bombay as a professional society to promote activities in the fields of
fluid mechanics and fluid power in India. The annual conference has been held
(mostly) uninterrupted over the years and the one in December 2014 is the 5th
International and 41st National in the series. The society provides a common
platform for academicians, engineers, and technologists to come together and dis-
cuss progress made within the country and abroad on various aspects of fluid
mechanics and fluid power.
A total of 750 papers were received in the International FMFP Conference, 2014
and after a proper review process, 397 papers were selected for technical presen-
tation—both oral and poster. A plenary lecture and several keynote lectures were
scheduled during the two and half days of the conference. Over 450 college faculty,
scientists, engineers, and students participated in the conference in the cool and
quite ambience of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (India).
We acknowledge the effort of various committees, dedicated staff and student
volunteers who contributed towards the successful completion of the conference.
The success of the conference is also due to the generous financial support received
from organizations such as IITK, ISRO, DST, DRDO, and DAE and companies
including Coolflo (Hyderabad), GE Global Research (Bangalore), TESSCORN
(Bangalore), Laser Science Services (Mumbai), and TSI Instruments (Bangalore).

vii
Contents

Set 1

Part I Fundamental Issues and Perspective in Fluid Mechanics

Effect of Inlet Shear on the Flow Structures Associated
with Elevated Jet in Cross-Flow at Low Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . 3
Sachidananda Behera and Arun K. Saha
Slip Flow of a Shear-Thinning Power-Law Fluid Past
an Assemblage of Spherical Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Rahul R. Ramteke and Nanda Kishore
Design and Characterization of Liquid Centered
Swirl-Coaxial Injector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Kamalakannan Kannaiyan and Aravind Vaidyanathan
Wall Shear Rates Generated During Coalescence
of Pendant and Sessile Drops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Praveen M. Somwanshi, K. Muralidhar and Sameer Khandekar
Effect of Aft Wall Offset on Supersonic Flow over Cavity . . . . . . . . . . 43
Praveen Kumar Maurya, C. Rajeev, R.R. Vinil Kumar
and Aravind Vaidyanathan
Effect of Free Surface on Submerged Synthetic Jet Parallel
to the Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Abhay Kumar, Manish Gupta, Arun K. Saha and P.K. Panigrahi
Study of Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction
over a Forward-Facing Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Jayaprakash N. Murugan and Raghuraman N. Govardhan
Energy Loss Minimizing Drag Reduction and Self-propulsion
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Pritam Giri and Ratnesh K. Shukla

ix
x Contents

Design of a Cyclone Separator for Cleaning of Dust

from Volumetric Air Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Gurveer Singh, Dheeraj Saini, Laltu Chandra and Rajiv Shekhar
Influence of Delta Wing Vortex Generator on Counter Rotating
Vortex Pair in Film Cooling Application of Gas Turbine Blade. . . . . . 95
Nirmal Halder, Arun K. Saha and P.K. Panigrahi
Influence of Aeration on the Hydrodynamic Behavior
of a Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Azd Zayoud, Yerbol Sarbassov, P. Mahanta, U.K. Saha and Sai Gu
Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Flow Past a Square
Cylinder Placed in a Channel with High Blockage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Abhishek Verma, Arun K. Saha and Sachidananda Behera
Aerothermodynamics of a Blunt Airfoil with a Flow-Through
Duct for Hypersonic Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Rajesh Yadav, Mohammad Faisal and Dheeraj Minglani
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Induced Liquid Atomization . . . . . . . . . . . 135
M. Vadivukkarasan and Mahesh V. Panchagnula
Onsager’s Principle Consistent 13 Moments Transport Equations . . . . 145
N. Singh and Amit Agrawal

Part II Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation

Experimental Investigations on Onset of Slugging in Horizontal
Air-Water Two-Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Jignesh Thaker and Jyotirmay Banerjee
Study of Orifice Inclination Effect on Synthetic Jet
Characteristics Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry
and Laser Induced Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
B.P. Maddilety, Arun K. Saha and P.K. Panigrahi
Particle Image Velocimetry Study of Sonic Jet Injected
into Supersonic Crossflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Nithiyaraj Munuswamy and Raghuraman N. Govardhan
Investigations into Asymmetric Oscillations of a Symmetric
Airfoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Anshul Khandelwal, Kamal Poddar and Debopam Das
Exhaust Gas Flow Field Simulation of an Internal Combustion
Engine for a Thermal Sensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Sumit Agarwal and Niranjan Sahoo
Estimation of Equilibrium Moisture Content and Drying
Time of Potato Through Hot Air Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
V.P. Chandramohan and Prabal Talukdar
Contents xi

Effect of Sodium Pyrophosphate and Polyethylene Oxide on Thermal

Diffusivity of Laponite RD Colloidal Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Susheel S. Bhandari
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Future
FBR Surge Tank Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
P. Lijukrishnan, D. Ramdasu, V. Vinod, G. Padmakumar and K.K. Rajan
Flow Characteristics of Synthetic Jet on Torpedo Shape
Model in Cross Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Abhay Kumar, Manish Gupta, Arun K. Saha and P.K. Panigrahi

Part III Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD Simulation Studies of High Performance Computing
(HPC) Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Ajinkya N. Deshmukh, Rahul S. Pawar, Sourabh S. Kulkarni,
Vikas Kumar, Sandeep K. Joshi and Mangesh B. Chaudhari
Effect of Wall Proximity on the Flow Over a Heated Square
Bluff Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Deepak Kumar and Amit Dhiman
A Finite Volume Moving Mesh Method for the Simulation
of Compressible Flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Ratnesh K. Shukla and Harshavardhana S. Pathak
Reverse Flow in Converging Channels with Obstruction
at the Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Senthil Prasad Mathiyalagan and B.H.L. Gowda
A Hybrid Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Approach
for Axisymmetric Body in Hypersonic Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Shuvayan Brahmachary, Ganesh Natarajan and Niranjan Sahoo
Control of Vortex Shedding Behind a Circular Cylinder
Using a Combination of Slot and Control Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
S. Karthikeyan and S. Senthilkumar
Improved Methodology for Mass Conservation in Sharp Interface
Immersed Boundary Method for Moving Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Manish Kumar and Somnath Roy
Computation of the Flowfield in the Vicinity of an Electric
Vehicle Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
K. Panchal and M. Damodaran
Implementation of Matrix Dissipation Scheme for Numerical
Simulations of Two Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations. . . . . . . . . . 343
Shikhar Jaiswal and J.S. Mathur
xii Contents

Effect of Reynolds Number, Strouhal Number and Amplitude

of Oscillation on Pulsating Flow Characteristics Through
a Circular Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Vedant U. Chavan and C.M. Sewatkar
Mixed Convection in a Ventilated Enclosure with Different
Heater Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Nirmalendu Biswas, Pallab Sinha Mahapatra and Nirmal K. Manna
Evaluation of Flow Properties of Air at the Exit of Holes
on the Blow Pipe in a Pulse Jet Filter Bag House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Jayaram Thumbe, Ravikiran Kadoli and K.V. Gangadharan
Forced Convection from an Inclined Elliptical Cylinder
with Constant Heat Flux: Effect of Prandtl Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
S.A. Patel and R.P. Chhabra
Laminar Natural Convection in a Square Duct from Two Heated
Horizontal Cylinders: Effect of Prandtl Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
A.K. Baranwal and R.P. Chhabra
Flow Analysis of Subsonic and Supersonic Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Dharti Parmar, Meha Setiya, Beena Baloni and S.A. Channiwala
A Comparative Analysis of Heat Transfer in Extended Surfaces
with and Without Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Saroj Yadav, Koushik Das and Krishna Murari Pandey
Computation of Variable Density Flows on Hybrid
Unstructured Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Ankit Bajpai, Jai Manik, Mukul Parmananda, Amaresh Dalal
and Ganesh Natarajan
Numerical Simulation of Solidification and Melting Problems
on Unstructured Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Debraj Das and Amaresh Dalal
Numerical Simulation of Pulsatile Flow Past Heated
Square Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Mohammad Khalid, Raunaq Haseeb and Syed Fahad Anwer
3D Unsteady Numerical Simulation of All-Vanadium
Redox Flow Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
H.M. Sathisha and Amaresh Dalal
Computation of Flow Coupled with the Electric Field
on Unstructured Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
G.N. Sunil, Amaresh Dalal and Ganesh Natarajan
Contents xiii

A Combined Implementation of Overset Grid and Patched

Grid Methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Jyothi Kumar Puttam
Numerical Investigation of Free Jet Expansion of Gas Mixture . . . . . . 487
Pranit Gaikwad, Arvind Deshpande, Atul Tak and A.K. Das
CFD Study on Thermal Hydraulic Performance of A Wavy
Channel Based PCHE Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Hamid Hassan Khan, A.M. Aneesh, Atul Sharma, Atul Srivastava
and Paritosh Chaudhuri
Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Zigzag, Wavy, and Serpentine
Channel Based PCHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
A.M. Aneesh, Atul Sharma, Atul Srivastava and Paritosh Chaudhuri
CFD Analysis of Water Cooled Flame Deflector in Rocket
Engine Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Anant Singhal, T. John Tharakan and Raju P. Thomas
Computational Study of Three Dimensional Wall
Jet on Concave Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
S.V.H. Nagendra, D.V.S. Bhagavanulu and Prasant Nanda
Design and Simulation of a Low Speed Wind Tunnel
with Analysis of Wind Effects on an Airfoil (CFD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Rahul Goswami, Srijan Singhal and Vijay Kumar
A 3D Numerical Study on Opposed Flow Flame-Spread
over Thin Parallel Fuel Sheets of Finite Widths in Microgravity . . . . . 551
M.N. Kiran Kumar and Amit Kumar
Simulation of Mixed Convection Flow in Square Cavities
by Lattice Boltzmann Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Dhrubajyoti Kashyap and Anoop K. Dass
Unified Solver for Thermobuoyant Flows on Unstructured
Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Mukesh Kumar and Ganesh Natarajan

Part IV Instability, Transition and Turbulence

Large Eddy Simulation of Smoke Spread
in a Multi-storied Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Srisai Meher, Gulab A. Khedekar, Vikas Kumar and Supriyo Paul
Numerical Simulation of Isothermal Cruciform Jet Flow . . . . . . . . . . 595
B.T. Kannan and Sundararaj Senthilkumar
xiv Contents

Analysis of Turbulence in Entrance Regime of Rectangular

Duct Using Hot Film Anemometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Sagar M. Kadam, Jignesh P. Thaker and Jyotirmay Banerjee
Evaluation of the Gas Kinetic Scheme Based on Analytical Solution
to the BGK Model for Simulating Compressible Turbulent Flows . . . . 615
Nishant Parashar, Balaji Srinivasan and Sawan Suman
Redesigning of Motorcycle Helmet for Improved Air Ventilation
Using Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
B.S. Shishodia, S. Sanghi and P. Mahajan
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement
in a Stationary Two-Pass Square Duct with V-ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Ramesh Erelli and Arun K. Saha
Pressure Hessian Evolution in Compressible Turbulence. . . . . . . . . . . 649
Mohammad Danish, Sawan Suman and Balaji Srinivasan
Self-sustained Oscillation for a Three Dimensional Transonic
Cavity Using LES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
K.M. Nair, S. Sarkar and Z. Labana
CFD Analysis of Particle Laden Flow in a Cyclone Separator
Using RANS and LES Methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Pratik Makwana and Absar Lakdawala
Peculiar Behavior of Thermally Stratified Channel Flow
Under Non-Boussinesq Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
S.M. Yahya, S.F. Anwer, S. Sanghi and N. Hasan
Flow Control in T-Junction Using CFD Based Optimization . . . . . . . . 687
K. Srinivasan, V. Balamurugan and S. Jayanti
Grid Size Optimization for Diesel Injection Spray Nozzle
Using CFD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Balamurugan Rathinam, Duraisamy Subramanian, Upendra Naithani,
Frederic Ravet and Laurent Dutfoy
Simulation of Unsteady Wall-Jet in a Confined Geometry
and Identification of Coherent Structures Using Proper
Orthogonal Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
Arun Govind Neelan, A.C. Mandal and Ashoke De
Two Phase Flow Stability Analysis of Multiple Horizontal
Uniformaly Heated Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
Ashish Mani Mishra, Subhanker Paul, Vikas Pandey and Suneet Singh
Contents xv

Experimental Study of Boundary Effects on Buoyant

Jet Dynamics in Linearly Stratified Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
N. Mirajkar Harish, Alan John Maniamkot and Sridhar Balasubramanian

Part V Turbomachinery
Real-Time Pole Placement Control of the Rugged Electrohydraulic
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Bikash Kumar Sarkar, Rana Saha, Saikat Mookherjee
and Dipankar Sanyal
Performance Evaluation of Hydraulic Francis Runner at Different
Blade Stagger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Vishnu Prasad, Ruchi Khare and Arun Kumar Sharma
Detailed Heat Transfer Investigation Inside a Rectangular
Duct with an Array of Ventilated Rib Turbulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Naveen Sharma, Andallib Tariq and Manish Mishra
A Novel Design Philosophy for Mixed Flow Compressor. . . . . . . . . . . 785
Subhash Padmanabhan and Jyotirmay Banerjee
Effect of Slanted Perforation in Tabs for Subsonic
and Transonic Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
R. Asad Ahmed, S. Thanigaiarasu, D.L.V. Vasu Kannah,
S. Elangovan and E. Rathakrishnan
Computational Analysis of Unsteady Flow in Turbine
Part of Turbocharger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
H.K. Srinivas Rao, S. Raviteja and G.N. Kumar
Computational Study of Pressure Side Film Cooling—Effect
of Density Ratio with Combination of Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
D. Radheesh, P. Ssheshan, N. Gnanasekaran and R.K. Panda
Influence of Endwall Clearance on HSV and Passage
Flow Between Two Turbine Cascade Blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
V. Vikram, B.H.L. Gowda and B.B.S.S.S. Prasad
Aerothermal Analysis of Insulation to Protect Exhaust
Ducts of a Pusher Turbo Prop Engine Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
C.A. Vinay and Bhaskar Chakravarthy
Study of Noise and Vibration Signal for a Radial Flow
Pump During Performance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
S. Christopher and S. Kumaraswamy
xvi Contents

Development of One of the World’s Largest Single Stage

Vertical Centrifugal Pumps for Lift Irrigation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
V. Shrinivas Rao, Sachin Kumar Tripathi and Saurabh Sharma
Numerical Analysis of Effects of Turbine Blade Tip
Shape on Secondary Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
R.S. Sarath, R. Ajith Kumar, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad and A.R. Srikrishnan
Experimental Investigations on Pump Running in Turbine
Mode with Different Draft Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Nimit Patel, Maulik Chauhan, Sanjay V. Jain and Rajesh N. Patel
Numerical Simulation of Regenerative Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Rahul Verma, Shyam Shukla, Ravi Birajdar and Nirmal Tiwari
Multistage Hydraulic Cylinder Buckling Analysis by Classical
and Numerical Methods with Different Mounting Conditions . . . . . . . 901
V. Ramasamy and A.M. Junaid Basha
CFD Analysis of Impeller-Diffuser Interaction in a Centrifugal
Compressor with Twisted Vaned Diffuser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
P. Venkateswara Rao, G.V. Ramana Murty and G. Venkata Rao
Numerical Studies on the Effect of Purge Flow on the Performance
and Flow Field of a Gas Turbine with Disc Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923
B.S. Vinay Ballal, Q.H. Nagpurwala and M.D. Deshpande
Computational Studies on the Effect of Speed Ratio and Stagger
Angle in a Counter Rotating Turbine with Respect to Flow
Field and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Rayapati Subbarao and M. Govardhan

Set 2

Part VI Multiphase Flows

Petroleum Reservoir Simulation of Two-Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Anugrah Singh, N. Manjunath Reddy and Pankaj Tiwari
Collapse of a Taylor Bubble at Free Surface: An Experimental
Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Basanta K. Rana, Lukeshwar S. Paikara, Arup K. Das
and Prasanta Kumar Das
Impingement of Aviation Fuel Drop on Stainless Steel Surface . . . . . . 969
S. Sen, V. Vaikuntanathan and D. Sivakumar
Drag on Partially Contaminated Bubble Swarms
in Power-Law Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Nanda Kishore, H. Biswanath and V.S. Nalajala
Contents xvii

Taylor Bubble Dynamics in Pipe Fittings: A Numerical Study. . . . . . . 989

Sirshendu Misra, Basanta K. Rana, Arup K. Das
and Prasanta Kumar Das
Evaluation of Forcing Schemes in Pseudopotential
Based Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Gaddam Saritha Reddy and R. Banerjee
Determination of Two Phase Flow Slug Velocity and Length
Using Infrared Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
J. Adhavan, C. Balachandar, S. Arunkumar and M. Venkatesan
Implementation of Modified-CICSAM Algorithm
for Three Dimensional Two Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019
Bhaskar Chakraborty, Hiteshkumar Zinjala and Jyotirmay Banerjee
Transition in the Elliptical Jet Characteristics from Super
to Subcritical Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
C.K. Muthukumaran, Kamalakannan Kannaiyan
and Aravind Vaidyanathan
Computational Prediction of the Performance of Positive
Displacement Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
N. Bhandari and M. Damodaran
Spline Based Modeling of Two-Dimensional Droplets
on Rough and Heterogeneous Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049
Ashesh Chattopadhyay, Atul Thakur and Rishi Raj
Modelling of a Single Bubble Rising in a Liquid Column . . . . . . . . . . 1059
Ankit Verma, R. Babu and Malay K. Das
Flow over Fluvial Bedforms with Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Mahesh Patel, Sainath Panigrahi and Bimlesh Kumar
Performance Enhancement of Rotary Desiccant Wheel
by Innovative Designs of Multiple Desiccant Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Selvaraji Muthu, Prabal Talukdar and Sanjeev Jain
Effect of Orifice Recess on the Droplet Size Distribution of Sprays
Discharging from Gas-Centered Swirl Coaxial Atomizers . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Athul Joseph, P. Nandagopalan, T. John Tharakan and D. Sivakumar
Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling of Dispersed Laminar
Gas-Particle Flows over an Unstructured Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Subrat Kotoky, Amaresh Dalal and Ganesh Natarajan
A Hybrid Grid Based Algebraic Volume of Fluid Method
for Interfacial Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Jai Manik, Amaresh Dalal and Ganesh Natarajan
xviii Contents

Lattice Boltzmann Modelling of Capillarity-Induced

Resonance of Blob Inside a Circular Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Pitambar Randive, Saurabh Bhardwaj and Amaresh Dalal
An Experimental Investigation to Analyse the Heat Transfer
Characteristics of Hot Surface by Obliquely Impinging Liquid Jet . . . 1131
Manish K. Agrawal, Mayank Modak, Palash Gupta, Satish Chandra
and Santosh K. Sahu
Level Set Method Based Simulations on Impact-Dynamics of
Bouncing and Non-bouncing Droplet on Super-Hydrophobic
Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
Nagesh D. Patil, Atul Sharma and Rajneesh Bhardwaj
Euler-Lagrange Simulations of Gas-Liquid Flow in a Basic
Oxygen Furnace and Experimental Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Abdul Quiyoom, Vivek V. Buwa and S.K. Ajmani
Unsaturated Physical Non-equilibrium Contaminant Transport
Modeling Using Modified FEMWATER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163
R. Someswaran and Suresh A. Kartha
Shape and Size of the Entrained Liquid Mass by a Taylor
Bubble Rising Through a Liquid-Liquid Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
Abhimanyu Kar and Prasanta Kumar Das
Volume-of-Solid Immersed Boundary Method for Free
Surface Flows with Arbitrary Moving Rigid Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
Jitendra Kumar Patel and Ganesh Natarajan
Motion of a Drop in Viscous Fluid Along an Inclined Plane . . . . . . . . 1193
P. Anoop and Baburaj A. Puthenveettil

Part VII Fluid-structure Interaction and Flow-induced Noise

Experimental Investigations on Aft Ramp Cavities
with Fore Wall Modifications in Scramjet Combustors . . . . . . . . . . . . 1203
S. Jeyakumar, V. Venkateshwaran, N. Surjith, A. Karkuvel Raja
and G.S. Samy
Effect of Damping Length on Dynamic Performance of Two-Stage
Two-Spool Electrohydraulic Servovalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213
Nitesh Mondal and Biswanath Datta
Adaptive Fuzzy—Sliding Mode Control with Fixed Bias
Compensator for an Electrohydraulic Actuation System with Hard
Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
S. Chaudhuri, S. Dasmahapatra, A. Chatterjee, R. Saha, S. Mookherjee
and D. Sanyal
Contents xix

Numerical Analysis of Flow Separation in Rocket Nozzles. . . . . . . . . . 1233

K. Sreejith, M.P. Dhrishit, M. Deepu and T. Jayachandran
Control of Cross-Wind Forces on a Finite Circular Cylinder
at Subcritical Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243
Dhiraj Kumar and Kamal Poddar
Effect of Free Stream Turbulence on Flow over a Circular Cylinder
in the Sub-critical Regime: An Experimental Investigation . . . . . . . . . 1253
Murugan Thangadurai, Mrityunjay Singh, Vinoth Kumar
and P.K. Chatterjee
CFD Study on Flow Across a Stationary Cylinder in Between
Two Counter-Rotating Control Cylinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263
Malhar Dilip Malushte and Atul Sharma
Fluid Structure Interaction of a Flexible Plate in a Compressible
Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
W. Dheelibun Remigius and Sunetra Sarkar
Effect of Attached Type Splitter Plate Length over a Square
Prism in Subcritical Reynolds Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283
Manish Kumar Chauhan, Bhupendra Singh More, Sushanta Dutta
and Bhupendra Kumar Gandhi
Investigation of Flow Interference Between Two Inline Square
Cylinders With Different Spacing Ratios in Subcritical Reynolds
Number Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293
Bhupendra Singh More, Manish Kumar Chauhan, Sushanta Dutta
and Bhupendra Kumar Gandhi

Part VIII Microfluidics

Influence of Surface Contact Angle on Uphill Motion
of Droplets Due to Electostatic Actuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305
Saikat Datta, Arup K. Das and Prasanta Kumar Das
Performance Analysis of Uniform and Expanding
Cross-Section Microchannels for Single Phase and Flow
Boiling Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315
Yogesh K. Prajapati, Manabendra Pathak and Mohd. Kaleem Khan
Convection Inside a Pinned Water Droplet During
Drying Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323
T.K. Pradhan and P.K. Panigrahi
xx Contents

Analysis of Heat Transfer in the Slip Flow Region

Between Parallel Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1331
Hari Mohan Kushwaha and Santosh Kumar Sahu
Analysis of Static and Dynamic Contact Angles of Ferrofluid
Droplets for Magnetically Actuated Micropumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341
S. Chatterjee, D. Bhowmik, A. Mukhopadhyay and R. Ganguly
Analysis of Drop Spreading upon Impact
on Dual-Textured Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351
V. Vaikuntanathan and D. Sivakumar
On-Chip Microfluidic Separation of Biological Entities in Field
Flow Fractionation and Split Flow Thin Fractionation Devices . . . . . . 1361
Abhishek Samanta, Ranjan Ganguly, Amitava Datta and Nipu Modak
Experimental Measurement of Vibration of Liquid Droplet
at Low Bond Numbers Using ESPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371
Prasanna S. Gandhi, S.A. Deepak, Prashant Agrawal,
Salil S. Kulkarni and Adrian Neild
Estimation of Permeability of Porous Material Using Pore
Scale LBM Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381
M. Jithin, Nimish Kumar, Malay K. Das and Ashoke De

Part IX Bio-inspired Fluid Mechanics

Reverse Engineering of Diffusion-Limited Controlled
Drug Delivery Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391
Anurag Pramanik and Sanjeev Garg
Effect of Sinusoidal Gust on Thrust Generated
by a Plunging Airfoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
Salil Harris and Sunetra Sarkar
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of Rigid and Flexible
Rectangular Wings Undergoing Main Flapping Motion
in Hovering Flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411
Srikanth Goli, Arnab Roy, Devendra Kumar Patel
and Subhransu Roy
Experimental Study of Oscillatory Flow in a Rigid
and a Compliant Tubular Bulge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421
Abdullah Y. Usmani and K. Muralidhar
The Effects of Leading Edge Orientation on the Aerodynamic
Performance of Dragon Fly Wing Section in Gliding Flight . . . . . . . . 1433
Noorul Huda and Syed Fahad Anwer
Contents xxi

CFD Study on Hydrodynamics of Three Fish-Like Undulating

Hydrofoils in Side-by-Side Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Mukul Shrivastava, Malhar Malushte, Amit Agrawal and Atul Sharma

Part X IC Engines and Gas Turbines

Investigations on Premixed Charge Compression Ignition
(PCCI) Engines: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
Girish E. Bhiogade, Neeraj Sunheriya and J.G. Suryawanshi
Computational Modelling of a Novel Fire Extinguisher Design . . . . . . 1465
H. Sharma and M. Damodaran
Correlation of Equivalence Ratio with Spectrometric
Analysis for Premixed Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475
Uddalok Sen, Aayush Sharma, Suvabrata Panja, Saikat Mukherjee,
Swarnendu Sen and Achintya Mukhopadhyay
Reacting Flow Simulation of Rocket Nozzles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485
S. Shyji, N. Asok Kumar, T. Jayachandran and M. Deepu
Effect of Load Level on Performance and Emission
Characteristics of a Biogas Run Dual Fuel Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . 1497
Bhaskor J. Bora, Ujjwal K. Saha, S. Chatterjee and Vijay Veer
Numerical Study of the Cavity Geometry on Supersonic
Combustion with Transverse Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
M.F. Khan, R. Yadav, Z.A. Quadri and S.F. Anwar
Performance and Emission Analysis of a Single Cylinder
CI Engine using Simarouba glauca Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519
Parashuram Bedar, P.R. Chitragar, K.V. Shivaprasad and G.N. Kumar

Part XI Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing

and Manufacturing
Solar Convective Furnace for Heat Treatment of Aluminium . . . . . . . 1531
Deepesh Patidar, Ravindra Pardeshi, Laltu Chandra and Rajiv Shekhar

Part XII MHD and EHD Flows

Design and Characterization of a Novel Dielectric Barrier
Discharge Plasma Actuator for Flow Control Application . . . . . . . . . . 1545
B.K. Mishra and P.K. Panigrahi
Instability Modes and Dimensional Analysis of Micro/Nano
Electro-Encapsulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Kaushlendra Dubey and P.K. Panigrahi
xxii Contents

Oscillations of a Sessile Droplet in Contact and Non-contact

Modes Under an AC Electric Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565
Shyam Sunder
MHD Mixed Convective Heat Transfer Over an Isothermal
Circular Cylinder Using Low Rm Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575
S. Udhayakumar, T.V.S. Sekhar and R. Sivakumar
Flow in Thermomagnetic Energy Conversion Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585
Dipanjan Ray, Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Ranjan Ganguly
A Meshfree Framework for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . 1595
Kalpajyoti Borah, Ganesh Natarajan and Anoop K. Dass

Part XIII Granular Flows

Dune Formation in Horizontal Pneumatic Conveying System . . . . . . . 1609
Atharva Patankar, Ajay Makawana and Manaswita Bose
A Qualitative Assessment of Different Regimes During
Concentric and Eccentric Discharge a Silo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617
Ritwik Maiti, Gargi Das and Prasanta Kumar Das

Part XIV Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics

Steady State and Transient Characteristics of Natural
Circulation Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
A.M. Vaidya, N.K. Maheshwari and P.K. Vijayan
Entropy Generation Analysis of a Nuclear Fuel Element
Surrounded by a Flow of Coolant Through an Annular Channel . . . . 1641
Rajeswar Chatterjee, Antarip Poddar, Koushik Ghosh,
Achintya Mukhopadhyay and Swarnendu Sen
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Hot Surface Using High
Alcohol Surfactant by Impinging Liquid Jet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1653
Manish K. Agrawal, Mayank Modak and Santosh K. Sahu
Numerical Investigation on an Obliquely Impinging Circular
Air Jet on a Heated Flat Plate at Small Jet Plate Spacing . . . . . . . . . . 1663
Abhishek Bhagwat and Arunkumar Sridharan
Numerical Investigation on Orthogonal Impingement of Circular
Air Jet on a Heated Flat Plate at Low Jet Plate Spacing. . . . . . . . . . . 1673
Bhavin Shah, Abhishek Bhagwat and Arunkumar Sridharan
Comparison of Lumped Parameter and CFD Code Predictions:
Sump Evaporation Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1685
Srinivasa Rao Ravva, Kannan N. Iyer, Aniket Gupta, Gurav Kumar,
Avinash J. Gaikwad and S.K. Gupta
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1697
About the Editors

Dr. Arun K. Saha (Ph.D., 1999, IIT Kanpur) has experience in experiments and
numerical simulation in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. The numerical and
experimental work done by him has helped in improving the fundamental under-
standing of jets and wakes. Currently he works on active control of flow and heat
transfer for drag reduction of vehicles and gas turbine respectively. He is an author
of several research publications and chapters in textbooks. He has been at IIT
Kanpur since November 2004.
Dr. Debopam Das (Ph.D., 1998, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) works in
the area of experimental and theoretical fluid mechanics. His research work
encompasses both compressible flow and incompressible flow. Compressible flow
research is primarily on flow and acoustic field associated with formation of
compressible vortex ring and its interaction with shock, wall, or other generic shape
objects. Incompressible flow research spans across different topics; transition of
unsteady internal flow, free shear and buoyancy-driven flows, unsteady aerody-
namics of birds’ and insects’ flights. He has also designed and fabricated several
flapping wing flying MAV’s of different sizes including a hovering MAV. In
theoretical fluid dynamics, he has contributed towards an analytical solution method
for unsteady internal flow when the pressure as well as the velocity is unknown. He
is an author of several research publications. He has been at IIT Kanpur since
December 2001.
Dr. Rajesh Srivastava has worked extensively on numerical simulation of flow
and transport through variably saturated porous media. His work provides signifi-
cant insight into the transport of reactive solutes in porous media. His research finds
applications in remediation of contaminated sites as well as mining of minerals
through heap leaching. His present work focuses on the effect of climate change on
water resources and inverse techniques for characterization of porous media and
identification of possible contaminant sources. He is an author of several research
publications and two text books. He has been at IIT Kanpur since December 1997.

xxiii
xxiv About the Editors

Dr. P.K. Panigrahi is presently working as Professor and Head in the Mechanical
Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur. Previously, he was the Head of the Laser
Technology Program. He obtained his MS and Ph.D. from LSU, Baton Rouge,
USA. His research interests include development and implementation of optical
techniques for characterization of transport processes in various devices/systems at
macro-scale and micro-scale involving fluid flow, heat and mass transfer.
Dr. K. Muralidhar (Ph.D., 1985, University of Delaware) has conducted a wide
spectrum of experiments and numerical simulation in fluid mechanics and heat
transfer. He has contributed to the understanding of transport phenomena in porous
media, wave dynamics, in addition to development of numerical algorithms and
laser measurement of flow and thermal fields. His research finds applications in
industrial processes such as enhanced oil recovery, methane hydrates and CO2
sequestration, regenerators, and growth of optical crystals. His present work relates
to interfacial transport, biomedical imaging, and inverse techniques. He is an author
of several research publications, textbooks, and monographs. He has been at IIT
Kanpur since July 1987.
 Part I
Fundamental Issues and Perspective
in Fluid Mechanics
Effect of Inlet Shear on the Flow
Structures Associated with Elevated Jet
in Cross-Flow at Low Reynolds Number

Sachidananda Behera and Arun K. Saha

Abstract A Direct numerical simulations (DNS) is carried out to study the highly
three-dimensional flow field around a jet coming out of a stack and interacting with
the cross-flow passing it. The major objective of the study is to assess the effect of
shear strength of inlet velocity on the wake behavior and structures for elevated jets
in cross-flow (EJICF). All the simulations are carried out for a Reynolds number of
250 based on the averaged inlet velocity and width of the stack and the blowing
ratios considered are 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Effect of shear strength (0.025, 0.050 and
0.075) of inlet velocity is studied by solving the incompressible unsteady 3-D
Navier-Stokes equations using a second order discretization for space and time. The
solution algorithm is based on MAC method. The dynamics of flow associated with
the flow field, like different wakes zones present in the flow are discussed with
respect to the shear strength of free stream velocity. The vortical structure associ-
ated with EJICF is also studied.

Keywords DNS
Elevated jet in cross-flow
Vortical structures
Wake

1 Introduction

The flow field of a jet coming out of an opening normal to a cross-flow has received a
large attention due to its widespread application. The jet may emit from a ground level
source or from an elevated source (pipe, stack). A jet coming out from a ground level
source are often encountered in practical applications, such as that of engineering and
industrial interests like turbine blade cooling, fuel injection, gas turbine combustor
and V/STOL aircraft. Where as an elevated jet discharging into a cross-flow arise in

Sachidananda Behera (&)
A.K. Saha

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur 208016, India
e-mail: sbehera@iitk.ac.in
A.K. Saha
e-mail: aksaha@iitk.ac.in

© Springer India 2017 3

A.K. Saha et al. (eds.), Fluid Mechanics and Fluid
Power – Contemporary Research, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4_1
4 Sachidananda Behera and A.K. Saha

many situations of environmental fields, e.g., burner, stack flare, plume dispersion and
discharge of effluents. The complexities associated with the flow field of elevated jet in
cross-flow are due to interactions among the jet, jet-wake, stack-wake and boundary
layer developed at the wall. Flow properties of jets emitted into cross-flows from an
elevated source and that from a ground level source have been studied in details in
literatures, largely the attention being on the ground level case.
From environmental point of view (plume dispersion and pollutant dispersion)
one of the major parameter is the velocity ratio of jet-to-crosswind and Briggs [1]
advocated that this ratio mostly known as blowing ratio should always be greater
than 1.5 to avoid any downwash of pollutants which could affect the near envi-
ronment of the stack. But Huang and Hsieh [2] were of the opinion that to avoid
down- wash the blowing ratios should be equal or greater than 2.0 and they sug-
gested this on the basis of their experimental work. Arora and Saha [3] through their
numerical study showed how the flow physics of an EJICF is affected by the
blowing ratio, also the effect of blowing ratio on the concentration field was studied.
An interaction between jets coming out of a stack source with that of a
cross-flow has been a major area of interest for researchers in the past, and still
provides a lot of scope for further research because of the complex flow structures
associated with this kind of flow. The major flow structures associated with EJICF
are jet shear layer vortices, different wake zones, horse shoe vortex and counter
rotating vortex pair (CRVP). Two types of wakes are discussed in literatures in
relation to EJICF, namely stack wake and jet wake [4]. As described by Moussa
et al. [5] the jet wake is developed because of the shedding of vortices behind the
jets, as the vertically ejecting jet itself behaves as a bluff body. The stack wake get
developed because the stack behaves as an obstacle to the cross-flow and the vortex
shedding pattern is very similar to that observed in case of bluff bodies [4].
Eiff et al. [4] advocated about the presence of two kinds of wakes in reference to
EJICF and showed how vortices associated with the jet wake interact with wake
associated with stack. To this point no work is reported on the effect of inlet velocity
profile on the wakes associated with EJICF and therefore the present work intends to
study the effect of shear strength of inlet free stream velocity on the flow structures.

2 Solution Methodology

The 3-D unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow were solved
using finite difference method to study the interaction of a square jet and cross-flow.
The governing equations used are all in non-dimensional form. To achieve the
non-dimensional form of the governing equations, the velocities are non dimen-
sionalised with respect to the mean velocity of cross-flow, um , and all length scales
with respect to width (D) of the square stack. The pressure is non dimensionalised
with respect to qu2m and time with D=um . The governing equations are solved on a
non-uniform staggered grid arrangement such that the velocities are defined on
Effect of Inlet Shear on the Flow Structures … 5

Fig. 1 Schematic of the computational domain

faces of the cell to which velocity is normal and pressure is defined at the center of
the cells. An explicit second order in time, Adams-Bashforth differencing scheme
(second order accurate in time) has been used for time advancement of the
advection and diffusion terms for each case. Second order central differencing
scheme is used for the spatial discretization of both the advection and diffusion
term. The boundary conditions used for the present investigation are: (i) at the cross
flow inlet, a shear velocity profile of different shear, with its mean being unity is
used and the vertical as well as cross stream velocity is considered as zero. (ii) Since
our main aim is to study the effect of shear on jet wake and stack wake, we
considered a certain portion of the chimney instead of the whole length and applied
free slip boundary condition near the bottom of the computational domain except
for the zone bounded by the stack. (iii) Free slip boundary condition are imposed on
the transverse confining surfaces as well as on the top confining surface.
(iv) No-slip boundary conditions are imposed on the walls of the stack. (v) A
convective boundary condition as suggested by Orlanski [6] is used as the outlet
boundary condition at the exit of the computational domain. For all the computa-
tions carried out in the present work the grid size is chosen to be 222 × 114 × 148.
The details of the code validation and grid independence test were reported else-
where [3]. A schematic of the complete computational domain is shown in Fig. 1.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Instantaneous Vortical Structures Associated

with the Flow Field

To capture the various coherent structures associated with the flow “Q-criterion”
technique given by Dubief and Delcayre [7] is used in the present study. Figure 2
presents the vortical structures at BR = 1.0 for K = 0.025, 0.05 and 0.075. The
vortical structures near to the stack region and the exit region of the jet are clearly
brought into visualization by the iso-surface plots of the vortical structures. The
6 Sachidananda Behera and A.K. Saha

Fig. 2 Instantaneous vortical

structures (Q = 0.25) at
BR = 1.0 for various shears:
a K = 0.075, b K = 0.05 and
c K = 0.025
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 And that had been his error. He was growing at the time, of
course, but he was so restless, so dissatisfied with himself, so
unhappy. All the world was apparently tinkling and laughing by,
eating, drinking, dancing, growing richer, happier, every minute;
whereas he—he and Marie, and the two babies which came a little
later—seemed to make no progress at all. None. They were out of it,
alone, hidden away in this little semi-rural realm, and it was all so
disturbing when elsewhere was so much—to him, at least, if not to
her—of all that was worth while—wealth, power, gayety, repute. How
intensely, savagely almost, he had craved all of those things in those
days, and how far off they still were at that time!
Marie was not like him, soft, clinging little thing that she was,
inefficient in most big ways, and yet dear and helpful enough in all
little ones—oh, so very much so.
When first he met her in Philadelphia, and later when he brought
her over to New York, it seemed as though he could not possibly
have made a better engagement for himself. Marie was so sweet, so
gentle, with her waxy white pallor, delicately tinted cheeks, soft
blackish brown eyes that sought his so gently always, as if seeming
to ask, “And what can I do for my dearie now? What can he teach
me to do for him?” She was never his equal, mentally or spiritually—
that was the dreadful discovery he had made a few months after the
first infatuation had worn off, after the ivory of her forehead, the
lambent sweetness of her eyes, her tresses, and her delicately
rounded figure, had ceased to befuddle his more poetical brain. But
how delightful she seemed then in her shabby little clothes and her
shabbier little home—all the more so because her delicate white
blossom of a face was such a contrast to the drear surroundings in
which it shone. Her father was no more than a mechanic, she a little
store clerk in the great Rand department store in Philadelphia when
he met her, he nothing more than an experimental assistant with the
Culver Electric Company, with no technical training of any kind, and
only dreams of a technical course at some time or other. The
beginnings of his career were so very vague.
His parents were poor too, and he had had to begin to earn his
own living, or share, at fourteen. And at twenty-four he had
contracted this foolish marriage when he was just beginning to
dream of bigger things, to see how they were done, what steps were
necessary, what studies, what cogitations and hard, grinding
sacrifices even, before one finally achieved anything, especially in
the electrical world. The facts which had begun to rise and take color
and classify themselves in his mind had all then to develop under the
most advantageous conditions thereafter. His salary did not rise at
once by any means, just because he was beginning to think of
bigger things. He was a no better practical assistant in a laboratory
or the equipment department of the several concerns for which he
worked, because in his brain were already seething dim outlines of
possible improvements in connection with arms, the turbine gun,
electro-magnetic distance control, and the rotary excavator. He had
ideas, but also as he realized at the time he would have to study
privately and long in order to make them real; and his studies at
night and Sundays and holidays in the libraries and everywhere else,
made him no more helpful, if as much so, in his practical, everyday
corporation labors. In fact, for a long time when their finances were
at the lowest ebb and the two children had appeared, and they all
needed clothes and diversion, and his salary had not been raised, it
seemed as though he were actually less valuable to everybody.
But in the meantime Marie had worked for and with him, dear little
thing, and although she had seemed so wonderful at first, patient,
enduring, thoughtful, later because of their poverty and so many
other things which hampered and seemed to interfere with his work,
he had wearied of her a little. Over in Philadelphia, where he had
accompanied her home of an evening and had watched her help her
mother, saw her set the table, wash the dishes, straighten up the
house after dinner, and then if it were pleasant go for a walk with
him, she seemed ideal, just the wife for him, indeed. Later as he
sensed the world, its hardness, its innate selfishness, the necessity
for push, courage, unwillingness to be a slave and a drudge, these
earlier qualities and charms were the very things that militated
against her in his mind. Poor little Marie!
But in other ways his mind was not always on his work, either.
Sometimes it was on his dreams of bigger things. Sometimes it was
on his silly blindness in wanting to get married so soon, in being
betrayed by the sweet innocence and beauty of Marie into saddling
himself with this burden when he was scarcely prepared, as he saw
after he was married, to work out his own life on a sensible,
economic basis. A thought which he had encountered somewhere in
some book of philosophy or other (he was always reading in those
days) had haunted him—“He that hath wife and children hath given
hostages to fortune”—and that painful thought seemed to grow with
each succeeding day. Why had he been so foolish, why so very
foolish, as to get married when he was so unsuitably young! That
was a thing the folly of which irritated him all the time.
Not that Marie was not all she should be—far from it!—nor the two
little boys (both boys, think of that!), intensely precious to him at first.
No, that was not it, but this, that whatever the values and the charms
of these (and they were wonderful at first), he personally was not
prepared to bear or enjoy them as yet. He was too young, too
restless, too nebulous, too inventively dreamful. He did not, as he
had so often thought since, know what he wanted—only, when they
began to have such a very hard time, he knew he did not want that.
Why, after the first year of their marriage, when Peter was born, and
because of better trade conditions in the electrical world, they had
moved over here (he was making only twenty-two dollars a week at
the time), everything had seemed to go wrong. Indeed, nothing ever
seemed to go right any more after that, not one thing.
First it was Marie’s illness after Peter’s birth, which kept him on
tenterhooks and took all he could rake and scrape and save to pay
the doctor’s bill, and stole half her beauty, if not more. She always
looked a little pinched and weak after that. (And he had charged that
up to her, too!) Then it was some ailment which affected Peter for
months and which proved to be undernourishment, due to a defect in
Marie’s condition even after she had seemingly recovered. Then, two
years later, it was the birth of Frank, due to another error, of course,
he being not intended in Marie’s frail state; and then his own
difficulties with the manager of the insulating department of the
International Electric, due to his own nervous state, his worries, his
consciousness of error in the manipulation of his own career—and
Marie’s. Life was slipping away, as he saw it then and he kept
thinking he was growing older, was not getting on as he had thought
he should, was not achieving his technical education; he was
saddled with a family which would prevent him from ever getting on.
Here, in this neighborhood, all this had occurred—this quiet, run-
down realm, so greatly changed since he had seen it last. Yes, it had
all happened here.
But how peaceful it was to-day, although changed. How the water
ran under this bridge now, as then, eddying out to sea. And how this
late October afternoon reminded him of that other October afternoon
when they had first walked up here—warm, pleasant, colorful. Would
he ever forget that afternoon? He had thought he was going to do so
much better—was praying that he would, and they had done so
much worse. He, personally, had grown so restless and dissatisfied
with himself and her and life. And things seemed to be almost as bad
as they could be, drifting indefinitely on to nothing. Indeed, life
seemed to gather as a storm and break. He was discharged from the
International Electric, due supposedly to his taking home for a night
a battery for an experiment he was making but in reality because of
the opposition of his superior, based on the latter’s contempt for his
constantly (possibly) depressed and dissatisfied air, his brooding
mien, and some minor inattentions due to the state of his mind at the
time.
Then, quite as swiftly (out of black plotting or evil thoughts of his
own, perhaps), Peter had died of pneumonia. And three days later
Frank. There were two funerals, two dreary, one-carriage affairs—he
remembered that so well!—for they had no money; and his pawned
watch, five dollars from Marie’s mother, and seven chemical and
electrical works sold to an old book man had provided the cash
advance required by the undertaker! Then, spiritually, something
seemed to break within him. He could not see this world, this
immediate life in which he was involved, as having any significance
in it for himself or any one after that. He could not stand it any more,
the weariness, the boredom, the dissatisfaction with himself, the
failure of himself, the sickening chain of disasters which had befallen
this earlier adventure. And so—
 But that was why he was here to-day, after all these years—
twenty-four, to be exact—with his interest in this old region so keen,
if so sad. Why, there—there!—was a flock of pigeons, just like those
of old Abijah Hargot’s, flying around the sky now, as then. And a curl
of smoke creeping up from Tanzer’s blacksmith shop, or the one that
had succeeded it, just one block from this bridge. How well he
remembered old Tanzer and his forge, his swelling muscles and
sooty face! He had always nodded in such a friendly way as he
passed and talked of the pest of flies and heat in summer. That was
why he was pausing on this bridge to-day, just to see once more, to
feel, standing in the pleasant afternoon sun of this October day and
gazing across the swirling waters below at the new coal-pockets, the
enlarged lamp works of the George C. Woodruff Company, once a
mere shed hidden away at a corner of this nearest street and rented
out here no doubt because it was cheap and Woodruff was just
beginning—just as he did twenty-four years before. Time had sped
by so swiftly. One’s ideals and ideas changed so. Twenty years ago
he would have given so much to be what he was now—rich and
fairly powerful—and now—now—The beauty of this old
neighborhood, to-day, even.
The buff school which crowned the rise beyond, and the broad
asphalt of Edgewood Avenue leading up to the old five-story flat
building—the only one out here, and a failure financially—in which
he and Marie had had their miserable little apartment—here it was,
still to be seen. Yes, it and so many other things were all here; that
group of great oaks before old Hargot’s door; the little red—if now
rusted—weather-vane over his carriage house; the tall romantic
tower of St. George’s Episcopal Church—so far to the west over the
river, and the spars and masts of vessels that still docked here for a
while. But dark memories they generated, too, along with a certain
idyllic sweetness, which had seemed to envelop the whole at first.
For though it had had sweetness and peace at first, how much that
had been bitter and spiritually destroying had occurred here, too.
How well he recalled, for instance, the day he and Marie had
wandered up here, almost hand in hand, across this very bridge and
up Edgewood Avenue, nearly twenty-four years before! They had
been so happy at first, dreaming their little dream of a wonderful
future for them—and now—well, his secret agency had brought him
all there was to know of her and her mother and her little world after
he had left. They had suffered so much, apparently, and all on
account of him. But somehow he did not want to think of that now. It
was not for that he had come to-day, but to see, to dream over the
older, the better, the first days.
He crossed over, following the old road which had then been a
cobble wagon trail, and turned into Edgewood Avenue which led up
past the line of semi-country homes which he used to dread so
much, homes which because of their superior prosperity, wide lawns,
flowers and walks, made the life which he and Marie were compelled
to lead here seem so lean and meagre by contrast. Why, yes, here
was the very residence of Gatewood, the dentist, so prosperous then
and with an office downtown; and that of Dr. Newton, whom he had
called in when Peter and Frank were taken ill that last time; and
Temple, the druggist, and Stoutmeyer, the grocer—both of whom he
had left owing money; and Dr. Newton, too, for that matter—although
all had subsequently been paid. Not a sign of the names of either
Gatewood or Newton on their windows or gates now; not a trace of
Temple’s drug store. But here was Stoutmeyer’s grocery just the
same. And Buchspiel, the butcher. (Could he still be alive, by any
chance—was that his stout, aged figure within?) And Ortman, the
baker—not a sign of change there. And over the way the then village
school, now Public School No. 261, as he could see. And across
from it, beyond, the slim little, almost accidental (for this region) five-
story apartment house—built because of an error in judgment, of
course, when they thought the city was going to grow out this way—
a thing of grayish-white brick. On the fifth floor of this, in the rear, he
and Marie had at last found a tiny apartment of three rooms and
bath, cheap enough for them to occupy in the growing city and still
pay their way. What memories the mere sight of the building evoked!
Where were all the people now who used to bustle about here of a
summer evening when he and Marie were here, boys and girls,
grown men and women of the neighborhood? It had all been so
pleasant at first, Marie up there preparing dinner and he coming
home promptly at seven and sometimes whistling as he came! He
was not always unhappy, even here.
Yes, all was exactly as it had been in the old days in regard to this
building and this school, even—as he lived!—a “For Rent” sign in
that very same apartment, four flights up, as it had been that warm
October day when they had first come up here seeking.
But what a change in himself—stouter, so much older, gray now.
And Marie—dying a few years after in this very region without his
ever seeing her again or she him—and she had written him such
pathetic letters. She had been broken, no doubt, spiritually and in
every other way when he left her,—no pointless vanity in that, alas—
it was too sad to involve vanity. Yes, he had done that. Would it ever
be forgiven him? Would his error of ambition and self-dissatisfaction
be seen anywhere in any kindly light—on earth or in heaven? He
had suffered so from remorse in regard to it of late. Indeed, now that
he was rich and so successful the thought of it had begun to torture
him. Some time since—five years ago—he had thought to make
amends, but then—well, then he had found that she wasn’t any
more. Poor little Marie!
But these walls, so strong and enduring (stone had this advantage
over human flesh!), were quite as he had left them, quite as they
were the day he and Marie had first come here—hopeful, cheerful,
although later so depressed, the two of them. (And he had charged
her spiritually with it all, or nearly so—its fatalities and gloom, as
though she could have avoided them!)
The ruthlessness of it!
The sheer brutality!
The ignorance!
If she could but see him now, his great shops and factories, his
hundreds of employés, his present wife and children, his great new
home—and still know how he felt about her! If he could only call her
back and tell her, apologize, explain, make some amends! But no;
life did not work that way. Doors opened and doors closed. It had no
consideration for eleventh-hour repentances. As though they
mattered to life, or anything else! He could tell her something now, of
course, explain the psychology, let her know how pathetically
depressed and weary he had felt then. But would she understand,
care, forgive? She had been so fond of him, done so much for him in
her small, sweet way. And yet, if she only knew, he could scarcely
have helped doing as he did then, so harried and depressed and
eager for advancement had he been, self-convinced of his own error
and failure before ever his life had a good start. If she could only see
how little all his later triumphs mattered now, how much he would be
glad to do for her now! if only—only—he could. Well, he must quit
these thoughts. They did not help at all, nor his coming out here and
feeling this way!
But life was so automatic and unconsciously cruel at times. One’s
disposition drove one so, shutting and bolting doors behind one,
driving one on and on like a harried steer up a narrow runway to
one’s fate. He could have been happy right here with Marie and the
children—as much so as he had ever been since. Or, if he had only
taken Marie along, once the little ones were gone—they might have
been happy enough together. They might have been! But no, no;
something in him at that time would not let him. Really, he was a
victim of his own grim impulses, dreams, passions, mad and illogical
as that might seem. He was crazy for success, wild with a desire for
a superior, contemptuous position in the world. People were so, at
times. He had been. He had had to do as he did, so horribly would
he have suffered mentally if he had not, all the theories of the
moralists to the contrary notwithstanding. The notions of one’s youth
were not necessarily those of age, and that was why he was here to-
day in this very gloomy and contrite mood.
He went around the corner now to the side entrance of the old
apartment house, and paused. For there, down the street, almost—
not quite—as he had left it, was the residence of the quondam old
Abijah Hargot, he of the pigeons,—iron manufacturer and
Presbyterian, who even in his day was living there in spite of the fact
that the truly princely residence suburbs had long since moved much
farther out and he was being entirely surrounded by an element of
cheaper life which could not have been exactly pleasant to him. In
those days he and Marie had heard of the hardwood floors, the great
chandeliers, the rugs and pictures of the house that had once faced
a wide sward leading down to the river’s edge itself. But look at it
now! A lumber-yard between it and the river! And some sort of a
small shop or factory on this end of the lawn! And in his day, Abijah
had kept a pet Jersey cow nibbling the grass under the trees and
fantailed pigeons on the slate roof of his barn, at the corner where
now was this small factory, and at the back of his house an immense
patch of golden glow just outside the conservatory facing the east,
and also two pagodas down near the river. But all gone! all gone, or
nearly so. Just the house and a part of the lawn. And occupied now
by whom? In the old days he had never dared dream, or scarcely so,
that some day, years later—when he would be much older and
sadder, really, and haunted by the ghosts of these very things—he
would be able to return here and know that he had far more
imposing toys than old Hargot had ever dreamed of, as rich as he
was.
Toys!
Toys!
Yes, they were toys, for one played with them a little while, as with
so many things, and then laid them aside forever.
Toys!
Toys!
But then, as he had since come to know, old Hargot had not been
without his troubles, in spite of all his money. For, as rumor had it
then, his oldest son, Lucien, his pride, in those days, a slim, artistic
type of boy, had turned out a drunkard, gambler, night-life lover; had
run with women, become afflicted with all sorts of ills, and after his
father had cut him off and driven him out (refusing to permit him
even to visit the home), had hung about here, so the neighbors had
said, and stolen in to see his mother, especially on dark or rainy
nights, in order to get aid from her. And, like all mothers, she had
aided him secretly, or so they said, in spite of her fear of her
husband. Mothers were like that—his mother, too. Neighbors
testified that they had seen her whispering to him in the shade of the
trees of the lawn or around the corner in the next street—a sad,
brooding, care-worn woman, always in black or dark blue. Yes, life
held its disappointments for every one, of course, even old Abijah
and himself.
He went on to the door and paused, wondering whether to go up
or not, for the atmosphere of this building and this neighborhood was
very, very sad now, very redolent of old, sweet, dead and half-
forgotten things. The river there, running so freshly at the foot of the
street; the school where the children used to play and shout, while
he worked on certain idle days when there was no work at the
factory; the little church up the street to which so many
commonplace adherents used to make their way on Sunday; the
shabby cabin of the plumber farther up this same street, who used to
go tearing off every Saturday and Sunday in a rattle-trap car which
he had bought second-hand and which squeaked and groaned, for
all the expert repairing he had been able to do upon it.
The color, the humor, the sunshine of those old first days, in spite
of their poverty!
He hesitated as to whether to ring the bell or no—just as he and
Marie had, twenty-odd years before. She was so gay then, so
hopeful, so all-unconscious of the rough fate that was in store for her
here.... How would it be inside? Would Marie’s little gas stove still be
near the window in the combined kitchen, dining-room and laundry—
almost general living-room—which that one room was? Would the
thin single gas jet still be hanging from the ceiling over their small
dining-room table (or the ghost of it) where so often after their meals,
to save heat in the other room—because there was no heat in the
alleged radiator, and their oil stove cost money—he had sat and read
or worked on plans of some of the things he hoped to perfect—and
had since, years since, but long after he had left her and this place?
How sad! He had never had one touch of luck or opportunity with her
here,—not one. Yet, if only she could, and without pain because of it,
know how brilliantly he had finished some of them, how profitably
they had resulted for him if not her.
 But he scarcely looked like one who would be wanting to see so
small an apartment, he now felt, tall and robust and prosperous as
he was. Still might he not be thinking of buying this place? Or renting
quarters for a servant or a relative? Who should know? What
difference did it make? Why should he care?
He rang the bell, thinking of the small, stupid, unfriendly and self-
defensive woman who, twenty or more years before, had come up
from the basement below, wiping her hands on a gingham apron and
staring at them querulously. How well he remembered her—and how
unfriendly she had always remained in spite of their efforts to be
friendly, because they had no tips to give her. She could not be here
any longer, of course; no, this one coming was unlike her in
everything except stupidity and grossness. But they were alike in
that, well enough. This one was heavy, beefy. She would make
almost two of the other one.
“The rooms,” he had almost said “apartment,” “on the top floor—
may I see them?”
“Dey are only t’ree an’ bat’—fourteen by der mont’.”
“Yes, I know,” he now added almost sadly. So they had not raised
the rent in all this time, although the city had grown so. Evidently this
region had become worse, not better. “I’ll look at them, if you please,
just the same,” he went on, feeling that the dull face before him was
wondering why he should be looking at them at all.
“Vait; I getcha der key. You can go up py yerself.”
He might have known that she would never climb any four flights
save under compulsion.
She returned presently, and he made his way upward,
remembering how the fat husband of the former janitress had
climbed up promptly every night at ten, if you please, putting out the
wee lights of gas on the return trip (all but a thin flame on the second
floor: orders from the landlord, of course), and exclaiming as he did
so, at each landing, “Ach Gott, I go me up py der secon’ floor ant
make me der lights out. Ach Gott, I go me py der t’ird floor ant make
me der lights out. Ach Gott, I go me py der fourt’ floor ant make me
der lights out,” and so on until he reached the fifth, where they lived.
How often he had listened to him, puffing and moaning as he came!
Yes, the yellowish-brown paper that they had abhorred then, or
one nearly as bad, covered all these hall walls to-day. The stairs
squeaked, just as they had then. The hall gas jets were just as small
and surmounted by shabby little pink imitation glass candles—to give
the place an air, no doubt! He and Marie would never have taken this
place at all if it had depended on the hall, or if the views from its little
windows had not been so fine. In the old days he had trudged up
these steps many a night, winter and summer, listening, as he came,
for sounds of Marie in the kitchen, for the prattle of the two children
after they were with them, for the glow of a friendly light (always
shining at six in winter) under the door and through the keyhole. His
light! His door! In those early dark winter days, when he was working
so far downtown and coming home this way regularly, Marie, at the
sound of his key in the lock, would always come running, her heavy
black hair done in a neat braid about her brow, her trim little figure
buttoned gracefully into a house-dress of her own making. And she
always had a smile and a “Hello, dearie; back again?” no matter how
bad things were with them, how lean the little larder or the family
purse. Poor little Marie!
It all came back to him now as he trudged up the stairs and neared
the door. God!
And here was the very door, unchanged—yellow, painted to
imitate the natural grain of oak, but the job having turned out a
dismal failure as he had noted years before. And the very lock the
same! Could he believe? Scarcely any doubt of it. For here was that
other old hole, stuffed with putty and painted over, which he and
Marie had noted as being the scar of some other kind of a lock or
knob that had preceded this one. And still stuffed with paper! Marie
had thought burglars (!) might make their way in via that, and he had
laughed to think what they would steal if they should. Poor little
Marie!
But now, now—well, here he was all alone, twenty-four years later,
Marie and Peter and Frank gone this long time, and he the master of
so many men and so much power and so much important property.
What was life, anyhow? What was it?
Ghosts! Ghosts!
Were there ghosts?
Did spirits sometimes return and live and dream over old, sad
scenes such as this? Could Marie? Would she? Did she?
Oh, Marie!... Marie! Poor little weak, storm-beaten, life-beaten
soul. And he the storm, really.
Well, here was the inside now, and things were not a bit different
from what they had been in his and her day, when they had both
been so poor. No, just the same. The floor a little more nail-marked,
perhaps, especially in the kitchen here, where no doubt family after
family had tacked down oil-cloth in place of other pieces taken up—
theirs, for instance. And here in the parlor—save the mark!—the
paper as violent as it had ever been! Such paper—red, with great
bowls of pinkish flowers arranged in orderly rows! But then they were
paying so little rent that it was ridiculous for them to suggest that
they wanted anything changed. The landlord would not have
changed it anyhow.
And here on the west wall, between the two windows, overlooking
Abijah Hargot’s home and the river and the creeping city beyond,
was where he had hung a wretched little picture, a print of an etching
of a waterscape which he had admired so much in those days and
had bought somewhere second-hand for a dollar—a house on an
inlet near the sea, such a house as he would have liked to have
occupied, or thought he would—then. Ah, these windows! The
northernmost one had always been preferred by him and her
because of the sweep of view west and north. And how often he had
stood looking at a soft, or bleak, or reddening, sunset over the river;
or, of an early night in winter, at the lights on the water below. And
the outpost apartments and homes of the great city beyond. Life had
looked very dark then, indeed. At times, looking, he had been very
sad. He was like some brooding Hamlet of an inventor as he stood
there then gazing at the sweet little river, the twinkling stars in a
steely black sky overhead; or, in the fall when it was still light, some
cold red island of a cloud in the sky over the river and the city, and
wondering what was to become of him—what was in store for him!
The fallacy of such memories as these! Their futility!
But things had dragged and dragged—here! In spite of the fact
that his mind was full of inventions, inventions, inventions, and
methods of applying them in some general way which would earn
him money, place, fame—as they subsequently did—the strange
mysteries of ionic or electronic action, for instance, of motion, of
attraction and polarity, of wave lengths and tensile strengths and
adhesions in metals, woods and materials of all kinds—his apparent
error in putting himself in a position where failure might come to him
had so preyed on his mind here, that he could do nothing. He could
only dream, and do common, ordinary day labor—skeleton wiring
and insulating, for instance, electrical mapping, and the like. Again,
later, but while still here, since he had been reading, reading, reading
after marriage, and working and thinking, life had gone off into a kind
of welter of conflicting and yet organized and plainly directed powers
which was confusing to him, which was not to be explained by
anything man could think of and which no inventor had as yet fully
used, however great he was—Edison, Kelvin, or Bell. Everything as
he knew then and hoped to make use of in some way was alive,
everything full of force, even so-called dead or decaying things. Life
was force, that strange, seemingly (at times) intelligent thing, and
there was apparently nothing but force—everywhere—amazing,
perfect, indestructible. (He had thought of all that here in this little
room and on the roof overhead where he made some of his
experiments, watching old Hargot’s pigeons flying about the sky, the
sound of their wings coming so close at times that they were like a
whisper of the waves of the sea, dreams in themselves.)
But the little boundaries of so-called health and decay, strength
and weakness, as well as all alleged fixity or changelessness of
things,—how he had brooded on all that, at that time. And how all
thought of fixity in anything had disappeared as a ridiculous illusion
intended, maybe, by something to fool man into the belief that his
world here, his physical and mental state, was real and enduring, a
greater thing than anything else in the universe, when so plainly it
was not. But not himself. A mere shadow—an illusion—nothing. On
this little roof, here, sitting alone at night or by day in pleasant
weather or gray, Saturdays and Sundays when it was warm and
because they had no money and no particular place to go, and
looking at the stars or the lights of the city or the sun shining on the
waters of the little river below,—he had thought of all this. It had all
come to him, the evanescence of everything, its slippery, protean
changefulness. Everything was alive, and everything was nothing, in
so far as its seeming reality was concerned. And yet everything was
everything but still capable of being undermined, changed, improved,
or come at in some hitherto undreamed-of way—even by so humble
a creature as himself, an inventor—and used as chained force, if
only one knew how. And that was why he had become a great
inventor since—because he had thought so—had chained force and
used it—even he. He had become conscious of anterior as well as
ulterior forces and immensities and fathomless wells of wisdom and
energy, and had enslaved a minute portion of them, that was all. But
not here! Oh, no. Later!
The sad part of it, as he thought of it now, was that poor little Marie
could not have understood a thing of all he was thinking, even if he
had explained and explained, as he never attempted to do. Life was
all a mystery to Marie—deep, dark, strange—as it was to him, only
he was seeking and she was not. Sufficient to her to be near him,
loving him in her simple, dumb way, not seeking to understand. Even
then he had realized that and begun to condemn her for it in his
mind, to feel that she was no real aid and could never be—just a
mother-girl, a housewife, a social fixture, a cook, destined to be
shoved back if ever he were really successful; and that was sad
even then, however obviously true.
But to her, apparently, he was so much more than just a mere man
—a god, really, a dream, a beau, a most wonderful person, dreaming
strange dreams and thinking strange thoughts which would lead him
heaven knows where; how high or how strange, though, she could
never guess, nor even he then. And for that very reason—her blind,
non-understanding adoration—she had bored him then, horribly at
times. All that he could think of then, as he looked at her at times—
after the first year or two or three, when the novelty of her physical
beauty and charm had worn off and the children had come, and
cares and worries due to his non-success were upon them—was
that she was an honest, faithful, patient, adoring little drudge, but no
more, and that was all she would ever be. Think of that! That was the
way life was—the way it rewarded love! He had not begun to dislike
her—no, that was not it—but it was because, as the philosopher had
said, that in and through her and the babies he had given hostages
to fortune, and that she was not exactly the type of woman who
could further him as fast as he wished—that he had begun to weary
of her. And that was practically the whole base of his objection to
her,—not anything she did.
Yes, yes—it was that, that, that had begun to plague him as
though he had consciously fastened a ball and chain on one foot and
now never any more could walk quickly or well or be really free.
Instead of being able to think on his inventions he was constantly
being compelled to think on how he would make a living for her and
them, or find ten more dollars, or get a new dress for Marie and
shoes for the children! Or how increase his salary. That was the
great and enduring problem all the time, and over and over here.
Although healthy, vigorous and savagely ambitious, at that time, it
was precisely because he was those things that he had rebelled so
and had desired to be free. He was too strong and fretful as he could
see now to endure so mean a life. It was that that had made him
savage, curt, remote, indifferent so much of the time in these later
days—here— And to her. And when she could not help it at all—poor
little thing—did not know how to help it and had never asked him to
marry her! Life had tinkled so in his ears then. It had called and
called. And essentially, in his own eyes then, he was as much of a
failure as a husband as he was at his work, and that was killing him.
His mind had been too steadily depressed by his mistake in getting
married, in having children so soon, as well as by his growing
knowledge of what he might be fitted to do if only he had a chance to
go off to a big technical school somewhere and work his way through
alone and so get a new and better position somewhere else—to
have a change of scene. For once, as he knew then, and with all his
ideas, he was technically fitted for his work, with new light and
experience in his mind, what wonders might he not accomplish!
Sitting in this little room, or working or dreaming upstairs in the air,
how often he had thought of all that!
But no; nothing happened for ever so long here. Days and weeks
and months, and even years went by without perceptible change.
Nature seemed to take a vicious delight in torturing him, then, in so
far as his dreams were concerned, his hopes. Hard times came to
America, blasting ones—a year and a half of panic really—in which
every one hung on to his pathetic little place, and even he was afraid
to relinquish the meagre one he had, let alone ask for more pay. At
the same time his dreams, the passing of his youth, this
unconscionable burden of a family, tortured him more and more.
Marie did not seem to mind anything much, so long as she was with
him. She suffered, of course, but more for him than for herself, for
his unrest, and his dissatisfaction, which she feared. Would he ever
leave her? Was he becoming unhappy with her? Her eyes so often
asked what her lips feared to frame.
Once they had seventy dollars saved toward some inventive work
of his. But then little Peter fell from the top of the washtub, where he
had climbed for some reason, and broke his arm. Before it was
healed and all the bills paid, the seventy was gone. Another time
Marie’s mother was dying, or so she thought, and she had to go
back home and help her father and brother in their loneliness. Again,
it was brother George who, broke, arrived from Philadelphia and
lived with them a while because he had no place else to go. Also
once he thought to better himself by leaving the International
Electric, and joining the Winston Castro Generator Company. But
when he had left the first, the manager of the second, to whom he
had applied and by whom he had been engaged, was discharged
(“let out,” as he phrased it), and the succeeding man did not want
him. So for three long months he had been without anything, and,
like Job, finally, he had been ready to curse God and die.
And then—right here in these rooms it was—he had rebelled,
spiritually, as he now recalled, and had said to himself that he could
not stand this any longer, that he was ruining his life, and that
however much it might torture Marie—ruin her even—he must leave
and do something to better his state. Yes quite definitely, once and
for all, then, he had wished that he had not married Marie, that they
had never been so foolish as to have children, that Marie was not
dependent on him any more, that he was free to go, be, do, all the
things he felt that he could go do, be—no matter where, so long as
he went and was free. Yes, he had wished that in a violent,
rebellious, prayerful way, and then—
Of all the winters of his life, the one that followed that was the
blackest and bleakest, that last one with Marie. It seemed to bring
absolutely nothing to either him or her or the children save disaster.
Twenty-five dollars was all he had ever been able to make,
apparently, while he was with her. The children were growing and
constantly requiring more; Marie needed many things, and was
skimping along on God knows what. Once she had made herself
some corset slips and other things out of his cast-off underwear—
bad as that was! And then once, when he was crossing Chadds
Bridge, just below here, and had paused to meditate and dream, a
new hat—his very best, needless to say, for he had worn his old one
until it was quite gone—had blown off into the water, a swift wind and
some bundles he was compelled to carry home aiding, and had been
swiftly carried out by the tide. So much had he been harried in those
days by one thing and another that at first he had not even raged,
although he was accustomed so to do. Instead then he had just shut
his teeth and trudged on in the biting wind, in danger of taking cold
and dying of something or other—as he had thought at the time—
only then he had said to himself that he did not really mind now.
What difference did it make to himself or anybody whether he died or
not? Did anybody care really, God or anybody else, what became of
him? Supposing he did it? What of it? Could it be any worse than
this? To hell with life itself, and its Maker,—this brutal buffeting of
winds and cold and harrying hungers and jealousies and fears and
brutalities, arranged to drive and make miserable these crawling,
beggarly creatures—men! Why, what had he ever had of God or any
creative force so far? What had God ever done for him or his life, or
his wife and children?
 So he had defiantly raged.
And then life—or God, or what you will—had seemed to strike at
last. It was as if some Jinnee of humane or inhuman power had said,
“Very well, then, since you are so dissatisfied and unhappy, so
unworthy of all this (perhaps) that I have given you, you shall have
your will, your dreams. You have prayed to be free. Even so—this
thing that you see here now shall pass away. You have sinned
against love and faith in your thoughts. You shall be free! Look!
Behold! You shall be! Your dreams shall come true!”
And then, at once, as if in answer to this command of the Jinnee,
as though, for instance, it had waved its hand, the final storm began
which blew everything quite away. Fate struck. It was as if black
angels had entered and stationed themselves at his doors and
windows, armed with the swords of destruction, of death. Harpies
and furies beset his path and perched on his roof. One night—it was
a month before Peter and Frank died, only three days before they
contracted their final illness—he was crossing this same bridge
below here and was speculating, as usual, as to his life and his
future, when suddenly, in spite of the wind and cold and some dust
flying from a coal barge below, his eye was attracted by two lights
which seemed to come dancing down the hill from the direction of his
apartment and passed out over the river. They rose to cross over the
bridge in front of him and disappeared on the other side. They came
so close they seemed almost to brush his face, and yet he could not
quite accept them as real. There was something too eerie about
them. From the moment he first laid eyes on them in the distance
they seemed strange. They came so easily, gracefully, and went so.
From the first moment he saw them there below Tegetmiller’s paint
shop, he wondered about them. What were they? What could they
mean? They were so bluish clear, like faint, grey stars, so pale and
watery. Suddenly it was as if something whispered to him, “Behold!
These are the souls of your children. They are going—never to
return! See! Your prayers are being answered!”
And then it was that, struck with a kind of horror and numb
despair, he had hurried home, quite prepared to ask Marie if the two
boys were dead or if anything had happened to them. But, finding
them up and playing as usual he had tried to put away all thought of
this fact as a delusion, to say nothing. But the lights haunted him.
They would not stay out of his mind. Would his boys really die? Yet
the first and the second day went without change. But on the third
both boys took sick, and he knew his dread was well founded.
For on the instant, Marie was thrown into a deep, almost
inexplicable, depression, from which there was no arousing her,
although she attempted to conceal it from him by waiting on and
worrying over them. They had to put the children in the one little
bedroom (theirs), while they used an extension cot in the “parlor,”
previously occupied by the children. Young Dr. Newton, the one
physician of repute in the neighborhood, was called in, and old Mrs.
Wertzel, the German woman in front, who, being old and lonely and
very fond of Marie, had volunteered her services. And so they had
weathered along, God only knows how. Marie prepared the meals—
or nearly all of them—as best she could. He had gone to work each
day, half in a dream, wondering what the end was to be.
And then one night, as he and Marie were lying on the cot
pretending to sleep, he felt her crying. And taking her in his arms he
had tried to unwish all the dark things he had wished, only
apparently then it was too late. Something told him it was. It was as
though in some dark mansion somewhere—some supernal court or
hall of light or darkness—his prayer had been registered and
answered, a decision made, and that that decision could not now be
unmade. No. Into this shabby little room where they lay and where
she was crying had come a final black emissary, scaled, knightly,
with immense arms and wings and a glittering sword, all black, and
would not leave until all this should go before him. Perhaps he had
been a little deranged in his mind at the time, but so it had seemed.
And then, just a few weeks after he had seen the lights and a few
days after Marie had cried so, Peter had died—poor weak little thing
that he was—and, three days later, Frank. Those terrible hours! For
by then he was feeling so strange and sad and mystical about it all
that he could neither eat nor sleep nor weep nor work nor think. He
had gone about, as indeed had Marie, in a kind of stupor of misery
and despair. True, as he now told himself—and then too, really,—he