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Human Interface
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Sakae Yamamoto (Ed.)

Human Interface
and the Management
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Supporting Learning,
Decision-Making and Collaboration
19th International Conference, HCI International 2017
Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9–14, 2017
Proceedings, Part II

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Editor
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 Foreword

The 19th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI International

2017, was held in Vancouver, Canada, during July 9–14, 2017. The event incorporated
the 15 conferences/thematic areas listed on the following page.
A total of 4,340 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-
ernmental agencies from 70 countries submitted contributions, and 1,228 papers have
been included in the proceedings. These papers address the latest research and
development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing
systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire field of human–computer interaction,
addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of
application areas. The volumes constituting the full set of the conference proceedings
are listed on the following pages.
I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the program
boards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to the
highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2017
conference.
This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-
vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus and
Conference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,
I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor of HCI
International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

April 2017 Constantine Stephanidis

 HCI International 2017 Thematic Areas
and Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:
• Human–Computer Interaction (HCI 2017)
• Human Interface and the Management of Information (HIMI 2017)
Affiliated conferences:
• 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergo-
nomics (EPCE 2017)
• 11th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer Interac-
tion (UAHCI 2017)
• 9th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (VAMR
2017)
• 9th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design (CCD 2017)
• 9th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (SCSM 2017)
• 11th International Conference on Augmented Cognition (AC 2017)
• 8th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in
Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management (DHM 2017)
• 6th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability (DUXU
2017)
• 5th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions
(DAPI 2017)
• 5th International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy
and Trust (HAS 2017)
• 4th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and Organizations
(HCIBGO 2017)
• 4th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (LCT
2017)
• Third International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population
(ITAP 2017)
 Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 10271, Human–Computer Interaction: User Interface Design, Development

and Multimodality (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
2. LNCS 10272 Human–Computer Interaction: Interaction Contexts (Part II), edited
by Masaaki Kurosu
3. LNCS 10273, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Information,
Knowledge and Interaction Design (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto
4. LNCS 10274, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Supporting
Learning, Decision-Making and Collaboration (Part II), edited by Sakae
Yamamoto
5. LNAI 10275, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Performance,
Emotion and Situation Awareness (Part I), edited by Don Harris
6. LNAI 10276, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition and
Design (Part II), edited by Don Harris
7. LNCS 10277, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Design and
Development Approaches and Methods (Part I), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
8. LNCS 10278, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Designing
Novel Interactions (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine
Stephanidis
9. LNCS 10279, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction: Human and
Technological Environments (Part III), edited by Margherita Antona and
Constantine Stephanidis
10. LNCS 10280, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, edited by Stephanie Lackey
and Jessie Y.C. Chen
11. LNCS 10281, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
12. LNCS 10282, Social Computing and Social Media: Human Behavior (Part I),
edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
13. LNCS 10283, Social Computing and Social Media: Applications and Analytics
(Part II), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz
14. LNAI 10284, Augmented Cognition: Neurocognition and Machine Learning
(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
15. LNAI 10285, Augmented Cognition: Enhancing Cognition and Behavior in
Complex Human Environments (Part II), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and
Cali M. Fidopiastis
16. LNCS 10286, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Ergonomics and Design (Part I), edited by
Vincent G. Duffy
17. LNCS 10287, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,
Ergonomics and Risk Management: Health and Safety (Part II), edited by
Vincent G. Duffy
18. LNCS 10288, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theory, Methodology and
Management (Part I), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
X Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

19. LNCS 10289, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Designing Pleasurable
Experiences (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
20. LNCS 10290, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Understanding Users and
Contexts (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and Wentao Wang
21. LNCS 10291, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by Norbert
Streitz and Panos Markopoulos
22. LNCS 10292, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust, edited
by Theo Tryfonas
23. LNCS 10293, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations: Interacting with
Information Systems (Part I), edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah and Chuan-Hoo Tan
24. LNCS 10294, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations: Supporting
Business (Part II), edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah and Chuan-Hoo Tan
25. LNCS 10295, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Novel Learning
Ecosystems (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
26. LNCS 10296, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Technology in Education
(Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
27. LNCS 10297, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Aging, Design and
User Experience (Part I), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel Salvendy
28. LNCS 10298, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Applications, Ser-
vices and Contexts (Part II), edited by Jia Zhou and Gavriel Salvendy
29. CCIS 713, HCI International 2017 Posters Proceedings (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
30. CCIS 714, HCI International 2017 Posters Proceedings (Part II), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis
 Human Interface and the Management of Information

Program Board Chair(s): Sakae Yamamoto, Japan

• Takako Akakura, Japan • Hiroyuki Miki, Japan

• Yumi Asahi, Japan
• Linda R. Elliott, USA
• Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan
• Michitaka Hirose, Japan
• Yasushi Ikei, Japan
• Yen-Yu Kang, Taiwan
• Keiko Kasamatsu, Japan
• Daiji Kobayashi, Japan
• Kentaro Kotani, Japan
• Hirohiko Mori, Japan
• Shogo Nishida, Japan
• Robert Proctor, USA
• Ryosuke Saga, Japan
• Katsunori Shimohara, Japan
• Jiro Tanaka, Japan
• Takahito Tomoto, Japan
• Kim-Phuong Vu, USA
• Tomio Watanabe, Japan

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards of
all thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:
http://www.hci.international/board-members-2017.php
 HCI International 2018

The 20th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI International

2018, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Las Vegas, NV, USA, at
Caesars Palace, July 15–20, 2018. It will cover a broad spectrum of themes related to
human–computer interaction, including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes,
and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and
applications. The proceedings will be published by Springer. More information is
available on the conference website: http://2018.hci.international/.

General Chair
Prof. Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: general_chair@hcii2018.org

http://2018.hci.international/
 Contents – Part II

Information and Learning

A Problem-Solving Process Model for Learning Intellectual Property

Law Using Logic Expression: Application from a Proposition
to a Predicate Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Takako Akakura, Takahito Tomoto, and Koichiro Kato

Predictive Algorithm for Converting Linear Strings to General

Mathematical Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Tetsuo Fukui and Shizuka Shirai

Development and a Practical Use of Monitoring Tool of Understanding

of Learners in Class Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Yusuke Hayashi, Mitsutaka Murotsu, Sho Yamamoto,
and Tsukasa Hirashima

Evaluation of the Function that Detects the Difference of Learner’s Model

from the Correct Model in a Model-Building Learning Environment . . . . . . . 40
Tomoya Horiguchi and Tetsuhiro Masuda

Development of a Seminar Management System: Evaluation of Support

Functions for Improvement of Presentation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Yusuke Kometani and Keizo Nagaoka

Designing the Learning Goal Space for Human Toward Acquiring

a Creative Learning Skill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Takato Okudo, Keiki Takadama, and Tomohiro Yamaguchi

Proposal of Educational Curriculum of Creating Hazard Map

with Tablet-Type Device for Schoolchildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Daisuke Shirai, Makoto Oka, Sakae Yamamoto, and Hirohiko Mori

Report on Practice of a Learning Support System for Reading Program

Code Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Takahito Tomoto and Takako Akakura

Information in Virtual and Augmented Reality

Basic Study on Connecting AR and VR for Digital Exhibition

with Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Taiju Aoki, Takuji Narumi, Tomohiro Tanikawa, and Michitaka Hirose
XVI Contents – Part II

Using Virtual Reality to Assess the Elderly:

The Impact of Human-Computer Interfaces on Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Frédéric Banville, Jean-François Couture, Eulalie Verhulst,
Jeremy Besnard, Paul Richard, and Philippe Allain

An AR Application for Wheat Breeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Kaitlyn Becker, Frederic Parke, and Bruce Gooch

A New Experience Presentation in VR2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Yasushi Ikei, Tomohiro Amemiya, Koichi Hirota, and Michiteru Kitazaki

Characterization of Mild Cognitive Impairment Focusing on Screen Contact

Data in Virtual Reality-Based IADL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Yuki Kubota, Takehiko Yamaguchi, Tetsuya Harada,
and Tania Giovannetti

Attention Sharing in a Virtual Environment Attracts Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Takuji Narumi, Yuta Sakakibara, Tomohiro Tanikawa,
and Michitaka Hirose

Generating Rules of Action Transition in Errors in Daily Activities

from a Virtual Reality-Based Training Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Niken Prasasti Martono, Keisuke Abe, Takehiko Yamaguchi,
Hayato Ohwada, and Tania Giovannetti

Navigation Patterns in Ederly During Multitasking

in Virtual Environnment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Eulalie Verhulst, Frédéric Banville, Paul Richard, Sabrina Tabet,
Claudia Lussier, Édith Massicotte, and Philippe Allain

Recommender and Decision Support Systems

On Source Code Completion Assistants and the Need

of a Context-Aware Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fabio Villamarin Arrebola and Plinio Thomaz Aquino Junior

An Interactive Diagnostic Application for Food Crop Irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . 202

Nicolas Bain, Nithya Rajan, and Bruce Gooch

Wearable Computing Support for Objective Assessment of Function

in Older Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Theodore Hauser, James Klein, Philip Coulomb, Sarah Lehman,
Takehiko Yamaguchi, Tania Giovannetti, and Chiu C. Tan

Introducing a Decision Making Framework to Help Users Detect, Evaluate,

Assess, and Recommend (DEAR) Action Within Complex
Sociotechnical Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Ryan A. Kirk and Dave A. Kirk
 Contents – Part II XVII

Data Sources Handling for Emergency Management: Supporting

Information Availability and Accessibility for Emergency Responders . . . . . . 240
Vimala Nunavath and Andreas Prinz

User Context in a Decision Support System for Stock Market . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Percy Soares Machado, Nayat Sanchez-Pi, and Vera Maria B. Werneck

Designing a Predictive Coding System for Electronic Discovery . . . . . . . . . . 272

Dhivya Soundarajan and Sara Anne Hook

Hazards Taxonomy and Identification Methods in Civil Aviation

Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Yuan Zhang, Yijie Sun, Yanqiu Chen, and Mei Rong

Can Travel Information Websites Do Better? Facilitating

the Decision-Making Experience for Tourists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Lanyun Zhang and Xu Sun

A New Information Theory-Based Serendipitous Algorithm Design. . . . . . . . 314

Xiaosong Zhou, Zhan Xu, Xu Sun, and Qingfeng Wang

Intelligent Systems

Discovering Rules of Subtle Deficits Indicating Mild Cognitive Impairment

Using Inductive Logic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Keisuke Abe, Niken Prasasti Martono, Takehiko Yamaguchi,
Hayato Ohwada, and Tania Giovannetti

Vector Representation of Words for Plagiarism Detection Based

on String Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Kensuke Baba, Tetsuya Nakatoh, and Toshiro Minami

Map Uncertainty Reduction for a Team of Autonomous Drones

Using Simulated Annealing and Bayesian Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Jordan Henrio and Tomoharu Nakashima

A New Approach to Telecommunications Network Design Automated

and Data Driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Fabion Kauker, Chris Forbes, Matthew Blair, and Danny Huffman

A System Description Model with Fuzzy Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Tetsuya Maeshiro, Yuri Ozawa, and Midori Maeshiro

Towards User Interfaces for Semantic Storytelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Julián Moreno-Schneider, Peter Bourgonje, and Georg Rehm
XVIII Contents – Part II

Towards Adaptive Aircraft Landing Order with Aircraft Routes Partially

Fixed by Air Traffic Controllers as Human Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Akinori Murata, Hiroyuki Sato, and Keiki Takadama

Analysis of the Quality of Academic Papers by the Words in Abstracts . . . . . 434

Tetsuya Nakatoh, Kenta Nagatani, Toshiro Minami, Sachio Hirokawa,
Takeshi Nanri, and Miho Funamori

A Web-Based User Interface for Machine Learning Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Fatma Nasoz and Chandani Shrestha

On Modeling the Evolving Emotion on Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Tiffany Y. Tang and Lotus Xinhe Zhou

Supporting Collaboration and User Communities

User Experience (UX) of a Big Data Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Hashim Iqbal Chunpir, Dean Williams, and Thomas Ludwig

Expanding Scientific Community Reach Based on Web Access Data. . . . . . . 475

Vagner Figueredo de Santana and Leandro Marega Ferreira Otani

Infrastructure for Research Data Management

as a Cross-University Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Thomas Eifert, Ulrich Schilling, Hans-Jörg Bauer, Florian Krämer,
and Ania Lopez

Semiotic Engineering to Define a Declarative Citizen Language . . . . . . . . . . 503

Lilian Mendes Cunha, Claudia Cappelli, and Flávia Maria Santoro

The Participatory Sensing Platform Driven by UGC for the Evaluation

of Living Quality in the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Yang Ting Shen, Yi Shiang Shiu, Wei Kuang Liu, and Pei Wen Lu

A Support System for Vitalizing Brainstorming with Related Images. . . . . . . 528

Hidetsugu Suto and Shuichi Miyo

Research on Information Architecture Design of Online Creative Space . . . . . 539

Yajie Wang, Yangshuo Zheng, and Xing Fang

Case Studies

Relationship Between Users’ Operational Characteristics and User

Interfaces: Study of the Multi-function Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Hiroko Akatsu, Naotsune Hosono, Yasuyoshi Onoue, Sachika Hitomi,
and Hiroyuki Miki
 Contents – Part II XIX

White Crane Dance-Transforming Woodcut Print and Folk Dance

into Animation Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Jia-Ming Day, Su-Chu Hsu, and Chun-Chien Chen

Influence of “Feel Appetite” by Food Image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Nobuyuki Watanabe, Keiko Kasamatsu,
Hiroaki Kiso, and Hideo Jingu

A Study on Automatic Generation of Comic Strips from a Scenario . . . . . . . 581

Shigeyoshi Iizuka

How to Find a Recipe for Success of Popular Smart Phone Applications . . . . 591
Jun Ito, Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Nobuyuki Watanabe, and Masao Ohmi

Study on Indoor Light Environment and Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603

Fuko Ohura, Keiko Kasamatsu, Takeo Ainoya, and Akio Tomita

A Personal Relationship Analyzing Tool Based

on Psychodrama Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Hidetsugu Suto, Jun Maeda, and Patchanee Patitad

The Effects of Group Size in the Furniture Assembly Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Noriko Suzuki, Mayuka Imashiro, Mamiko Sakata,
and Michiya Yamamoto

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

 Contents – Part I

Visualization Methods and Tools

Extending an Association Map to Handle Large Data Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tamara Babaian, Wendy Lucas, Alina Chircu, and Noreen Power

Identifying Root Cause and Derived Effects in Causal Relationships . . . . . . . 22

Juhee Bae, Tove Helldin, and Maria Riveiro

Data Visualization for Network Access Rules of Critical Infrastructure . . . . . 35

An-Byeong Chae, Jeong-Han Yun, Sin-Kyu Kim, Kang-In Seo,
and Sung-Woo Kim

Visualization of Climate Data from User Perspective: Evaluating User

Experience in Graphical User Interfaces and Immersive Interfaces. . . . . . . . . 55
Vinícius Fagundes, Raul Fernandes, Carlos Santos,
and Tatiana Tavares

Management of Inconsistencies in Domain-Spanning

Models – An Interactive Visualization Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Stefan Feldmann, Florian Hauer, Dorothea Pantförder,
Frieder Pankratz, Gudrun Klinker, and Birgit Vogel-Heuser

Development Environment of Embeddable

Information-Visualization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Takao Ito and Kazuo Misue

Analysis of Location Information Gathered Through Residents’

Smartphones Toward Visualization of Communication
in Local Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Koya Kimura, Yurika Shiozu, Ivan Tanev, and Katsunori Shimohara

Making Social Media Activity Analytics Intelligible for Oneself

and for Others: A “Boundary Object” Approach to Dashboard Design . . . . . . 112
François Lambotte

Sorting Visual Complexity and Intelligibility of Information

Visualization Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Mingran Li, Wenjie Wu, Yingjie Victor Chen, Yafeng Niu,
and Chengqi Xue

Visual and IR-Based Target Detection from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle . . . . . 136
Patrik Lif, Fredrik Näsström, Gustav Tolt, Johan Hedström,
and Jonas Allvar
XXII Contents – Part I

The Fuzzification of an Information Architecture

for Information Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Rico A.R. Picone, Jotham Lentz, and Bryan Powell

Information and Interaction Design

Programming of a Visualization for a Robot Teach Pendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Sebastian Galen, Dirk Liedtke, and Daniel Schilberg

A Comparison of Two Cockpit Color Concepts Under Mesopic Lighting

Using a CRT Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Martin Götze, Antonia S. Conti, and Klaus Bengler

The Emotional Superiority of Effecter Affordances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Zhaohui Huang, Ziliang Jing, and Xu Liu

Research on the Design Method of Extracting Optimal

Kansei Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Xinhui Kang, Minggang Yang, Yixiang Wu, and Haozhou Yuan

Points of Interest Density Based Zooming Interface for Map Exploration

on Smart Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Doyeon Kim, Daeil Seo, Byounghyun Yoo, and Heedong Ko

How We Improve Sense of Beauty? Kansei Improvement Process

and Its Support System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Tomoko Kojiri and Yoshihiro Adachi

Research on the Relationships Between Shape of Button

and Operation Feeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Hanhui Li, Keiko Kasamatsu, Takeo Ainoya, and Ryuta Motegi

A Study of Interaction Interface Design of Digital Contents

on Hand-Held Intelligent Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Ming-Chyuan Lin, Yi-Hsien Lin, Shuo-Fang Liu, and Ming-Hong Wang

UX Design of a Big Data Visualization Application Supporting

Gesture-Based Interaction with a Large Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Stavroula Ntoa, Chryssi Birliraki, Giannis Drossis, George Margetis,
Ilia Adami, and Constantine Stephanidis

JoyKey: One-Handed Hardware Keyboard with 4  3 Grid Slide Keys. . . . . 266

Ryosuke Takada, Buntarou Shizuki, and Shin Takahashi

A Design Process of Simple-Shaped Communication Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Yuki Takei, Naoyuki Takesue, Keiko Kasamatsu, Takeo Ainoya,
Toru Irie, Kenichi Kimura, and Masaki Kanayama
 Contents – Part I XXIII

Effectiveness Research of Safety Signs in Coal Mines Based on Eye

Movement Experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Shui-cheng Tian, Lu Hui, and Hong-xia Li

Godzilla Meets ‘F’ Museum: Case Study of Hand-On Museum Event

with Augmented Reality Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Ryoko Ueoka and Kenta Iwasa

Proposal for a Design Process Method Using VR and a Physical Model . . . . 313
Tetsuhito Yamauchi, Takeo Ainoya, Keiko Kasamatsu, and Ryuta Motegi

Improve Neighborhood Map Design by Using Kano’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Bo Yuan, Chuan-yu Zou, and Yongquan Chen

Knowledge and Service Management

The User-Product Ontology: A New Approach to Define an Ontological

Model to Manage Product Searching Based on User Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Francesca Gullà, Lorenzo Cavalieri, Silvia Ceccacci,
Alessandra Papetti, and Michele Germani

Understanding Parental Management of Information Regarding

Their Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Theresa Matthews and Jinjuan Heidi Feng

Purchasing Customer Data from a New Sales Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Kenta Nakajima, Hideyuki Mizobuchi, and Yumi Asahi

Analyzing the Daily Meeting of Day Care Staffs Who Personalized

Occupational Therapy Program in Response
to a Care-Receiver’s Pleasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Chika Oshima, Yumiko Ishii, Kimie Machishima, Hitomi Abe,
Naohito Hosoi, and Koichi Nakayama

Designing User Interfaces for Curation Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Georg Rehm, Jing He, Julián Moreno-Schneider, Jan Nehring,
and Joachim Quantz

Developing a Common Understanding of IT Services – The Case

of a German University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Christian Remfert

Does the Visualization of the Local Problem Bring Altruism?. . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Yurika Shiozu, Koya Kimura, Katsunori Shimohara,
and Katsuhiko Yonezaki

Analysis to the Customer of the EC Site User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

Takeshi Shiraishi and Yumi Asahi
XXIV Contents – Part I

Giving IT Services a Theoretical Backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

Alexander Teubner and Christian Remfert

Analysis of the Consumption Action Behavior that Considered a Season . . . . 469

Saya Yamada and Yumi Asahi

Multimodal and Embodied Interaction

Research on High Fidelity Haptic Interface Based on Biofeedback . . . . . . . . 481

Katsuhito Akahane and Makoto Sato

An Intuitive Wearable Concept for Robotic Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Lisa Baraniecki, Gina Hartnett, Linda Elliott, Rodger Pettitt, Jack Vice,
and Kenyon Riddle

Feasibility of Wearable Fitness Trackers for Adapting

Multimodal Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Daniel Barber, Austin Carter, Jonathan Harris,
and Lauren Reinerman-Jones

The Vibropixels: A Scalable Wireless Tactile Display System . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Ian Hattwick, Ivan Franco, and Marcelo M. Wanderley

Image-Based Active Control for AEM Function of ARM-COMS . . . . . . . . . 529

Teruaki Ito and Tomio Watanabe

Effect on Postural Sway of the Invasion to Preferable

Interpersonal Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Yosuke Kinoe and Saki Tatsuka

Effective Voice-Based Vibration Patterns for Tactile Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . 554

Daiji Kobayashi and Shun Washio

Functional Balance and Goal-Directed Eye-Hand Coordination After

Exogenous or Endogenous Visual-Vestibular Perturbation: Current
Findings and Recommendations for Portable or Ambulatory Applications . . . 567
Ben D. Lawson, Amanda A. Kelley, Bethany Ranes, J. Christopher Brill,
and Lana S. Milam

Proposal of Interaction Used Umbrella for Smartphone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Sohichiro Mori and Makoto Oka

Factors and Influences of Body Ownership Over Virtual Hands . . . . . . . . . . 589

Nami Ogawa, Takuji Narumi, and Michitaka Hirose

Considerations for Using Fitness Trackers in Psychophysiology Research . . . 598

Lauren Reinerman-Jones, Jonathan Harris, and Andrew Watson
 Contents – Part I XXV

A Speech-Driven Embodied Communication System Based on an Eye Gaze

Model in Interaction-Activated Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Yoshihiro Sejima, Koki Ono, and Tomio Watanabe

Sharing Indirect Biofeedback Information for Mutual Acceptance . . . . . . . . . 617

Madoka Takahara, Fangwei Huang, Ivan Tanev,
and Katsunori Shimohara

Design of Hand Contact Improvisation Interface Supporting Co-creative

Embodied Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Takuto Takahashi, Takumi Soma, Yoshiyuki Miwa, and Hiroko Nishi

Development of a Communication Robot for Forwarding a User’s Presence

to a Partner During Video Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Michiya Yamamoto, Saizo Aoyagi, Satoshi Fukumori,
and Tomio Watanabe

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Information and Learning
 A Problem-Solving Process Model
for Learning Intellectual Property Law Using
Logic Expression: Application
from a Proposition to a Predicate Logic

Takako Akakura1(&), Takahito Tomoto2, and Koichiro Kato3

1
Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science,
6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
akakura@rs.tus.ac.jp
2
Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University,
11583 Iiyama, Atsugi-Shi 243-0297, Japan
t.tomoto@cs.t-kougei.ac.jp
3
Graduate School of Innovation Management, Kanazawa Institute
of Technology, 1-3-4 Atago, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-0002, Japan
kkato@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp

Abstract. We have previously proposed a problem-solving process model

using logical expressions, based on the observation that legal statements can be
described using logical expressions when considering the problem-solving
process model used by engineering students in the study of law. However,
propositional logic alone has a limited range of application to practice problems,
and so here we examine the description of practice problems using predicate
logic by extending propositional logic to first-order predicate logic, and consider
the effectiveness of this approach.

Keywords: Problem-solving process
Learning of intellectual property law

Predicate logic

1 Introduction

More than a decade has passed since the establishment of the Intellectual Property
Basic Act in Japan. During this time, the pace of globalization has intensified and there
are increasing opportunities for foreign companies to operate in Japan. In this context,
industry has expressed a desire that students acquire basic knowledge of intellectual
property while at university, but the adoption of education in intellectual property law
is still far from adequate [1]. Although engineering departments recognize the
importance of intellectual property training, it has been difficult to establish many
lectures on intellectual property because of its relationship with other courses. In a
survey that we conducted looking at the syllabi of engineering departments in uni-
versities around Japan, we found that about two academic units (30 h of class time) is
the best that can be managed, and there were also cases where several hours were
allocated to teaching intellectual property as part of ethics courses [2–4]. Thus, an

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

S. Yamamoto (Ed.): HIMI 2017, Part II, LNCS 10274, pp. 3–14, 2017.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58524-6_1
4 T. Akakura et al.

important question is whether it is possible to prepare teaching materials to enable

students to efficiently learn intellectual property law while also raising their motivation
to learn. Against this background, we have developed an e-learning system for intel-
lectual property law as a study support system to enable students to study on their own
outside of regular teaching hours for the two academic credits (30 h) of intellectual
property law coursework offered by engineering departments.
In this paper, we first analyze the relationship between the frequency with which
students use our developed system and their motivation to learn. We then propose a
problem-solving process model for engineering students learning intellectual property
law. The learning system utilizing this model is still under development but involves
the use of logical expressions to represent legal articles in intellectual property law so
that solutions can be derived automatically by a computer and feedback on errors can
be provided to the students by comparing the logical expression for their entered
solutions with the logical expression generated computationally and looking at the
difference [2–5]. The aim of this paper is to consider how this system can be further
developed to make it more suitable as a learning system for engineering students.

2 Example of Intellectual Property Law Training

in an Engineering Department

2.1 Training System Used so Far

In a major offered by the engineering department of a certain university, two academic
units (30 h) of classes were allocated to intellectual property law. The subject is
optional and students can freely choose whether to take it. Almost none of the students
have any prior knowledge of law, and so the subject matter consists of 6 h of lectures
on basic law in general, followed by lectures on industrial property law (the Patent Act,
the Utility Model Act, the Design Act and the Trademark Act) and copyright law over
the remaining 24 h of classes. Every year, all lectures are recorded on video and made
available to course participants outside class hours as an e-learning system. The lecture
notes handed out in class can also be downloaded via the e-Learning System. The
e-learning system is for self-study and supplementary lessons, and its use is optional.

2.2 Course Evaluation by Students

We conducted a survey (n = 53) about the 2013 intellectual property law course [6].
The survey content relevant to this section are as follows. All items were scored on a
four-point scale.
(1) Motivation to learn prior to the course (1 = “none” 4 = “high”)
(2) Sense of value after 30 h of lectures (1 = “none” to 4 = “high”)
(3) Satisfaction after 30 h of lectures (1 = “none” to 4 = “high”)
(4) Desire to continue learning after 30 h of lectures (1 = “none” to 4 = “high”)
(5) How often did you use the e-learning system? (1 = “not at all” to 4 = “very often”
as well as an option for “only to print out lecture notes”)
 A Problem-Solving Process Model for Learning Intellectual Property Law 5

(6) Evaluation of using the e-learning system (1 = “not at all useful” to 4 = “extremely
useful”; only assessed for students who answered either “fairly often” or “very
often” in question (5))
In relation to motivation to learn, Fig. 1 shows a comparison of the results of
questions (1) and (4). Five students answered “none” before the lectures started but no
student answered “none” afterward.

After lectures
None
Not much
Some
Before lectures
High

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Fig. 1. Change in motivation to learn before and after lectures

As shown in Table 1, 23 students increased their motivation to learn after the

lectures (the shaded cells), while 1 student remained at a low level (2!2), 25 students
remained at a high level (3!3 or 4!4) and 4 students had lower motivation after the
lectures (3!2 or 4!3). Overall, most students showed increased motivation to learn
after the lectures.
Figure 2 shows the results for “sense of value” (2) and “satisfaction” (3).
Turning to survey question (5), we found that 43 of the 52 respondents used the
system “some”, “fairly often”, and “very often”.

Table 1. Comparison of motivation to learn before and after lectures

Motivation after lectures

1 2 3 4 Total
1 0 1 2 2 5
2 0 1 12 1 14
Motivation before lectures 3 0 3 16 5 24
4 0 0 1 9 10
Total 0 5 32 17 54
6 T. Akakura et al.

Satisfaction None
Not much
Some
Sense of value
High

0% 50% 100%

Fig. 2. Sense of value and satisfaction with the lectures

The results of survey question (6) directed at those students who used the system
very or fairly often were that 20 students found the system “extremely useful” and 6
found it “somewhat useful”, while no students responded “not very useful” or “not at
all useful”, indicated that the system is useful.
However, when we calculated the Spearman rank-correlation coefficient (all sub-
sequent rank-correlation coefficients are Spearman’s) for the association between sur-
vey questions (1) to (4) and question (5) on usage frequency (Table 2), none of the
correlations were significant, meaning that students who use the system often do not
necessarily have high satisfaction or motivation to learn.

Table 2. Correlations between frequency of system usage and other assessments

Rank-correlation coefficient
Motivation to learn before lectures 0.144
Sense of value 0.159
Satisfaction 0.168
Motivation to learn after lectures 0.212

Table 3 shows the rank-correlation coefficients for survey questions other than
questions on usage frequency, namely, questions (1) to (4). Given that both “sense of
value” and “satisfaction” are assessments made after the course completed it is perhaps
not surprising that these are significantly correlated with motivation to learn after the
course.

2.3 System Issues

We conducted the same survey in 2014 and 2015, obtaining very similar results [2, 3].
Summarizing these results, we found that overall the sense of the value and satisfaction
with the course was high, with most students finishing the course with higher
 A Problem-Solving Process Model for Learning Intellectual Property Law 7

Table 3. Rank-correlation coefficients for each pair of assessments

Motivation before Sense of Satisfaction Motivation after
lectures value lectures
Motivation before 1 0.401** 0.205 0.386**
lectures
Sense of value 0.401** 1 0.616** 0.599**
Satisfaction 0.205 0.616** 1 0.443**
Motivation after 0.386** 0.599** 0.443** 1
lectures
Test of no correlation *p<0.05,**p<0.01

motivation to learn than when they began. The e-learning system that we have been
operating was assessed as useful, but students who used the system often did not
necessarily have high satisfaction or sense of value. As discussed above, despite the
importance with which intellectual property training is regarded in engineering
departments, not much time can be allocated to teaching it, and so it would be desirable
to develop a system that can increase students’ motivation to learn. With his in mind,
we hoped to develop a system that takes into account the cognitive and
problem-solving processes of engineering students.

3 Problem-Solving Process Model in Intellectual Property

Law

3.1 Comparison with the Problem-Solving Process in Physics

Hirashima et al. [7] have modeled the problem-solving process in physics in three
stages:
1. the process of generating a surface structure from the problem text;
2. the formalization process of generating a formal structure from the surface structure;
and
3. the solution-derivation process of generating the target structure (including the
solution) from the formal structure using quantitative functions.
However, problem questions in intellectual property law do not have quantitative
relationships. This prompted us to define and propose a problem-solving process
whereby logical expressions are used to derive solutions from formal structures [2, 5],
taking advantage of the fact that legal statements can be represented using logical
expressions [8].

3.2 Problem-Solving Process Model for Patent Law

The constraint structure here differs from the one in physics. Problem questions in
physics have quantitative relationships. However, these kinds of relationships cannot
8 T. Akakura et al.

be established for quiz problems in patent law. This means that it is necessary to define
a constraint structure for deriving new information based on relationships.
There have been many studies (e.g., [8] to [11]) looking at converting legal
statements into logical expressions that can be subjected to logical operations. Tanaka
et al [9] found that legal statements are made up of a topic, conditions, object, content,
and stipulations with the following structure:

Topic ^ Conditions ) Object ^ Content ^ Stipulations

These studies are based on the concept that legal statements have a prototypical
structure and assume that legal statements can be converted into a particular structure
because “Legal clauses are a form of natural language but can also be regarded as a
controlled language that is employed intentionally” [10]. The goal of these studies is to
use these structures in search systems for legal clauses and the like. Referring to these
earlier studies, we considered that the conversion of legal statements to logical
expressions could be utilized to support learning. That is, we believed that the rela-
tionships between properties in patent law can be represented using logical expressions,
thereby enabling the same kind of learning support as for physics.

3.3 Example of a Logical Structure from Patent Law

Figure 3 shows the requirements for issuing a patent. The right-hand side of Fig. 3 lists
clauses ① through ⑦ on which these requirements are based. Figure 4 shows how the
details of how the logical expressions for clauses ①, ②, and ③ have been put
together, resulting in Expression (1). Similarly Fig. 5 shows how Expression (2) is
derived. Clauses ④ through ⑦ produce expressions (3) through (6), which are then
combined to produce the final constraint structure in the same way as shown for
expressions (1) and (2) in Figs. 4 and 5.

Clauses ④ to ⑦ can be annotated as follows:

④ Not obvious I → (3)

⑤ Earliest application filed J → J (4)
⑥ Does not harm the public interest K → (5)
⑦ Description filed according to regulations L → L (6)

and so Figure 3 can be summarized as

(1) ˄ (2) ˄ (3) ˄ (4) ˄ (5) ˄ (6) ⇒ Patented invention (7)

Consider the practice question given in Sect. 3.1, namely, “John has created a
special method for treating cancer patients. (The rest is omitted)” In the practice
problem, a method for diagnosing, treating, or operating on human beings should be
 A Problem-Solving Process Model for Learning Intellectual Property Law 9

Fig. 3. Requirements for patentability

Structure of clause 2: For the purposes of this law, an invention …

Uses the laws of nature A
Is a technical idea B
Is a creation C
Is highly advanced D

(1)

Fig. 4. Requirements for invention

made widely available on humanitarian grounds and thus “has no industrial applica-
bility”, so we can state that the invention is not patentable (due to insufficient
properties).
When answering a question on intellectual property law, a student assembles a
logical expression. If the student’s answer is incorrect, it is possible to work out where
the mistakes are made by looking at the difference between the correct logical
expression and the logical expression assembled by the student. It should be possible to
create a learning support system that systematizes this approach.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
that the only papers of Oudney’s placed in his hands, were “an
itinerary from Mourzuk to Bornou,” and “An excursion to the
westward of Mourzuk.” The latter is printed at the end of the
“Introductory Chapter;” but of the former, only a few mineralogical
notes are given. There is not a doubt, however, but that a vast mass
of materials illustrative of the districts visited, were collected by Dr.
Oudney, although it is now impossible to say what has become of
them. Mr. Barrow asserts that he was labouring under a pectoral
complaint when he left England; and that the disorder was increased
by this journey to Ghaat, and he would thereby insinuate that, during
the greater part of the time he lived in Africa, he was rendered unfit,
by bodily weakness, for keeping regular journals. Now, none of his
most intimate friends had the least suspicion that he was troubled
with any disease of the breast. His chest, instead of being
contracted, was broad and ample; and, in ascending the hills of his
native land, and the equally difficult common stairs of Edinburgh, the
lightness of his figure, and the activity of his habits, always enabled
him to outrun the longest-winded, and the supplest-jointed of his
companions; and certainly nothing mentioned in the letters which we
have published would lead to the inference that he did not enjoy the
most perfect health till after he had been a considerable length of
time in Bornou. It is likewise quite clear that he was not of a
character to neglect any duty which the situation in which he was
placed imposed upon him; and so we repeat, that a great deal of
valuable information must have been collected by him, although it is
to be feared it is now irrecoverably lost. It is to be regretted,
moreover, that his premature death rendered the term of his service
too short to warrant government to make some provision for his
sisters, now orphans, and one of them in a bad state of health.
 MEMOIR
OF

CAPTAIN HUGH CLAPPERTON,

THE

AFRICAN TRAVELLER.
 MEMOIR
OF

CAPTAIN HUGH CLAPPERTON,

THE

AFRICAN TRAVELLER.

Section I.—INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The life of Captain Hugh Clapperton, who died in his second attempt
to explore the interior of Africa, was short, but very eventful. Not only
did he possess a frame and constitution, both of body and mind, well
fitted for a career of active exertion and romantic enterprise; but from
the day of his birth to that of his death, it was his lot to endure, with
almost no interruption, a painful succession of hardships and
privations, or to be engaged in scenes and pursuits of a nature so
perilous as to put existence itself in constant and imminent jeopardy.
And had any record of these things been kept, either by himself or by
any one else, who might chance to know even a tithe of the manifold
dangers to which he was exposed, and the bold, and sometimes
rash enterprises in which he was engaged, a narrative might thence
have been composed, all true to the letter, and yet as full of
wonderful and diversified incident, as well as of fearless and daring
action, as ever flowed from the pen of the most creative genius in
fictitious history—all modified by the child-like simplicity and
generous nobleness of heart, combined with unbending integrity,
unshrinking courage, and indomitable fortitude, in the character of
him, whose fortunes in life they formed, and whose achievements in
the discharge of duty they exhibited. But no such record was kept,
except, while he lived, in our hero’s own retentive memory; and
therefore, now that he is dead, some of the most marvellous
passages of his life must remain in the deep oblivion in which they
have been buried. We are assured by the friends with whom he lived
in the closest intimacy, that when, like Othello, he was questioned
respecting the story of his life from year to year; the battles, sieges,
fortunes, that he had past; he would, with a fine flow of good humour,
and an interesting detail of particulars, run it through even from his
boyish days, down to the time when he was desired to tell it; and
then, like the enamoured Moor, it was his hint to speak of most
disastrous chances,

Of moving accidents by flood or field;

Of hair-breadth ’scapes in the imminent deadly breach;
Of being taken by the insolent foe,
And sold to slavery; of his redemption thence,
With all his travel’s history.

But these narratives of his adventures were given by Clapperton

for the sole end of entertaining his friends when they met for the
mere purpose of social intercourse and convivial enjoyment; and,
therefore, those friends can now give but a very indistinct account of
what “by parcels they had something heard,” without any intention of
detailing it again, unless in the same way and for the same purpose
it had been told to themselves. Hence the early and professional life
of our traveller can never be well known, except that part of it which
he has embodied in the published journals of his expeditions to
Africa. And not only are the incidents of his life during the time he
was a sailor imperfectly known, but even of those parts of it
respecting which we have obtained some vague information, we
have different versions of the same story considerably at variance
with one another; so that, amid their discrepancy, it is difficult to
select the facts and circumstances relative to the life of our hero
which are genuine and free from defect on the one side, and
exaggeration on the other. No memoir of his life has yet appeared at
all worthy of him. We have seen in one periodical an atrocious libel
upon his memory, the emanation evidently of a mean and malignant
spirit. Any newspaper notices of him which have been printed are
meagre in the extreme; and the “Short Sketch” which is prefixed to
the “Journal of his Second Expedition,” and purporting to be the work
of his uncle, a colonel of marines, although the best account of him
which has yet appeared, contains exceedingly little that is really
interesting. Such being the lack of materials, we regret much that we
shall not be able to produce a “Memoir” adequate to the subject; but
we can assure our readers that we have used all diligence to obtain
the most accurate and ample information which can now be had, and
shall therefore proceed to submit it to their candid consideration.

Sect. II.—HIS PARENTAGE AND EARLY MISFORTUNES.

In one of the short notices which have been published of the

traveller’s life, it is stated that the “family of Clapperton is ancient,
and not without celebrity in the north of Scotland. The name,” it is
added, “has been distinguished both in the church and in the field;
and in proof of this we are told that a Bishop Clapperton is buried in
the island called Inchcolm, in the Firth of Forth; while another
individual of the same name is mentioned in the history of Sweden
as having been a field-marshall in the army of that country. We
cannot tell whether the prelate or the soldier is to be regarded as
belonging to the family whence the African traveller was descended;
but it unquestionably was highly respectable, both in point of
antiquity and of its station in society. His grandfather, Robert
Clapperton, was a doctor of medicine, whose professional studies
were pursued by him first at the University of Edinburgh, and
afterwards among the hospitals in Paris. On his return to his own
country he married Miss Elizabeth Campbell, a near relation of
Campbell of Glenlyon, and settled at the town of Lochmaben, in
Dumfries-shire, as a medical practitioner. He is said to have been a
good classical scholar, and much attached to the study of antiquity;
and while he excelled in the tracing of genealogies, in the collecting
of coins and songs, with the view of illustrating border history, he
was highly esteemed as a skilful physician. He had two sons, the
younger of whom chose the army as his profession, and is now a
lieutenant-colonel of marines; but George, the elder of the two,
adopted that of his father; and having previously obtained an
adequate professional education, he settled as a surgeon in the town
of Annan, Dumfries-shire. He was long the only medical practitioner
of repute in that place; and the numerous operations and cures
which he performed proved the means both of increasing his
practice and extending his fame. While still young, he married a
daughter of Johnstone of Thornythwaite, by whom he had fourteen
children, Hugh, who afterwards became the African traveller, being
the tenth. The mother of this numerous family, who is described as
beautiful, amiable and accomplished, died in the thirty-ninth year of
her age, leaving behind her seven sons and a daughter, Hugh being
the youngest of these surviving sons, and consequently a mere
infant. And to enhance the greatness of the bereavement which he
had sustained in the loss of his mother, his father speedily
afterwards married a second wife, whom his friends regarded as a
woman of inferior station to that which he and his family occupied. At
the time when this second marriage took place, most of the sons had
left their father’s house, to engage elsewhere in the active pursuits of
life, and the girl had been taken away by her mother’s relations; but
the subject of this memoir and some of his younger brothers, were
left at home to encounter the stern control of a stepmother—a
species of government at best far from being desirable, but in the
case of the young Clappertons, rendered peculiarly arbitrary and
despotic, from the concurrence of a variety of incidental
circumstances. In the first place, their stepmother, conscious that
she was deemed by the friends of the family an unsuitable match for
their father, must have been haunted incessantly by a feeling, not at
all likely to soothe and sweeten her temper, or fitted to dispose her to
regard the children of the former marriage with any considerable
degree of complacency; by a feeling not likely to lead her to watch
over such of them as were subject to her management with any very
vigilant attention, to make her extremely solicitous about their
comfort or improvement, or to visit them with a treatment any way
marked by kind and tender affection. In the second place, she soon
had children of her own, and these, by degrees, increased, till they
amounted to the number of seven; and it will readily be allowed, that
her own offspring were naturally fitted more strongly to engage her
affections and to engross her solicitude, than those children with
whom she had only an adventitious relationship. And in the third
place, it would appear that Dr. Clapperton himself, the father of the
African traveller, was not by any means so attentive to the interests
of his immense family as he ought to have been; for his brother, the
colonel, says of him, “He might have made a fortune, but
unfortunately he was, like his father, careless of money;” and we
believe the fact cannot be denied; nor, moreover, can it be disguised
that the condition into which he fell in his latter days was owing,
partly at least, to a culpable neglect of his professional duties.[3]
When, therefore, it is considered that as his father advanced in
years, his circumstances in life so much declined, as at last to
reduce him into a state of abject indigence,—while at the same time
his family was constantly increasing in number, and that it was the
melancholy lot of our traveller to lose his mother in his infancy, and
so scarcely ever to have had the happiness to experience the
soothing and heart-impressive influence of maternal tenderness and
maternal care, but, on the contrary, to be placed at that tender age
under the care and control of a stepmother,—it will be abundantly
obvious that his life commenced under the most unpropitious
auspices that can well be imagined.

Sect. III.—HIS BIRTH, EDUCATION, AND YOUTHFUL ADVENTURES.

He was born in the year 1788, and was, as we have seen, soon
after placed under the charge of a stepmother, by whom it is said he
was not only neglected, but treated with harshness and cruelty; and
hence throughout his life stepmothers were regarded by him with a
feeling of unconquerable horror.[4] The accounts which he
occasionally gave his companions of the sufferings of his youth,
arising from the causes which have been specified, were appalling.
In reference to them, an enemy, who, however, seems to have been
in possession of accurate information on the subject, says, that while
a schoolboy, “the climate of Lapland and that of Timbuctoo
alternated several times in the course of a day—a species of
seasoning, or rather case-hardening, that must go far to render him
invulnerable on the sultry banks of the Joliba.” And one of the most
intimate of his friends thus speaks of them in a letter now before us:
“How can the hardships and privations of his early life be touched
upon without hurting the feelings of relatives? These had much
better be buried in oblivion, although they tended to form the man
hardy and self-denying.” When he was a boy, he was nearly
drowned in the Annan; and on that occasion he used to say, that he
felt as if a calm and pleasing sleep was stealing over his senses, and
thought that gay and beautifully painted streamers were attached to
his legs and arms, and that thereby he was buoyed out into the sea;
but he always declared that he experienced no pain until efforts were
making to restore him to a state of animation. At this time he was an
expert swimmer, having been previously taught that useful art by his
brothers; but he had exhausted his strength by continuing too long in
the water. When the alarm of his danger was given by some one to
his father, he hastened to the spot, plunged in, and found his son in
a sitting posture in very deep water.
Among the injuries of his early life, that of a neglected education
was none of the least. He was taught the ordinary acquirements of
reading, writing, and arithmetic, which are generally imparted to the
lowest classes of the Scottish youth; but he was never initiated into a
knowledge of the classic authors of Greece and Rome. Under Mr.
Bryce Downie, however, a celebrated teacher of geometry in the
town of Annan, he acquired a practical knowledge of mathematics,
including navigation and trigonometry, and afterwards, by means of
his own application, he acquired many other branches of useful and
ornamental knowledge, and excelled especially in drawing.[5]
He very early discovered a strong propensity for this latter
accomplishment, so that, with the aid of a few instructions from his
father, who excelled in the knowledge of geography, he could sketch
a map of Europe, while still a child in frocks, with chalk on the floor.
His love of foreign travel and romantic adventure, were likewise very
soon manifested in the delight which he took in listening to his father,
while he pointed out the likely situation of the “North West passage”
to him and his brothers on the globe; in the enthusiasm which he
displayed, when told by his father that he might be the destined
discoverer of that long sought for route from Europe to Eastern Asia;
and also in the avidity with which he devoured books of voyages and
travels of all descriptions whenever they fell in his way.
The circumstance of his entering upon a seafaring life is variously
reported. By one account we are assured that his situation at home
being so unpleasant, he became so thoroughly disgusted with his
father’s house, that he left it clandestinely, and went on board the
first vessel in the harbour of Annan that was willing to receive him.
By his anonymous and unfriendly biographer, it is said that he was
promoted to the rank of an apprentice to a coasting sloop of
Maryport, commanded by Captain John Smith, and that soon
afterwards he was again promoted to the rank of cook’s mate on
board his majesty’s tender in the harbour of Liverpool. His uncle’s
account, in the sketch of his life prefixed to the Journal of his Second
African Expedition, is, that on leaving Mr. Downie, at the age of
thirteen, he was, by his own desire, bound an apprentice to the
owner of a vessel of considerable burden trading between Liverpool
and North America: that after making several voyages in that vessel,
he either left her or was impressed into his Majesty’s service, and
put on board the tender lying at Liverpool. It is clear, from all these
accounts, that Captain Clapperton commenced his naval career as a
common sailor boy—a situation which implies hard duty and rough
usage; yet, as is testified by the following well authenticated
anecdote, this, with all he had previously endured, was unable to
break his spirit, or to subdue the dignified feelings of a noble nature.
As soon as he had joined the trading vessel in which he first sailed,
he was told that one piece of duty which he had to perform on board
was to brush his captain’s boots and shoes. This he positively
refused to do, adding, that he was most willing to take his full share
of the hardest work which belonged to the loading, the unloading, or
the working of the ship; but to the menial drudgery of cleaning boots
and shoes he certainly would not submit. After he had for a short
time served on board several trading vessels, he was impressed into
his Majesty’s service at Liverpool; and in 1806 he was sent to
Gibraltar in a navy transport.[6] The idea, however, of having been
placed on board a man-of-war by force, and retained there as a
prisoner, was so galling to his nature—to a spirit panting and
struggling to be free—that he formed the resolution (one most
difficult to be put in practice) of deserting whenever the opportunity
of doing so should occur: and such was the reckless daring of his
disposition, that, watching the time when he was least observed by
his messmates before the mast, he actually threw himself headlong
overboard, and swam towards a Gibraltar privateer—a vessel of that
class which, during the late war, were usually called rock scorpions
by our sailors. He was taken on board the privateer, and so for a
short time he was the associate of an abandoned and a lawless set
of robbers. But he was soon disgusted with their regardless, savage
and brutal manners, and so embraced the first opportunity of leaving
them, and of going again into the merchant service. While, however,
he was on board the Rock Scorpion, she had sustained an
engagement, in which our hero was severely wounded by a grape-
shot—an accident by which his body was seamed and scarred in a
frightful manner, and which, had it happened to his face or his limbs,
must have rendered him deformed or lame for life.

Sect. IV.—THE MANNER IN WHICH HE WAS PROMOTED TO THE RANK OF

A MIDSHIPMAN IN THE ROYAL NAVY.

After he had left the privateer he was soon discovered, and

brought back to the Renommée frigate as a deserter. It is mentioned
in the “Sketch,” which says nothing of the rock scorpion adventure,
that when Clapperton first joined the Renommée frigate, which was
commanded by Sir Thomas Livingstone, having heard that his uncle,
a captain of marines on board his Majesty’s ship Saturn, which had
arrived at Gibraltar for the purpose of watering and refitting, he sent
him a letter describing his situation on board the Renommée; that his
uncle having previously been a messmate of her captain, Sir
Thomas Livingstone, interfered with him in behalf of his nephew, and
through his interest got him promoted to the rank of a midshipman.[7]
All we can say to this statement is, that Clapperton himself, whose
heart was most grateful, never spoke of a letter he had written to his
uncle, nor that he was in any way indebted to that gentleman for his
promotion in the navy. He seems never to have seen his uncle till he
met him in London after he had engaged to go with Dr. Oudney to
Africa. In a letter to a friend, dated London, 1st September 1821, he
says, “my uncle has been to see me several times, and was truly
kind. He is a perfect gentleman, without any nonsense.” Now, the
correspondent to whom he thus writes, declares that Clapperton
never mentioned to him that he had ever written to his uncle,
soliciting his interest in his favour, or that he was in any respect
indebted to him, in the first instance, for his promotion in the navy.
But while he said nothing to his friend of his uncle in connexion with
this matter, he frequently gave him a most circumstantial and graphic
description of the manner in which this promotion took place. And as
it is in keeping with the rest of the romantic and eventful life of our
hero, and, above all, as it is his own account, we hasten to lay it
before our readers.
When he was apprehended as a deserter, and brought back to his
old birth on board the Renommée, his captain, Sir Thomas
Livingstone, having previously observed that he possessed a
strength of body, a robustness of constitution, and a fearless
daringness of spirit, which might be turned to good account in the
naval service, which, at that time required to be sustained and
strengthened by attaching to it men of such mental and bodily
qualities as these, asked the deserter, if he should pardon his
delinquency, and raise him to the rank of a midshipman, would he
give him his solemn pledge, that he would no more desert, but do his
duty faithfully? Clapperton, with the bold and dauntless air and
bearing of the captive British prince, who “had been the admiration,
the terror of the Romans,” when led in triumph through the streets of
the mighty capital, still “walked the warrior, majestic in his chains,”
replied that he was not yet prepared to give a final and decisive
answer to such a question, and therefore asked time to consider on
what he should determine. “Are you not aware, Sir,” rejoined the
captain, “that I can order you to be flogged as a deserter?” “That I
know you can do, and I expect no less,” was our hero’s reply, “but
still I am unprepared at present to decide on your proposal.” The
result, however, of this extraordinary conversation was, that the
captain ordered him into solitary confinement, with an admonition to
lose no time in coming to a speedy determination as to the course
which he should adopt. In this situation his reflections took a wise
and a prudent turn, and led him quickly to resolve to give his
generous captain the assurance of fidelity which he required of him;
and, on doing so, he was promoted to the rank of a midshipman on
board the Renommée frigate, where he had first served as an
impressed sailor boy, and on the deck of which he had stood in the
capacity of an apprehended deserter. Afterwards, on his own
request, he was allowed to go on shore during a specified period of
time, on his parole of honour. It is very true the account of his
promotion through his uncle’s interference in his behalf accords
better with the ordinary course of things in such proceedings than
that stated above. But we think, that if Clapperton had been aware
that he was indebted to his uncle on this occasion he would not have
concealed the fact from his friends; and likewise we think, that the
disparity of his condition as a common sailor, and that of his uncle as
a captain of marines, would have been sufficient to deter him from
making himself known to his uncle, or asking any thing from him. For
though his feelings of honour sometimes rested on mistaken
principles, they were always very sensitive; and so we are decidedly
of opinion, that in the circumstances of this case he would have felt
equally unwilling to expose his own servile condition to his uncle,
and to compromise his uncle’s dignity by making the captain of
marines appear the near kinsman of the common sailor. We happen
to know a case in point which illustrates this view of the matter.
During the late war, one of the sons of a gentleman in Argyleshire,
absconded from his father’s house, and for a while it was unknown
where he had gone, till he was discovered by one of his brothers, a
captain in the army, as a common sailor on board a man-of-war. The
captain instigated by fraternal affection, was anxious to procure an
interview with his brother, and so sent him a note, informing him
where he was, and expressing his earnest desire that he would
endeavour to meet him on shore. The answer to this kind and
brotherly invitation was an expression of wounded pride. “If,” said the
sailor, “Captain M. has any business to transact with Donald M. let
him come on board H. M. S——— and transact it there.” And we
think Clapperton would have been apt to feel and act nearly in the
same manner in the circumstances in which he and his uncle were
relatively situated on board the Renommée frigate, and the ship
Saturn; though at the same time, it is not unlikely that Sir Thomas
Livingstone having discovered his deserter’s connexion with his old
messmate, was disposed not only to remit his punishment, but
likewise to give him the chance of retrieving his honour and of
benefiting his country. Neither do we think it is the least unlikely that
Sir Thomas and Captain Clapperton may have had mutual
communications respecting our hero, but we can see no reason for
believing that he was in any way made privy to them, but many to
make us believe the contrary. Now raised to the rank of a
midshipman, he performed some hard service on the coast of Spain,
in which he was wounded on the head—a wound which, though it
seemed apparently slight, afterwards gave him much annoyance. He
remained on board the Renommée, and under the command of Sir
Thomas Livingstone, to whom he was so deeply indebted, till the
year 1808, when the frigate was brought to England and paid off.[8]

Sect. V.—HIS SERVICE IN THE EAST INDIES.

When Clapperton left the Renommée frigate, and his generous

captain, Sir Thomas Livingstone, to whom he was indebted for his
first step of promotion in the Royal Navy, he is said to have joined his
Majesty’s ship Venerable, (or, as others say, the San Domingo,)
which then lay in the Downs under the command of Captain King.
But as this was a situation too monotonous and inactive for his
enterprising spirit, he volunteered to go with Captain Briggs, to the
East Indies, in the Clorinde frigate. Though, however, his services
were accepted, he could not obtain his discharge in time to make his
voyage to India in the Clorinde; and so he was deprived of the
pleasure of getting acquainted, in the course of it, with those with
whom he was ultimately to be associated as his messmates. But as
tranships and convoys were frequently sailing from England to the
east, he was ordered by the Admiral to have a passage on board
one of them, and to join Captain Briggs on his arrival in India.
In the course of this outward voyage, he was ordered, during the
raging of a tremendous storm, to go, in an open barge, to the relief of
a vessel in distress. The barge was accordingly manned, but the
mighty rolling of the billows chaffed and vexed with the furious raging
of the tempest, was such, that Clapperton and many others on board
the ship in which he sailed, were of opinion, that it was next to
impossible an open boat could live during the blowing of so heavy a
gale. In this emergency, Clapperton said, that it was not for him to
dispute the orders of his superior officer, but that he was thoroughly
convinced that in doing his duty he must sacrifice his life. Then, in
serious mood and sailor-like fashion, he made his will, bequeathing
any little property he had among his messmates—his kit to one, his
quadrant to another, and his glass and watch to a third—adding, that
in all probability they should never meet again, and requesting them
to keep these articles, trifling as they were, in token of his affection
for them. Then he jumped into the barge, which, in spite of all that
the most skillful seamanship could accomplish, had scarcely left the
side of the ship, when she was upset, and the greater part of her
crew engulfed in the awfully agitated waters. Clapperton, however,
and a few other individuals, still clung to the sides of the floating
wreck; and though their perilous situation was distinctly seen from
the ship, no assistance could be afforded to them, so long as the
tempest continued to rage with so much violence. In the mean time,
Clapperton, while he was careful to preserve his own life, did his
utmost, and more than perhaps any other man would have ventured
to do in like circumstances, to save the lives of his companions in
distress. As they, one by one, lost their hold of the barge, and
dropped off into the sea, he swam after them, picked them up, and
replaced them in their former situation. He was especially anxious to
save the life of a warrant officer, the boatswain of the ship, we
believe. This man he several times rescued when he was on the
point of sinking, and restored him to the barge. By these efforts,
Clapperton’s strength, great as it was, soon became nearly
exhausted, and while with difficulty he was bringing the boatswain
back to take a fresh hold of the boat, and while at the same time he
was crying, “Oh, what will become of my wife and children,”
Clapperton coolly observed, that he had better pay some attention to
his own safety at present, otherwise he must, however reluctantly,
leave him to his fate. This man was drowned, as well as every one
else who had left the ship in the barge, except Clapperton and the
bowman, whom our hero cheered by saying, “Thank heaven neither
you nor I is the Jonah,” intimating, by this marine proverb, that it was
not for the punishment of their bad conduct that the tempest had
been sent; and at the same time advised him to bob, that is, to lay
himself flat, when he saw a wave approaching, so that he might not
be washed off the barge.
Long prior to this signal occurrence, in which our hero showed so
much of the boldness of determined courage, united with the gentle
feelings of compassion, he had become a general favourite both with
the officers and men. His stately form, his noble bearing, his kind,
frank, and manly demeanour, had endeared him to all on board the
ship in which he served. But a man is often the last to know the
sentiments entertained of him by others to whom he is known; and
indeed, seldom knows them at all, unless when they happen to be
revealed to him by accidental circumstances. And hence, as
Clapperton was hoisted on board the ship, in an exhausted state,
after being rescued from the perilous situation in which he had so
long struggled for his life, he had his feelings strongly excited, on
hearing the wives of the Scottish soldiers on board exclaiming,
“Thank heaven, it is na our ain kintryman, the bonny muckle
midshipman that’s drownded after a’!”
It may reasonably be supposed, that the gallantry and humanity
which Clapperton had so conspicuously displayed on this trying
occasion, would tend to deepen the esteem in which he was held by
all on board, and especially that it would be the means of securing
for him the admiration, the affection, and the friendship of many
kindred spirits connected with the navy—a service so long and so
eminently distinguished for firmness of purpose and nobleness of
disposition. Accordingly, when Clapperton arrived in India, and when
his gallantry was made known, he received the greatest attention
from Captain Briggs,[9] during the whole of the time he continued
under his command; and among other friendships which he formed
with officers of his own standing, was one of peculiar intimacy and
tenderness, with Mr. Mackenzie, the youngest son of the late Lord
Seaforth. It happened that this amiable and noble youth became, in
that distant region, the victim of a dangerous disease; and during the
whole of his illness, Clapperton, his newly acquired friend, unless
when the avocations of professional duty called him hence, never left
him; but continued to amuse and nurse him with the affectionate
assiduity of a loving brother, till he was so far recovered as to be
able to resume his public duty. After Mackenzie was in some degree
restored to health, he continued to be depressed in spirits, and in
that state became careless of his person and of every thing else,
thinking, like most hypochondriacs, that death was fast approaching
to deliver him from all his sufferings. When under the influence of
these feelings—afflicted indeed both in mind and body—he was by
no means a desirable companion, and in truth was shunned by most
of the young officers on board the Clorinde. But Clapperton, whose
benevolent heart would not permit him to witness a fellow-creature,
and still less a countryman and a friend an object of unfeeling
neglect, redoubled his attentions to the forlorn youth. He read with
him daily such books of instruction and amusement as either of them
had in their possession, or could procure the perusal of from the
other officers. He endeavoured to inspire him with the sentiments
befitting his rank as the lineal descendant of a noble family, and with
a sense of the duties incumbent upon him as an officer of the British
navy. He talked to him of Scotland, and relations, and home. He
entertained him with amusing anecdotes, of which he possessed an
inexhaustible fund, and by relating to him the numerous vicissitudes
and strange adventures of his own early life. And such was the
happy effect produced upon the health and spirits of his young
friend, that he was able to resume his duty on board the Clorinde,
and to enjoy and return the cordial friendship which he experienced
from Clapperton.
Though we believe, that the officers of the British navy are,
perhaps, more distinguished for simplicity of feeling and openness of
heart, than the men belonging to any other profession whatsoever;
yet, it would appear, that some of the officers of the Clorinde had
given entertainment in their breasts to the green-eyed monster,
Envy. And hence, when they observed the close intimacy which
subsisted between Clapperton and Mackenzie, and the kind
attention which, during his illness, the latter experienced from the
former, they said among themselves, but loud enough to be heard by
Clapperton, “The canny Scotsman knows what he is about, by
attaching himself so closely to a sprig of nobility; he courts his favour
that he may use him as his instrument for obtaining promotion.” The
effect of these injurious whisperings upon the mind of our hero was,
in the first instance, to cause him to make a great sacrifice of feeling
to the injury both of himself and his friend. He withdrew all attention
from Mackenzie, and ceased, not only to keep company with him,
but even to speak to him when they met. Mackenzie, in utter
ignorance as to the cause of the change which had so suddenly
taken place in the conduct of Clapperton towards him, after having
puzzled and perplexed his mind in conjecturing in what way he had
given such deadly offence to his friend, as to make him behave in
the manner he was doing, at last mustered courage, fairly to ask
him, why he had of late treated him with so much coldness and
distance? On this, Clapperton, with his feelings strongly excited,
stated to his friend what had been said among their shipmates, of
the interested motives which had been attributed to him, as the
cause of what they had represented as pretended friendship on his
part. “But,” he added, “my dear Mackenzie, I have been wrong to
punish both myself and you, in listening to these most false and
injurious speeches. And henceforth let the best of them beware how
they use them in future; for the first man whom I detect doing so,
must do it at the risk of his life.” As this hint was pretty publicly
intimated on the part of Clapperton, his friendship for Mackenzie
suffered no interruption afterwards, so long as they served together
in the same ship. But the disease which he had caught returned
upon him again, and after causing him to linger for some time as an
invalid, he was sent to his friends, with little hope of his recovery; nor
indeed had he been long at home, till he died. While, however, he lay
upon his death-bed, he spoke with all the enthusiasm of sincere and
warm friendship, of the kind attentions he had received from
Clapperton when ill and far from home; and entreated his relations,
and especially his mother, to discharge the debt of gratitude which
he owed him, by treating him as a son, in requital of his having, so
long as he had it in his power, treated him as his brother.
 We have not been able to obtain any satisfactory information
respecting the nature of the naval service in which Clapperton was
employed in India, nor of the exploits of seamanship and prowess
which he performed while he was on that station, except in one
instance, which is well worthy of being recorded to his honour. When
we stormed Port Louis, in the Isle of France, he was the first man
who advanced into the breach; and it was he who pulled down the
colours of France, and planted those of Britain in their place. And we
know that his conduct was in all respects worthy of the rank which he
had obtained in a manner so unique, and such as entitled him to
expect his turn of promotion in due course. He continued in India
from the early part of 1810 till the latter end of 1813, when he
returned to England. He had not been long at home, when he was
draughted, along with a select number of midshipmen, for the
purpose of being sent to Portsmouth, to be instructed by Angelo, the
famous fencing-master, in the cutlass exercise, with the view of
introducing that mode of defence and attack into the navy. These
young men, when perfected in the art, were distributed through the
fleet, as teachers of the young officers and men. Clapperton, being
an apt pupil, soon excelled in this exercise, and when his
companions were distributed through the fleet as drill-masters, he
was sent to the Asia, the flag ship of Admiral Sir Alexander
Cochrane, then lying at Spithead.

Sect. VI.—HIS SERVICE ON THE LAKES OF CANADA.

While he taught Angelo’s sword-exercise on board the Asia, he

volunteered his services for the lakes of Canada, in the expedition
which was sent to that novel scene of naval enterprise towards the
beginning of the year 1814. In the voyage from England to
Bermuda[10] he continued to act as a drill-master on board the Asia;
and though, as yet, he had obtained no higher rank than that of
midshipman, such was the respect in which he was held, and the
deference paid to him, that in most respects he was treated as if he
had been a lieutenant. He was now a tall and handsome young man,
with great breadth of chest and expansion of shoulders, and
possessing withal a mild temper and the kindest dispositions. Along
with his other duties he drilled the young officers and men on deck,
whenever the weather permitted, and when amusement was the
order of the day, he was the life and soul of the crew; he was an
excellent table companion, he could tell humourous tales, and his
conversation was extremely amusing; he painted scenes for the
ship’s theatricals, sketched views, drew caricatures, and so he was
much beloved and respected by all, to whose amusement he so
largely contributed.
The following incident affords a striking proof of the almost
invincible hardiness of his constitution, for which he was indebted
partly to the bounty of nature, and partly to the privations and habits
of his early life. Having bidden adieu to the flag ship, on which he
had acted so conspicuous a part, and taken his passage to Halifax,
with the view of thence proceeding to the lakes, he was sent along
with others to perform some service on the horrid coast of Labrador,
and being there cast away while in a long boat, all the individuals
who were along with him at the time were so severely frost bitten
that some of them died, and the rest were lame for life, while he
escaped with only losing the power of the first joint of his left hand
thumb, which ever after continued crooked, and on that account
used to be called “Hooky,” both by himself and his friends.
He was sent, along with a party of five hundred men, from Halifax
to join Sir James Yeo, who, at that time, had the command upon the
Lakes. As this journey was performed in winter, when the river St.
Lawrence is frozen over, and of course when the water
communication is suspended, it was both tedious and toilsome. The
men marched on foot, first to Quebec, and then to the lakes, while
the baggage was dragged after them in sleighs. Soon after his arrival
on the lakes, he and a small party of men were appointed to defend
a blockhouse on the coast of Lake Ontario; but he had not been long
in this situation when the blockhouse, which had only one small gun
for its defence, was attacked by a superior American force, by which
it was speedily demolished; and when Clapperton and his men were
left no other alternative but to become prisoners of war, or to cross
the ice to York, the capital of Upper Canada, a distance of sixty or
seventy miles. Frightful as the attempt was, in their destitute and
forlorn circumstances, the journey was instantly resolved upon. But
the party had not advanced more than ten or twelve miles, when a
boy, one of the number, lay down on the ice unable to proceed
farther, on account of the cold, and his previous fatigue. The sailors
declared, each in his turn, that they were so benumbed with cold,
and so exhausted by wading through the newly fallen snow, that it
was with difficulty they could support themselves, and so could afford
no assistance to the poor unfortunate boy. On this trying occasion
the strong benevolence of Clapperton’s character was strikingly
manifested. His nature was too generous to suffer him for a moment
to endure the idea of leaving a fellow-creature inevitably to perish
under such appalling circumstances; for as it was snowing at the
time, it was quite evident that the boy would, if left, have been
quickly overwhelmed by the drift. Clapperton, therefore, took the boy
upon his own back, and carried him about eight or nine miles, when
he found that he had relaxed his hold, and on examining the cause,
he was perceived to be in a dying state, and very soon after expired.
The party then proceeded on their journey, and endured very great
sufferings before they could reach York. Their shoes and stockings
were completely worn off their feet; and the want of nourishment had
dreadfully emaciated their bodies, as they had no provisions during
the journey except a bag of meal. According to his uncle’s account, it
was, while he was making generous efforts to save the boy, who fell
a victim to the cold, that Clapperton lost the first joint of his thumb.
His uncle says, “he took the boy upon his back, holding him with his
left hand, and supported himself from slipping with a staff in his
right;” and adds, “that from the long inaction of his left hand in
carrying the boy upon his back, he lost, from the effects of the cold,
his thumb joint.”—This is certainly a very probable account of the
matter, and assigns a cause sufficiently adequate for effecting a
greater bodily injury than the loss of part of a thumb. But, as we have
great confidence in the information which we have received on the
subject, we are inclined to adhere to the account which we have
given above, namely, that Clapperton lost the joint of his thumb on
the coast of Labrador, when his companions in distress lost their
limbs and their lives. It is evident, moreover, that his uncle’s
information on many points was neither very extensive nor very