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 Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human–Computer
Interaction
LNCS 10271

User Interface Design, Development

and Multimodality
19th International Conference, HCI International 2017
Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9–14, 2017
Proceedings, Part I

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10271
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Masaaki Kurosu (Ed.)

Human–Computer
Interaction
User Interface Design, Development
and Multimodality
19th International Conference, HCI International 2017
Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9–14, 2017
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editor
Masaaki Kurosu
The Open University of Japan
Chiba
Japan

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-319-58070-8 ISBN 978-3-319-58071-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-58071-5

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LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

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 Foreword

The 19th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI International

2017, was held in Vancouver, Canada, during July 9–14, 2017. The event incorporated
the 15 conferences/thematic areas listed on the following page.
A total of 4,340 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 70 countries submitted contributions, and 1,228 papers have
been included in the proceedings. These papers address the latest research and
development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing
systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire field of human–computer interaction,
addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of
application areas. The volumes constituting the full set of the conference proceedings
are listed on the following pages.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2017
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,
I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of HCI
International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

April 2017 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2017 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• Human–Computer Interaction (HCI 2017)
• Human Interface and the Management of Information (HIMI 2017)
Affiliated conferences:
• 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergo-
nomics (EPCE 2017)
• 11th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interac-
tion (UAHCI 2017)
• 9th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (VAMR
2017)
• 9th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design (CCD 2017)
• 9th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (SCSM 2017)
• 11th International Conference on Augmented Cognition (AC 2017)
• 8th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in
Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management (DHM 2017)
• 6th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability (DUXU
2017)
• 5th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions
(DAPI 2017)
• 5th International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy
and Trust (HAS 2017)
• 4th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and Organizations
(HCIBGO 2017)
• 4th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (LCT
2017)
• Third International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population
(ITAP 2017)
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 10271, Human–Computer Interaction: User Interface Design, Development

and Multimodality (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 10272 Human–Computer Interaction: Interaction Contexts (Part II), edited
by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 10273, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Information,
Knowledge and Interaction Design (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto
4. LNCS 10274, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Supporting
Learning, Decision-Making and Collaboration (Part II), edited by Sakae
Yamamoto
5. LNAI 10275, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Performance,
Emotion and Situation Awareness (Part I), edited by Don Harris
6. LNAI 10276, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and
Design (Part II), edited by Don Harris
7. LNCS 10277, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Design and
Development Approaches and Methods (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
8. LNCS 10278, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Designing
Novel Interactions (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine
Stephanidis
9. LNCS 10279, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Human and
Technological Environments (Part III), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
10. LNCS 10280, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, edited by Stephanie Lackey
and Jessie Y.C. Chen
11. LNCS 10281, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
12. LNCS 10282, Social Computing and Social Media: Human Behavior (Part I),
edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
13. LNCS 10283, Social Computing and Social Media: Applications and Analytics
(Part II), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
14. LNAI 10284, Augmented Cognition: Neurocognition and Machine Learning
(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
15. LNAI 10285, Augmented Cognition: Enhancing Cognition and Behavior in
Complex Human Environments (Part II), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and
Cali M. Fidopiastis
16. LNCS 10286, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Ergonomics and Design (Part I), edited by
Vincent G. Duffy
17. LNCS 10287, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Health and Safety (Part II), edited by
Vincent G. Duffy
18. LNCS 10288, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theory, Methodology and
Management (Part I), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
X Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

19. LNCS 10289, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Designing Pleasurable
Experiences (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
20. LNCS 10290, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Understanding Users and
Contexts (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
21. LNCS 10291, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert
Streitz and Panos Markopoulos
22. LNCS 10292, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust, edited
by Theo Tryfonas
23. LNCS 10293, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations: Interacting with
Information Systems (Part I), edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah and Chuan-Hoo Tan
24. LNCS 10294, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations: Supporting
Business (Part II), edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah and Chuan-Hoo Tan
25. LNCS 10295, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Novel Learning
Ecosystems (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 10296, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Technology in Education
(Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
27. LNCS 10297, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Aging, Design and
User Experience (Part I), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel Salvendy
28. LNCS 10298, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Applications, Ser-
vices and Contexts (Part II), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel Salvendy
29. CCIS 713, HCI International 2017 Posters Proceedings (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
30. CCIS 714, HCI International 2017 Posters Proceedings (Part II), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
 Human–Computer Interaction

Program Board Chair(s): Masaaki Kurosu, Japan

• Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK • Hiroshi Kato, Japan

• Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy
• Simone D.J. Barbosa, Brazil
• Kaveh Bazargan, Iran
• Jose Coronado, USA
• Michael Craven, UK
• Henry Been-Lirn Duh, Australia
• Achim Ebert, Germany
• Xiaowen Fang, USA
• Stefano Federici, Italy
• Ayako Hashizume, Japan
• Wonil Hwang, Korea
• Mitsuhiko Karashima, Japan
• Heidi Krömker, Germany
• Seongil Lee, Korea
• Cristiano Maciel, Brazil
• Naoko Okuizumi, Japan
• Philippe Palanque, France
• Cecile Paris, Australia
• Alberto Raposo, Brazil
• Milene Selbach Silveira, Brazil
• Guangfeng Song, USA
• Hiroshi Ujita, Japan
• Fan Zhao, USA

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2017.php
 HCI International 2018

The 20th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI International

2018, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Las Vegas, NV, USA, at
Caesars Palace, July 15–20, 2018. It will cover a broad spectrum of themes related to
human–computer interaction, including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes,
and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and
applications. The proceedings will be published by Springer. More information is
available on the conference website: http://2018.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: general_chair@hcii2018.org

http://2018.hci.international/
 Contents – Part I

HCI Theory and Education

Audiovisual Design and the Convergence Between HCI

and Audience Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Valdecir Becker, Daniel Gambaro, and Thais Saraiva Ramos

Human Computer Interaction Research Through the Lens

of a Bibliometric Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Konstantinos Koumaditis and Tajammal Hussain

Guidelines for a University Short Course on Human-Computer Interaction . . . 38

Martin Maguire

The Interplay Between Human and Machine Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

J. Brian Pickering, Vegard Engen, and Paul Walland

Software as a Medium for Understanding Human Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Joshua Poore, Emily Vincent, and Laura Mariano

Vocational Training of IT-Professionals: Coping with Future Demands . . . . . 74

Henrik Schwarz and Stephanie Conein

Human-to-Human Interaction: The Killer Application

of Ubiquitous Computing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Salvatore Sorce, Stefano Ruggieri, Vito Gentile, Antonio Gentile,
and Alessio Malizia

Requirement on Personnel and Organization for Safety and Security

Improvement by Accident and Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Hiroshi Ujita

Brain-Computer Interfaces: Agency and the Transition from Ethics

to Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Andreas Wolkenstein

HCI, Innovation and Technology Acceptance

The Experiential Utility: How Behavioural Economics Can Help HCI

to Define Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Stefano Bussolon
XVI Contents – Part I

Assessing Organization-System Fit in ERP Selection

Procedures – A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Marcus Fischer, David Heim, Marion Hösselbarth,
and Axel Winkelmann

Overcoming the Innovator’s Dilemma in Disruptive Process Innovation

Through Subject Orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Albert Fleischmann, Werner Schmidt, and Christian Stary

How to Model Value-Creating Communication: Collaboration Process

as an Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Yuri Hamada and Hiroko Shoji

Appeals of Product Pictures on the Product Detail Page - The Effect

of Mental Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chu-Ting Lee and Man-Ying Wang

Change Management of ERP Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Zhaopeng Meng and Fan Zhao

Fashion and Technology: Implications for the Social Acceptability

of a Wearable Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Kaitlyn Ouverson, Norene Kelly, and Stephen B. Gilbert

“Human Chef” to “Computer Chef”: Culinary Interactions Framework

for Understanding HCI in the Food Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
So Yeon Park, Sohyeong Kim, and Larry Leifer

Enough or Too Much in EMR Training and Education? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Joshua Tabner, Fan Zhao, Nick Pavel, Kevin Kincaid,
and Connor Murphy

Changes that Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Takashi Torizuka and Yushi Fujita

Acceptance of Automated Driving Across Generations: The Role

of Risk and Benefit Perception, Knowledge, and Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Carley Ward, Martina Raue, Chaiwoo Lee, Lisa D’Ambrosio,
and Joseph F. Coughlin

Interaction Design and Evaluation Methods

The Design Process to Healthcare Applications: Guidelines Mapping

to Integrate User´s Contexts and Abilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Janaina Cintra Abib and Junia Anacleto
 Contents – Part I XVII

Failures Supporting the Evolutionary Design in the Wild of Interactive

Systems for Public Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Vinicius Ferreira, Junia Anacleto, and Andre Bueno

Methods for Evaluation of Tooltips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Helene Isaksen, Mari Iversen, Jens Kaasbøll, and Chipo Kanjo

An Analysis of CAD Modeling Procedure Data Collection Using

Synchronous and Retrospective Think Aloud Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Michael D. Johnson and Karl Ye

Adoption of the Focus Groups Technique in the Open Source Software

Development Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Lucrecia Llerena, Nancy Rodríguez, John W. Castro,
and Silvia T. Acuña

Game for Heuristic Evaluation (G4H): A Serious Game for Collaborative

Evaluation of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Paulyne Matthews Jucá, Ingrid Teixeira Monteiro,
and José Cezar de Souza Filho

Using Spatio-Temporal Saliency to Predict Subjective Video Quality:

A New High-Speed Objective Assessment Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Maria Laura Mele, Damon Millar, and Christiaan Erik Rijnders

An Exploratory Study on the Predictive Capacity of Heuristic Evaluation

in Visualization Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Beatriz Sousa Santos, Samuel Silva, Beatriz Quintino Ferreira,
and Paulo Dias

Usability Matters: User Experiences of Visually Impaired Older Adults . . . . . 384

Miroslav Sili, Matthias Gira, and Christopher Mayer

User Interface Development: Methods, Tools and Architectures

Practical Aspects of Pattern-Supported Model-Driven User

Interface Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Jürgen Engel, Christian Märtin, and Peter Forbrig

How Cloud Computing Is Addressed for Software Development

in Computer Science Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Dahai Guo and Anna Koufakou

Generalized Reference: Referring with and Without Language

by Matching, Pointer, or Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Roland Hausser
XVIII Contents – Part I

SitAdapt: An Architecture for Situation-Aware Runtime Adaptation

of Interactive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Christian Herdin, Christian Märtin, and Peter Forbrig

Adapting User Interface Models by Transformations Based on UI Patterns . . . 456

Mathias Kühn and Peter Forbrig

A POMDP Design Framework for Decision Making in Assistive Robots . . . . 467

Ioannis Kostavelis, Dimitrios Giakoumis, Sotiris Malassiotis,
and Dimitrios Tzovaras

Integration of a Template System into Model-Based User Interface

Development Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Christopher Martin and Annerose Braune

A Study on Extracting Attractive Regions from One-Point

Perspective Paintings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Ryoma Matsuo, Haruka Sugimoto, Mamiko Sakata,
and Michiya Yamamoto

Posture Analysis and Evaluation for Modeling in Elderly Adults. . . . . . . . . . 506

Yumiko Muto, Makoto Sugou, Kaede Tsumurai, Honami Ito,
Yuichiro Hosono, and Takeshi Muto

Usability Evaluation of Domain-Specific Languages: A Systematic

Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Ildevana Poltronieri Rodrigues, Márcia de Borba Campos,
and Avelino F. Zorzo

Endpoint Fusing Method for Axonometric Drawing of Online Freehand

Sketched Polyhedrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Shuxia Wang, Qian Zhang, Shouxia Wang, Mantun Gao, Xiaoke Jing,
and Xiaoming Hui

Multimodal Interaction

Implementing a Platform for Complex Information Processing from Written

and Spoken Journalistic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Christina Alexandris, Konstantinos Mylonakis, Stefanos Tassis,
Mario Nottas, and George Cambourakis

MagicPad HD: The Spatial User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

Leith K.Y. Chan and Henry Y.K. Lau

Controlling Interaction in Multilingual Conversation Revisited:

A Perspective for Services and Interviews in Mandarin Chinese . . . . . . . . . . 573
Jiali Du, Christina Alexandris, Dimitrios Mourouzidis, Vasilios Floros,
and Antonios Iliakis
 Contents – Part I XIX

Design of Hand Gestures for Manipulating Objects in Virtual Reality . . . . . . 584

Wanhong Lin, Lear Du, Carisa Harris-Adamson, Alan Barr,
and David Rempel

A Widely Applicable Real-Time Mono/Binocular Eye Tracking System

Using a High Frame-Rate Digital Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Keiji Matsuda, Takeshi Nagami, Yasuko Sugase, Aya Takemura,
and Kenji Kawano

Bigger (Gesture) Isn’t Always Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

David Novick, Ivan Gris, Adriana Camacho, Alex Rayon,
and Timothy Gonzalez

Gesture-Based Interactions in Video Games with the Leap

Motion Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Johanna Pirker, Mathias Pojer, Andreas Holzinger, and Christian Gütl

Crafting Concrete as a Material for Enhancing Meaningful Interactions . . . . . 634

Yanan Wang, Shijian Luo, Shuai Liu, Yujia Lu, and Preben Hansen

Haptic User Experience Based on User Preference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

Hoon Sik Yoo, So Yon Jeong, and Da Young Ju

Emotions in HCI

Persuasive Argumentation and Emotions: An Empirical Evaluation

with Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Mohamed S. Benlamine, Serena Villata, Ramla Ghali, Claude Frasson,
Fabien Gandon, and Elena Cabrio

Human vs. Computer Performance in Voice-Based Recognition

of Interpersonal Stance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Daniel Formolo and Tibor Bosse

A Proposal of Model of Kawaii Feelings for Spoon Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

Tipporn Laohakangvalvit, Tiranee Achalakul, and Michiko Ohkura

Affective Smile and Interaction: Smile is a Function of Interaction . . . . . . . . 700

Hisao Shiizuka

Inducing Fear: Cardboard Virtual Reality and 2D Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

C. Natalie van der Wal, Annabella Hermans, and Tibor Bosse

Emotion Evaluation Through Body Movements Based

on Silhouette Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Hong Yuan, Bo Wang, Li Wang, and Muxun Xu

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

 Contents – Part II

Games in HCI

Bringing Game Design Models to Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Sandeep Athavale and Vasundhara Agrawal

Bus Runner: Using Contextual Cues for Procedural Generation of Game

Content on Public Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Alexander Baldwin, Jeanette Eriksson, and Carl Magnus Olsson

Towards the Use of a Serious Game to Learn to Identify the Location

of a 3D Sound in the Virtual Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Sabrine Boukhris and Bob-Antoine J. Menelas

Can Online Games Survive Longer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Yuchen Gui, Eugene Hoyt, and Fan Zhao

A Case Study for Enhancing Mobile Games’ Immersion in Terms

of User Interface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Xiaoneng Jin and Jing Guan

Who is with You? Integrating a Play Experience into Online Video

Watching via Danmaku Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lili Liu, Ayoung Suh, and Christian Wagner

Multi-screen and Multi-device Game Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Paulo S. Mendez, J.C. Silva, and José Luís Silva

Examining Enjoyment in Gamifying Physical Exercise and a Healthy Diet. . . 84

Khasfariyati Razikin, Dion Hoe-Lian Goh, and Chei Sian Lee

Sources of Computer Game Enjoyment: Card Sorting to Develop

a New Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Owen Schaffer and Xiaowen Fang

Mobile and Wearable Interaction

When Technology Supports Urban Mobility: Improvements for Mobile

Applications Based on a UX Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Rodrigo L.A. Almeida, Lana B. Mesquita, Rainara M. Carvalho,
and Rossana M.C. Andrade
XXII Contents – Part II

MAEK: Intuitive Instructional Content Delivered

on a Smartphone Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Tess Bailie, Kelly A. Sprehn, and Trevor Savage

Predictive Model for Group Selection Performance on Touch Devices . . . . . . 142

Per Bjerre, Allan Christensen, Andreas K. Pedersen, Simon A. Pedersen,
Wolfgang Stuerzlinger, and Rasmus Stenholt

Exploring Predictors of Mobile Device Proficiency Among Older Adults . . . . 162

Kimberly Champagne and Walter R. Boot

The Research of Wearable Device User Fatigue Based

on Gesture Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Wen-jun Hou, Chun-jing Wu, and Xiao-lin Chen

Z-Force Cubic Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Jung Huh, Hoon Sik Yoo, and Da Young Ju

Meyboard: A QWERTY-Based Soft Keyboard for Touch-Typing

on Tablets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Yuki Kuno and Buntarou Shizuki

Vouch-T: Multimodal Text Input for Mobile Devices Using Voice

and Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Minyoung Lee and Gerard J. Kim

Model Based Dialogue Control for Smartwatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Rainer Lutze and Klemens Waldhör

Notification System to Encourage a User to Refrain from Using

Smartphone Before Going to Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Kazuyoshi Murata, Kouhei Shigematsu, and Yu Shibuya

Features and Quality of a Mobile Application Employed

in a Speech-Language Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Tihomir Orehovački, Dijana Plantak Vukovac, Zlatko Stapić,
and Tatjana Novosel-Herceg

Research on Discussion of Gender Difference in Preference for Smart

Watches Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Tianxiong Wang and Feng Shan

Three-Finger-Tap Methods for Navigation in 3D Scenes on Tablet . . . . . . . . 276

Hongyu Wang, Takeshi Umezawa, and Noritaka Osawa
 Contents – Part II XXIII

HCI, Children and Learning

The Social Nature of Programming: Children and Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

M. Cecilia C. Baranauskas and Marleny Luque Carbajal

System for Measuring Teacher–Student Communication in the Classroom

Using Smartphone Accelerometer Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Naoyoshi Harada, Masatoshi Kimura, Tomohito Yamamoto,
and Yoshihiro Miyake

Situation-Awareness in Action: An Intelligent Online Learning

Platform (IOLP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Jasser Jasser, Hua Ming, and Mohamed A. Zohdy

Thoughts on Effective Learning Procedure for Tangible Learning

Environment Based on Embodied Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Hideaki Kuzuoka, Ryo Kimura, Yuki Tashiro, Yoshihiko Kubota,
Hideyuki Suzuki, Hiroshi Kato, and Naomi Yamashita

Learning by Tangible Learning System in Science Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

Yusuke Morita and Norio Setozaki

Toward Interest Estimation from Head Motion Using Wearable Sensors:

A Case Study in Story Time for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Ayumi Ohnishi, Kaoru Saito, Tsutomu Terada,
and Masahiko Tsukamoto

Development of a Tangible Learning System that Supports Role-Play

Simulation and Reflection by Playing Puppet Shows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Hiroshi Sasaki, Toshio Mochizuki, Takehiro Wakimoto, Ryoya Hirayama,
Sadahide Yoshida, Kouki Miyawaki, Hitoki Mabuchi, Karin Nakaya,
Hiroto Suzuki, Natsumi Yuuki, Ayaka Matsushima, Ryutaro Kawakami,
Yoshihiko Kubota, Hideyuki Suzuki, Hideo Funaoi, and Hiroshi Kato

Investigation of Learning Process with TUI and GUI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Natsumi Sei, Makoto Oka, and Hirohiko Mori

Exploiting Bodily Movement to Regulate Collaborative Learning

by Designing a Tablet-Based CSCL System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Hideyuki Suzuki, Hideo Funaoi, and Yoshihiko Kubota

Plugramming: A Tangible Programming Tool for Children’s

Collaborative Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Tomohito Yashiro, Yasushi Harada, and Kazushi Mukaiyama
XXIV Contents – Part II

HCI in Complex Human Environments

DTMi – A New Interface for Informed Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Tamara Babaian, Ren Zhang, and Wendy Lucas

Game of Drones: How to Control a UAV?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Jan Conrad, Dieter Wallach, Fabian Kalweit, Patrick Lindel,
and Stefan Templin

Acquiring Disaster Prevention Knowledge from Fieldwork Activities

in a Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Hisashi Hatakeyama, Masahiro Nagai, and Masao Murota

Research on Foreground Color Adaptive System of Aircraft Head-Up

Display Based on the Background Real-Time Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Yu Hu, Chengqi Xue, Haiyan Wang, and Lei Zhou

Development of Sightseeing Support System with Emphasis on Scenery

and Detours in Strolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Junko Itou, Takaya Mori, and Jun Munemori

Time-Aware Recommender Systems: A Systematic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Eduardo José de Borba, Isabela Gasparini, and Daniel Lichtnow

LifeRescue Software Prototype for Supporting Emergency Responders

During Fire Emergency Response: A Usability and User
Requirements Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Vimala Nunavath and Andreas Prinz

Usability Evaluation of Newly Developed Three-Dimensional Input Device

for Drone Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Michiko Ohkura, Hiroya Sano, and Yuya Mochiyoshi

A Feedback Delivery System for Communal Energy

Consumption Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Mina Rahimian and Lisa Domenica Iulo

Development of a Concept for Evaluation User Acceptance

and Requirements for NFC Based E-ticketing in Public Transport . . . . . . . . . 522
Gertraud Schäfer, Andreas Kreisel, Denise Rummler, and Ulrike Stopka

Cloud Computing Security and Privacy: An Empirical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Farid Shirazi, Adnan Seddighi, and Amna Iqbal

Augmenting Smart Buildings and Autonomous Vehicles with Wearable

Thermal Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Matthew J. Smith, Kristen Warren, David Cohen-Tanugi, Sam Shames,
Kelly Sprehn, Jana L. Schwartz, Hui Zhang, and Ed Arens
 Contents – Part II XXV

Gathering and Applying Guidelines for Mobile Robot Design for Urban
Search and Rescue Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Ekaterina R. Stepanova, Markus von der Heyde, Alexandra Kitson,
Thecla Schiphorst, and Bernhard E. Riecke

NFC-Enabled eTicketing in Public Transport – Aims, Approaches

and First Results of the OPTIMOS Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Ulrike Stopka, Gertraud Schäfer, and Andreas Kreisel

Scratchpad: Lightweight Data Capture Tool to Support Mission Planning. . . . 598

Erika von Kelsch, Stephanie Kane, Chris Muller, and Chris Hogan

Multi-method Approach to Identify Acceptance-Relevant Characteristics

of Renewable Energy Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Barbara Sophie Zaunbrecher and Martina Ziefle

HCI Case Studies

Measuring and Evaluating the User Experience Strategy Maturity of Spatial

Web-Based Projects: A Case Study of Tehran Web-Based Map . . . . . . . . . . 631
Kaveh Bazargan, Ali Rezaeian, and Hamidreza Hafeznia

Effect of Animated and Non-animated Pictograms for a Non-lingual

Disaster Management Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Luis Ernesto Dominguez-Rios, Tomoko Izumi, Takayoshi Kitamura,
and Yoshio Nakatani

The Gender Difference of Impression Evaluation of Visual Images

Among Young People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Ayako Hashizume and Masaaki Kurosu

Experimental Evaluation of Immersive Feeling in VR System with HMD . . . 678

Yoshiki Koinuma, Kazuki Miyamoto, and Michiko Ohkura

Relationship Between Worker Interruptibility and Work Transitions

Detected by Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Kyohei Komuro, Yuichiro Fujimoto, and Kinya Fujita

Derivation of Mobility Services Through the Usage-Centered

Development Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Sigmund Schimanski

Agenda Planning - Design Guidelines for Holistic Mobility Planning . . . . . . 713

Tobias Wienken, Heidi Krömker, and Sebastian Spundflasch

Refining Supervisory Control Capability for Target User Populations . . . . . . 721

Robert E. Wray, Randolph Jones, Charles Newton, and Ben Bachelor
XXVI Contents – Part II

User Requirement Analysis for Display User Experience in Smart Car. . . . . . 732
Hoon Sik Yoo and Da Young Ju

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

HCI Theory and Education
 Audiovisual Design and the Convergence Between HCI
and Audience Studies

Valdecir Becker1 ✉ , Daniel Gambaro2, and Thais Saraiva Ramos3

( )

1
Postgraduate Program in Computer Science, Communication and Arts (PPGCCA),
Informatics Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
valdecir@ci.ufpb.br
2
Postgraduate Program in Audiovisual Media and Processes, School of Communications
and Arts (PPGMPA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
dgambaro@usp.br
3
Audiovisual Design Research Group, CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
thaissramos@live.com

Abstract. This essay proposes an analytical methodological process called

Audiovisual Design, originated from the intersection between HCI theories and
Audience Studies. Resources available from this two academic fields are required
in the conception of complex audiovisual products, developed from more precise
information about the target audiences, and distributed and brought to fruition
through interaction interfaces or software. Methodologically, the flow of infor‐
mation inside the traditional communication models has been changed. The intro‐
duction of the actions of interaction, sharing and spread of content modified the
audiovisual fruition, previously considered passive. This new dynamic is graph‐
ically represented as a workflow of Audiovisual Design. Therefore, it becomes
possible to predict and design new interactive products, adapted to the needs of
integration and sharing present in the contemporary audiovisual consumption.
Moreover, it allows the analysis and identification of inherent issues and equi‐
vocated approaches of already concluded products.

Keywords: HCI · Audience studies · Communication models · Audiovisual

production

1 Introduction

The conception and the development of audiovisual content, including apps that incor‐
porate video, is changing. The technological convergence is bringing together once
distinct areas of knowledge, such as the Human Computer Interaction Studies (HCI,
Computer Sciences) and the Audience Studies (Communication Sciences), hence gener‐
ating a theoretical relation that is not currently contemplated by these fields individually.
The design of interactive computer systems, what was initially focused on the
problem, the tasks and the functions, and then has slowly turned to a perspective oriented
towards possibilities, significances and emotions, now is considering other human

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

M. Kurosu (Ed.): HCI 2017, Part I, LNCS 10271, pp. 3–22, 2017.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58071-5_1
4 V. Becker et al.

behaviors. As an example, the passive fruition now gains relevance when the final object
of the multimedia interactive system is an audiovisual content.
An alike phenomenon can be observed from the perspective of the audiovisual
consumption, once the experience of using software interfaces has become as important
as the quality of the movie, TV series or online video. A characteristic common to the
digital means used for accessing video content is the software-mediated interaction. The
digital TV schedule guide, the search for a movie title in an app, the recommendation
in a social network, all of them offer the spectator an experience that mixes active attitude
(browsing and search for information) and passive fruition (video watching). In other
words, the simple act of choosing and watching an audiovisual content can demand each
individual to perform different roles, that differ in degrees of greater or minor activity
in comparison to the traditional notion of audience of mass media. Hence a review of
theories and methods that today support the production of this content, especially in the
field of Audience Studies, becomes pertinent.
Bearing this premise in mind, our proposal suggests the emergency of a methodo‐
logical process that reunites and reformulates some concepts originally from those two
fields of study. In summary, we are searching a workflow that allows to: (a) analyze the
production conceived upon the utilization of tools both from HCI and Audience Studies;
(b) predict and propose applications for such tools, enabled by the technical frame
available today. We named this methodological set Audiovisual Design, and its main
feature is the planning of audio and video production based on four lines that configure
and shape the processes: The Individual, the Motivations, the Experience and the
Content.
It must be highlighted that the two words composing the name of this discipline have
distinguished connotations in the different knowledge fields. In this paper, the term
“Design” is understood in its broader meaning, that is, including the whole process of
situation analysis, identification of the problem and the demands, elaboration of the
solution forwarding, product synthesis and evaluation of results. Likewise, the word
“Audiovisual” contemplates the entire range of products based on audio and video, or
that are centrally composed by these two elements.
To illustrated the methodological process of this proposal, we described a graphic
workflow to analyze production, interaction and fruition methods in the Audiovisual
Design. The workflow meets the analytical requirements for finished works, and offer
mechanisms for analyzing and projecting possible and necessary interactions during the
conception and development of new products. For that matter, it contemplates five roles
an individual can perform: The Audience, the Synthesizer, the Modifier, the Player and
the Producer.
Following this introduction, this paper is divided in four other sections. Next
Sect. 2 contains a discussion on the communication models and the changes resulting
from the use of digital technologies to access and share content. Section 3 describes the
proposal of a graphic plan of audiovisual production and fruition workflow, while in
Sect. 4 is presented the application of this plan in two examples. Finally, Sect. 5 brings
the conclusions of this essay.
 Audiovisual Design and the Convergence Between HCI and Audience Studies 5

2 Communication Models

To understand the communicative acts, the people and the technologies involved in
communications, the communicational processes can be organized within models. A
communication model is a theoretical scheme to show the main elements, how they relate,
and how the information flow is generated. Many books in the literature of communica‐
tion studies summarize these theories, for example Mattelart and Mattelart [1] and Souza
[2]. Traditionally, communication is defined as the transmission of a message or a set of
messages from one transmitter (or source) to a receiver. A transmission mean (or channel),
connects both.
One of the simplest models is Laswell’s, which considers communication as a linear
process: somebody say something to someone, using a given mean, generating an
effect. On this case, “somebody says” represents the transmitter of the message and the
beginning of the communicational process; “something” is the message, where the
content analyses are made; “given mean” stands for the channel connecting the trans‐
mitter and the receiver, and can be differentiated between interpersonal or mass commu‐
nication; “to someone” represents the people affected by the message, the receiver(s);
“an effect” is the impact of the message to the receivers, enabling studies on the percep‐
tion of the message and their significances [1].
A common critic to this model is it doesn’t foresee the return or feedback from the
receiver to the transmitter. Thus, there is not a conversation, but a monologue. The
Schramm model [2] includes the feedback, enabling an exchange (even if limited)
between transmitter and receiver, whose are not anymore completely dissociated. The
reaction of the receiver facing the message can add new meanings to the message and,
in some cases, start a new communication process. On the edge of this process, the roles
of transmitter and receiver are confused and alternate through time.
Other models have been proposed. Mainly, there are small alterations to aggregate
other elements as “noise”, “multiple reception” by a large amount of people, different
feedback forms and “feedback loops”, sociocultural or cognitive elements [2]. As we
can notice, the audience was generally treated as a group of people, be they an undis‐
tinctive mass or a segment of a given population. On the other hand, the newer models
of communication allow the study of meanings during the fruition process of a media
content. In part, this is due to the recognition of people as a group of individuals and of
their individualities1.
According to Hall [3], what has given support to a coherent identity is losing power
since the last decades of the 20th Century and the subjects themselves assume different
identities in different moments, trying to re-construct a coherent self that is in accordance

1
For David Harvey, the emancipation of the individual begins with the Enlightenment and is
accentuated during in the post-modern era, which comprises the second half of the 20th
Century. This era is characterized by the fragmentation of the quotidian life and the ephem‐
erality of material and immaterial goodies. The globalization of the Economy and the mundi‐
alization of culture are some causes for a renewed need for individual personality. See Harvey
D (2001) A Condição Pós-moderna (The Condition of Postmodernity). Edições Loyola, São
Paulo (BR).
6 V. Becker et al.

to each context the person is acting in. With the growth in quantity of communication
technologies in the late 1990s, information became itself fragmented, dispersed,
although more available and higher in volume. As a result, the contemporary imaginary
outlines it is important for people to consume a variety of cultural products and show
that they are eclectic, but this variety must be carefully chosen to communicate some‐
thing about their individuality. In other words, being universal became a value as impor‐
tant as being diversified [4]. The fragment and the bricolage have become necessary in
the formation of an individualized self, and it is better in a market logic that these char‐
acteristics are also mutable and ephemeral.
We do not want to condemn or praise this generalized feeling, but to point out that
it brings up an infinity of connections people can implement between themselves and
the world. In the last decades, more than any time before, individuals use the available
media – especially the interactive ones – to define their cultural and personal identities,
as pointed by Bolter and Grusin [5]. The way people use and interact with the software
that make content available became as important as the content itself in the identity
formation, consequently making the Human-Computer Interaction part of the commu‐
nication process.
In this sense, it is fundamental that the conception of media products and their anal‐
ysis consider the individualities of those who are called the viewers, the users or the
audiences. Thus, new models of communication are important to understand how this
impact in the media and in the content creation. Jenkins, Ford and Green [6] proposed
three simple models to describe the different scenarios of communication today: the
communication from one emitter to multiple receivers as Broadcast; the models of online
communication as Stickiness, where individuals take the initiative of seeking content;
and Spreadable, where content reaches the audiences through the actions of the indi‐
viduals themselves, mostly using interactive digital tools. We wish now to discuss these
three models.

2.1 The Broadcast Model

The broadcast model of audiovisual communication is the most traditional and the one
with larger reach. It stands that a transmitter emits a content and the recipients within
the transmission range receive it. Approximately from the 1930s on, radio and television
consolidated this model around the globe, and it is still the predominant operation pattern
for these two means.
A central feature is the concept of audience, which can be treated in a simplified
form as ‘the collective term for the “receivers” in the simple sequential model of the
mass communication process’ [7, p. 1]. In other words, they are the readers of printed
media, the radio listeners and the television spectators.
The origins of the word resume to the arts, like theater and musical performances,
and to games and other spectacles, where the audience can be measured by counting the
number of attendees. In addition, people’s presence in a performance allows an imme‐
diate and complete comprehension of their reaction [7]. Different perceptions of the
audience have been proposed with the advent of mass communication means, through
which a transmitter sends the content to an unlimited number of receivers.
 Audiovisual Design and the Convergence Between HCI and Audience Studies 7

The then new media, initially newspapers and later radio and television, were
different in scale and in operation. First, the reach of radio and television are larger;
second, audience and producers turn out to be significantly apart, changing the way the
content is generated, as well as how the relation with the public occurs. If previously
the physically-present audience allowed a close contact, it does not occur in mass
communication, generating an “asymmetry” between the transmission and the reception
[8]. The lack of direct contact between transmitter and receivers results in the first role
performed by some few companies, and the receivers being every person with access to
the communication mean.
While television helped to consolidate this theory due to its centrality in every market
where audience is measured, radio and printed media perform only a secondary role, as
well as the internet, which audience started being studied in the second half of the 1990s
[7–9]. Actually, the inclusion of internet leads to some questioning in regard to the term
“audience” representing the measurement of visits to websites. Bermejo [8] considers
the internet a mass media, thus the use of the word is correct. Other academics like
McQuail [7], Bailén [10] and Webster et al. [11], however, believe that does not exist
audience in systems where networks offer segmented, on-demand content. These authors
stand that audience is a terminology of mass communication, thus being restricted to
the unidirectional and asymmetric reception of the informational flow. Mosco and Kaye
[12] also assert that the audience represents a power relationship, based on the asym‐
metry and hierarchy between who produces and who receives the content. Therefore,
there is not audience in communication environments that are not based on asymmetry.
Hence the audience is an abstract entity, gauged by statistical samples and quantified
in percentage terms. Analysis and interpretation of behaviors generate information about
people, grouped in profiles, with no possible individualization.
In interactive systems, on the other hand, we can identify patterns of use resulting
from the interaction, participation and collaboration of people through and with compu‐
tational systems, and quantify access and usage duration in an individualized manner.
Martino [13] explains that a digital system can be defined as a limited set of interacting
elements, offering the possible options of action in face of a technology. ‘The functioning
of any system depends, in great measure, on the interaction between the parts that must
know what to do at any time. The information exchange between elements within a
system is the driver from which every attitude is organized’ [13, pp. 21–22].
That is, opposed to the mass communication means that distribute content inde‐
pendently of the audience action, the digital interactive systems only allow exchange of
information after the user’s interaction. Therefore, we can identify different behaviors
towards a technology, for instance the passive fruition held while watching television,
listening to radio or attending a movie section, and an active attitude in digital systems.
For decades, the Communication Theory have attributed a passive role to the listener
and the viewer. Nonetheless, with audiovisual communication systems based on digital
technologies, this role today interposes with moments of action or interaction. New
features were brought by the aggregation of computational elements to the audiovisual
reception, such as interaction through television, program scheduling guides, Smart TVs
apps, online research, simultaneous access and use of social networks, and second (or
companion) screen consumption.
8 V. Becker et al.

The audiovisual content, previously accessible only through a TV set or online video
repository, converged into consumption formats that combine audio, video, software
and interaction interfaces. Inside these digital systems, the audiovisual content fruition
is now integrated to, and sometimes dependent of, the interaction and the use of inter‐
faces to input and output data. Then the intersection with the field of Human-Computer
Interaction Studies becomes natural. This intersection is not comprehended by the
models of communication that tries to explain the diffusion of information from one
transmitter to many receivers.

2.2 The Stickiness Model

In addition to the Broadcast, new models of communication were introduced with the
dissemination of technologies and the internet access. Content is made available through
websites, internet portals and apps, and the individuals have an active attitude to seek
information. The content must attract the audiences, involve them, and generate engage‐
ment. In other words, audiences must adhere to these contents, in different levels, so
they can be considered “successful”. This process is called “Stickiness” in allusion to
the terminology used by Gladwell [14] to explain how good content is fixed in the
audiences’ minds and produce engagement. Jenkins, Ford and Green [6] expand the
perception to the digital commercial environment, stating that Stickiness refers to the
centralization of the audiences’ presence in an online place to generate income from
advertising and sells. That is, the Stickiness model is based upon the access both to
gather audience and to produce some profit, be it financial or not. The moment the content
rises the public interest and fixates in people’s minds, the desire for sharing also emerge,
what can result in the Spreadable model of communication – discussed in the next
subsection.
It is important to highlight that the Stickiness model only works when the content
can attract people to the place where it is available. In opposition to the Broadcast model,
where the content is transmitted regardless of the number of receivers, the Stickiness
model requires an active attitude of the receivers who, in a way, start the communica‐
tional process. It is also the actions of each receiver which completes the cycle, enabling
a more precise feedback to the producer than the Broadcast model (through the mining
of navigation data, for instance). If the receiver stays inactive, the message remains
available online and the reception process is not completed, compromising the commu‐
nication.
Furthermore, the aspect of “quality” must also be considered. In Broadcast model,
the quality of the message or of the content are independent from the quantity of
receivers. For example, in a TV transmission, the image quality shall be the same for
10 or 10 thousand viewers. Instead, in the Stickiness model many requests to access a
given content at the same time may clutter the network traffic, creating a fruition bottle‐
neck, e.g., a low-speedy video server can produce a visualization queue in the viewers’
end. Then, that is another difference between the Broadcast and the Stickiness models,
for in the first there is no concern about the quality or the method of access.
The Stickiness model features a series of intersections, allowing us to look at the
cultural production from the point of view of the audience or of the content, as well as
Another random document with
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 CHAPTER X.
MAJOR BYNG’S SUGGESTION.

Major Byng, a wiry, dried-up little officer, with remarkably thin legs
and sporting proclivities, was reclining in a long chair, in the
verandah of the Napier Hotel, Poonah, smoking his after-breakfast
“Trichy,” and running his eye over the “Asian” pocket-book.
“Hullo, Byng, old man!” cried a loud cheerful voice, and looking up,
his amaze was depicted in the countenance he turned upon
Clarence Waring.
“Waring! Why—I thought,” putting down his book and sitting erect.
“Thought I had gone home—sold out and was stone broke. But
here I am, you see, on my legs again.”
“Delighted to hear it,” with a swift glance at Waring’s well-to-do air
and expensive-looking clothes. “Sit down, my dear boy,” he cried
cordially, “sit down and have a cheroot, and tell me all about yourself
and what has brought you back again to the land of regrets? Is it tea,
coffee, or gold?”
“Gold, in one sense. I am companion to a young millionaire, or
rather to the nephew of a man who has so much money—and no
children—that he does not know what to do.”
“And who is the young man? Does he know what to do?”
“His name is Jervis—his rich uncle is married to my sister; we are
connections, you see, and when he expressed a desire to explore
the gorgeous East, my sister naturally suggested me for the post of
guide, philosopher, and friend.”
Here Major Byng gave a short sharp laugh, like a bark.
“We landed in Bombay ten days ago, and are going to tour about
and see the world.”
 “What is the programme?”
“My programme is as follows: Poonah races, Secunderabad races,
Madras races, a big game shoot in Travancore, expense no object,
elephants, beaters, club-cook, coolies with letters, and ice for the
champagne. Then I shall run him about in the train a bit, and show
him Delhi, Agra, Jeypore; after that we will put in the end of the cold
weather in Calcutta. I have lots of pals there, and from Calcutta we
will go to the hills, to Shirani. I shall be glad to see the old club again
—many a fleeting hour have I spent there!”
“That same club had a shocking bad name for gambling and bear
fighting,” said Major Byng significantly.
“I believe it had, now you mention it; but you may be sure that it
has reformed—like myself.”
“And this young fellow—what is he like?”
“Quiet, gentlemanly, easy-going, easily pleased, thinks every one
a good sort,” and Waring laughed derisively; “abhors all fuss or
show, never bets, never gets up in the morning with a head, no
expensive tastes.”
“In fact, his tastes are miserably beneath his opportunities! What a
pity it is that the millionaire is not your uncle!”
“Yes, instead of merely brother-in-law, and brothers-in-law are
notoriously unfeeling. However, I have adopted mine as my own
blood relation, for the present. I boss the show. Come and dine with
me to-night, and tell me all the ‘gup,’ and give me the straight tip for
the Arab purse.”
“All right. Is this young Jervis a sportsman?”
“He is a first-class man on a horse, and he plays polo, but he does
not go in for racing—more’s the pity!”
“Plays polo, does he? By Jove!” and an eager light shone in the
major’s little greenish eyes. “I’ve a couple of ponies for sale——”
“He does not want them now, whatever he may do later in Calcutta
or in the hills. I shall be looking out for three or four for myself, good
sound ones, mind you, Byng, up to weight. I’ve put on flesh, you see,
but I dare say my anxious responsibilities will wear me down a bit.
Jervis does not weigh more than ten stone, and, talk of the devil,
here he comes.”
Major Byng turned his head quickly, as at this moment Waring’s
travelling companion, a slight, active-looking young man, entered the
compound, closely pursued by a swarm of hawkers, and their
accompanying train of coolies, bearing on their heads the inevitable
Poonah figures, hand-screens, pottery, beetle-work, silks, silver, and
jewellery.
“I say, Waring,” he called out as he approached, “just look at me!
One would think I was a queen bee. If this goes on, you will have to
consign me to a lunatic asylum, if there is such a place out here.”
“Mark, let me introduce you to my old friend, Major Byng.”
Major Byng bent forward in his chair—to stand up was too great
an exertion even to greet a possible purchaser of polo ponies—
smiled affably, and said—
“You are only just out, I understand. How do you like India?”
“So far, I loathe it,” sitting down as he spoke, removing his topee,
and wiping his forehead. “Ever since I landed, I have lived in a state
of torment.”
“Ah, the mosquitoes!” exclaimed Major Byng, sympathetically; “you
will get used to them. They always make for new arrivals and fresh
blood.”
“No, no; but human mosquitoes! Touts, hawkers, beggars,
jewellers, horse-dealers. They all set upon me from the moment I
arrived. Ever since then, my life is a burthen to me. It was pretty bad
on board ship. Some of our fellow-travellers seemed to think I was a
great celebrity, instead of the common or ordinary passenger; they
loaded me with civil speeches, and the day we got into Bombay I
was nearly buried alive in invitations, people were so sorry to part
with me!”
 “Here is a nice young cynic for you!” exclaimed Captain Waring,
complacently. “He is not yet accustomed to the fierce light that beats
upon a good-looking young bachelor, heir to thirty thousand a year
——”
“Why not make it a hundred thousand at once, while you are about
it?” interrupted the other impatiently. “How could they tell I was heir
to any one? I’m sure I am a most everyday-looking individual. My
uncle’s income is not ticketed on my back!”
“It was in one sense,” exclaimed Waring, with a chuckle.
“It was only with the common, vulgar class that I was so
immensely popular.”
“My dear fellow, you are much too humble minded. You were
popular with every one.”
“No, by no means; I could have hugged the supercilious old dame
who asked me with a drawl if I was in any way related to Pollitt’s
patent fowl food? I was delighted to answer with effusion, ‘Nephew,
ma’am.’ She despised me from the very bottom of her soul, and
made no foolish effort to conceal her feelings.”
“Ah! She had no daughters,” rejoined Waring, with a scornful
laugh. “The valet told all about you. He had nothing on earth to do,
but magnify his master and consequently exalt himself. Your value is
reflected in your gentleman’s gentleman, and he had no mock
modesty, and priced you at a cool million! By the way, I saw him
driving off just now in the best hotel landau, with his feet on the
opposite cushions, and a cigarette in his mouth. He is a magnificent
advertisement.”
They were now the centre of a vast mob of hawkers, who formed a
squatting circle, and the verandah was fully stocked. The jewellers
had already untied their nice little tin boxes from their white calico
wrappers, and their contents were displayed on the usual enticing
squares of red saloo.
“Waring Sahib!” screamed an ancient vendor with but one eye.
“Last time, three four years ago, I see you at Charleville Hotel,
Mussouri, I sell your honour one very nice diamond bangle for one
pretty lady——”
“Well, Crackett, I’m not such a fool now. I want a neat pearl pin for
myself.” He proceeded to deliberately select one from a case, and
then added with a grin, “That time, I paying for lady; this time,
gentleman,” pointing to Jervis, “paying for me.”
“I can’t stand it,” cried Jervis, jumping to his feet. “Here is the man
with the chestnut Arab and the spotted cob with pink legs, that has
been persecuting me for two days; and here comes the boy with the
stuffed peacock who has stalked me all morning; and—I see the girl
in the thunder and lightning waistcoat. I know she is going to ask me
to ride with her,” and he snatched up his topee and fled.
Major Byng noticed Jervis at the table d’hôte that evening. He had
been cleverly “cut off” from Waring, and was the prey of two over-
dressed, noisy young women. Mrs. Pollitt was mistaken, second-rate
people did come to India.
“I’ll tell you what, Waring!” he said to that gentleman, who was in
his most jovial, genial humour, “that young fellow is most shamefully
mobbed. His valet has given him away. If you don’t look out, he will
slip his heel ropes and bolt home. Pray observe his expression! Just
look at those two women, especially at the one who is measuring the
size of her waist with her serviette, for his information. He will go
back by the next steamer; it is written on his forehead!”
“No, he won’t do that,” rejoined Clarence, with lazy confidence.
“He has a most particular reason for staying out here for a while; but
I grant you that he is not enjoying himself, and does not appear to
appreciate seeing the world—and it is not a bad old world if you
know the right way to take it. Now, if I were in his shoes,” glancing
expressively across the table, “I’d fool that young woman to the very
top of her bent!”
In the billiard-room, when Mark joined them, Major Byng said—
“I saw your dismal plight at dinner, and pitied you. If you want to
lead a quiet life, and will take an old soldier’s advice, I would say, get
rid of the valet, send him home with half your luggage. Then start
from a fresh place, where no one knows you, with a good
Mussulman bearer, who is a complete stranger to your affairs. Let
Clarence here be paymaster—he can talk the language, and looks
wealthy and important—he won’t mind bearing the brunt, or being
taken for a rich man if the trouble breaks out again, and you can live
in peace and gang your ain gait.”
The Major’s advice was subsequently acted upon,—with most
excellent results. The cousins meanwhile attended the Poonah
races, where Clarence met some old acquaintances.
One of them privately remarked to Major Byng—
“Waring seems to have nine lives, like a cat, and looks most
festive and prosperous. I saw him doing a capital ready-money
business with the ‘Bookies’ just now—and he is a good customer to
the Para Mutual. It is a little startling to see him in the character of
mentor. I only hope he won’t get into many scrapes!”
“Oh, Telemachus has his head screwed on pretty tight, and he will
look after Waring—the pupil will take care of the teacher. He is a real
good sort, that boy. I wonder if his people know how old Clarence
used to race, and carry on and gamble at the lotteries, and generally
play the devil when he was out here?”
“Not they!” emphatically.
“He owes me one hundred rupees this three years, but he is such
a tremendous Bahadur now, that I am ashamed to remind him of
such a trifling sum. I sincerely hope that he has turned over a new
leaf and is a reformed character. What do you say, Crompton?”
“I say ‘Amen,’ with all my heart,” was the prompt response.
Mark Jervis had gone straight to the agents, Bostock & Bell’s, the
day he had landed in Bombay, and asked for his father’s address.
He only obtained it with difficulty and after considerable delay. The
head of the firm, in a private interview, earnestly entreated him to
keep the secret, otherwise they would get into trouble, as Major
Jervis was a peculiar man and most mysterious about his affairs,
which were now entirely managed by a Mr. Cardozo. Major Jervis
had not corresponded with them personally, for years. He then
scribbled something on a card, which he handed to the new arrival,
who eagerly read, “Mr. Jones, Hawal-Ghât, via Shirani, N.W.P.” The
major’s son despatched a letter with this superscription by the very
next post.
 CHAPTER XI.
A RESERVED LADY.

A hot moonless night towards the end of March, and the up-mail
from Bombay to Calcutta has come to a standstill. The glare from the
furnace and the carriage lamps lights up the ghostly looking
telegraph-posts, the dusty cactus hedge, and illuminates a small
portion of the surrounding jungle. Anxiously gazing eyes see no sign
of a station, or even of a signalman’s hut, within the immediate glare
—and beyond it there looms a rocky, barren tract, chiefly swallowed
up in inscrutable darkness.
There is a babel of men’s voices, shrill and emotional, and not
emanating from European throats, a running of many feet, and
above all is heard the snorting of the engine and the dismal shrieks
of the steam whistle.
“What does it all mean?” inquired a silvery treble, and a fluffy head
leant out of a first-class ladies’ compartment.
“Nothing to be alarmed about,” responded a pleasant tenor voice
from the permanent way. “There has been a collision between two
goods trains about a mile ahead, and the line is blocked.”
“Any one killed?” she drawled.
“Only a couple of niggers,” rejoined the pleasant voice, in a
cheerful key.
“Dear me!” exclaimed the lady with sudden animation; “why,
Captain Waring, surely it cannot be you!”
“Pray why not?” now climbing up on the foot-board. “And do I
behold Mrs. Bellett?” as the head and shoulders of a good-looking
man appeared at the window, and looked into the carriage, which
contained a mountain of luggage, two ladies, a monkey, and a small
green parrot.
 “Where have you dropped from?” she inquired. “I thought you had
left India for ever and ever. What has brought you back?”
“The remembrance of happier days,” he answered, with a
sentimental air, “and a P. and O. steamer.”
“But you have left the service, surely?”
“Yes, three years ago; it was too much of a grind at home.
Formerly I was in India on duty, now I am out here for pleasure. No
bother about over-staying my leave—no fear of brass hats.”
“Meanwhile, is there any fear of our being run into by another
train?” inquired the second lady nervously, a lady who sat at the
opposite side of the compartment with her head muffled up in a pink
shawl.
“Not the smallest; we are perfectly safe.”
“Captain Waring, this is my sister, Mrs. Coote,” explained Mrs.
Bellett. “And now perhaps you can tell us where we are, and what is
to become of us?”
“As to where you are, you are about three miles from Okara
Junction; as to what will happen to you, I am afraid that you will have
to walk there under my escort—if I may be permitted that honour.”
“Walk three miles!” she repeated shrilly. “Why, I have not done
such a thing for years, and I have on thin shoes. Could we not go on
the engine?”
“Yes, if the engine could fly over nearly a hundred luggage
waggons. It is a fine starlight night; we will get a lamp, and can keep
along the line. They have sent for a break-down gang, and we shall
catch another train at Okara. We will only have about an hour or two
to wait.”
“Well, I suppose we must make the best of it!” said Mrs. Coote,
“like others,” as numbers of natives flocked past, chattering volubly,
and carrying their bedding and bundles.
“I wish we could get supper at Okara,” said her sister. “I am sure
we shall want it after our tramp; but I know we need not build on
anything better than a goat chop, and the day before yesterday’s
curry. However, I have a tea-basket.”
“I can go one better,” said Captain Waring. “I have a tiffin-basket,
well supplied with ice, champagne, cold tongue, potted grouse—
cake—fruit——”
“You are making me quite ravenous,” cried Mrs. Bellett. “But how
are you to get all these delicacies to Okara?”
“By a coolie, I hope. If the worst comes to the worst, I will carry
them on my head, sooner than leave them behind. However, rupees
work wonders, and I expect I shall get hold of as many as will carry
the basket, and also your baggage; I suppose fifty will do?” and with
a grin, he climbed down out of sight.
“What a stroke of luck, Nettie!” exclaimed Mrs. Bellett. “He used to
be such a friend of mine at Mussouri, and imagine coming across
him in this way! He seems to be rolling in money; he must have
come in for a fortune, for he used to be frightfully hard up. I’m so
glad to meet him.”
“Yes, it’s all very fine for you, who are dressed,” rejoined the other
in a peevish voice; “but just look at me in an old tea-jacket, with my
hair in curling-pins!”
“Oh, you were all right! I’m certain he never noticed you!” was the
sisterly reply. “Let us be quick and put up our things. I wish to
goodness the ayah was here,” and she began to bustle about, and
strap up wraps and pillows, and collect books and fans.
Every one in the train seemed to be in a state of activity, preparing
for departure, and presently many parties on foot, with lanterns,
might be seen streaming along the line. Captain Waring promptly
returned with a dozen coolies, and soon Mrs. Bellett’s carriage was
empty. She and her sister were assisted by Captain Waring and a
young man—presumably his companion. Ere descending, Mrs.
Bellett, who had a pretty foot, paused on the step to exhibit the
thinness of her shoes, and demanded, as she put out her Louis-
Quatorze sole, “how she was to walk three miles in that, along a
rough road?”
 The two ladies were nevertheless in the highest spirits, and
appeared to enjoy the novelty of the adventure. Ere the quartette
had gone twenty yards, the guard came shouting after them—
“Beg pardon, sir,” to Captain Waring, “but there is a lady quite
alone in my charge. I can’t take her on; I must stay and see to the
baggage, and remain here. And would you look after her?”
“Where is she?” demanded Waring, irritably.
“Last carriage but one—reserved ladies, first-class.”
“I say, Mark,” turning to his friend, “if she is a reserved lady, you
are all right. He is awfully shy, this young fellow,” he explained to his
other companions, with a loud laugh. “I don’t mind betting that she is
old—and you know you are fond of old women—so just run back like
a good chap. You see, I have Mrs. Bellett and her sister—you won’t
be five minutes behind us, bring on the reserved lady as fast as you
can.”
The other made no audible reply, but obediently turned about, and
went slowly past the rows of empty carriages until he came nearly to
the end of the train. Here he discovered a solitary white figure
standing above him in the open door of a compartment, and a girlish
voice called down into the dark—
“Is that you, guard?”
“No,” was the answer; “but the guard has sent me to ask if I can
help you in any way.”
A momentary pause, and then there came a rather doubtful
“Thank you.”
“Your lamp has gone out, I see, but I can easily strike a match and
get your things together. There is a block on the line, and you will
have to get down and walk on to the next station.”
“Really? Has there been an accident? I could not make out what
the people were saying.”
“It is not of much consequence—two goods trains disputing the
right of way; but we shall have to walk to Okara to catch the
Cawnpore mail.”
“Is it far?”
“About three miles, I believe.”
“Oh, that is not much! I have not many things—only a dressing-
bag, a rug, and a parasol.”
“All right; if you will pass them down, I will carry them.”
“But surely there is a porter,” expostulated the lady, “and I need
not trouble you.”
“I don’t suppose there is what you call a porter nearer than
Brindisi, and all the coolies are taking out the luggage. Allow me to
help you.”
In another second the young lady, who was both light and active,
stood beside him on the line. She was English; she was tall; and she
wore a hideously shaped country-made topee—that was all that he
could make out in the dim light.
“Now, shall we start?” he asked briskly, taking her bag, rug, and
parasol.
“Please let me have the bag,” she entreated. “I—I—that is to say, I
would rather keep it myself. All my money is in it.”
“And I may be a highwayman for what you know,” he returned,
with a laugh. “I give you my word of honour that, if you will allow me
to carry it, I will not rob you.”
“I did not mean that,” she stammered.
“Then what did you mean? At any rate I mean to keep it. The other
passengers are on ahead—I suppose you are quite alone?”
“Almost. There is a servant in the train who is supposed to look
after me, but I am looking after him, and seeing that he is not left
behind at the different junctions. We cannot understand one word we
exchange, so he grins and gesticulates, and I nod and point; but it all
comes to nothing, or worse than nothing. I wanted some tea this
morning, and he brought me whisky and soda.”
 “And have you no one to rely on but this intelligent attendant?”
“No. The people I came out with changed at Khandala, and left me
in charge of the guard, and in a through carriage to Allahabad; and of
course we never expected this.”
“So you have just come out from home?” he observed, as they
walked along at a good pace.
“Yes; arrived yesterday morning in the Arcadia.”
“Then this is the first time you have actually set foot on Indian soil,
for trains and gharries do not count?”
“It is. Are there”—looking nervously at the wild expanse on either
hand—“any tigers about, do you think?”
“No, I sincerely hope not, as I have no weapon but your parasol.
Joking apart, you are perfectly safe. This”—with a wave of the
aforesaid parasol—“is not their style of hunting-ground.”
“And what is their style, as you call it?”
“Oh, lots of high grass and jungle, in a cattle country.”
“Have you shot many tigers?”
“Two last month. My friend and I had rather good sport down in
Travancore.”
“I suppose you live out here?”
“No, I have only been about six months in the country.”
“I wish I had been six months in India.”
“May I ask why?”
“Certainly you may. Because I would be going home in six months
more.”
“And you only landed forty-eight hours ago! Surely you are not
tired of it already. I thought all young ladies liked India. Mind where
you are going! It is very dark here. Will you take hold of my arm?”
“No, thank you,” rather stiffly.
 “Then my hand? You really had better, or you will come a most
awful cropper, and trip over the sleepers.”
“Here is an extraordinary adventure!” said Honor to herself. “What
would Jessie and Fairy say, if they could see me now, walking along
in the dark through a wild desolate country, hand-in-hand with an
absolutely strange young man, whose face I have never even seen?”
A short distance ahead were groups of chattering natives—women
with red dresses and brass lotahs, which caught the light of their
hand-lanterns (a lantern is to a native what an umbrella is to a
Briton); turbaned, long-legged men, who carried bundles, lamps, and
sticks. The line was bordered on either hand by thick hedges of
greyish cactus; here and there glimmered a white flower; here and
there an ancient bush showed bare distorted roots, like the ribs of
some defunct animal. Beyond stretched a dim mysterious landscape,
which looked weird and ghostly by the light of a few pale stars. The
night was still and oppressively warm.
“You will be met at Allahabad, I suppose?” observed Honor’s
unknown escort, after a considerable silence.
“Yes—by my aunt.”
“You must be looking forward to seeing her again?”
“Again! I have never seen her as yet.” She paused, and then
continued, “We are three girls at home, and my aunt and uncle
wished to have one of us on a visit, and I came.”
“Not very willingly, it would seem,” with a short laugh.
“No; I held out as long as I could. I am—or rather was—the useful
one at home.”
“And did your aunt and uncle stipulate for the most useful niece?”
“By no means—they—they, to tell you the truth, they asked for the
pretty one, and I am not the beauty of the family.”
“No? Am I to take your word for that, or are you merely fishing?”
“I assure you that I am not. I am afraid my aunt will be
disappointed; but it was unavoidable. My eldest sister writes, and
could not well give up what she calls her literary customers. My next
sister is—is—not strong, and so they sent me—a dernier ressort.”
She was speaking quite frankly to this stranger, and felt rather
ashamed of her garrulity; but he had a pleasant voice, he was the
first friendly soul she had come across since she had left home, and
she was desperately home-sick. A long solitary railway journey had
only increased her complaint, and she was ready to talk of home to
any one—would probably have talked of it to the chuprassi,—if he
could have understood her!
Her escort had been an unscrupulous, selfish little woman, whose
nurse, having proved a bad sailor, literally saddled her good-natured,
inexperienced charge with the care of two unruly children, and this in
a manner that excited considerable indignation among her fellow
passengers.
“Why should you call yourself a dernier ressort?” inquired her
companion, after a pause, during which they continued to stumble
along, she holding timidly by the young man’s arm.
“Because I am; and I told them at home with my very last breath
that I was not a bit suited for coming out here, and mixing with
strangers—nothing but strangers—and going perpetually into what is
called ‘smart’ society, and beginning a perfectly novel kind of life. I
shall get into no end of scrapes.”
“May I ask your reason for this dismal prophecy?”
“Surely you can guess! Because I cannot hold my tongue. I blurt
out the first thing that comes into my head. If I think a thing wrong, or
odd, I must say so; I cannot help it, I am incurable. People at home
are used to me, and don’t mind. Also, I have a frightful and wholly
unconscious habit of selecting the most uncomfortable topics, and
an extremely bad memory for the names and faces of people with
whom I have but a slight acquaintance; so you see that I am not
likely to be a social success!”
“Let us hope that you take a gloomy view of yourself. For instance,
what is your idea of an uncomfortable topic?”
 “If I am talking to a person with a cast in the eye, I am positively
certain ere long to find myself conversing volubly about squints; or, if
my partner wears a wig, I am bound to bring wigs on the tapis. I
believe I am possessed by some mischievous imp, who enjoys my
subsequent torture.”
“Pray how do you know that I have not a squint, or a wig, or both?
A wig would not be half a bad thing in this hot climate; to take off
your hair as you do your hat would often be a great relief! Ah, here
we are coming to the scene of the collision at last,” and presently
they passed by a long row of waggons, and then two huge engines,
one across the line, the other reared up against it; an immense
bonfire burnt on the bank, and threw the great black monsters into
strong outline. Further on they came to a gate and level crossing.
The gate of the keeper’s hut stood wide open, and on the threshold
a grey-haired old woman sat with her head between her knees,
sobbing; within were moans, as if wrung from a sufferer in acute
anguish. Honor’s unknown companion suddenly halted, and
exclaimed impulsively—
“I’m afraid some one has been badly hurt; if you don’t mind, I’ll just
go and see.”
Almost ere she had nodded a quick affirmative, he had vaulted
over the gate, and left her.
 CHAPTER XII.
TWO GOOD SAMARITANS.

In all her life, the youngest Miss Gordon had never felt so utterly
solitary or forsaken as now, when she stood alone on the line of the
Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Before her the party of natives, with
their twinkling lanterns, were gradually reaching vanishing point;
behind her was a long, still procession of trucks and waggons, that
looked like some dreadful black monster waiting for its prey; on
either hand stretched the greyish unknown mysterious landscape,
from which strange unfamiliar sounds, in the shape of croakings and
cries, were audible. Oh! when would her nameless companion
return? She glanced anxiously towards the hut, it was beyond the
gate, and down a steep bank, away from the road; animated figures
seemed to pass to and fro against the lighted open door. Ah! here
came one of them, her escort, who had in point of fact been only
absent five minutes, and not, as she imagined, half an hour.
“It is a stoker who has been cut about the head and badly
scalded,” he explained breathlessly. “They are waiting for an
apothecary from Okara, and meanwhile they are trying a native herb
and a charm. They don’t seem to do the poor chap much good. I
think I might be able to do something better for him, though I have no
experience, beyond seeing accidents at football and out hunting; but
I cannot leave you here like this, and yet I cannot well ask you inside
the hut, the heat is like a furnace—and—altogether—it—it would be
too much for you, but if you would not mind waiting outside just for a
few minutes, I’d get you something to sit on.”
“Thank you, but I would rather go in—I have attended an
ambulance class—‘first aid,’ you know, and perhaps I may be of
some little use; there is sticking-plaster, eau-de-Cologne, and a pair
of scissors in my bag.”
 “Well, mind; you must brace up your nerves,” he answered, as he
pushed open the gate, and led her down the crumbling sandy incline.
The heat within the hut was almost suffocating; as the girl,
following her guide, entered, every eye was instantly fixed upon her
in wide surprise.
By the light of a small earthen lamp, which smoked horribly, she
distinguished the figure of a man crouching on the edge of a
charpoy; he was breathing in hard hoarse gasps, and bleeding from
a great gash above his eye.
A Eurasian, in a checked cotton suit, stood by, talking incessantly
—but doing nothing else. There were also present, besides the old
woman—a veritable shrivelled-up hag—two native men, possibly the
“bhai-bands,” or chums of the sufferer; in a corner, a large black
pariah sat watching everything, with a pair of unwinking yellow eyes;
and on another charpoy lay a still figure, covered with a sheet. A few
earthen chatties, a mat, a huka, and some gaudy English prints—for
the most part nailed upside down—completed the picture. Hitherto
the travelling companions had been to each other merely the
embodiment of an undefined figure and a voice; the light of the little
mud lamp, whose curling smoke threw outlines of dancing black
devils on the walls, now introduced them for the first time face to
face. To Honor Gordon stood revealed an unexpectedly good-looking
young man, slight and well built, with severely cut features, and a
pair of handsome hazel eyes, which were surveying her gravely. A
gentleman, not merely in his speech and actions, but in his bearing.
He, on his part, was not in the least surprised to behold a pale but
decidedly pretty girl; by means of some mysterious instinct he had
long made up his mind that the owner of such a delicate hand and
sweet clear voice could not be otherwise than fair to see.
“The apothecary cannot be here for one hour!” exclaimed the
Eurasian, glibly. “He,” pointing to the patient, “is very bad. We have
put some herbs to his arm, and the back of his head; but I, myself,
think that he will die!” he concluded with an air of melancholy
importance.
 Some kind of a bandage was the first thing Honor asked for, and
asked for in vain; she then quickly unwound the puggaree from her
topee, and tore it into three parts.
Then she bathed and bandaged the man’s head, with quick and
sympathetic fingers, whilst Jervis held the lamp, offered suggestions,
and looked on, no less impressed than amazed; he had hitherto had
an idea that girls always screamed and shrank away from the sight
of blood and horrors.
This girl, though undeniably white, was as cool and self-
possessed, as firm, yet gentle, as any capable professional nurse.
The scalded arm and hand—a shocking spectacle—were attended
to by both. The great thing was to exclude the air, and give the
sufferer at least temporary relief. With some native flour, a bandage
was deftly applied, the arm placed in a sling, and the patient’s head
was bathed with water and eau-de-Cologne. Fanned assiduously by
the girl’s fan, he began to feel restored, he had been given heart, he
had been assured that his hurts were not mortal, and presently he
languidly declared himself better.
The natives who stood round, whilst the sahib and Miss Sahib
ministered so quickly and effectually to their friend, now changed
their lamentations to loud ejaculations of wonder and praise. Miss
Gordon was amazed to hear her companion giving directions to
these spectators in fluent and sonorous Hindustani, and still more
astounded when, as she took up her topee, preparatory to departure,
the Eurasian turned to him, and said in an impressive squeak—
“Sir, your wife is a saint—an angel of goodness”—and then, as an
hasty afterthought, he added, “and beauty!”
Before Jervis could collect his wits and speak, she had replied—
“I am not this gentleman’s wife; we are only fellow-passengers.
Why should you think so?” she demanded sharply.
“Because—oh, please do not be angry—you looked so suitable,”
he answered with disarming candour. “Truly, I hope you may be
married yet, and I wish you both riches, long life, and great
happiness,” he added, bowing very low, lamp in hand.
 Honor passed out of the hut, with her head held extraordinarily
high, scrambled up the bank, and proceeded along the line at a
headlong pace in indignant silence.
She now maintained a considerable distance between herself and
her escort; no doubt her eyes were becoming accustomed to the dim
light, and at any rate there was that in her air which prevented him
offering either arm or hand. In spite of the recent scene in which they
had both been actors, where he had clipped hair and cut plaster, and
she had applied bandages and scanty remedies to the same “case,”
they were not drawn closer together; on the contrary, they were
much further apart than during the first portion of their walk, and the
young lady’s confidences had now entirely ceased. She confined
herself exclusively to a few bald remarks about the patient, and the
climate, remarks issued at intervals of ten minutes, and her answers
to his observations were confined to “Yes” and “No.” At last Okara
station was reached; and, to tell the truth, neither of them were sorry
to bring their tête-à-tête to a conclusion. The dazzling lights on the
platform made their eyes blink, as they threaded their way to the
general refreshment room, discovering it readily enough by sounds
of many and merry voices, who were evidently availing themselves
of its somewhat limited resources.
It was not a very large apartment, but it was full. The table was
covered with a thin native tablecloth, two large lamps with punkah
tops, and two cruet-stands and an American ice-pitcher were placed
at formal intervals down the middle. It was surrounded with people,
who were eating, drinking, and talking. At the further end sat Captain
Waring, supported on either hand by his two fair companions, three
men—young and noisy, whom they evidently knew—and a prim,
elderly woman, who looked inexpressibly shocked at the company,
and had pointedly fenced herself off from Mrs. Bellett with a teapot
and a wine-card. Captain Waring’s friends had not partaken of tea
(as the champagne-bottle testified). The tongue, cake, and fruit had
also evidently received distinguished marks of their esteem. Mrs.
Bellett put up her long eyeglass, and surveyed exhaustively the pair
who now entered.