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Mohammed M. Alani
Guide to
Cisco Routers
Configuration
Becoming a Router Geek
Second Edition
Guide to Cisco Routers Configuration
Mohammed M. Alani
Guide to Cisco Routers

Configuration
Becoming a Router Geek
Second Edition
123
Mohammed M. Alani
Al Khawarizmi International College
Abu Dhabi
United Arab Emirates
ISBN 978-3-319-54629-2 ISBN 978-3-319-54630-8 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54630-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017934622
1st edition: © Mohammed M. Alani 2012

2nd edition: © Springer International Publishing AG 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Since the first edition of this book, I have received many requests to do a second
version that is extended and more thorough. With the research activities I got
involved in, I could not do that very early. However, at one point, I needed to do
some router configuration as a part of one of the courses I was teaching. I looked
through the first edition of the book, and I could not find what I was looking for.
This came as a wake-up call to me that a second edition is a must.
Cisco networking equipment still takes a major role in our lives. Many service
providers, corporate networks, government networks, and others rely on Cisco
devices, which basically means that we are relying on these devices on daily basis.
All network administrators know that relying on Cisco devices gives them some
relief in terms of reliability.
The uniqueness of this book lies in its cookbook-like way of writing that does
not dive deep into theory and provides a ready-to-use reference for everyday
configuration needs. My biggest concern when writing this book was to avoid
complications and get directly to the simplified configuration steps.
The second edition of this book included many important topics that were
missing from the first edition, such as MPLS, multicasting, GRE, HSRP, with many
others. Some older topics like access-control lists were expanded to include more
details like reflexive and timed access lists. The second edition included configu-
ration steps for IPv6 versions for most of the protocols covered by the book. With
the rapid increase of the use of IPv6, its configuration became an important skill to
have in your arsenal.
An important addition to this edition of the book is the inclusion of training
scenarios. In total, the second edition includes 61 training scenarios. These training
scenarios were aimed to be a way of gaining skills by doing the tasks instead of
reading about them only. Most of these tasks can be implemented using the cur-
rently available commercial network simulator.
This edition is divided into nine chapters: basic configuration, domestic duties,
routing, advanced routing, WAN technologies, security, router management,
remote connectivity, and tips. Each chapter explains in detail the steps required to
v
vi Preface
configure different protocols on Cisco router and explains when would you need to
invoke this procedure.
Intended Audience of the Guide:
• field network engineers engaging Cisco routers

• students working on Cisco routers in their laboratories
• laboratory instructors
• Cisco certification seekers
• Cisco networking academy students
• everyone working with or wanting to learn about Cisco router configuration
How to Use this Guide:

To make guide easier to use, different parts of the text were formatted differently.
The meanings of these formats:
• courier new font is used for output of the router

• courier new bold font is used for commands input to the router
• courier new italic font is used for commands parameters that the reader
have to choose.
• [ ] square brackets are used for optional commands.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my editors Wayne

Wheeler and Simon Rees for making this project possible again. I would also like to
extend my thanks to the readers of the first edition for their feedback that
encouraged me to write the second expanded edition.
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Mohammed M. Alani

December 2016
Contents
1 Starting Up a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Connecting the Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Basic Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Interfaces Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 Configuring IPv4 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Configuring IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 Other Interface Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Additional Basic Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Training Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Domestic Router Functions Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
2.1 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Client. . . . . . . . .. 11
2.2 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server . . . . . . . .. 12
2.3 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server
for IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 How to Configure DHCP Relay in Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 How to Configure NAT and PAT on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.1 Static NAT Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.2 Dynamic NAT Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.3 Troubleshooting Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5.4 Disabling NAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5.5 NAT-PT Configuration for IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 How to Configure Inter-VLAN Routing on a Cisco Router . . . . . 21
3 Routing Protocols Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Static Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 How to Configure Static Routing in Cisco Routers . . . . . 41
vii
viii Contents
3.1.2 How to Configure Default Routes in Cisco Routers . . . . . 42

3.1.3 Administrative Distance of Static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.4 How to Configure IP Multicast in Cisco Routers . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Dynamic Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 How to Configure RIPv1 and RIPv2 in Cisco
Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.2 How to Configure RIPng for IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2.3 How to Configure EIGRP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.4 How to Configure EIGRP Metrics on a Cisco Router . . . 50
3.2.5 How to Configure EIGRP for IPv6 on a Cisco Router . . . 51
3.2.6 EIGRP Implementation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.7 How to Configure Single-Area OSPF on a Cisco
Router. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
3.2.8 How to Configure Single-Area OSPFv3 for IPv6
on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 How to Configure HSRP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 How to Configure GLBP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 How to Configure VRRP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4 Advanced Routing Protocols Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1 How to Configure Multiple-Area OSPF on a Cisco Router . . . . . 83
4.1.1 Configuration of Area 0 ABR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.1.2 Configuration of Area X ABR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1.3 Other Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.1.4 More About Multiple-Area OSPF Configuration . . . . . . . 86
4.2 How to Configure Integrated IS–IS on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 How to Configure Load Balancing on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . 89
4.4 Per-Packet and Per-Destination Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5 How to Configure BGP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.5.1 About BGP and IGP Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6 How to Configure BGP for IPv6 on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.7 How to Configure MPLS on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7.1 Configuring the Router for MPLS Switching . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7.2 Configuring the Router for MPLS Forwarding . . . . . . . . . 94
5 WAN Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 113
5.1 How to Configure ADSL on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 113
5.2 How to Configure PPP on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 115
5.3 How to Configure HDLC on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 116
5.4 How to Configure BRI ISDN in a Cisco Router . . . . .. . . . . . . . 117
5.5 How to Configure ISDN Dialer Profiles in a Cisco Router . . . . . 120
Contents ix
5.6 How to Configure Frame-Relay in a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . .. 122

5.6.1 Point-to-Point Connection of Two Sites
Using Physical Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.6.2 Point-to-Multipoint Using Physical Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.6.3 Point-to-Multipoint Using Logical Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.6.4 Multiple Point-to-Point Using Logical Interfaces . . . . . . . 126
5.6.5 Frame-Relay and Routing Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a Frame-Relay Switch . . . . 128
6 Security Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1 How to Secure Passwords on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2 How to Configure Access-Control Lists on a Cisco Router . . . . . 140
6.2.1 Standard Access-List Configuration for IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.2.2 Extended Access-List Configuration for IPv4 . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.2.3 Removing Access-Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3 How to Configure Advanced Access-Control Lists
on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3.1 Named Access-Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3.2 About Named Access-Lists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3.3 Access-Lists for IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.3.4 Reflexive Access-Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.3.5 Time-Based Access-Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.4 How to Configure Routing Protocols Authentication
on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.1 Configuring EIGRP Route Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.4.2 Configuring EIGRP Route Authentication for IPv6 . . . . . 153
6.4.3 Configuring BGP Peer Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.5 How to Configure Site-to-Site VPN in Cisco Routers . . . . . . . . . 154
6.6 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a PPTP VPN Server . . . . . . 156
6.7 How to Configure GRE Tunneling in a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . 158
6.7.1 GRE Configuration with no Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.7.2 GRE Point-to-Point Configuration Over IPSec . . . . . . . . . 160
6.8 How to Configure AAA Service on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.8.1 RADIUS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.8.2 TACACS+ Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7 Cisco Router Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 183
7.1 Hints and Tips Before Upgrading the IOS of a Cisco Router . .. 183
7.2 Understanding the IOS File Name Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
7.3 How to Back up and Restore the Configuration
of a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
7.3.1 TFTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
x Contents
7.3.2 FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

7.3.3 HyperTerminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.4 How to Back up an IOS File from a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.5 How to Upgrade IOS on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5.1 Upgrade Procedure for Cisco Routers
with Internal Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 190
7.5.2 Upgrade Procedure for Cisco Routers
with PCMCIA Flash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193
7.6 How to Upgrade IOS of a Cisco Router
Using HyperTerminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
7.7 How to Upgrade or Install IOS on Cisco Router
Using rommon Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.8 How to Copy IOS from One Cisco Router to Another . . . . . . . . 199
7.9 How to Partition Internal Flash Memory of a Cisco Router . . . . . 200
8 Remote Connectivity to Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.1 How to Configure SSH on a Cisco Router. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2 How to Secure Remote Access Sessions with Password Only . . . 208
8.2.1 Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.2.2 SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3 How to Secure Remote Access Sessions with Username
and Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3.1 Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3.2 SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.3.3 Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.4 How to Secure Telnet Sessions Using Access-Lists
on a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 211
8.5 Training Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 212
9 Hints and Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
9.1 Top 10 Tips for Cisco Routers Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
9.2 Ten Show Commands Everybody Needs to Know
in Cisco Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
9.3 How to Simulate Break Key Sequence in a Cisco Router . . . . . . 223
9.4 How to Recover Cisco 2600 Routers Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9.5 How to Recover Cisco 2500 Routers Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
9.6 How to Disable ROMMON Password Recovery
in a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227
9.7 How to Use a Cisco Router as a Packet Sniffer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
9.8 Training Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 229
Further Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Chapter 1
Starting Up a Cisco Router
Keywords Cisco Router Console Basic configuration IPv4 IPv6
1.1 Connecting the Router
In order to configure the Cisco router to perform the network operation desired, the
first thing to do is to connect the router through console connection. This con-
nection is used to configure the router and it does not carry user data.
Most routers come with console cable that has one DB-9 end and the other end is
RJ-45 connecter. These connectors can be seen in Fig. 1.1. The cable is usually a
slim ribbon that looks different from the regular LAN twisted pair cables.
Leave the router off and connect the RJ-45 end of the cable to the port of the
router labelled console. The other end, the DB-9 one, should be connected to the
computer serial port. Most of the modern laptops do not have the legacy DB-9 serial
port. Instead of the DB-9 serial port, a USB port can be used. This would require
the use of a USB-to-DB9 adapter.
Some older routers come with console cables that have RJ-45 connectors in both
of their ends. These cables come with RJ-45-to-DB9 adapters.
After connecting the console cable to the computer, using the DB-9 connecter or
the USB, software for terminal emulation is required.
The first choice is HyperTerminal if you are using Windows XP. If you are using
Windows Vista or Windows 7, there are several free alternatives such as PuTTY or
Tera Term. If you are using Linux, you can use MiniCom or CuteCom.
For Mac, you can use MiniCom and ZTerm.
The basic settings that need to be done in the terminal emulation software are the
following:
1. Bits per sec: 9600
2. Data bits: 8
3. Parity: none
4. Stop bits: 1
5. Flow control: none
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 1

M.M. Alani, Guide to Cisco Routers Configuration,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54630-8_1
2 1 Starting Up a Cisco Router
Fig. 1.1 Console cable
After connecting the cable and configuring the settings on the terminal emulation
software, turn the router power on.
The screen should show the router boot-up process and information such as the
IOS version, amount of memory available, and types of interfaces.
Eventually, you will end up at the user EXEC mode with the prompt
‘Router>’.
If the router was configured before and it has console password configured in it,
you will be asked to input the password before getting to the user EXEC mode.
1.2 Basic Configuration
Basic configuration is simply what you need to configure on a router coming out of
the box or surviving a configuration erase. Think of it as saying ‘Hi’ to the router.
The following steps are what we refer to as the basic router configuration:
1. Go to the global configuration mode and give the router a hostname:
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname new-hostname
This would change the hostname of the router from ‘Router’ to new-host-
name. Keep in mind that this name follows the old file name rules (it should start
with a letter, and should not contain spaces or symbols).
2. Set up enable/secret password:
Router(config)#enable password your-password
Or
Router(config)#enable secret your-password
1.2 Basic Configuration 3
This password will be required when you type ‘enable’ to go from user EXEC
mode to privilege mode.
The first one saves the password in plain text, while the second one saves the
password in encrypted format.
The first one is almost obsolete. It is more secure to use the second one.
Remember that only one of them is required. If you set them both, the secret
password would prevail.
3. Set up console password:
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config-line)#password console-password
Router(config-line)#login
This password will be required when a console connection is made. It is the first
password that an administrator will be asked for before entering any mode.
4. To prevent the router status messages from interrupting your writing, use the
following command in the console line configuration mode:
Router(config-line)#logging synchronous
5. If you plan to use Telnet, set up the Telnet password. If you do not intend to use
Telnet in the near future, do not set it up.
Router(config)#line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#password telnet-password
Router(config-line)#login
In some routers, vty 0 15 is used instead of vty 0 4, depending on the number of
simultaneous Telnet sessions you want to allow. If you need only one, just write
‘line vty 0’.
6. Save the configuration from the RAM to the NVRAM.
Router#copy running-configuration startup-configuration
Or
Router#copy run start
1.3 Interfaces Configuration
Before we dive into the interfaces settings, we need to understand the difference
between an Interface and a Line. In the simplest distinction, interfaces are designed
to carry user and routing data while lines are used for configuration purposes.
1.3.1 Configuring IPv4 Addresses
1. Assign IPv4 addresses to interfaces you plan to use:

Router(config)#interface interface-type interface-
number
Router(config-if)#ip address interface-ip-address

subnetmask
where,
interface-type is the interface type such as ethernet, FastEthernet, or serial.
interface-number is the interface number like 0, 0/0, or 0/1/0.
interface-ip-address is the IPv4 address you want to assign to this interface.
subnetmask is the subnet mask of the network this interface is connected to.
2. By default, all router interfaces are shutdown. To turn on an interface, use the
following command in the interface configuration mode:
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each interface you need.
1.3.2 Configuring IPv6 Addresses
1. Assign IPv4 addresses to interfaces you plan to use:

Router(config)#interface interface-type interface-
number
Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-
length
where,
interface-type is the interface type such as ethernet, FastEthernet, or serial.
interface-number is the interface number like 0, 0/0, or 0/1/0.
Ipv6-address is the IPv6 address you want to assign to this interface.
Prefix-length is the IPv6 prefix length of the network this interface is connected
to.
You can use the following parameters for special settings:
a. Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-
length eui-64
The EUI-64 parameter is used to tell the router to complete the rest of the
IPv6 address using the EUI-64 rules. In this case, you need to give only the
prefix instead of the ipv6-address.
b. Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-
length link-local
1.3 Interfaces Configuration 5
If you use the link-local parameter, the router will take the IPv6 address
given in the command instead of the automatically generated link-local IPv6
address.
c. Router(config-if)#ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-
length anycast
Anycast parameter can be used to configure IPv6 anycast addresses.
2. Enable IPv6 on the interface:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable
3. By default, all router interfaces are shutdown. To turn on an interface, use the
following command in the interface configuration mode:
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
4. Repeat steps 1, 2, and 3 for each interface you need.
1.3.3 Other Interface Settings
1. It is a very good practice to add interface descriptions. These descriptions are

similar to remarks put into code of a program. It does not affect the operation of
the interface in any way, but it gives information to the administrator viewing
the configuration. This command should be written inside the interface con-
figuration mode.
Router(config-if)#description Write Your Own Description
This description can be used in many useful ways such as writing the network
name to which this interface is connected to, or writing the name of the other
end of this link.
2. Configure bandwidth value on interfaces connected to other networks. The
bandwidth value set in the following command does not affect the actual
bandwidth of the link. It only changes the value of bandwidth used in best route
calculation in dynamic routing protocols.
Router(config-if)#bandwidth interface-bandwidth
where interface-bandwidth is a number representing the bandwidth of the link in
kilobits per second.
It is highly advised that you set up the bandwidth of serial interfaces and even
Ethernet interfaces when they are connected to other networks. If the interface is
connected to a host or a group of hosts, this configuration is not necessary.
3. Setting the connection speed and duplex type in Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and
Gigabit Ethernet links is useful in some cases. By default, all interfaces
auto-negotiate the speed and duplex settings. Sometimes, this negotiation does
not accomplish the desired settings.
Router(config-if)#duplex duplex-mode
Router(config-if)#speed port-speed
where,
duplex-mode is the duplex mode of operation which can be auto, half, or
full.
port-speed is the speed of data transmission on port in megabits per second
which can be 10, 100, 1000, or auto.
1.4 Additional Basic Configuration
There are few other configurations that are useful but not necessary for the network
to operate:
1. Setting a banner to be shown whenever someone tries to logon to the router
configuration:
Router(config)#banner motd #Your Message Here#
2. Encrypt the passwords such that they become non-comprehendible to anyone
viewing them in the running-configuration.
Secret password is already encrypted. All other passwords (vty, console, and
auxiliary) are not. The command to encrypt them is as follows:
Router(config)#service password-encryption
There are two recommended methods to use this command. Because it is a
service, it is not advised to keep it running all the time because it would
consume processing power and memory. Thus, it can be used and turned off and
the passwords will remain encrypted. One way to do this is to turn this com-
mand before setting up any passwords and turning it off after finishing the
password set up commands using the following command:
Router(config)#no service password-encryption
The second way to do it is after finishing the set up of all passwords, turn on
password encryption, issue a ‘show running-config’ at the privilege mode,
and then turn the password encryption off.
1.4 Additional Basic Configuration 7
The encryption used here is very weak. The only purpose of it is to prevent
people looking at the configuration from knowing the password.
1.5 Training Scenarios
Scenario 1.1
Connect the network shown in the diagram above using a console connection to
link PC A and Router 1 and a straight LAN cable to link the switch (port 1/1) to the
router (interface FE0/0). Use the configuration parameters shown in the table below
to do basic configuration on the router.
Device Parameter Value

Router 1 Hostname Router1
Console Password CiscoConsole
Secret Password Cisco
VTY Password CiscoVTY
Interface FE0/0 IP Address 10.0.0.1/255.255.255.0
Scenario 1.2
Connect the network shown in the figure above. Router 2 and Computer B are
already configured with the following settings:

Computer B Ethernet Interface 10.0.0.2/255.255.255.0
Make the console connection to Router 1 and do the following configuration

steps:
1. Set up the FE0/0 interface with IP address 172.16.0.1 and subnet mask
255.255.255.0.
2. Set up the VTY Password to be MyCiscoVtY.
Now, move over to Computer B and set up a Telnet session to Router 1 using the
IP address 172.16.0.1. In this Telnet session, do the following settings on Router 1:
1.5 Training Scenarios 9

Scenario 1.3
Connect the network shown in the diagram above using a console connection to
link PC A and Router 1 and a straight LAN cable to link the switch (port 1/1) to the
router (interface FE0/0). Use the configuration parameters shown in the table below
to do basic configuration on the router. Do not forget to enable IPv6 on the
interface.

Interface FE0/0 IPv6 Address 3001::3:0:1/64
Chapter 2
Domestic Router Functions Configuration
Keywords Cisco Router DHCP DHCP server NAT PAT Inter-VLAN

routing
2.1 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Client
When would you need this: When your ISP gives you a dynamic IP address upon
each connection or you need to configure the router to obtain its interface IP address
automatically.
Special Requirements: None.

This is done using a single command:
Router(config-if)#ip address dhcp
Some service providers might ask you to use a client-id and/or a hostname of
their own choice. This can be done by adding the following parameters to the
command above:
Router(config-if)#ip address dhcp client-id interface-
name hostname hostname
where
interface-name is the interface name that will be used for the client-id and
hostname is the hostname that will be used for the DHCP binding.
This hostname can be different from the one that was set for the router in the
global configuration. You can use both of these parameters, one of them, or none
of them.
If you need, use the ‘ip nat outside’ command at the interface and set up
the rest of the NAT configuration as mentioned in the NAT and PAT configu-
ration procedures in Sect. 2.4.
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 11

M.M. Alani, Guide to Cisco Routers Configuration,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54630-8_2
12 2 Domestic Router Functions Configuration
When would you need this: When using the router as a DHCP server to provide IP
addresses and related information to DHCP clients.
Special Requirements: DHCP server software is supported for these series:

800, 1000, 1400, 1600, 1700 series (support for the Cisco 1700 series was added in
Cisco IOS Release 12.0[2]T), 2500, 2600, 3600, 3800, MC3810, 4000, AS5100,
AS5200, AS5300, 7000, 7100, 7200, MGX 8800 with an installed Route Processor
Module, 12000, uBR900, uBR7200, Catalyst 5000 family switches with an
installed Route Switch Module, Catalyst 6000 family switches with an installed
MultiLayer Switch Feature Card, and Catalyst 8500.
The configuration steps are as follows:
1. Define the DHCP address pool:
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool dhcp-pool-name
Router(dhcp-config)#network network-address subnetmask
where
dhcp-pool-name is the DHCP pool name,
network-address is the network address to be used by the DHCP pool, and
subnetmask is the subnet mask for the network.
You can replace the subnet mask by (/prefix) to provide the subnet mask.
2. Configure the parameters to be sent to the client:
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server dns-server-address
To provide the DNS server IP address:
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router default-gateway-
address
To provide the IP address of the default-gateway, which is usually the IP address
of the router interface connected to the network.
Router(dhcp-config)#domain-name domain
To provide the name of the domain of the network (if in a domain environment):
Router(dhcp-config)#netbios-name-server netbios-server-
address
To provide the IP address of the NetBIOS name server:
Router(dhcp-config)#lease days hours minutes
To define the lease time of the addresses given to the client. You can make it
infinite, which is not advised, by using this command instead
Router(dhcp-config)#lease infinite
There is a large group of settings that you can configure to be sent to the clients,
and I have only mentioned the most frequently used.
3. Configure the IP addresses to be excluded from the pool. This is usually done to
avoid the conflicts caused by the DHCP with servers and printers. Remember to
give all servers and network printers static IP addresses in the same range of the
DHCP pool. Afterward, exclude these addresses from the pool to avoid
conflicts.
2.2 How to Configure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server 13
Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address excluded-ip-

address
Use the command in the previous form to exclude a single address. You can
repeat it as many times as you see fit for the IP addresses you want to exclude.
You can also use the same command to exclude a range of IP addresses all in a
single command:
Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address start-ip-address
end-ip-address
where
start-ip-address is the first address in the range to be excluded from the pool and
end-ip-address is the last excluded address in the range.
4. Enable the DHCP service in the router:
Router(config)#service dhcp
To disable it, use
Router(config)#no service dhcp
Usually, the DHCP service is enabled by default on your router.
5. Use the following commands to check the DHCP operation on the router:
Router#show ip dhcp binding
This command shows the current bindings of addresses given to clients.
Router#show ip dhcp server statistics
This command shows the DHCP server statistics.
Router#debug ip dhcp server
This debug command is used to troubleshoot DHCP issues.
Implementation notes:
1. You can create a DHCP database agent that stores the DHCP binding
database. A DHCP database agent is any host; for example, an FTP, TFTP,
or RCP server that stores the DHCP bindings’ database. You can configure
multiple DHCP database agents, and you can configure the interval between
database updates and transfers for each agent. To configure a database agent
and database agent parameters, use the following command in global con-
figuration mode:
Router(config)#ip dhcp database URL [timeout seconds |
write-delay seconds]
An example URL is this
ftp://user:password@192.168.0.3/router-dhcp
If you choose not to configure a DHCP database agent, disable the recording
of DHCP address conflicts on the DHCP server. To disable DHCP address
conflict logging, use the following command in global configuration mode:
Router(config)#no ip dhcp conflict logging
2. DHCP service uses port 67 and 68. So, if you are using a firewall, remember
to open these ports.
3. To clear DHCP server variables, use the following commands as needed:

Router#clear ip dhcp server statistics
Router#clear ip dhcp binding *
If you want to clear a certain binding not all of them, replace the * in the
previous command with the IP address to be cleared.

for IPv6
When would you need this: When using the router as a DHCP server to provide
IPv6 in stateless and stateful configuration of DHCPv6.
Special Requirements: DHCPv6 support in IOS.
1. Create the DHCP pool:
Router(config)#ipv6 dhcp pool pool-name
2. Configure the parameters you want to pass to the clients:
Router(config-dhcp)#dns-server server-ipv6-address
Router(config-dhcp)#domain-name domain
3. If you are working on a stateless address auto-configuration scenario, skip the
next two steps and jump to 6.
4. Configure the IPv6 address prefix:
Router(config-dhcp)#address prefix ipv6-address-prefix
where the ipv6-address-prefix is the 64-bit hexadecimal network address prefix.
5. An optional step is to set up a link address prefix:
Router(config-dhcp)#link-address ipv6-link-prefix
6. Enable DHCPv6 on the interface you want to be part of the DHCP process and
assign a specific pool to the interface:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 dhcp server pool-name
7. Check the address leases (in stateful addressing only):
Router#show ipv6 dhcp lease
2.4 How to Configure DHCP Relay in Cisco Router
2.4.1 IPv4
If you have a DHCP server other than the router and you would like the router to
pass the DHCP requests to this DHCP server laying outside the LAN, go to the
LAN interface that does not have the DHCP server and type the following
command:
2.4 How to Configure DHCP Relay in Cisco Router 15
Router(config-if)#ip helper-address dhcp-server-address

where dhcp-server-address is the IP address of the DHCP server located outside
this LAN.
2.4.2 IPv6
If you have a DHCPv6 server other than the router and you would like the router to
pass the DHCPv6 requests to this DHCPv6 server laying outside the LAN, go to the
LAN interface that does not have the DHCPv6 server and type the following
command:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 dhcp relay destination dhcp-server-
ipv6-address
where dhcp-server-ipv6-address is the IPv6 address of the DHCP server located
outside this LAN.
2.5 How to Configure NAT and PAT on a Cisco Router
When would you need this: When you want to connect a local network to the
Internet and the available global IP addresses are less than the local IP addresses.
This can also be used as an additional security feature.

There are two types of NAT that can be configured on a Cisco router: static and
dynamic.
2.5.1 Static NAT Configuration
This type is used when you want to do one-to-one assignment of global (namely
public) IP addresses to local IP addresses.
1. Establish static translation between an inside local address and an inside global
address:
Router(config)#ip nat inside source static local-ip-ad-
dress global-ip-address
where
local-ip-address is the (inside) local address and
global-ip-address is the (inside) global address.
2. Specify the local interface (the interface connected to the internal network). This
is done by going to the interface configuration mode and issuing:
Router(config-if)#ip nat inside
3. Specify the global interface (the interface connected to the external network).
This is done by going to the interface configuration mode and issuing:
Router(config-if)#ip nat outside
2.5.2 Dynamic NAT Configuration
This type is used when you want the router to do the mapping dynamically. This
method is useful when you have too many global and local addresses and you do
not want to do the mapping manually, or when the number of global addresses
available is less than the local addresses.
This would lead us to two different scenarios:
A. The number of global IP addresses is more than one and it is equal or less than
the local addresses.
1. Define a pool of global addresses that would be employed in the translation:
Router(config)#ip nat pool pool-name first-public-ad-
dress last-public-address netmask public-subnetmask
where
pool-name is the name of the pool,
first-public-address is the starting IP address of the pool,
last-public-address is the end IP address of the pool, and
public-subnetmask is the subnet mask of the network that the pool is part of
(i.e., the global network).
2. Define the range of local addresses permitted to participate in the translation
using an access-list:
Router(config)#access-list access-list-number permit
local-network-address wildcard-mask
where
access-list-number is the number of the access-list, which is usually a
standard accesslist; thus, the number can be any number from 1 to 99;
local-network-address is the network address of the local network or the
starting IP address of the range; and
wildcard-mask is the wildcard mask used to define the range.
You can issue more than one access-list sentence in the same access-list to
define the specific IP address range(s). If you are not familiar with wildcard
masks, refer to the note in section.
3. Associate the pool and the local range in a dynamic NAT translation
command:
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list access-list-
number pool nat-pool-name [overload]
where
access-list-number is the number of the access-list,
nat-pool-name is the name of the global pool, and
2.5 How to Configure NAT and PAT on a Cisco Router 17
overload : This parameter must be used when you have global IP addresses
less than local IP addresses (this type of NAT is also known as Port Address
Translation, PAT).
4. Specify the local interface. This is done by going to the interface configu-
ration mode and issuing:
5. Specify the global interface. This is done by going to the interface con-
figuration mode and issuing:
B. The other scenario is when there is only one global IP address and a group of
local IP addresses.
In this case, the only global IP address is assigned to the interface connected to
the global network.
1. Define the range of local addresses permitted to participate in the translation
using an access-list:
Router(config)#access-list access-list-number permit
local-network-address wildcard-mask
where
access-list-number is the number of the access-list, which is usually a
standard accesslist; thus, the number can be any number from 1 to 99,
local-network-address is the network address of the local network or the
starting IP address of the range, and
wildcard-mask is the wildcard mask used to define the range.
You can issue more than one access-list sentence in the same access-list to
define the specific IP address range(s). If you are not familiar with wildcard
masks, refer to the note in Section.
2. Associate the pool and the local range in a dynamic NAT translation
command:
Router(config)#ip nat inside source list access-list-
number interface interface-type interface-number
overload
where
access-list-number is the number of the access-list,
interface-type is the type of the interface that has the global IP address (e.g.,
serial or Ethernet), and
interface-number is the number of the interfaces.
An example of the interface type and number is serial 0 or Ethernet 0/0.
3. Specify the local interface. This is done by going to the interface configu-
ration mode and issuing:
4. Specify the global interface. This is done by going to the interface con-
figuration mode and issuing:
2.5.3 Troubleshooting Commands
1. To show the current translations performed by NAT

Router#show ip nat translation
Note that these translations have a certain lifetime. They do not remain in the list
forever. If you need to test your NAT configuration, ping to an outside host from
an inside host and look for the translations immediately.
2. To show the static translations of NAT:
Router#show ip nat static
3. To watch the instantaneous interactions of NAT:
Router#debug ip nat
2.5.4 Disabling NAT
To disable NAT, you need to do the following steps:

1. Disable NAT on the local and global interfaces:
Router(config-if)#no ip nat inside
on the local, and
Router(config-if)#no ip nat outside
on the global interface.
2. Clear the contents of the translation table:
Router#clear ip nat translations
3. Remove the NAT assignment command by preceding it with a ‘no’. For
example,
Router(config)#no ip nat inside source list access-list-
number interface interface-type interface-number
overload
4. Remove the access-list, if any, by putting ‘no’ ahead of the command:
Router(config)#no access-list access-list-number
2.5.5 NAT-PT Configuration for IPv6
When would you need this: When you have IPv6-only devices that need to
communicate with IPv4-only devices.
NAT-PT, where PT stands for Protocol Translation, is a tunneling protocol that
is used to translate IPv6 into IPv4 and vice versa.
NAT-PT can operate in one of the three modes: static, dynamic, and Port
Address Translation.
2.5 How to Configure NAT and PAT on a Cisco Router 19
Before configuring NAT-PT, you need to enable IPv6 routing on the translation
router using this command:
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
1. In static configuration, an IPv6 address is statically mapped into an IPv4 address
using the following command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 source ipv6-address ipv4-
address
where
ipv6-address is the IPv6 address assigned to the IPv6-only host and
ipv4-address is the IPv4 address assigned to the IPv4-only host.
The previous command needs to be configured once for every address.
In a similar fashion, we need to identify the reversed mapping from IPv4 to IPv6
using the following command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 source ipv4-address ipv6-
address
where
ipv6-address is the IPv6 address assigned to the IPv6-only host and
ipv4-address is the IPv4 address assigned to the IPv4-only host.
The next step is to enable IPv6 NAT on the IPv4 interface:
Router(config-if)#ipv6 nat
On the IPv6 interface, you need to assign an IPv6 address and enable IPv6 just
as explained in Sect. 1.3.2.
2. In dynamic configuration, you will need to configure translation in both ways:
IPv6-to-IPv4 and IPv4-to-IPv6. For the first option, IPv6-to-IPv4, you will need
to identify the IPv6 addresses using an access-list and map it to an IPv4 address
pool to be used in the translation.
First, we identify the pool of IPv4 addresses using the command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 pool pool-name start-address
end-address prefix-length prefix-length
where
pool-name is the name of the NAT pool,
start-address and end-address are the first and last addresses in the pool, and
prefix-length is the prefix length of the IPv4 network.
Next, we create a named access-list to identify the range of IPv6 addresses that
are allowed to participate in the translation. This is done using the following
commands:
Router(config)#ipv6 access-list acl-name
Router(config-ipv6-acl)#permit ip ipv6-source-prefix/
prefix-length any
where
acl-name is the name of the access-list,

ipv6-source-prefix is the IPv6 prefix address of the hosts that are allowed to use
this NAT translation, and
prefix-length is the IPv6 network prefix length.
Repeat the last command as many times as you need to include all the addresses
you want to participate in the translation.
The last step is to configure the mapping using the following command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 source list acl-name pool
pool-name
where
acl-name is the name of the access-list identified in the previous step and
pool-name is the name of the NAT pool we identified earlier.
In the second part, we will need to identify the IPv4-to-IPv6 mapping using
similar commands to the ones used before but exchanging IPv4 and IPv6
addresses.
First, we identify the pool of IPv6 addresses using the command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 pool pool-name start-address
end-address prefix-length prefix-length
where
pool-name is the name of the NAT pool,
start-address and end-address are the first and last addresses in the pool, and
prefix-length is the prefix length of the IPv6 network.
Next, we create a numbered (or named) access-list to identify the range of IPv4
addresses that are allowed to participate in the translation. This is done using the
following commands:
Router(config)#access-list acl-number permit ip ipv4-
network-address wildcard-mask
where
acl-number is the number of the access-list. The number should be within the
range 1-99 because it is a standard ACL;
ipv4-network-address is the IPv4 network that includes the hosts that are
allowed to use this NAT translation; and
wildcard-mask is the wildcard mask that identifies the range.
Repeat the last command as many times as you need to include all the addresses
you want to participate in the translation using the same access-list number.
The last step is to configure the mapping using the following command:
Router(config)#ipv6 nat v6v4 source list acl-number pool
pool-name
where
acl-name is the name of the access-list identified in the previous step and
pool-name is the name of the NAT pool we identified earlier.
3. Port Address Translation is configured in an identical manner to the previous
case of dynamic mapping with the exception of one small difference. In the
mapping command, add the word overload at the end after the pool name.
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The most elaborate observations on this subject are those made by
Lungwitz on the different aliments kept in closed vessels at the body
temperature, and on similar agents fed for days as an exclusive
aliment to oxen provided with a fistula of the rumen for purposes of
collection. He found carbon dioxide to be the predominating gas in
all cases, but that it was especially so in extreme tympanies and
varied much with the nature of the food. The following table gives
results:
Percentage of CO2.
Buckwheat (Polygonum fagopyrum) 80
Alfalfa (Mendicago Sativa) 70–80
Clover (Trifolium pratense) 70–80
Meadow grass 70–80
Indian corn (Zea Maïs) 70–80
Spurry (Spergula arvensis) 70–80
Hay of alfalfa or clover 70–80
Oats with cut straw 70–80
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteus) 60–70
Vetch (Vicia sativa) 60–70
Oats cut green 60–70
Potato tops 60–70
Potatoes 60–70
Meadow hay 60–70
Leaves of beet 50–60
Leaves of radish 50–60
Cabbage 40–50
The marsh gas varied from 16 to 39 per cent., being especially
abundant in cases of abstinence. It should, therefore, be in large
amount in the tympanies which accompany febrile and other chronic
affections. Hydrogen sulphide was found only in traces, recognizable
by blackening paper saturated with acetate of lead. Oxygen and
nitrogen were in small amount and were attributed to air swallowed
with the food. In the work of fermentation the oxygen may be
entirely used up.
Lesions. These are in the main the result of compression of the
different organs, by the overdistended rumen. Rupture of the rumen
is frequent. The abdominal organs are generally bloodless, the liver
and spleen shrunken and pale, though sometimes the seat of
congestion or even hemorrhage. Ecchymoses are common on the
peritoneum. The right heart and lungs are gorged with black blood,
clotted loosely, and reddening on exposure. The right auricle has
been found ruptured. Pleura, pericardium and endocardium are
ecchymotic. The capillary system of the skin, and of the brain and its
membranes, is engorged, with, in some instances, serous
extravasations.
Prevention. This would demand the avoidance or correction of all
those conditions which contribute to tympany. In fevers and
extensive inflammations, when rumination is suspended, the diet
should be restricted in quantity and of materials that are easily
digested (well boiled gruels, bran mashes, pulped roots, etc.,) and all
bulky, fibrous and fermentescible articles must be proscribed. In
weak conditions in which tympany supervenes on every meal, a
careful diet may be supplemented by a course of tonics, carminatives
and antiseptics such as fœungrec oxide of iron, hyposulphite of soda
and common salt, equal parts, nux vomica 2 drs. to every 1 ℔. of the
mixture. Dose 1 oz. daily in the food, or ½ oz. may be given with each
meal.
Musty grain and fodder should be carefully avoided, also
mowburnt hay, an excess of green food to which the stock is
unaccustomed, clover after a moderate shower, or covered with dew
or hoarfrost, frosted beet, turnip, or potato tops, frosted potatoes,
turnips or apples, also ryegrass, millet, corn, vetches, peas with the
seeds fairly matured but not yet fully hardened. When these
conditions cannot be altogether avoided, the objectionable ration
should be allowed only in small amount at one time and in the case
of pasturage the stock should have a fair allowance of grain or other
dry feed just before they are turned out. Another precaution is to
keep the stock constantly in motion so that they can only take in
slowly and in small quantity the wet or otherwise dangerous aliment.
When it becomes necessary to make an extreme transition from
one ration to another, and especially from dry to green food,
measures should be taken to make the change slowly, by giving the
new food in small quantities at intervals, while the major portion of
the diet remains as before, until the fæces indicate that the
superadded aliment has passed through the alimentary canal.
Another method is to mix the dry and green aliments with a daily
increasing allowance of the latter. Some have avoided the morning
dew and danger of fermentation by cutting the ration for each
succeeding day the previous afternoon and keeping it in the interval
under cover.
Treatment. Various simple mechanical resorts are often effective
in dispelling the tympany. Walking the animal around will
sometimes lead to relaxation of the tension of the walls of the
demicanal and even to some restoration of the movements of the
rumen with more or less free eructation of gas. The dashing of a
bucket of cold water on the left side of the abdomen sometimes
produces a similar result. Active rubbing or even kneading of the left
flank will sometimes lead to free belching of gas. The same may be at
times secured by winding a rope several times spirally round the
belly and then twisting it tighter by the aid of a stick in one of its
median turns.
A very simple and efficient resort is to place in the mouth a block
of wood 2½ to 3 inches in diameter and secured by a rope carried
from each end and tied behind the horns or ears. This expedient
which is so effective in preventing or relieving dangerous tympany in
choking appears to act by inducing movements of mastication, and
sympathetic motions of the œsophagus, demicanal and rumen. It not
only determines free discharge of gas by the mouth, but it absolutely
prevents any accession of saliva or air to the stomach by rendering
deglutition difficult or impossible. A similar effect can be obtained
from forcible dragging on the tongue but it is difficult to keep this up
so as to have the requisite lasting effect. Still another resort is to
rouse eructation by the motions of a rope introduced into the fauces.
The passing of a hollow probang into the rumen is very effective as
it not only secures a channel for the immediate escape of the gas, but
it also stimulates the demicanal and rumen to a continuous
eructation and consequent relief. Friedberger and Fröhner advise
driving the animals into a bath of cold water.
Of medicinal agents applicable to gastric tympany the best are
stimulants, antiseptics and chemical antidotes. Among stimulants
the alkaline preparations of ammonia hold a very high place. These,
however, act not as stimulants alone, but also as antacids and
indirectly as antidotes since the alkaline reaction checks the acid
fermentation which determines the evolution of the gas. They also
unite with and condense the carbon dioxide. Three ounces of the
aromatic spirits of ammonia, one ounce of the crystalline
sesquicarbonate, or half an ounce of the strong aqua ammonia may
be given to an ox, in not less than a quart of cold water. Next to this
is the oil of turpentine 2 oz., to be given in oil, milk, or yolk of egg.
But this too is an antiferment. The same remark applies to oil of
peppermint (½ oz.), the carminative seeds and their oils, and the
stronger alcoholic drinks (1 quart). Sulphuric or nitrous ether (2 oz.)
may be given in place. Pepper and ginger are more purely stimulant
and less antiseptic. Other alkalies—carbonate of potash or soda, or
lime water may be given freely.
Among agents that act more exclusively as antiseptics may be
named: muriatic acid 1 to 1½ drs. largely diluted in water; carbolic
acid, creosote or creolin, 4 drs. largely diluted; sulphite, hyposulphite
or bisulphite of soda 1 oz.; kerosene oil ½ pint; chloride of lime 4
drs.; chlorine water 1 pint; wood tar 2 oz. The latter agent is a
common domestic remedy in some places being given wrapped in a
cabbage leaf, and causing the flank to flatten down in a very few
minutes as if by magic. The extraordinarily rapid action of various
antiseptics is the most conclusive answer to the claim that the
disorder is a pure paresis of the walls of the rumen. The affection is
far more commonly and fundamentally an active fermentation, and
is best checked by a powerful antiferment. Even chloride of sodium
(½ lb.) and above all hypochlorite of soda or lime (½ oz.) may be
given with advantage in many cases.
Among agents which condense the gasses may be named
ammonia, calcined magnesia, and milk of lime for carbon dioxide,
and chlorine water for hydrogen.
Among agents used to rouse the torpid rumen and alimentary
canal are eserine (ox 3 grs., sheep ½ gr. subcutem), pilocarpin (ox 2
grs., sheep ⅕ gr.), barium chloride (ox 15 grs., sheep 3 to 4 grs.),
tincture of colchicum (ox 3 to 4 drs.). Trasbot mentions lard or butter
(ox 4 oz., sheep ½ oz.), as in common use in France.
In the most urgent cases, however, relief must be obtained by
puncture of the rumen, as a moment’s delay may mean death. The
seat for such puncture is on the left side, at a point equidistant from
the outer angle of the ilium, the last rib and the transverse processes
of the lumbar vertebræ. Any part of the left flank might be adopted to
enter the rumen, but, if too low down, the instrument might plunge
into solid ingesta, which would hinder the exit of gas, and would
endanger the escape of irritant liquids into the peritoneal cavity. In
an extra high puncture there is less danger, though a traumatism of
the spleen is possible under certain conditions. The best instrument
for the purpose is a trochar and cannula of six inches long and ⅓ to
½ inch in diameter. (For sheep ¼ inch is ample.) This instrument,
held like a dagger, may be plunged at one blow through the walls of
the abdomen and rumen until stopped by the shield on the cannula.
The trochar is now withdrawn and the gas escapes with a prolonged
hiss. If the urgency of the case will permit, the skin may be first
incised with a lancet or pen knife, and the point of the instrument
having been placed on the abdominal muscles, it is driven home by a
blow of the opposite palm. In the absence of the trochar the puncture
may be successfully made with a pocket knife or a pair of scissors,
which should be kept in the wound to maintain the orifice in the
rumen in apposition with that in the abdominal wall, until a metal
tube or quill can be introduced and held in the orifices.
When the gas has escaped by this channel its further formation can
be checked by pouring one of the antiferments through the cannula
into the rumen.
When the formation of an excess of gas has ceased, and the
resumption of easy eructation bespeaks the absence of further
danger, the cannula may be withdrawn and the wound covered with
tar or collodion.
When the persistent formation of gas indicates the need of
expulsion of offensive fermentescible matters, a full dose of salts may
be administered. If the presence of firmly impacted masses can be
detected, they may sometimes be broken up by a stout steel rod
passed through the cannula. If the solid masses prove to be hair or
woolen balls, rumenotomy is the only feasible means of getting rid of
them.
In chronic tympany caused by structural diseases of the
œsophagus, mediastinal glands, stomach or intestines, permanent
relief can only be obtained by measures which will remove these
respective causes.
CHRONIC TYMPANY OF THE RUMEN.
Causes: catarrh of rumen, impaction of manifolds, debility, paresis, peritoneal

adhesions, neoplasms, concretions, sudden change in diet, gastric congestion,
lesions of gullet, or of mediastinal glands. Symptoms are usually after feeding only,
inappetence, rumbling, costiveness, rumen indentable. Treatment: obviate causes,
give salines, acids, bitters, and water, laxative food, carminatives, antiseptics,
electricity, emetic tartar, eserine, pilocarpin, barium chloride, apomorphin.
Causes. The persistence of causes of acute tympany may lead to

the appearance of the condition after each meal, or even in the
intervals between meals. Among the more specific causes may be
named catarrhal inflammation of the rumen, impaction of the third
stomach, paresis of the rumen, general debility, peritoneal adhesions
affecting the viscus, tuberculosis, actinomycosis or other morbid
productions in its walls, hernia of the reticulum into the chest, hard
stercoral, hair or wool balls, or masses or foreign bodies in the
rumen, and the ingestion of a very fermentescible quality of food.
When the rumen is affected by catarrh or paresis or debility, even
ordinary food will lead to tympany, but much more so any food to
which the animal has been unaccustomed (green for dry, or dry for
green, grain for grass or hay, or beans or peas for grain). Also food in
process of fermentation, or the seat of fungoid growth.
Again, so intimately related are the different stomachs that
derangement of one instantly impairs the functions of the other, and
thus a slowly progressive impaction of the third stomach leads to
torpor of the first, and the aggregation of more or less of its contents
into solid, fermenting masses. In the same way congestion of either
the third or fourth stomach impairs the functions of the rumen and
induces tympany.
Morbid conditions affecting the functions of the œsophagus and
interfering with rumination and eructation of gas are familiar causes.
For example, strictures and saccular dilations of the tube, and
enlargements—tubercular, sarcomatous, actinomycotic,—of the
mediastinal glands.
The symptoms do not differ from those of acute tympany
excepting that they are less severe; and are continuous or remittent,
suffering a material aggravation after feeding. Rumination may be
suppressed or tardy, the bowels also are torpid, the fæces glazed, and
the ordinary intestinal rumbling little marked. When the tympany
has temporarily subsided, the knuckles, pressed into the left side, can
often be made to strike against the hard, solid impacted mass of
ingesta. Symptoms of impacted manifolds may also be patent and
the patient steadily loses condition.
Treatment must be directed toward the removal of the special
cause of the trouble, and if this cannot be secured, as in tuberculosis,
the case is hopeless. In cases of solid masses in the rumen the free
use of common salt with a drachm of hydrochloric acid, and one
grain strychnine with each meal, and a free access to water may
succeed. The food had best be restricted to gruels and sloppy mashes.
The daily use of electricity through the region of the paunch is an
important accessory. The common salt may be increased as required,
so as to keep up a very relaxed condition of the bowels.
In obstinate cases of this kind puncture may be resorted to and an
attempt made to break down the impacted masses with a steel rod
introduced through the cannula. Should this also fail the solid
masses or foreign bodies may be extracted by rumenotomy.
In simple catarrh of the rumen the continued use of strychnine
with gentian, and sulphate of iron, may prove successful under a
carefully regulated diet. Oil of turpentine, balsam of copaiba, or
balsam of tolu may also prove useful, or in other cases extract of
hamamelis, or of wild cherry bark. While strychnine and electricity
are to be preferred to rouse the muscular activity of the viscus, such
agents as tartar emetic, emetine, apomorphin, eserine, pilocarpin
and barium chloride are recommended and may be resorted to in
case of necessity.
OVERLOADED (IMPACTED) RUMEN.
Definition. Causes, excess of rich unwonted food, gastric torpor, paresis,

starvation, debility, partially ripened, poisonous seeds, paralyzing fungi or
bacteria, lead, cyanides, congestion of rumen, chlorophyll, acrids, dry, fibrous
innutritious food, lack of water, enforced rest on dry food, over-exertion, salivary
fistula or calculus, diseased teeth or jaws, senility. Symptoms, suspended
rumination, inappetence, anxious expression, arched back, bulging pendent left
flank, impressible, no friction sounds, excessive crepitation, hurried breathing,
colics, grunting when moved, diarrhœa, stupor, cyanosis. Signs of improvement.
Phrenic rupture. Diagnosis from tympany, pneumonia, or gastro-intestinal catarrh.
Treatment, hygienic, antiseptic, stimulants, puncturing, purgation, rumenotomy.
Definition. The overdistension of the rumen with solid food is

characterized by two things, the excess of ingesta which produces the
torpor or paresis which is common to all over-filled hollow viscera,
and the comparative absence of fermentation and evolution of gas. If
the ingesta is of a more fermentescible nature the rapid evolution of
gas occurs before this degree of repletion with solid matters can be
reached, and the case becomes one of tympany, but if the contents
are comparatively lacking in fermentability they may be devoured in
such quantity as to cause solid impaction.
Causes. Overloading of the rumen is especially common as the
result of a sudden access to rich or tempting food to which the
animal has been unaccustomed. Accidental admittance to the
cornbin, breaking into a field of rich grass, clover, alfalfa, corn,
sorghum, vetches, tares, beans, peas, or grain, or into a barrel of
potatoes or apples will illustrate the common run of causes. A pre-
existing or accompanying torpor or paresis of the stomach is a most
efficient concurrent cause, hence the affection is especially common
in animals debilitated by disease or starvation, but which have
become convalescent or have been suddenly exposed to the
temptation of rich food. For the same reason it is most likely to occur
with food which contains a paralyzing element, as in the case of the
following when they have gone to seed but are not yet fully ripened:
Rye grass, intoxicating rye grass, millet, Hungarian grass, vetches,
tares and other leguminosæ, and to a less extent, wheat, barley, oats
and Indian corn. The same may come from the paralyzing products
of fungi or bacteria in musty fodder or of such chemical poisons as
lead, and the cyanides.
A catarrhal affection of the rumen, and the congestion produced by
irritant plants, green food with an excess of chlorophyll, and the
whole list of irritants and narcotico-acrids, will weaken the first
stomach and predispose to overdistension.
Anything which lessens the normal vermicular movements of the
rumen and hinders regurgitation and rumination tends to impaction,
and hence an aliment which is to a large extent fibrous, innutritious,
and unfermentable, such as hay from grass that has run to seed and
been threshed, the stems of grasses that have matured and withered
in the pastures, fodder that has been thoroughly washed out by heavy
rains, sedges, reedgrass, rushes, chaff, finely cut straw, and in the
case of European sheep, the fibrous tops of heather contribute to this
affection. Lack of water is one of the most potent factors, as an
abundance of water to float the ingesta is an essential condition of
rumination. Hence pasturage on dry hillsides, prairies or plains,
apart from streams, wells or ponds is especially dangerous unless
water is supplied artificially, and the winter season in our Northern
states, when the sources of drinking water are frozen over, and when
the chill of the liquid forbids its free consumption, is often hurtful.
Gerard attributes the affection to constant stabulation. This,
however, has a beneficial as well as a deleterious side. It undermines
the health and vigor, and through lack of tone favors gastric torpor
and impaction, but it also secures ample leisure for rumination,
which is so essential to the integrity of the rumen and favors the
onward passage of its contents. With dry feeding and a restricted
water supply it cannot be too much condemned, but with succulent
food and abundance of water the alleged danger is reduced to the
minimum.
Active work and over exertion of all kinds must be admitted as a
factor. At slow work the ox can still ruminate, but in rapid work or
under heavy draft this is impossible, and the contained liquids may
pass over from rumen to manifolds conducing to impaction of the
former, or fermentations may take place, swelling up the mass of
ingesta and distending the walls of the first stomach. Similarly, cattle
and sheep that are hurried off on a rapid march with full stomachs
are greatly exposed to both tympany and impaction.
In speaking of dry, fibrous food and lack of water as factors, we
must avoid the error of supposing that succulent or aqueous food is a
sure preventive. In a catarrhal condition of the rumen or in a state of
debility, impaction may readily occur from the excessive ingestion of
luscious grass, wheat bran, potatoes, apples, turnips, beets, or
cabbage.
Finally defects in the anterior part of the alimentary tract may tend
to impaction. Salivary fistula or calculus cutting off the normal
supply of liquid necessary for rumination, tends to retention and
engorgement. Diseased teeth and jaws interfering with both the
primary and secondary mastication has the same vicious tendency.
Old cows, oxen and sheep in which the molar teeth are largely worn
out, suffer in the same way, especially when put up to fatten or
otherwise heavily fed. In this case there is the gastric debility of old
age as an additional inimical feature.
Symptoms. These vary with the quantity and kind of ingesta also
to some extent with the previous condition of the rumen, sound or
diseased. They usually set in more slowly than in tympany. On the
whole the disease appears to be more common in the stable than at
pasture. The animal neither feeds nor ruminates, stands back from
the manger, becomes dull, with anxious expression of the face,
arching of the back and occasional moaning especially if made to
move. The abdomen is distended but especially on the left side,
which however hangs more downward and outward and tends less to
rise above the level of the hip bone than in tympany. If it does rise
above the ilium this is due to gas and it is then elastic, resilient and
resonant on percussion at that point. The great mass, and usually the
whole of the paunch is nonresonant when percussed, retains the
imprint of the fingers when pressed, and gives the sensation of a
mass of dough. The hand applied on the region of the paunch fails to
detect the indication of movements which characterize the healthy
organ. The ear applied misses the normal friction sound, but detects
a crepitant sound due to the evolution of bubbles of gas from the
fermenting mass. This is especially loud if the impaction is one of
green food or potatoes, even though the gas remains as bubbles
throughout the entire fermenting mass, instead of separating to form
a gaseous area beneath the lumbar transverse processes.
The respiration is hurried, labored and accompanied with a moan,
the visible mucosæ are congested, the eyes are protruded and glassy
from dilatation of the pupils, the feet are propped outward, and the
head extended on the neck. There may be signs of dull colicy pains,
movements of the tail and shifting of the hind feet, in some cases the
patient may even lie down but never remains long recumbent. There
may be occasional passages of semi-liquid manure, though usually
the bowels are torpid and neither passages nor rumbling sounds on
the right side can be detected. When moved the animal usually
grunts or moans at each step, and especially when going down hill,
owing to the concussion of the stomach on the diaphragm. In cases
due to green food the irritation may extend to the fourth stomach
and intestines and a crapulous diarrhœa may ensue. The
temperature remains normal as a rule. The disease is more
protracted than tympany, yet after several hours of suffering and
continual aggravation the dullness may merge into stupor, the
mucosæ become cyanotic and death ensues from shock, asphyxia, or
apoplexy.
Course. Termination. Many cases recover in connection with a
restoration of the contractions of the rumen, the eructation of gas, in
some rare cases vomiting or spasmodic rejection of quantities of the
ingesta, and the passage of gas by the bowels. This may be associated
with a watery diarrhœa, and loud rumbling of the right side, which
may continue for twenty-four hours or longer. With the subsidence
of the diarrhœa there comes a return of health, or there may remain
slight fever, inappetence, suspended or impaired rumination,
dullness, listlessness, and a mucous film on the fæces. This indicates
some remaining gastro-enteritis.
In some instances there is rupture of the diaphragm with marked
increase in the abdominal pain and the difficulty of breathing. In
others there is a laceration of the inner and middle coats of the
rumen so that the gas diffuses under the peritoneum and may even
be betrayed by an emphysematous extravasation under the skin.
Diagnosis. From tympany this is easily distinguished by the
general dullness on percussion, the persistence of the indentation
caused by pressure, the outward and downward rather than the
upward extension of the swelling, and the slower development of the
affection.
It is far more likely to be confounded with pneumonia, which it
resembles in the hurried, labored breathing, the moans emitted in
expiration, in the dullness on percussion over the posterior part of
the chest, it may be even forward to the shoulders, and in the
cyanotic state of the mucosæ. The distinction is easily made by the
absence of hyperthermia, and of crepitation along the margins of the
nonresonant areas in the lungs, by the fact that the area of chest
dullness covers the whole posterior part of the thorax to a given
oblique line, and by the history of the case and the manifest
symptoms of overloaded stomach, not with gas but with solids. From
gastro-intestinal catarrh it may be distinguished by the more rapid
advance of the symptoms and by the absence of the slight fever
which characterizes the latter.
Treatment. Slight cases may be treated by hygienic measures only.
Walking the animal uphill, injections of cold water, friction on the
left side of the abdomen to rouse the rumen to activity, antiseptics as
in tympany to check further fermentation, and stimulants to
overcome the nervous and muscular torpor, may be employed
separately or conjointly. When it can be availed of, a rubber hose
may be wound round the abdomen and a current of cold water forced
through it.
When further measures are demanded we should evacuate any gas
through the probang or a cannula, as in tympany, and thus relieve
tension and then resort to stimulants and purgatives. Common salt 1
℔. is of value in checking fermentation, and may be added to 1 ℔.
Glauber salts in four or five quarts of warm water. A drachm of
strong aqua ammonia or 2 oz. oil of turpentine and ½ drachm of nux
vomica may be added. Bouley advocated tartar emetic (2 to 3
drachms), and Lafosse ipecacuan (1 oz. of the wine) to rouse the
walls of the rumen, and more recently pilocarpin (ox 3 grs.), eserine
(ox 2 grs.) and barium chloride (ox 15 grs.), have offered themselves
for this purpose. The three last have the advantage of adaptability to
hypodermic use, and prompt action. The repetition of stimulants and
nux vomica may be continued while there appears any prospect of
restoring the normal functions of the paunch, and when all other
measures fail the only hope lies in rumenotomy.
Rumenotomy. The warrant for this operation is found in the
entire lack of movement in the rumen, the absence of eructation, the
cessation of rumbling and motion of the bowels, and the deepening
of the stupor in which the patient is plunged. The longer the delay
and the deeper the stupor and prostration the less the likelihood of a
successful issue from the operation. The animal is made to stand
with its right side against a wall, and its nose held by the fingers or
bulldog forceps. If judged necessary a rope may be passed from a
ring in the wall in front of the shoulder around the animal to another
ring behind the thigh and held tight. Or a strong bar with a fulcrum
in front, may be pressed against the left side of the body, and well
down so as to keep the right side fast against the wall. A line may be
clipped from the point of election for puncture in tympany down for
a distance of six inches. A sharp pointed knife is now plunged
through the walls of the abdomen and rumen in the upper part of
this line, and is slowly withdrawn, cutting downward and outward
until the opening is large enough to admit the hand. The lips of the
wound in the overdistended stomach will now bulge out through to
the wound in the abdominal walls, and three stitches on each side
may be taken through these structures to prevent displacement as
the stomach is emptied and rendered more flaccid. A cloth wrung out
of a mercuric chloride solution may be laid in the lower part of the
wound to guard against any escape of liquid into the peritoneal
cavity. The contents may now be removed with the hand, until the
organ has been left but moderately full. Two or three stable
bucketfuls are usually taken, but it is by no means necessary nor
desirable that the rumen be left empty, as a moderate amount of food
is requisite to ensure its functional activity. As a rule at least fifty
pounds should be left. Before closing the wound and especially in
cases due to dry feeding, it is well in a tolerably large animal to
introduce the hand through the demicanal to ascertain if impactions
exist in the third stomach and to break up these so far as they can be
reached. This done, the edges of the wound in the stomach are to be
carefully cleansed, washed with the mercuric chloride solution and
sewed together with carbolated catgut, care being taken to turn the
mucosa inward and to retain the muscular and peritoneal layers in
close contact with each other. It will usually be convenient to cut first
the two lower stitches through the abdominal walls, and suture from
below upward. When finished the peritoneal surface of the gastric
wound may be again sponged with the mercuric chloride solution,
together with the edges of the wound in the abdominal walls. Finally
the abdominal wound is sutured, the stitches including the skin only
or the muscular tissues as well. The smooth surface of the paunch
acts as an internal pad and support, and with due care as to
cleanliness, antisepsis and accuracy of stitching, it is rare to find any
drawback to continuous and perfect healing. It is well to restrict the
animal for three days to well boiled gruels, and for ten days to soft
mashes in very moderate amount lest the wound in the paunch
should be fatally burst open before a solid union has been effected.
RUMINITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE
RUMEN.
Prevalence in different genera. Causes, as in tympany and impaction, irritants,
specific fevers. Symptoms: impaired rumination, tympanies, impactions, depraved
appetite, fever, nervous disorders. Lesions: hyperæmia, petechiæ, exudates, ulcers,
desquamation, swollen or shrunken papillæ. Treatment: remove cause,
mucilaginous food, or gruels, sodium sulphate, or chloride, bismuth, bitters,
mustard cataplasm, electricity.
This is not a prevalent disease but affects animals at all periods of
life and is a cause of tardy and difficult digestion and rumination. It
usually shows itself as a catarrhal inflammation and by favoring
fermentation in the food, and torpor of the muscular walls of the
organ contributes to tympany and impaction. It is more common in
the ox than in the sheep owing, perhaps, to the more habitual
overloading of the stomach and to the hurried, careless manner of
feeding. In the goat it is rare.
Causes. Among the causes may be named tympany and
overloading, so that all the dietary faults that lead to these may be set
down as causes of inflammation. Irritants taken with the food,
whether in the form of acrid plants (ranunculaceæ, euphorbiaceæ,
etc.), musty fodder, irritant products in spoiled fodder, aliments
which are swallowed while very hot or in a frozen state, and foreign
bodies of an irritating kind are especially liable to induce it.
Congestions of the paunch are not uncommon in specific infectious
diseases like Rinderpest, malignant catarrh, anthrax, and Texas
fever, and specific eruptions sometimes appear in aphthous fever
and sheeppox.
Symptoms. Rumination is slow and irregular, appetite capricious,
tympanies appear after each feed, and there is a marked tendency to
aggregation of the ingesta in solid masses, which resist the
disintegration and floating which is necessary to rumination, and
favor the occurrence of putrid fermentation. There is usually a
tendency to lick earth, lime from the walls, and the manger, and a
depraved appetite shown in a desire to chew and swallow foreign
bodies of many kinds. Vomiting or convulsive rejection of the
contents of the rumen is not unknown (Vives, Pattaes). There is
slight fever with heat of the horns and ears, dry muzzle, and
tenderness to pressure on the left flank. The bowels may be
alternately relaxed and confined, and bad cases may end in a fatal
diarrhœa. In other cases the disease may become acute and develop
nervous symptoms, as in tympany and impaction. When the disease
takes a favorable turn, under a careful ration, recovery may be
complete in eight or ten days.
Lesions. These are violet or brownish patches of hyperæmia on the
mucosa of the rumen, circumscribed ecchymoses, exudates in the
sense of false membranes and even pin’s head ulcerations. On the
affected portions the mucosa is swollen, puffy, dull and covered with
mucus, and epithelium may desquamate. The papillæ are often red,
and thickened or shrunken and shortened. In the specific affections
like aphthous fever and sheeppox the lesions are rounded vesicles
containing liquid. The ingesta is more or less packed in masses.
Treatment. If irritant foreign bodies have been taken rumenotomy
is demanded. If caustic alkalies, acetic or other mild acid. If acids,
lime water or magnesia. Feed well boiled flax seed, or farina gruels,
and wheat bran or middlings in limited quantity. Solids may be at
first withheld, coarse or indigestible food must be. It may be
necessary to rouse the organ by 10 or 12 ozs. of sulphate of soda with
a little common salt and abundance of thin gruels as drink. As a tonic
the animal may take nitrate of bismuth ½ oz., powdered gentian ½
oz., and nux vomica 20 grains, twice a day. The application of a
mustard pulp or of oil of turpentine on the left side of the abdomen
may also be resorted to. A weak current of electricity through the
region of the paunch for twenty minutes daily is often of great
service.
HAIR BALLS IN THE RUMEN AND
RETICULUM. EGAGROPILES.
Balls of hair, wool, clover hairs, bristles, paper, oat-hair, feathers, chitin, mucus,
and phosphates. Causes: Sucking and licking pilous parts, eating hairy or fibrous
products. Composition. Symptoms: Slight, absent, or, gulping eructation,
vomiting, tympany, in young putrid diarrhœa, fœtid exhalations, emaciation.
Diagnosis. Treatment.
Definition. The term egagropile, literally goat-hair, has been given
to the felted balls of wool or hair found in the digestive organs of
animals. The term has been applied very widely, however, to
designate all sorts of concretions of extraneous matters which are
found in the intestinal canal. In cattle the hair licked from their skin
and that of their fellows rolled into a ball by the action of the
stomach and matted firmly together with mucus and at times traces
of phosphates, are the forms commonly met with. In sheep two
forms are seen, one consisting of wool matted as above and one
made up of the fine hairs from the clover leaf similarly matted and
rolled into a ball.
In pigs the felted mass is usually composed of bristles,
(exceptionally of paper or other vegetable fibre), and in horses felted
balls of the fine hairs from the surface of the oat, mingled with more
or less mucus and phosphate of lime make up the concretion. These
are found in the stomach, and intestines. In predatory birds the
feathers and in insectivorous birds chitinous masses are formed in
the gizzard and rejected by vomiting.
Causes. Suckling animals obtain the hair from the surface of the
mammary glands hence an abundance of hair or wool on these parts
favors their production. The vicious habit of calves of sucking the
scrotum and navel of others is another cause. In the young and adult
alike the habit of licking themselves and others especially at the
period of moulting is a common factor.
Composition. Hair, wool, and the fine hairs of clover are the
common predominant constituents, but these are matted together
more or less firmly by mucus and phosphates, the ammonia-
magnesian phosphate uniting with the mucus and other matters in
forming a smooth external crust in the old standing balls of adult
animals. The centre of such balls is made up of the most densely
felted hair. In balls of more recent formation the external crust is
lacking and the mass is manifestly hairy on the surface, and the
density uniform throughout. These have a somewhat aromatic odor,
contain very little moisture, and have a specific gravity
approximating .716 (sheep) to .725 (ox). Ellagic, and lithofellic acids,
derivatives of tannin, are usually present, and are abundant in the
egagropiles of antilopes.
In the balls of recent formation, as seen especially in sucking
calves, the hair is only loosely matted together, and often intermixed
with straw and hay, and is saturated with liquid and heavier than the
old masses. These are usually the seat of active putrefactive
fermentation, and being occasionally lodged in the third or even the
fourth stomach, the septic products act as local irritants, and general
poisons. They are therefore far more injurious than the consolidated
hairballs of the adult animal, and often lay the foundation of septic
diarrhœas and gastro-enteritis.
The balls may be spherical, elliptical, ovoid, or, when flattened by
mutual compression, discoid.
Symptoms. Generally these balls cause no appreciable disturbance
of the functions of the stomach. This is especially true of the large,
old and smoothly encrusted masses. The museum of the N. Y. S. V.
College contains specimens of 5½ inches in diameter, found after
death in a fat heifer, which had always had good health and which
was killed for beef. This is the usual history of such formations, they
are not suspected during life, and are only found accidentally when
the rumen is opened in the abattoir.
The smaller specimens, the size of a hen’s or goose’s egg, or a
billiard ball, have produced severe suffering, with gulping,
eructation, vomiting and tympany from obstruction of the demicanal
or gullet, and such symptoms continued until the offending agents
were rejected by the mouth. (Caillau, Leblanc, Prevost, Giron). Again
they may block the passage from the first to the third stomach
(Schauber, Feldamann, Adamovicz, Tyvaert, Mathieu).
In calves on milk they are especially injurious as beside the
dangers of blocking the passages already referred to, the unencrusted
hairs and straws irritate the mucous membranes and still worse, the
putrid fermentations going on in their interstices, produce irritant
and poisonous products, and disseminate the germs of similar
fermentations in the fourth stomach and intestine. Here the
symptoms are bloating, colics, impaired or irregular appetite, fœtid
diarrhœa, fœtor of the breath and cutaneous exhalations, and rapidly
progressive emaciation.
Diagnosis is too often impossible. Tympanies, diarrhœa, colics,
etc., may lead to suspicion, but unless specimens of the smaller hair
balls are rejected by the mouth or anus there can be no certainty of
their presence. If arrested in the cervical portion of the gullet they
may be pressed upward into the mouth by manipulations applied
from without. The looped wire extractor may be used on any portion
of the œsophagus. If lodged in the demicanal the passage of a
probang will give prompt relief. If retained in the rumen and
manifestly hurtful, rumenotomy is called for as soon as a diagnosis
can be made.

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Guide to Cisco Routers Configuration

Becoming a Router Geek Mohammed

Guide to Cisco Routers Configuration Becoming a Router

Elements of Cloud Computing Security A Survey of Key

Becoming A Writing Researcher Ann M. Blakeslee

Introduction to Networks v6 Companion Guide 1st Edition

Cisco CCNA Simplified Your Complete Guide to Passing

Becoming a Better Communicator 3rd Edition Rhonda M.

Connecting Networks V6 Companion Guide Cisco Networking

Becoming a Successful Scholar A Practical Guide to

Guide to Cisco Routers

ISBN 978-3-319-54629-2 ISBN 978-3-319-54630-8 (eBook)

1st edition: © Mohammed M. Alani 2012

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

• ﬁeld network engineers engaging Cisco routers

How to Use this Guide:

• courier new font is used for output of the router

Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my editors Wayne

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Mohammed M. Alani

1 Starting Up a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.1.2 How to Conﬁgure Default Routes in Cisco Routers . . . . . 42

5.6 How to Conﬁgure Frame-Relay in a Cisco Router . . . . . . . . . . .. 122

7.3.2 FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Keywords Cisco Router Console Basic conﬁguration IPv4 IPv6

1.1 Connecting the Router

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 1

Fig. 1.1 Console cable

1.2 Basic Conﬁguration

1.3 Interfaces Conﬁguration

1.3.1 Conﬁguring IPv4 Addresses

1. Assign IPv4 addresses to interfaces you plan to use:

Router(conﬁg-if)#ip address interface-ip-address

1.3.2 Conﬁguring IPv6 Addresses

1. Assign IPv4 addresses to interfaces you plan to use:

1.3.3 Other Interface Settings

1. It is a very good practice to add interface descriptions. These descriptions are

1.4 Additional Basic Conﬁguration

1.5 Training Scenarios

Device Parameter Value

Device Parameter Value

Make the console connection to Router 1 and do the following conﬁguration

Device Parameter Value

Device Parameter Value

Keywords Cisco Router DHCP DHCP server NAT PAT Inter-VLAN

2.1 How to Conﬁgure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Client

Special Requirements: None.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 11

2.2 How to Conﬁgure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server

Special Requirements: DHCP server software is supported for these series:

Router(conﬁg)#ip dhcp excluded-address excluded-ip-

3. To clear DHCP server variables, use the following commands as needed:

2.3 How to Conﬁgure a Cisco Router as a DHCP Server

2.4 How to Conﬁgure DHCP Relay in Cisco Router

Router(conﬁg-if)#ip helper-address dhcp-server-address

2.5 How to Conﬁgure NAT and PAT on a Cisco Router

Special Requirements: None.

2.5.1 Static NAT Conﬁguration

2.5.2 Dynamic NAT Conﬁguration

2.5.3 Troubleshooting Commands

1. To show the current translations performed by NAT

2.5.4 Disabling NAT

To disable NAT, you need to do the following steps: