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i

I N T E R N AT ION A L E C ONOM IC L AW
A N D G OV E R N A NC E
ii
iii

International Economic
Law and Governance
Essays in Honour of Mitsuo Matsushita

Edited by
J U L I E N C H A I S SE
and
T S A I-​Y U L I N

1
iv

1
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v

Professor Mitsuo Matsushita


vi
╇ vii

Foreword
‘Liber amicorum’ to celebrate Mitsuo Matsushita’s contributions to
international economic law
Chang-╉fa Lo

Professor Mitsuo Matsushita is one of the most respected leading figures in in-
ternational economic law (IEL). His meritorious services, including being one of
the founding members of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization
from 1995 to 2000, have been well recognized throughout the world. His great
writings, including so many widely circulated books and articles in the fields of
international trade, competition law, and investment law, have been considered as
widely influential. His educational services, including his professorship at Tokyo
University and visiting professorships at Harvard Law School, Michigan Law
School, Columbia Law School, Monash University in Australia, and at the College
of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, have been deeply appreciated by his students and by
these educational institutions themselves.
He is so immensely respected in the Asia-╉Pacific region and beyond, not only
because of his leading role in IEL, but also because of his upright character in
handling things, his warmness in treating friends, and his willingness in help-
ing younger scholars. He was the founding chairperson of Asia WTO Research
Network (AWRN) and continued to lead the group for almost ten years (from
2004 to 2013). It is because of Professor Matsushita that our colleagues in Asia-╉
Pacific region in the field of IEL have a permanent platform to engage in regular
and exciting academic exchanges.
For all these reasons, Members of AWRN decided to make a joint effort to
publish a Festschrift in honour of Professor Matsushita, in order to express their
sincere gratitude for the inspiration he is to all of us and to celebrate his contribu-
tions to IEL. Professors Julien Chaisse and Tsai-╉yu Lin have been kind enough to
take on the role of inviting Professor Matsushita’s former colleagues, friends, stu-
dents, and admirers to submit their chapters on the main theme of ‘International
Economic Law and Governance’, in which Professor Matsushita has played such
an important role in shaping the rules and in engaging in operating the mech�
anism. Julien and Tsai-╉yu, together with their team, also spent much time and
effort in editing the book. It is because of them that we have the book that reflects
Professor Matsushita’s great contribution so well. I should also thank authors of
the chapters in the book for having contributed to the joint work.
I hope that the high quality of this book properly reflects our appreciation to
Professor Matsushita for having guided us by his great personality and scholarly
achievement.
Chang-╉fa Lo
Chairperson, AWRN
viii
╇ ix

Contents

Table of Cases xiii


List of Contributors xxiii

1. Introduction: A Liber Amicorum to Celebrate Mitsuo Matsushita’s


Contributions to International Economic Law 1
Julien Chaisse and Tsai-╉yu Lin

PA R T I ╇ RU L E S -╉B A S E D I N T E R N AT IO N A L
DI S PU T E S E T T L E M E N T
2. The WTO Dispute Settlement System: Dealing with Success 11
William J Davey

3. The Dispute Settlement System of the WTO: A Bright Picture with


a Few Dark Spots 26
Claus-╉Dieter Ehlermann

4. The Scope of Regulatory Autonomy of WTO Members under


Article III:4 of the GATT: A Critical Analysis of the Jurisprudence of
the WTO Appellate Body 30
Frieder Roessler

5. How to Reconcile Health Law and Economic Law with Human


Rights? Looking for Hercules in the WTO Appellate Body 39
Ernst-╉Ulrich Petersmann

6. The WTO Jurisprudence of Article XX(g) and the Conservation


of Natural Resources 58
Joel P Trachtman

7. Balancing Investment Protection and Other Public Policy Goals:


Lessons from WTO Jurisprudence 68
Yasuhei Taniguchi and Tomoko Ishikawa

8. Trade Law and the Vienna Treaty Convention’s Systemic


Integration Clause 94
Chin Leng Lim
x

x Contents
9. When Popular Decisions Rest on Shaky Foundations:
Systemic Implications of Selected WTO Appellate Body
Trade Remedies Jurisprudence 113
Meredith Kolsky Lewis

10. Taming Investor–​State Arbitration? 131


Jaemin Lee

11. The Limits of Legalization in Asia-​Pacific Investment


Treaty Arbitration? 153
Luke Nottage

PA R T I I N OR M AT I V E I N F L U E N C E S
T O A N D F ROM W T O L AW
12. The Interplay between the G20 and the WTO:
Informal Law-​making in Action 183
Jan Wouters and Ines Willemyns

13. Unfinished Business: Competition Law and the WTO 201


Rolf H Weber

14. Competition Law in Emerging Markets: The Virtue


of Regulatory Diversity 216
Frederick M Abbott

15. Untangling the Triangle: Issues for State-​controlled Entities


in Trade, Investment, and Competition Law 233
Julien Chaisse

16. In Search of Coherence: Navigating the WTO in the Universe


of International Law 259
Chien-​huei Wu

17. Natural Resources and the Rules of the Multilateral Trading


System: A Sustainable Development Perspective 284
Thomas J Schoenbaum

18. Facilitating Coherent Application of WTO Law Within


and Outside the Organization: Investment Regime as
an Example 300
Tsai-​yu Lin
xi

Contents xi

19. Reinterpretation of the National Treatment Principle:


Making International Economic Law a Friend of Global
Governance of Environmental Protection 314
Won-​mog Choi

20. The Soft Law Approach to Regulatory Harmonization:


Are We Trading Away Privacy for Economic Integration? 328
Shin-​yi Peng

PA R T I I I I S S U E S I N T H E P OL IC Y-​
A N D L AW-​M A K I N G PRO C E S S
21. Members Only: Embracing Diversity in the WTO 351
Bernard M Hoekman and Petros C Mavroidis

22. TTIP and the Post-​Bali WTO: Towards a New World Trade Order? 367
David A Gantz and Laura Nielsen

23. Regulatory Co-​operation and Regulatory Coherence through


Mega-​FTAs: Possibilities and Challenges 392
Junji Nakagawa

24. Rise of the Plurilaterals: Threat or Opportunity for Multilateral


Trade Governance 411
R V Anuradha

25. Trade in Pharmaceuticals: Patents and Access to Medicines


since TRIPS—​Some Certainty and Several Lingering Questions 427
Bryan Mercurio

26. Trans-​Pacific Partnership Intellectual Property Controversies 445


Raj Bhala

27. Interdependence and the WTO Agreement as


a ‘Contractual Constitution’ 462
Chios Carmody

28. Bridging Global and Regional Governance of International Trade 475


Chang-​fa Lo

29. Decision making in the WTO: From Negotiated Law-​making


to Judicial Law-​making 487
R Rajesh Babu
xii

xii Contents
30. Legal Development of WTO Trade Remedy Practices in East Asia 515
Dukgeun Ahn

31. A Managerial Approach to Secure Compliance with


the SPS Agreement 534
Yuka Fukunaga

32. Conclusion: Some Thoughts on the WTO’s Next Twenty Years 551
Julio A Lacarte Muró

Index 559
╇ xiii

Table of Cases

Note: WTO and GATT cases are indexed according to their common abbreviated names (where
these are in use in the text), with the full name in parentheses. Where Panel and Appellate Body
hearings of the same case are listed separately the Panel hearing appears first.
n = footnote.

I N T E R N AT ION A L C A SE S
WTO Dispute Settlement€Body
Argentina—╉Poultry (Argentina—╉Definitive Anti-╉dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil),
WT/╉DS241/╉R, Panel Report, 22 April 2003����������������������������������尓���������������������������������105–╉6
Argentina—╉Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, WT/╉DS121/╉A B/╉R, Appellate
Body Report, 12 January 2000 ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������� 102n
Argentina—╉Textiles (Argentina—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Footwear Textiles, Apparel
and Other Items), WT/╉DS56/╉A B/╉R, WT/╉DS56/╉A B/╉R /╉Corr. 1, Appellate Body Report,
22 April 1998����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������97n, 268–╉9, 269n
Australia—╉Plain Packaging (Australia—╉Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks and
Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging),
WT/╉DS434, 435, 441, 458 and 467, 13 March 2012 �������������������259–╉60, 270, 307n, 470–╉1n
Australia—╉Salmon (Australia—╉Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon), WT/╉DS18/╉R,
Panel Report, 20 October 1998����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������270
Australia—╉Salmon (Australia—╉Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon), WT/╉DS18/╉A B/╉R,
Appellate Body Report, 20 October 1998����������������������������������尓���������������������������83, 84, 470n
Brazil—╉Aircraft Subsidy (Brazil—╉Export Financing Programme for Aircraft), WT/╉DS46/╉R,
Panel Report, 14 April 1999����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������507
Brazil—╉Aircraft Subsidy (Brazil—╉Export Financing Programme for Aircraft),
WT/╉DS46/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 2 August 1999 ����������������������������������尓���������������507
Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut, WT/╉DS22/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report,
21 February 1997����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����� 497n
Brazil—╉Tyres (Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres), WT/╉DS332/╉R,
Panel Report, 12 June 2007����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������� 280, 296–╉7
Brazil—╉Tyres (Brazil—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres), WT/╉DS332/╉A B/╉R,
Appellate Body Report, 3 December 2007���������62, 83, 84–╉5, 85n, 86, 259–╉60, 280–╉1, 283, 297n
Canada—╉Export Credits and Loan Guarantees for Regional Aircraft—╉Recourse to Arbitration
by Canada under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article 4.11 of the SCM Agreement,
WT/╉DS222/╉ARB, Decision by the Arbitrator, 17 February 2003���������������������������������148–╉9n
Canada—╉Periodicals (Canada—╉Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals),
WT/╉DS31/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 30 June 1997����������������������������������尓��������������������� 21
Canada—╉Pharmaceuticals (Canada—╉Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products),
WT/╉DS114/╉R, Panel Report, 7 April 2000����������������������������������尓�����������������������428, 439, 442
Canada—╉Wheat (Canada—╉Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of
Imported Grain), WT/╉DS276/╉R, Panel Report, 6 April 2004����������������������������������尓�248, 248n
Canada—╉Wheat (Canada—╉Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of
Imported Grain), WT/╉DS276/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 30 August 2004���������248, 248n
Chile—╉Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products,
WT/╉DS207/╉A B/╉R, WT/╉DS207/╉A B/╉R /╉Corr 1, Appellate Body Report����������������������������� 101n
China—╉Anti-╉dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Automobiles from the
United States, WT/╉DS440����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������������������522
xiv

xiv Table of Cases


China—​Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the
United States, WT/​DS427���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������522
China—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada, WT/​DS483 �����������522
China—​Countervailing and Anti-​dumping Duties on Grain-​oriented Flat-​rolled Electrical
Steel from the United States, WT/​DS414 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������522
China—​Definitive Anti-​dumping Duties on X-​R ay Security Inspection Equipment from the
European Union, WT/​DS425����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������522
China—​Electronic Payment Services, WT/​DS413����������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n
China—​Measures Imposing Anti-​dumping Duties on High-​Performance Stainless Steel
Seamless Tubes from the European Union (EU), WT/​DS460������������������������������������������������522
China—​Measures Imposing Anti-​dumping Duties on High-​Performance Stainless Steel
Seamless Tubes from the European Union (Japan), WT/​DS454�������������������������������������522, 528
China—​Provisional Anti-​dumping Duties on Certain Iron and Steel Fasteners from the EU,
WT/​DS407�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������522
China—​Rare Earths (China—​Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten
and Molybdenum), WT/​DS431,432,433/​R, Panel Report, 13 December 2013��������� 58–​64, 78n,
81n, 103–​4
China—​Rare Earths (China—​Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten
and Molybdenum), WT/​DS431,432,433/​R, Appellate Body Report, 29 August 2014 ������ 58–​67,
103–​4, 292–​4
China—​R aw Materials (China—​Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials),
WT/​DS394/​A B/​R, WT/​DS395/​A B/​R, WT/​ DS398/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
30 January 2012����������������������������������������������������������������������60, 85n, 103–​4, 103–​4n, 292–​4
Consultations Request, Korea—​Import Bans (Korea—​Import Bans, and Testing and
Certification Requirements for Radionuclides), WT/​DS495/​1, G/​L/​ 1116,
G/​SPS/​GEN/​1410, Request for Consultations by Japan, 1 June 2015����������������������� 549, 549n
Diagnosis of the Problems Affecting the Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Some Ideas by Mexico,
TN/​DS/​W/​90, Dispute Settlement Body Special Session, 16 July 2007�������������������������������50
Dominican Republic—​Cigarettes (Dominican Republic—​Measures Affecting the
Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes), WT/​DS302/​R, Panel Report,
26 November 2004 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������268
Dominican Republic—​Cigarettes (Dominican Republic—​Measures Affecting the
Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes), WT/​DS302/​A B/​R, Appellate Body
Report, 25 April 2005�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������83
EC—​Anti-​dumping Duties on Cotton-​t ype Bed Linen from India, WT/​DS141/​A B/​R,
Appellate Body Report, 1 March 2001 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
EC—​A sbestos (European Communities—​Measures Affecting Asbestos and
Asbestos-​containing Products), WT/​DS135, Panel Report, 28 May 1998 ����������������������������� 318
EC—​A sbestos (European Communities—​Measures Affecting Asbestos and
Asbestos-​containing Products), WT/​DS135/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
12 March 2001��������������������������������31, 33–​4, 83, 84, 84n, 85n, 86n, 288n, 318–​19, 324, 326
EC—​Bananas (European Communities—​Regime for the Importation, Sale and
Distribution of Bananas), WT/​DS27/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
9 September 1997 ������������������������������� 13, 16, 21, 23, 33, 266–​7, 323n, 470n, 471n, 499–​500
EC—​Biotech (European Communities—​Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of
Biotech Products), WT/​DS291, 292, 293/​R, Panel Report,
29 September 2006 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 275, 283, 319
EC—​Biotech (European Communities—​Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of
Biotech Products), WT/​DS291/​37/​A DD.89, 10 July 2015 ��������������������������������������������������� 15n
EC—​Chicken Cuts (European Communities—​Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless
Chicken Cuts), WT/​DS269/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 12 September 2005��������50, 100n,
101nn, 116, 116n
EC—​DRAMS (European Communities—​Countervailing Measures on Dynamic Random
Access Memory Chips from Korea), WT/​DS299���������������������������������������������������������������������528
xv

Table of Cases xv
EC—​Hormones (European Community—​Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products
(Hormones)), WT/​DS26/​A B/​R, WT/​DS48/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
16 January 1998��������������������������������������������������������������� 13, 21, 23, 81, 84, 100n, 114, 534–​5
EC—​Large Civil Aircraft (European Communities and Certain Member States—​Measures
Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft), WT/​DS316/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
1 June 2011 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94, 107–​8, 109, 275–​6, 283
EC—​Poultry (EC—​Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products),
WT/​DS69/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 13 July 1998�������������������������������������� 265–​6, 466n
EC—​Seal Products (European Communities—​Measures Prohibiting the Importation and
Marketing of Seal Products), WT/​DS400/​A B/​R, WT7DS401/​A B/​R, Appellate
Body Report, 25 November 2013 ��������������������������������������������������� 35–​7, 75, 83, 86, 288, 390
EC—​Trademark and Geographic Indications (EC—​Protection of Trademark and
Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs), WT/​DS290����������267, 267n
India—​Patents (India—​Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical
Products), WT/​DS50/​R, Panel Report, 5 September 1997�������������������������������������������������472n
India—​Patents (India—​Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical
Products), WT/​DS50/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 16 January 1998�������������97n, 100n, 508
India—​Quantitative Restrictions (India—​Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of
Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products), WT/​DS90/​A B/​R, Appellate Body
Report, 23 August 1999�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������268, 507
Japan—​Alcoholic Beverages (Japan—​Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/​DS8;
Japan—​Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: Canada, WT/​DS10; Japan—​Taxes on
Alcoholic Beverages: US, WT/​DS11), Panel Reports, 21 June/​7 July 1995������������������������� 321
Japan—​Alcoholic Beverages (Japan—​Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/​DS8;
Japan—​Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: Canada, WT/​DS10; Japan—​Taxes on
Alcoholic Beverages: US, WT/​DS11), Appellate Body Report, 1 November 1996������������ 21, 33,
99–​100, 100n, 101n, 104, 113, 113n, 114n, 308, 321–​2, 323nn, 465–​6, 502
Japan—​Countervailing Duties on Dynamic Random Access Memories from Korea,
WT/​DS336 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
Japan—​Film (Japan—​Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper),
WT/​DS44, Panel Report, 13 June 1996 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 318
Korea—​Alcoholic Beverages (Korea—​Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/​DS75:
Korea—​Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages US, WT/​DS84), Panel Reports,
2 April/​23 May 1997����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 321
Korea—​Alcoholic Beverages (Korea—​Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages: EC, WT/​DS75:
Korea—​Taxes an Alcoholic Beverages US, WT/​DS84), Appellate Body Report,
18 January 1999��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 321–​2
Korea—​Beef (Korea—​Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef),
WT/​DS161, Panel Report, 1 February 1999����������������������������������������������������������������������� 318
Korea—​Beef (Korea—​Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef),
WT/​DS161/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 11 December 2000����������������������������������������� 318
Korea—​Beef (Korea—​Various Measures on Beef), WT/​DS161/​A B/​R, WT/​DS169/​A B/​R,
Appellate Body Report, 10 January 2001��������������������������������������������������������� 82n, 83–​4, 86n
Korea—​Dairy Products (Korea—​Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Certain Dairy
Products), WT/​DS98/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 14 December 1999��������������������������� 529
Korea—​Measures Affecting Government Procurement, Panel Report ���������������������������������������270–​1
Korea—​Paper (Korea—​Anti-​dumping Duties on Imports of Certain Paper from Indonesia,
Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Indonesia), WT/​DS312/​RW, Panel Report,
28 September 2007 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������529–​30
Mexico—​Corn Syrup (Mexico—​Anti-​dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup
(HFCS) from the United States), WT/​DS132/​A B/​RW, Appellate Body Report,
22 October 2001������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 463–​4
Mexico—​Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services, WT/​DS204/​R, Panel Report,
2 April 2004�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������220
xvi

xvi Table of Cases


Mexico—​Soft Drinks (Mexico—​Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages),
WT/​DS308/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 24 March 2006������� 28, 85n, 105–​6, 109, 278–​9
Mexico—​Telecoms (Mexico—​Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services),
WT/​DS204/​R, Panel Report, 2 April 2004�����������������������������������������������������������������������464n
Peru—​Agricultural Products (Peru—​Additional Duty on Imports of Certain
Agricultural Products), WT/​DS457/​R, Panel Report, 31 July 2015 �������������������������������������279
Peru—​Agricultural Products (Peru—​Additional Duty on Imports of Certain Agricultural
Products), WT/​DS457/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 31 July 2015 ���������������������� 28, 279–​80
Philippines—​Anti-​dumping Measures Regarding Polypropylene Resins from Korea,
WT/​DS215 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
Philippines—​Distilled Spirits (Philippines—​Taxes on Distilled Spirits), WT/​DS396,
Panel Report, 14 January 2010��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������324
Philippines—​Distilled Spirits (Philippines—​Taxes on Distilled Spirits), WT/​DS396/​A B/​R,
Appellate Body Report, 21 December 2011�������������������������������������������������������������������� 324–​6
Thailand—​Cigarettes (Philippines) (Thailand—​Customs and Fiscal Measures on Cigarettes
from the Philippines), WT/​DS371/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
17 June 2011 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n, 75, 75n
Turkey—​Textiles (Turkey—​Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Product),
WT/​DS34/​R, Panel Report, 31 May 1999 ��������������������������������������������������������������� 273, 471n
Ukraine—​Definitive Safeguard Measures on Certain Passenger Cars, WT/​DS468�����������������������528
US/​Canada—​Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC—​Hormones Dispute,
WT/​DS320, 321/​R, Panel Report, 8 November 2004��������������������������������������������������������� 512
US/​Canada—​Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC—​Hormones Dispute,
WT/​DS320, 321/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 16 October 2008���������������� 270, 274n, 547n
US—​Anti-​dumping Act of 1916, WT/​DS136/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
28 August 2000������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 121–​5, 528
US—​Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) (United States—​Definitive
Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China),
WT/​DS379/​R, Panel Report, 24 August 2009���������������������������������������������107, 266n, 272–​3
US—​Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) (United States—​Definitive
Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China),
WT/​DS379/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 25 March 2011�������� 242–​3, 242–​3n, 272–​3, 275
US—​Anti-​dumping and Countervailing Measures on Large Residential Washers from Korea,
WT/​DS464�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Anti-​dumping Duties on Imports of Colour Television Receivers from Korea,
WT/​DS89 ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Anti-​dumping Duty on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS)
of One Megabit or Above from Korea, WT/​DS99 �����������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Certain Hot-​Rolled Steel Products from Japan,
WT/​DS184/​15/​A DD.151, 10 July 2015����������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n, 528
US—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from Korea,
WT/​DS488�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Certain Shrimp from Viet Nam, WT/​DS404/​11/​Add.37,
10 July 2015������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n
US—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Corrosion-​Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Korea,
WT/​DS420�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Anti-​dumping Measures on Stainless Steel Plate in Coils and Stainless Steel Sheet and
Strip from Korea, WT/​DS179�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Carbon Steel (United States—​Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-​resistant
Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany), WT/​DS213/​A B/​R,
WT/​DS213/​A B/​R /​Corr. 1, Appellate Body Report, 19 December 2001������������������� 97n, 101n
US—​Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint) (United States—​Measures Affecting Trade in
Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint)), WT/​DS353/​R, Appendix VII.F.1,
Panel Report, 31 March 2011 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������464n
xvii

Table of Cases xvii


US—​Clove Cigarettes (United States—​Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of
Clove Cigarettes), WT/​DS406/​R, Panel Report, 2 September 2011������������������������� 34, 49, 323
US—​Clove Cigarettes (United States—​Measures Affecting the Production and Sale
of Clove Cigarettes), WT/​DS406/​R, Appellate Body Report, 4 April 2012 ������������34–​5, 101n,
315–​17, 319–​20, 323–​4
US—​Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC—​Hormones Dispute, WT/​DS320/​R,
Panel Report, 16 October 2008�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������465n
US—​COOL (United States—​Certain Country of Origin Labelling Requirements),
WT/​DS384, Panel Report, 1 December 2008���������������������������������������������������������������36, 320
US—​COOL (United States—​Certain Country of Origin Labelling Requirements),
WT/​DS384/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 29 June 2012 ���������������������������������������������320–​1
US—​Cotton Subsidies (Article 22.6) (United States—​Subsidies on Upland Cotton:
Recourse to Arbitration by the US Under Article 22.6 of the DSU and Article 7.10 of
the SCM Agreement), WT/​DS267/​A RB/​2, Arbitral Panel Report, 31 August 2009�����274, 468n
US—​Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line
Pipe from Korea, WT/​DS202�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������528
US—​Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line
Pipe from Korea, WT/​DS202/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
15 February 2002����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125n, 274n, 465n, 528
US—​Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European
Communities, WT/​DS166/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 22 December 2000����������������� 125n
US—​DRAMS (United States—​Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random
Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea), WT/​DS296/​A B/​R,
Appellate Body Report, 27 June 2006��������������������������������������������������������������������������117, 528
US—​Final Countervailing Duty Determination with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber
from Canada, WT/​DS257/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 17 February 2004�������������������100n
US—​FSC (United States—​Tax Treatment for ‘Foreign Sales Corporations’),
WT/​DS108/​RW, Panel Report, 20 August 2001���������������������������������������������������������� 473–​4n
US—​FSC (United States—​Tax Treatment for ‘Foreign Sales Corporations’),
WT/​DS108/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 24 February 2000������������������������������������������� 501
US—​Gambling (United States—​Measures Affecting the Cross-​border Supply of Gambling
and Betting Services), WT/​DS285/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 7 April 2005����������83, 86n,
100nn, 101n
US—​Gasoline (United States—​Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline),
WT/​DS2/​R, Panel Report, 29 January 1996������������������������������������������������������������������317–​18
US—​Gasoline (United States—​Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline),
WT/​DS2/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report, 20 May 1996 ����������������� 21, 58, 59–​60, 63, 64, 82,
83, 95, 97n, 114, 271, 299n, 502
US—​Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-​rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon
Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom, WT/​DS138/​A B/​R,
Appellate Body Report, 10 May 2000�������������������������������������������������������������������������������506n
US—​Offset Act (Byrd Amendment) (US—​Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset
Act of 2000), WT/​DS217/​A B/​R, WT DS/​234/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
27 January 2003�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n, 100n, 507n, 528
US—​Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from
New Zealand and Australia, WT/​DS177, 178/​A B/​R, Appellate Body Report,
1 May 2001����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125n
US—​Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act, WT/​DS160/​24/​Add.126, 10 July 2015�������15n, 468n
US—​Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998, WT/​DS176/​ 11/​Add.151,
10 July 2015����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15n, 267
US—​Sections 301–​310 of the Trade Act of 1974, WT/​DS152/​R, Panel Report,
22 December 1999���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74n, 507–​8
US—​Shrimp/​Turtle (United States—​Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp
and Shrimp Products), WT/​DS58/​R, Panel Report, 15 May 1998���������������������������������� 505–​6
xviii

xviii Table of Cases


US—╉Shrimp/╉Turtle (United States—╉Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and
Shrimp Products), WT/╉DS58/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 6 November 1998������������13, 60,
98n, 100n, 102–╉4, 102n, 104, 259–╉60, 280, 288, 298, 503n, 505–╉6
US—╉Shrimp II (Viet Nam), WT/╉DS429, 22 April 2015����������������������������������尓��������������������������� 15n
US—╉Stainless Steel (Mexico) (United States—╉Final Anti-╉dumping Measures on Stainless
Steel from Mexico), WT/╉DS344/╉R, Panel Report, 20 December 2007 ���������������118n, 388–╉9n
US—╉Stainless Steel (Mexico) (United States—╉Final Anti-╉dumping Measures on Stainless
Steel from Mexico), WT/╉DS344/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 30 April 2008����������������77–╉8,
388–╉9n, 503
US—╉Steel Safeguards (United States—╉Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of
Certain Steel Products), WT/╉DS248, 249, 251–╉54, 258, 259/╉AB/╉R, Appellate
Body Report, 10 November 2003 ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������� 125n, 528
US—╉Steel Safeguards (United States—╉Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of
Certain Steel Products), WT/╉DS248/╉R, Panel Report, 11 July 2003 �������������������� 473–╉4n, 528
US—╉Sunset Review of Anti-╉dumping Duties on Corrosion-╉Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products
from Japan, WT/╉DS244����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������������������������528
US—╉Transitional Safeguard Measure on Combed Cotton Yarn from Pakistan,
WT/╉DS192/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 8 October 2001����������������������������������尓��������� 274n
US—╉Tuna (United States—╉Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of
Tuna and Tuna Products), WT/╉DS381/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 13 June 2012������� 101n
US—╉Underwear (United States—╉Restrictions on Imports of Cotton and Man-╉made Fibre
Underwear), WT/╉DS24/╉R, Panel Report, 8 November 1996����������������������������������尓���������464n
US—╉Wool Shirts and Blouses (United States—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Shirts
and Blouses from India), WT/╉DS33/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 25 April 1997��������� 501–╉2
US—╉Wool United States—╉Measures Affecting Imports of Woven Shirts and Blouses
from India, WT/╉DS33/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 25 April 1997����������������������������� 501–╉2
US—╉Zeroing (EC) (United States—╉Laws, Regulations and Methodology for Calculating Dumping
Margins (‘Zeroing’)), WT/╉DS294/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 18 April 2006 ��������������� 118
US—╉Zeroing (Japan) (United States—╉Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews),
WT/╉DS322/╉R, Panel Report, 20 September 2006 ����������������������������������尓��������������������������� 118
US—╉Zeroing (Japan) (United States—╉Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews),
WT/╉DS322/╉AB/╉RW, Appellate Body Report, 18 August 2009���������������������120, 148–╉9n, 528
US—╉Zeroing (Korea) (United States—╉Use of Zeroing in Anti-╉dumping Measures Involving
Products from Korea), WT/╉DS402����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������528
US—╉Zeroing (United States—╉Continued Existence and Application of Zeroing Methodology),
WT/╉DS350/╉AB/╉R, Appellate Body Report, 4 February 2009����������������������������������尓����� 50, 97n

GATT€Panels
Canada—╉Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act,
GATT Doc. L/╉5504–╉30S/╉140, Panel Report, 7 February 1984 ��������������������������������� 73n, 74n
Canada—╉Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, L/╉6268,
adopted 22 March 1988, GATT BISD 35S/╉98����������������������������������尓�����������������������������������60
China—╉Publications (China—╉Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution
Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products),
WT/╉DS363/╉R, Panel Report, 12 August 2009����������������������������������尓���������������������������������86n
EEC—╉Oilseeds (EEC—╉Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of
Oilseeds and Related Animal-╉feed Proteins), GATT Doc L/╉6627-╉37S/╉86, Panel Report,
25 January 1990����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���� 265–╉6
EEC—╉Oilseeds (EEC—╉Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds
and Related Animal-╉feed Proteins), GATT Doc DS/╉28/╉R, Follow-╉Up to the
Panel Report, 31 March 1992 ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������ 265–╉6
╇ xix

Table of Cases xix


Italian Discrimination against Imported Agricultural Machinery, L/╉833-╉7S/╉60,
GATT BISD (7th Supp), 23 October 1958����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����� 35
Thailand—╉Cigarettes (Thailand—╉Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on
Cigarettes), BISD 37S/╉200, 7 November 1990����������������������������������尓�����������������������82–╉3n, 102
US—╉Automobiles (United States—╉Taxes on Automobiles), DS31/╉R, 11 October 1994,
unadopted ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������������323n
US—╉Malt Beverages (United States—╉Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages),
GATT BISD (39th Supp), 19 June 1992����������������������������������尓���������32, 33, 82–╉3n, 102, 323n
US—╉Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, L/╉6439–╉36S/╉345, Panel Report,
7 November 1989����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓� 82, 317
US—╉Tuna/╉Dolphin I (United States—╉Restrictions on Imports of Tuna), DS21/╉R–╉39S/╉155,
30 ILM 1594, 3 September 1991 (unadopted GATT panel report)������������� 13, 82–╉3n, 102–╉3,
298–╉9, 506n
US—╉Tuna/╉Dolphin II (United States—╉Restrictions on Imports of Tuna), DS29/╉R, 33 ILM 839,
16 June 1994 (unadopted GATT panel report)���������������������������13, 102–╉3, 108, 298–╉9, 506n

ICSID (International Court for€the Settlement of€Investment Disputes)


AES Summit Generation Limited and AES–╉Tisza Eromu Kft v The Republic of Hungary,
ICSID Case No ARB/╉07/╉22 (23 September 2010) ����������������������������������尓��������������������� 310–╉11
Al-╉Kharafi & Sons Co v the Republic of Libya and others, Final Arbitral Award,
22 March 2013����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���������234n
Azurix Corp v Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No ARB/╉01/╉12, Award (14 July 2006) �����������87–╉8
Cargill Inc v Mexico, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/╉05/╉2, Award (18 September 2009)������������������� 91n
Churchill Mining PLC and Planet Mining Pty Ltd v Republic of Indonesia, ICSID
Case No. ARB/╉12/╉14 and 12/╉40, Decision on Jurisdiction, 24 February 2014��������� 159n, 162
see also Planet Mining Pty Ltd v Republic of Indonesia
Continental Casualty Company v Argentina, ICSID Case No ARB/╉03/╉9, Award
(5 September 2008)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��� 91n
Corn Products International, Inc v Mexico, ICSID Case No ARB (AF)/╉04/╉1, Decision on
Responsibility (15 January 2008)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������� 91n
Deutsche Bank AG v Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, ICSID Case No ARB/╉09/╉2,
Award (31 October 2012)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������������������87–╉8
Electrabel SA v The Republic of Hungary, ICSID Case No ARB/╉07/╉19
(30 November 2012) ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������������������� 282, 113n
FTR Holdings SA (Switzerland) v Uruguay see Philip Morris v Uruguay
Generation Ukraine Inc v Ukraine, ICSID Case No ARB/╉00/╉9, 16 September 2003 ���������������250n
LG&E Energy Corp, LG&E Capital Corp and LG&E International Inc v Argentine Republic,
ICSID Case No ARB/╉02/╉1, Decision on Liability (3 October 2006) �������������������������������87–╉8
Loewen v United States, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/╉98/╉3 (26 June 2003) ����������������������������������尓�375
Marvin Roy Feldman Karpa v Mexico, ICSID Case No ARB(AF)/╉99/╉1, Award
(16 December 2002) ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓� 91n
Millicom International Operations BV and Sentel GSM SA v The Republic of Senegal,
ICSID Case No ARB/╉08/╉20, Decision on Jurisdiction (16 July 2010) ��������������������� 163n, 177
Nova Scotia Power Incorporated v Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ICSID Case
No ARB(AF)/╉11/╉1, Award (30 April 2014)����������������������������������尓����������������������������� 169, 169n
Occidental Petroleum Corporation and Occidental Exploration and Production Company v
The Republic of Ecuador (Occidental v Ecuador), ICSID Case No ARB/╉06/╉11, Award
(5 October 2012)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������������� 87–╉8, 89–╉90, 92n
Philip Morris Brand Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris Products SA (Switzerland), and Abal
Hermanos SA (Uruguay) v Oriental Republic of Uruguay, ICSID Case No ARB/╉10/╉7,
Procedural Order No 3 (17 February 2015)����������������������������������尓����������������������������� 303n, 311
xx

xx Table of Cases
Planet Mining Pty Ltd v Republic of Indonesia, ICSID Case No. ARB/╉12/╉14 and 12/╉40,
Decision on Jurisdiction, 24 February 2014 ����������� 153–╉4, 157, 159, 161–╉71, 172, 174, 175–╉8
PNG Sustainable Development Program Ltd v Independent State of Papua New Guinea,
ICSID Case No ARB/╉13/╉33, Award (5 May 2015) ����������������������������������尓���������������������154–╉5n
Salini Costruttori SPA and Italstrade SPA v Kingdom of Morocco, ICSID Case No ARB/╉00/╉4,
Decision on Jurisdiction (16 July 2001)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������234n
Tecnicas Medioambientales TECMED SA v Mexico, ICSID Case No ARB (AF)/╉00/╉2,
Award (29 May 2003) ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������� 87, 89
Tethyan Copper v Pakistan, ICSID Case No ARB/╉12/╉1����������������������������������尓����������������������������� 172
Vattenfall AB and others v Federal Republic of Germany, ICSID Case No ARB/╉12/╉12,
Notice of Arbitration (31 May 2012)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������� 137n

UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on€International Trade€Law)


Chemtura Corporation v Canada, UNCITRAL, Award (2 August 2010)����������������������������������尓� 91n
Clayton and others v Canada (Bilcon v Canada), UNCITRAL, Award on Jurisdiction
and Liability (17 March 2015)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������� 91n
Eli Lilly and Company v Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Notice of Arbitration,
12 September 2013����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓441–╉2
Methanex Corporation v United States, UNCITRAL, Decision of the Tribunal on
Petitions from Third Persons to Intervene as Amici Curiae (15 January 2001) ������������������� 91n
Paushok, CJSC Golden East Company and CJSC Vostokneftegaz Company v Mongolia (Paushok v
Mongolia), UNCITRAL, Award on Jurisdiction and Liability (28 April 2011)������������������91n, 92n
Philip Morris Asia Ltd v The Commonwealth of Australia, UNCITRAL,
PCA No 2012-╉12 http://╉w ww.italaw.com/╉cases/╉851����������������������������������尓�� 137n, 303–╉4, 309
Pope & Talbot Inc v Canada, UNCITRAL, Award on the Merits of Phase 2
(10 April 2001)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������� 91n
SD Myers Inc v Canada, UNCITRAL, Partial Award (13 November 2000)������������������������������� 91n
United Parcel Service of America Inc v Government of Canada, UNCITRAL, Award
on Jurisdiction (22 November 2002)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������240
United Parcel Service v Canada, UNCITRAL, Decision on Petitions for Intervention
and Participation as Amici Curiae (17 October 2001)����������������������������������尓����������������������� 91n

PCIJ (Permanent Court of€International Justice)


Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzów (Claim for Indemnity) (The Merits) (FRG v Poland),
1928 PCIJ (ser A) No 17 (13 SEptember)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓148–╉9n

ICJ (International Court of€Justice)


Case Concerning Rights of Nationals of the United States in Morocco (France v US)
1952 ICJ 176 (27 August) ����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������������148–╉9n
Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-╉Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia) [1997]
ICJ Rep 7����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�������������148–╉9n
Case Concerning US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (Tehran Hostages, US v Iran)
[1980] ICJ Rep 3 (24 May)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������������262

PCA (Permanent Court of€Arbitration)


Ecuador v United States, PCA Case No 2012-╉5, Expert Opinion with Respect to
Jurisdiction in the Interstate Arbitration, 24 April 2012����������������������������������尓����������������� 149n

London Court of€International Arbitration€(LCIA)


Occidental Exploration and Production Company v Ecuador, LCIA Case No UN3467,
Final Award (1 July 2004)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������������������������� 91n

Iran–╉US Claims Tribunal


Espahanian v Bank Tejarat (1983 I) 2 Iran–╉US CTR 157����������������������������������尓�������������������������98n
╇ xxi

Table of Cases xxi


R EGION A L C A SE S
ECJ/╉CJEU (European Court of€Justice/╉Court of€Justice of€the European Union)
(cases in€number€order)
Case C-╉43/╉75, Defrenne v Sabena [1976] ECR 455����������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 53n
Case C-╉331/╉88, Fedesa [1990] ECR I-╉4023����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������88n
Case C-╉281/╉98, Angonese [2000] ECR I-╉4139����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������� 53n
Case C-╉418/╉01, IMS Health GmbH & Co OHG v NDC Health GmbH & Co KG (2004)
Landgericht Frankfurt am Main, Germany����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���228
Case C-╉274/╉06, Commission v Kingdom of Spain, 2008 E.R I-╉26 ����������������������������������尓������������� 245

European Court of€Human Rights (ECtHR)


Golder v UK (1975) 1 EHRR 524, Series A no 18, 14����������������������������������尓�������������������������������98n
James v UK (1986) 8 EHRR 123����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������������������� 87n
Matos e Silva Lda v Portgual (1997) 24 EHRR 573����������������������������������尓����������������������������������� 87n
Mellacher v Austria (1989) 12 EHRR 391����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������� 87n
Pressos Compania Naviera SA v Belgium (1996) 21 EHRR 301����������������������������������尓����������������� 87n

European Commission
Commission Decision of 25 July 2001 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the
EC Treaty (COMP/╉C-╉1/╉36.915—╉Deutsche Post AG—╉Interception of
cross-╉border mail), 2001 OJ (L 331) 40����������������������������������尓�����������������������������������244, 244n

NAFTA
Eli Lilly and Company v The Government of Canada, Notice of Intent to Submit Claim
to Arbitration under NAFTA Chapter Eleven����������������������������������尓�������������������� 304–╉5, 304n

N AT ION A L C A SE S
Canada
United Mexican States v Metalclad Corp [2001] BCSC 664 (2 May 2001) (Vancouver) �������������224

India
Bayer v Natco, Bombay High Court, 15 July 2014����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�4 42
Novatrtis v Union of India (Glivec case)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�����������������441

United€States
Chevron USA Inc v Natural Resources Defense Council Inc, 467 US 837 (1984)��������������������������� 119
Earth Island Institute v Hogarth 494 F3d 757 (9th Cir 2007) ����������������������������������尓�����������������289n
FTC v Actavis Inc, 133 S.Ct 2223 (2013).����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓���229, 229n
Geneva Steel Co v Ranger Steel Supply Corp, 980 F Supp 1209 (D Utah 1997)���������������������������123
Goss Intern Corp v Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd, 294 F Supp 2d 1027 (ND Iowa 2003) �����������123n
Roche Products v Bolar Pharmaceutical, 733 F2d 858 (Fed Cir 1984) ����������������������������������尓�����439n
US v F. Hoffman-╉La Roche Ltd, 3:99-╉CR-╉184-╉R (ND Tex. 20 May 1999)���������������������������������225
US v Microsoft, 253 F.3d 34 (DC Cir 2001) ����������������������������������尓�������������������������� 227– ╉8, 227– ╉8n
Wheeling-╉Pittsburgh Steel Corp v Mitsui & Co, 26 F Supp 2d 1022 (SD Ohio 1998)�������������������123
Zenith Radio Corp v Matsushita Elec Indus Co, Ltd, 494 F Supp 1190, 1242
(ED Pa 1980)����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓�122n, 123n
xxii
xxiii

List of Contributors
Frederick M Abbott is Edward Ball Eminent Scholar Professor of International Law at
Florida State University College of Law. He has served as expert consultant for numer-
ous international and regional organizations, governments and nongovernmental organi-
zations, mainly in the fields of intellectual property, public health, trade, competition
and sustainable development. He recently served as a member of the Expert Advisory
Group (EAG) to the UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Access to Medicines.
Professor Abbott is published widely in the fields of international intellectual property
rights law, public health, international economic and competition law and international
law. Books include International Intellectual Property in an Integrated World Economy, 3rd
edn 2015 (with T Cottier and F Gurry), Emerging Markets and the World Patent Order,
ed. with Carlos M Correa and Peter Drahos (2013), and Global Pharmaceutical Policy
(2009) (with G Dukes). He is Co-​Chair of the Committee on Global Health Law of
the International Law Association, having served as Rapporteur for the Committee on
International Trade Law from the inception of its work in 1993 to its conclusion in 2014.
He is consultant to the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development
Program and other multilateral institutions. Professor Abbott is on the editorial board
of the Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford). He regularly serves as pan-
elist for the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center. He has served as counsel to
governments in WTO dispute settlement proceedings, and in national court proceed-
ings. Professor Abbott is Co-​Director of the Executive Course on Intellectual Property,
Diplomacy and Global Public Health for the Global Health Programme of the Graduate
Institute, Geneva. He is a graduate of the Yale Law School and the University of
California, Berkeley.
Dukgeun Ahn is Professor of International Trade Law and Policy. Professor Ahn has
taught at various universities including Singapore National University, University of
Hong Kong, University of Barcelona in Spain, World Trade Institute in Switzerland and
the KDI School of Public Policy and Management in Korea. In addition, he has advised
several developing country governments, international organizations as well as various
Korean ministries on trade law and policy issues such as World Trade Organization
(WTO) disputes, trade negotiation and trade policy making. Professor Ahn is currently
working as a Commissioner of the Korea Trade Commission and served as a Member of
National Economic Advisory Council. He is also listed as a panellist candidate for the
WTO dispute settlement as well as the Korea–​US FTA and Korea–​EU FTA. He received
Award by the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy of Republic of Korea, 2004;
Award by the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea, 2005; Simdang Academic Excellence
Award, Korea Association of International Trade Law, 2012; and Award by the Minister
of the Interior, 2015. He works as an editorial board member for many academic jour-
nals, including Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford University Press) and
International Trade Law (Quarterly Journal of Ministry of Justice). Professor Ahn holds
both PhD in Economics and JD (Member of New York Bar) from the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor.
R Rajesh Babu is an Associate Professor of Law at the Indian Institute of Management
(IIM) Calcutta, India and the Editor-​in-​Chief of the IIM Calcutta journal Decision
xxiv

xxiv List of Contributors


published by Springer. Before joining IIM Calcutta, Dr Babu served as Senior Legal
Officer (2002–​2009) in the Asian-​A frican Legal Consultative Organization (AALCO),
a New Delhi-​Headquartered intergovernmental organization. He obtained his PhD from
the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. He has received scholarship from the
Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague and the Graduate Institute (IHEID),
Geneva. He has published several articles in international and national journals in the area
of WTO law, dispute settlement, etc. His current research and areas of interest include in-
ternational economic law, constitutional law, international adjudication, property rights,
investment, and higher education policy. Dr Rajesh Babu has been the Guest Editor of
the Journal of Risk Research and manuscript (book) reviewer for Routledge and Oxford
University Press. His recent book is Remedies under the WTO Legal System (Martinus
Nijhoff). His forthcoming co-​edited book is Management Education in India: Perspectives
and Practices (Springer 2016).
Raj Bhala joined the KU Law faculty in 2003 as the Rice Distinguished Professor, the
highest university-​level professorship at KU. He received the 2011 Woodyard International
Educator Award, a university-​wide award granted to one faculty member for outstand-
ing contributions to internationalization efforts, the 2010 Moreau Award for advising
and counselling students, and a 2008 Kemper Award for Teaching Excellence. He has
worked in 28 countries and played in another 19 countries. Bhala is a member of the
United Kingdom’s Royal Society for Asian Affairs, the Council on Foreign Relations,
the American Law Institute, the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars, and the All India Law
Teacher’s Congress. The Indian Society of International Law has conferred on him Life
Membership. Bhala’s scholarly reputation in international trade is global, based in part on a
sustained, prolific publication record. That record includes a treatise, Modern GATT Law,
now in its two-​volume second edition, and International Trade Law, a two-​volume text-
book in its fourth edition. Both books are widely acclaimed for their substance and style.
His newest book, TPP Objectively, is the first comprehensive analysis of the law, econom-
ics, and national security of the Trans Pacific Partnership. It breaks new ground in it being
the first to argue for women’s and LGBTQ rights in free trade agreements. Bhala’s record
also includes more than three dozen provocative articles, including eight major pieces on
the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, several works on poor countries, and
a trilogy on stare decisis. Bhala’s articles have appeared in The International Lawyer, the
most widely circulated international law review, five times. Bhala’s energy and enthusiasm
extend to Islamic Law. He is the first non-​Muslim American law professor to write a com-
prehensive textbook in the field, Understanding Islamic Law Shari’a, now in its second edi-
tion. This highly praised, widely used work covers in an accessible manner the religion, his-
tory and law of Islam. Bhala is honored and humbled to teach Islamic Law to United States
Special Operations Forces. Bhala’s eagerness to pioneer new fields in the American legal
academy extends to India. He is under contract to write the first textbook on the business
laws of modern India. Bhala practised international banking law at the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York, which twice granted him the President’s Award for Excellence. At the
New York Fed, he represented the United States in international wire transfer negotiations
at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), dealt with
legal issues in the largest financial market in the world (foreign exchange), and was ac-
tively involved in international banking law enforcement, including the infamous scandal
involving the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI). His UNCITRAL
work earned him a Letter of Commendation from the State Department. Bhala earned a
law degree from Harvard, was a Marshall Scholar in England where he obtained Master’s
xxv

List of Contributors xxv


degrees from LSE and Oxford, and holds a Bachelor’s degree from Duke, where he was an
Angier B. Duke Scholar. He loves marathon and half-​marathon running, and studying
Shakespeare and Hindi.
Chios Carmody is Associate Professor at Western University Faculty of Law in London,
Ontario, Canada. He currently teaches courses in Contracts, International Trade Law
and International Business Transactions. Since 2002 he has been Canadian National
Director of the Canada-​United States Law Institute. Professor Carmody has been a
Visiting Professor at Université Montpellier, Visiting Adjunct Professor at Georgetown
University Law Center and Emile Noël Fellow at the Jean Monnet Center for International
& Regional Economic Law & Justice, NYU Law School. His current work focuses on de-
veloping a theory of WTO law as the reflection of a theory of law in general.
Julien Chaisse is an award-​winning specialist in international economic law with par-
ticular expertise in the regulation and economics of foreign investment. His research also
covers other relevant fields, such as WTO law, international taxation, and the law of natu-
ral resources. Before joining the CUHK Law Faculty in 2009, Professor Chaisse served
in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France, and started his academic career in Europe.
Professor Chaisse has authored a broad body of well-​regarded and widely-​cited articles on
topics ranging from the rise of sovereign wealth funds, the regulation of foreign invest-
ment, and decision-​making challenges facing the WTO, which have been published in
the top refereed journals of international law. In recognition of his outstanding schol-
arly achievements, Professor Chaisse received the CUHK Research Excellence Award in
2012, and was appointed Director of the Center for Financial Regulation and Economic
Development of our Faculty since 2013. In addition to scholarly work, Professor Chaisse
has wide experience as a practitioner, and is engaged as expert, counsel, and arbitrator in
transnational dispute settlement.
Won-​mog Choi is a professor of Ewha Law School, Ewha Women’s University at Seoul
and director of the WTO Law Center at Seoul. He was the President of the Korea Society
of International Economic Law and is the Editor-in-Chief of the Korean Journal of
International and Comparative Law (Brill). Professor Choi is a member of the Editorial
Board of many journals including the Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford), the
Law and Development Review, Indian Journal of International Economic Law, Journal of
Korea Trade, and the Beijing Law Review. He was a visiting professor or professorial fellow
to National University of Singapore, Hong Kong University, University of New South
Wales at Sydney, and Southwest University of Political Science and Law of China. He has
been a member of the New York Bar since 1999. He received his legal education in South
Korea (Seoul National University, LLB and MPA) and the United States (Georgetown
Law, LLM and SJD). Prior to joining faculty of Ewha, he worked for the Foreign Ministry
of South Korea as a diplomat and legal officer in charge of numerous trade issues. After he
joined academia, Won-​mog has been providing law and policy advice to most of the trade
negotiations in which South Korea has been participating so far. He is also the chairman
of the Korean society of Overseas Resources Development and the president of Korea ABS
forum. He is widely recognized as a renowned columnist in South Korea, contributing
columns on the topics of trade and foreign affairs regularly in major newspapers in South
Korea. Among his numerous academic writings, his writings on the topic of like products
in WTO Agreement and his research on FTA issues are widely recognized as authoritative,
and the outcome of these researches was recently collected in the Max Planck Encyclopedia
of Public International Law.
xxvi

xxvi List of Contributors


William J Davey is the Guy Raymond Jones Chair Emeritus at the University of Illinois
College of Law, where he has taught courses in international trade law, European Union
law, international business transactions, and corporate/​securities law since 1984. From
1995–​1999, he was on leave and served as the director of the Legal Affairs Division of the
World Trade Organization. He has served on several WTO dispute settlement panels,
including cases involving Brazil, Canada, the European Union, South Korea, Japan,
Pakistan and Ukraine, and the United States. He retired in August 2008 but continues
to teach international trade law. In 2007, the University of Berne conferred an honor-
ary doctor of laws degree on Professor Davey, inter alia, ‘for his fundamental work in
the development and evolution of the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement
system’. In 2004, he received the University of Illinois’ Distinguished Faculty Award for
International Achievement. Professor Davey is the author of Legal Problems of International
Economic Relations; Non-​discrimination in the World Trade Organization: The Rules and
Exceptions; European Union Law; Enforcing World Trade Rules: Essays on WTO Dispute
Settlement and GATT Obligations; Pine & Swine: Canada–​United States Trade Dispute
Settlement; and Handbook of WTO/​GATT Dispute Settlement, as well as the editor of The
Future of International Economic Law. He has also written many articles and book chap-
ters on various international trade law issues. Professor Davey is associate editor of The
Journal of International Economic Law (Oxford) and co-​general editor of the Cambridge
International Trade and Economic Law book series.
Claus-​Dieter Ehlermann is one of the leading authorities on international trade,
European competition and European Union administrative law. He has represented gov-
ernments before the WTO dispute settlement body, and he has been retained as advisor
to certain governments, industry federations and undertakings involved in WTO dis-
putes. Professor Dr Ehlermann has been engaged to submit an expert opinion in the con-
text of NAFTA litigation. Professor Dr Ehlermann has also acted as an Arbitrator under
Article 21.3(c) of the Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO. With regard to EC
law, Professor Dr Ehlermann has represented companies in EC competition law matters,
assisting companies in merger control procedures, State aid and international arbitration
proceedings. On the regulatory side, Professor Dr Ehlermann has advised major compa-
nies in Europe and the United States on the impact of current and pending EU legisla-
tion. Professor Dr Ehlermann was a member of the Appellate Body of the World Trade
Organization in Geneva from December 1995 through 2001, serving as chairman during
the last year of his mandate. Prior to his service on the WTO Appellate Body, Professor
Dr Ehlermann held several senior positions with the European Commission. He was
Director-​General of the Directorate-​General for Competition (1990–​1995), Spokesman
and Special Adviser for Institutional Questions of President Jacques Delors (1987–​1990)
and Director-​General of the Legal Service of the European Commission (1977–​1987).
Professor Dr Ehlermann is considered to be one of the leading academic thinkers on
EC law and has published widely. He was chair of EC Law at the European University
Institute (Florence).
Yuka Fukunaga is Professor of International Economic Law, School of Social Sciences,
Waseda University (Tokyo). She has published a number of articles in books and jour-
nals including the Journal of International Economic Law and the Journal of International
Dispute Settlement. She has also presented papers at major conferences including meetings
of the Society of International Economic Law and the American Society of International
Law. Attorney-​at-​law in New York; former Assistant Legal Counsel, Permanent Court
of Arbitration (PCA) (The Hague); former Intern, World Trade Organization (WTO)
xxvii

List of Contributors xxvii


Appellate Body Secretariat (Geneva); former Visiting Professor, Far Eastern Federal
University (Vladivostok); former Visiting Fellow, Graduate Institute of International
and Development Studies (Geneva); former Visiting Professorial Fellow, Georgetown
Law Center (Washington, DC). She has received LLD and LLM from the Graduate
Schools for Law and Politics, University of Tokyo, and LLM from the School of Law,
University of California, Berkeley (sponsored by Fulbright). She has recently published a
book, entitled Securing Compliance with International Economic Agreements and Dispute
Settlement: The Role and Limits of the WTO Dispute Settlement and Investment Arbitration
(Japanese).
David A Gantz is Emeritus Director of the International Trade and Business Law Program
at the University of Arizona, James E. Rogers College of Law. He also serves as Associate
Director of the National Law Center for Inter-​A merican Free Trade. He has taught courses
in international trade law, international environmental law, NAFTA and Other Regional
Trade Agreements, public international law, international business transactions, interna-
tional investment and technology transfer, European Union law and the United States legal
system. He is faculty adviser to the Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law.
David is a graduate of Harvard College (AB 1964) and Stanford Law School (JD 1967,
JSM 1970). After two years with the United States Agency for International Development
law reform project in Costa Rica and a year as a law clerk with Judge Charles M Merrill
of the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, he spent seven years with the
Office of the Legal Adviser, United States Department of State. At the State Department,
he was the chief lawyer responsible for Inter-​A merican affairs. Subsequently, he practised
international trade and corporate law in Washington, DC He is a member of the Ohio and
District of Columbia bars, and is admitted to practise before the Court of International
Trade, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the United States Supreme Court,
among others. He joined the Rogers College of Law faculty in 1993. He was a visiting pro-
fessor at the George Washington University Law School during the 2003–​2004 academic
year and at American University during the fall 2009 semester. From 1981–​1993, David
was an adjunct professor of law at the Georgetown University Law Center. He has served
as a binational panelist under the trade dispute resolution provisions of Chapters 19 and 20
of NAFTA, as a NAFTA Chapter 11 arbitrator, and as an expert witness in other trade and
investment disputes. He has also served as the United States judge on the Administrative
Tribunal of the Organization of American States. David has written extensively on NAFTA
customs and trade law issues, NAFTA and WTO dispute resolution, foreign bribery and
other international trade, investment and environmental law matters, including NAFTA
and western hemisphere free trade and treatise, regional trade agreements: law, policy and
practice and liberalizing international trade after Doha: multilateral, plurilateral, regional,
and unilateral initiatives.
Bernard M Hoekman is a Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies,
European University Institute in Florence, Italy and Director, Global Economics in the
Schuman Centre’s Global Governance Programme. Prior positions include Director of the
International Trade Department and Research Manager in the Development Research
Group of the World Bank; and economist in the GATT Secretariat. A graduate of the
Erasmus University Rotterdam, he obtained his PhD in Economics from the University of
Michigan. He is a CEPR Research Fellow where he co-​directs the Trade Policy Research
Network and a senior associate of the Economic Research Forum for the Arab countries,
Iran and Turkey. His research focuses on trade and development, the global trade order,
services trade and investment and regulatory cooperation.
xxviii

xxviii List of Contributors


Tomoko Ishikawa is an Associate Professor at the Graduate School of International
Development, Nagoya University. She received an LLM from the University of Tokyo,
a second LLM from the University of Cambridge, and earned her PhD in public in-
ternational law from University College London (UCL). She is a member of the Legal
Advisory Committee of the Energy Charter Treaty. Her professional experiences include
serving as a Judge at Tokyo District Court and holding the position of Deputy Director
at the International Legal Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,
where she worked on bilateral/​trilateral investment treaties, Free Trade Agreements and
WTO dispute settlement. Her publications include: ‘Provisional Application of Treaties
at the Crossroads between International and Domestic Law’ (2016) 31(2) ICSID Review;
‘Keeping Interpretation in Investment Treaty Arbitration “on Track”: The Role of State
Parties’ in J Kalicki and A Joubin-​Bret (eds), Reshaping the Investor-​State Dispute Settlement
System: Journeys for the 21st Century (Brill/​Nijhoff 2015); ‘The Principle of Effective
Interpretation in the World Trade Organization and Investment Arbitration: Difference
in Parameters?’ (2015) 8(2) Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal; ‘International
Sovereign Debt and Investment Treaty Arbitration: Ambiente Ufficio S.p.A. and others
v. Argentina’ Rivista Dell’Arbitrato (Issue 2/​2014), ‘Collective Action Clauses in Sovereign
Bond Contracts and Investment Treaty Arbitration—an Approach to Reconcile the
Irreconcilable’ (2014) 4(2) Accounting, Economics and Law: A Convivium; ‘The Role of
International Environmental Principles in Investment Treaty Arbitration: Precautionary
and Polluter Pays Principles and Partial Compensation’ in FR Jacur et al (eds), Natural
Resources Grabbing: An International Law Perspective (Brill/​Nijhoff 2014); ‘Third Party
Participation in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2010) 59(2) International and Comparative
Law Quarterly.
Meredith Kolsky Lewis is Professor of Law and Vice Dean for International and Graduate
Programs at the SUNY Buffalo Law School, where she directs the Cross-​Border Legal
Studies Center. She also maintains an appointment at the Victoria University of Wellington
Law School. Lewis’s research focuses on international economic law, with a particu-
lar emphasis on international trade law, free trade agreements and the WTO. Lewis is
Co-​Executive Vice President and a founding member of the Society of International
Economic Law; co-​rapporteur of the International Law Association’s Committee on
Sustainable Development and the Green Economy in International Trade Law; and a
member of the Asian WTO Research Network. Lewis received her BA from Northwestern
University and her JD and MSFS degrees from Georgetown University. Prior to enter-
ing academia, she practised international trade and litigation in the Washington DC and
Tokyo offices of Shearman & Sterling LLP.
Julio A Lacarte MurÓ is a career Uruguayan diplomat who has been involved with
the GATT/​W TO trading system since its inception. He served as Deputy Executive
Secretary of the GATT in 1947–​1948. He returned to the GATT as Uruguay’s Permanent
Representative in 1961–​1966 and 1982–​1992, during which periods he served as Chairman
of the Council, the Contracting Parties and the Uruguay Round negotiating groups on
dispute settlement and institutional questions. In 1995, Mr Lacarte was selected as the
first chairman of the WTO Appellate Body. He has also served as the Deputy Director
of the International Trade and Balance-​of-​Payments Division of the United Nations and
as the Director of Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries of UNCTAD.
He has also been Uruguay’s Ambassador to several countries, including the European
Communities, India, Japan, the United States and Thailand. Mr Lacarte has been a
professor at the International Association of Comparative Law and at the University of
Comparative Law at Strasbourg University.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Longfellow says,—

“Deeds are better things than words are.”

Longfellow somewhere says that deeds are better than words.


2. When words are quoted from a foreign language, they should be printed in
italics, and the quotation marks omitted; as, “They have their good glebe lands in
manu, and care not much to rake into title deeds.”—Lamb.
3. When words are to be italicized, a straight mark should be drawn underneath
the words.
4. When a quotation is followed by a comma, semicolon, colon, or period, the
punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks; as, “Mr. M’Adam
writes sometimes with genuine humor, and an occasional entirely original simile
shows evidence of the possession of what phrenologists call the faculty of
‘comparison;’ but the charm of the book is its rare perspicacity.”—Harper’s
Magazine.
5. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the
punctuation mark should be placed within the quotation marks, if it forms a part of
the quotation; as, “I feel almost like groaning, when a young mother shows me
some marvel of embroidery or machine-stitching, saying triumphantly, ‘There, I did
every stitch of that myself!’”—Scribner’s Monthly.
6. When a quotation is followed by an exclamation or an interrogation point, the
punctuation mark should be placed outside of the quotation marks, if it belongs to
the whole sentence and not to the quotation; as, “We wonder what Handel would
have said to Mozart’s scoring of ‘I know that my Redeemer liveth’!”—Atlantic
Monthly. “Why cannot we hear, for instance, the wonderful curioso, ‘He gave his
back to the smiters,’ that forms the second part of the air, ‘He was despised,’ and
the duet for contralto and tenor, ‘O death where is thy sting’?”—Atlantic Monthly.

Rule II. Titles of Books.—Titles of books are generally inclosed in


quotation marks.

examples.
Morris’s “Story of Sigurd.”—Scribner’s Monthly.
“The Mikado’s Empire.”—N. A. Review.
“Daniel Deronda.”—Contemporary Review.
The Rev. W. W. Capes’s history of “The Early Roman Empire.”—
Appleton’s Journal.

remarks.
1. The names of magazines and papers are generally printed in italics; as, The
Atlantic, N. Y. Nation, Fraser’s Magazine, Appleton’s Journal, Nature, Popular
Science Monthly.
2. In examining The Atlantic, Nation, Scribner’s Monthly, Harper’s, Appleton’s
Magazine, Lippincott’s, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, Eclectic, N. A. Review,
New Englander, London Quarterly, British Quarterly, Westminster Review,
Edinburgh Review, Contemporary Review, The Fortnightly Review, we find that
thirteen of these use quotation marks, and four use italics, in referring to the titles
of books; eleven use italics, and six use quotation marks, in referring to magazines
and papers.

Rule III. A Quotation within a Quotation.—When there is a


quotation within a quotation, single marks should be used in addition
to double marks.

examples.
“Who was the blundering idiot who said that ‘fine words butter no
parsnips.’ Half the parsnips of society are served and rendered
palatable with no other sauce.”—Thackeray.
“There is a small but ancient fraternity, known as the Order of
Gentlemen. It is a grand old order. A poet has said that Christ
founded it; that he was ‘the first true gentleman that ever lived.’”—
Winthrop.

remarks.
1. Sometimes the quotation within a quotation has a word or phrase that is
quoted. The word or phrase must be inclosed in double marks.
2. In quoting Scripture, it is customary to place only double marks at the
beginning and end of the quotation; as, “And Jesus, moved with compassion, put
forth his hand, and touched him, and saith unto him, I will; be thou clean.”—Mark i.
41.
Rule IV. Paragraphs.—When several paragraphs are quoted in
succession, double marks should be placed at the beginning of each
paragraph, and at the end of the entire quotation.

example.
“The children woke. The little girl was the first to open her eyes.
“The waking of children is like the unclosing of flowers, a perfume
seems to exhale from those fresh young souls. Georgette, twenty
months old, the youngest of the three, who was still a nursing baby
in the month of May, raised her little head, sat up in her cradle,
looked at her feet, and began to chatter.
“A ray of morning fell across her crib; it would have been difficult to
decide which was the rosiest, Georgette’s foot or Aurora.”—Hugo.

remarks.
1. A paragraph usually consists of several sentences. It begins on a new line,
and is distinguished by a blank space on the left, at the commencement of the
paragraph.
2. When parts of a quotation are omitted, use several stars to indicate the
omission (* * * *), or place double marks at the beginning and end of each
detached part of the quotation.

THE APOSTROPHE.

Rule I. Letters Omitted.—The apostrophe is used to indicate the


omission of a letter or letters.

examples.
“O Marcia, O my sister, still there’s hope!”—Addison.

“Thou knowest ’tis common; all, that live, must die,


Passing through nature to eternity.”—Shakespeare.

remark.
The apostrophe is made like a comma, but is placed above the line.

Rule II. Possession.—The apostrophe is used to denote


possession.

examples.
Taine’s “English Literature.” Rawlinson’s “Ancient Monarchies.”

remarks.
1. The apostrophe and s should be used with nouns in the singular, even when
the word ends in s or x; as,—

“Dickens’s Works.”—Appleton’s Journal.


“Cox’s General History of Greece.”—Harper’s Magazine.
“Evans’s observations.”—Edinburgh Review.
“Mr. Hayes’s responsibility.”—N. Y. Nation.

In addition to the periodicals given above, The Atlantic, Scribner’s Monthly,


Lippincott’s Magazine, Popular Science Monthly, Galaxy, N. A. Review, London
Quarterly, British Quarterly, Fortnightly Review, use the additional s. The
Westminster omits the additional s. In the Contemporary and Edinburgh Review,
the s is used by some writers and omitted by others.
2. In the plural of nouns, the apostrophe and s are used to denote possession,
when the word does not end in s; as, men’s deeds. If the word ends in s, the
apostrophe only is used; as, my neighbors’ house.
3. The apostrophe should not be used before s in ours, yours, hers, theirs, its.

THE HYPHEN.

Rule I. Compound Words.—The hyphen is used to connect the


parts of a compound word.

examples.
“My household-gods plant a terrible fixed foot, and are not to be
rooted up without blood.”—Lamb.
“The breezy call of incense-breathing morn.”—Gray.

remarks.
1. A compound word is formed by placing together two simple words.
2. Sometimes several words are connected together by hyphens; as, “He had a
lively touch-and-go-away with him, very pleasant and engaging I admit.”—Wilkie
Collins.
3. When a compound word comes into very general use, the hyphen is
sometimes omitted; as, railroad, steamboat, bookstore.
4. To-day, to-night, to-morrow, should always be written with a hyphen.
5. When there is any doubt whether two words should be united by a hyphen or
written as one word, some standard dictionary should be consulted. It will,
however, be found that even dictionaries differ somewhat in the use and omission
of the hyphen in compound words. In order to preserve some uniformity in spelling
and in the formation of compound words, every writer should make either Webster
or Worcester the final authority.

Rule II. Prefixes.—When a prefix ends in a vowel, and the word to


which it is joined commences with a vowel, they should be separated
by a hyphen.

examples.
Re-admit, co-ordinate, pre-existence, pre-eminent.

remarks.
1. A prefix is a letter, syllable, or word, placed before some word, thus forming a
new word.
2. If, instead of two vowels, a vowel and a consonant come together, the prefix
and the word to which it is joined should usually be written as one word; as,
rewrite, predetermine.
3. Vice-president, and most words with vice as a prefix, should be written with a
hyphen.
4. Some writers use the diæresis instead of the hyphen. With prefixes it is better
to use the hyphen, but in other words containing two vowels that do not form a
diphthong, the diæresis should be used; as, Zoölogy.
Rule III. Division of Words.—When it is necessary to write part of
a word at the end of a line and part at the beginning of the next line,
the division should be made at the end of a syllable, and the parts
should be connected by a hyphen, at the end of the line.

example.
“Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a sub-
ject ourselves, or we know where we can find in-
formation upon it.”—Dr. Johnson.

remarks.
1. It is better to divide a word as near the middle as possible.
2. When two words one at the end of a line and the other at the commencement
of the following line, are separated by a punctuation mark, it should be placed at
the end of the line, and never at the beginning.

MISCELLANEOUS MARKS.
I. Two Commas (”) indicate that the word under which they are
placed is to be repeated.
Charles Harrison, Adrian, Mich.
Clinton Hardy, ” ”
II. The Caret (^) indicates that something is written above the line
that forms a part of the sentence. It is only used in writing.

III. Marks of Ellipsis (—, ....., * * * * *) indicate the omission of


letters, words, or sentences.
1. “I was the true descendant of those old W—s.”—Lamb.
2. “I have a belief of my own, ... that by desiring what is perfectly
good, even when we don’t quite know what it is, ... we are a part of a
divine power against evil, widening the skirts of light, and making the
struggle with darkness narrower.”—George Eliot.
Four words are omitted where the first dots are, and five where the
second are.

3. “My lov’d, my honour’d, much respected friend!


* * * * * * * * *
To you I sing, in simple Scottish lays,
The lowly train in life’s sequester’d scene,
The native feeling strong, the guileless ways;
What Aiken in his cottage would have been.”—Burns.

In the above, three lines are omitted.


IV. Leaders (......) are used to indicate a connection between
words at the beginning of the line and what is at the end of the line.

Winnowed Wheat ................... Nellie R. Luck.


Dreams, a Poem ................... Octa E. Wise.

V. In writing, one line drawn under a word indicates that it is to be


printed in italics; two lines, in small capitals; three lines, in capitals.
VI. Marks of Reference are used to refer to notes at the bottom of
the page, or to remarks in the margin. They are the following:—
The Star (*), the Dagger (†), the Double Dagger (‡), the Section
(§), Parallel Lines (‖), the Paragraph (¶).
The above marks are given in the order in which they are used.
The Paragraph (¶) is also used, in written compositions, to denote
that what follows should commence a new line.
Capitals.
INTRODUCTION.
It has been the custom among some writers to commence every
important word with a capital, so that some printed productions have
fairly bristled with capitalized words; as,—
“Modern authors have with unwearied Pains made many useful
Searches into the weak Sides of the Ancients, and given us a
comprehensive Lift of them.”—Swift.
“There were a Race of Men who delighted to nibble at the
Superfluities and Excrescences of Books.”—Swift.
The custom of commencing all nouns with a capital is still
prevalent among the Germans of the present day.
It is a somewhat interesting fact that the use and value of capitals
has been subject to a rise and fall in the literary market, written
productions during some centuries abounding in them, while in other
centuries they have, in a great measure, been discarded, and have
become comparative strangers in English composition.
In the early part of this century, there was a tendency to use them
to an inconsiderate extent, owing principally to German imitators like
Carlyle and others, who adopted, in a somewhat modified form, the
German method of capitalizing words. Just at present there seems to
be a reaction setting in, and there is a tendency among some of our
leading publishing houses to dispense with their use as much as
possible. In democratic America, there has always been a somewhat
unreasonable fear of official titles, and when they are used, they are
frequently belittled with small letters. This has had a tendency to
encourage the use of small letters in many words that should
properly commence with capitals.
There is no doubt that a judicious use of capitals assists the eye
very much in reading what another has written, and in understanding
a writer’s meaning. While, on the other hand, an injudicious use
lessens their value, and disfigures a printed page.
Although the taste and judgment of each writer may be consulted
in the capitalization of some words to which he may assign a special
meaning, there are a number of well established principles,
sanctioned by long usage, that should govern all writers in the use of
capital letters.

CAPITALS.

Rule I. Sentences.—The first word of every sentence should


commence with a capital.

examples.

“The price we challenge for ourselves is given us.”—Schiller.


“The elder brother of Franklin ventured to start a newspaper,
though warned that America could never support two
newspapers.”—William Russel.

“Trust in yourself, and you have learnt to live.”—Goethe.

remarks.
1. A sentence is an assemblage of words making complete sense, and followed
by a period. Sometimes a sentence has an interrogation or an exclamation point at
its close; as,—

“For of the wholly common is man made,


And custom is his nurse!”—Schiller.

2. Any expression that is equivalent to a sentence should commence with a


capital; as, Very affectionately. Price $5.00.
3. As a period indicates the close of a sentence, the word following the period
should commence with a capital; as, “The little soul is like a vapor that hovers
around a marshy lake. It never rises on the green hill, lest the winds meet it
there.”—Ossian.
If, however, a period is used to indicate an abbreviation, it should not be
followed by a capital, unless it is at the close of a sentence, or the word that
follows it requires a capital; as, In Germany, the degrees of M. D., LL. D., and Ph.
D. are only gained after passing a severe examination.
4. Although a capital is generally used after an interrogation or an exclamation
point, as they usually indicate the close of a sentence, this is not always the case;
as,—

“How poor! how rich! how abject! how august!


How complicate! how wonderful is man!
How passing wonder He who made him such!
Who centered in our make such strange extremes!”—Young.

Rule II. Poetry.—The first word of every line of poetry should


commence with a capital.

examples.

“There is a day of sunny rest


For every dark and troubled night;
And grief may bide an evening guest,
But joy shall come with early light.”—Bryant.

“But far more numerous was the herd of such,


Who think too little and who talk too much.”—Dryden.

Rule III. Persons and Places.—Names of persons, countries,


cities, islands, rivers, mountains, &c., should commence with
capitals.

examples.
“The finest thief of old history is the pirate who made that famous
answer to Alexander, in which he said that the conqueror was only
the mightier thief of the two.”—Leigh Hunt.
America, France, London, New York, West Indies, Hudson, Rhine,
Rocky Mountains, Mount Vernon, Pacific.

remarks.
1. When North, South, East, &c., refer to political or geographical divisions, they
should commence with capitals; as, “But sectional bitterness has in a great
measure passed away; the fatal cause of discord between North and South has
been removed.”
When these words refer merely to the points of the compass, they should be
written with small letters.
2. Words derived from the names of persons should commence with capitals;
as, Socratic, Platonic, Elizabethan.
When words derived from the names of persons or places lose their individual
character, and are used as common words, they should commence with small
letters; as, god-like, hector, turkey, china-ware, laconic.
3. Heaven and hell are written with small letters in the Bible. Satan is always
printed with a capital, but devil commences with a small letter, unless it stands for
Satan; as, “Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted
of the devil.”—Mat. iv. 1.
Rule IV. Nations.—The names of nations, or words derived from
the names of nations, should commence with capitals.

examples.
“‘Simply to be poor,’ says my favorite Greek historian, ‘was not
held scandalous by the wise Athenians; but highly so, to owe that
poverty to our own indiscretion.’”—Fielding.
American, German, French, Latins, Americanize, Latinize,
Hellenize.

remark.
Italics and Italicize are frequently written with small letters.

Rule V. Sects and Parties.—The names of religious sects and


political parties should commence with capitals.

examples.
Christian, Mohammedan, Lutheran, Catholic, Protestant,
Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Unitarian.
Republican, Federalist, Democrat, Whig, Tory, Radical.

remarks.
1. When republican, radical, &c., are used as common words, and not as the
names of political parties, they should commence with small letters; as, republican
institutions, radical measures.
2. Some writers use small letters, when referring to political parties. If, however,
it is incorrect to write Congregational, Methodist, with small letters, why is it not
incorrect to commence Republican, Whig, with small letters?
3. Church should be written with a capital, when it refers to a religious sect; as,
the Episcopal Church, meaning the whole body of Christians belonging to that
denomination. When the word refers to a place of worship, it should commence
with a small letter.
Rule VI. Months and Days.—The names of months and days
should commence with capitals.

examples.
“No one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is
that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is
the nativity of our common Adam.”—Lamb.
February, March, April, May; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Sunday, Good Friday, Easter.

remark.
Spring, summer, autumn, winter, should be written with small letters.

Rule VII. Titles of Books.—All the words, with the exception of


articles, conjunctions, and prepositions, in the titles of books, should
commence with a capital.

examples.
Forsyth’s “Life of Cicero.” “The Fall of the Roman Republic,” Rev.
C. Merivale.

remarks.
1. It is just as necessary to capitalize the title of a book, as it is the name of a
person.
2. The title of an oration, essay, article for a newspaper, or of any written
production, follows the same rule as the title of a book.
3. Names of sacred writings should always be capitalized; as, Bible, Old and
New Testament, the Scriptures, Acts, Revelation, Gospel of John, Koran, Vedas.

Rule VIII. Title-Pages.—The title-pages of books are generally


printed entirely with capitals. The title-page of any book will illustrate
this rule.

remarks.
1. This rule concerns more especially the printer.
2. The first word of a chapter is generally printed in small capitals, the first letter
of the word being a large capital.
3. In handbills and advertisements, all important words are capitalized, so as to
attract special attention.

Rule IX. Titles of Persons.—All titles of respect or honor should


be capitalized.
There are three classes of titles:—
1. Common Titles.
Mr., Mrs., Miss, Master.
2. Professional Titles.
Prof, Dr., D. D., LL. D., &c.
3. Official Titles.
Hon., His Excellency, His Honor, President,
Secretary, Senator, Mr. Chairman, &c.

examples.
President Hayes, Senator Morton, Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, Dr.
Chas. Rynd, Mr. Fred. J. Todd.

remarks.
1. A distinction should always be made between words used as titles, and words
used in a general sense. For example, senator should commence with a small
letter, if it is not placed before the name of a person as a title, or does not refer to a
particular individual. This is the same with president, secretary, doctor, &c.; as, “A
patient owes some thanks to a doctor who restores him with nectar smooth and
fragrant, instead of rasping his throat and flaying his interior with the bitters sucked
by sour-tempered roots from vixenish soils.”—Winthrop.
2. Father, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, cousin, &c., should commence with a
capital, when they are used like titles with the names of persons; as, Father
Pierce, Cousin Blackmar.
3. Sir, father, brother, friend, &c., when used as introductory words to a letter,
should commence with capitals, as a mark of respect; as, My dear Sir, My dear
Friend.
4. In writing such titles as the President of the United States, Secretary of State,
Alexander the Great, all the words in the title should commence with a capital,
except of and the.

Rule X. The Deity.—All names of the Supreme Being or his Son


should commence with a capital.

examples.
“But it is now time to depart,—I to die, but you to live. But which of
us is going to the better state is unknown to every one but God.”—
Socrates.
“For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son,
that whosoever believeth in him should not perish but have
everlasting life.”—John iii. 16.

remarks.
1. Writers differ somewhat in the use of capitals in words referring to the Deity.
Some capitalize all words in any way referring to the Supreme Being, while others
simply capitalize the words that to them seem important. There should be some
uniformity in the use of capitals in words of this character. As a general rule, it is
better to follow the usage of an authorized version of the Scriptures.
2. Such words as First Cause, First Principle, Almighty God, Supreme Being,
Lord God Almighty, Infinite One, should always be written with capitals.
3. King of kings, Lord of lords, Son of man, Father of lights, Father of spirits,
God of hosts, Father of mercies, Prince of life, Prince of kings, and expressions of
a similar character, should only commence with a capital. This is the almost
invariable usage of the Scriptures. These expressions are not commonly used in
the Bible as titles, in the strict sense of the word. For example, King of kings really
means that the Deity is the supreme King of all human kings. For illustration see 1
Tim. vi. 15; Dan. vii. 13; Jas. i. 17; Heb. xii. 9; Psa. lxxx. 7; 2 Cor. i. 3; Acts iii. 15;
Mat. xii. 32. When these forms are used as titles, they may be capitalized like
titles.
4. The adjectives eternal, divine, heavenly, are not printed with capitals in the
Scriptures, when referring to the Deity; as, the eternal God, heavenly Father. See
Deut. xxxiii. 27; Heb. ix. 14; Mat. vi. 32; 2 Pet. i. 3. When, however, these
adjectives are used in an emphatic or special sense, they may commence with
capitals.
5. The pronouns referring to the Deity should not be capitalized, when they are
used with some name of the Supreme Being; as, “At that time Jesus answered
and said, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because thou hast hid
these things from the wise and prudent, and hast revealed them to babes.”—Mat.
xi. 25. Any chapter of the New Testament will give similar illustrations.
When, however, a pronoun referring to the Deity stands alone, it should
commence with a capital; as,—

“O Thou! with whom the night is day,


And one the near and far away.”—Whittier.

6. The capitalization of pronouns is sometimes carried to a ridiculous excess by


some writers, especially in poetry; as,

“We praise Thee, O God! for the Son of Thy love.”

7. God, goddess, deity, applied to heathen divinities, should not commence with
a capital.

Rule XI. Quotations.—When the exact words of another are


given, the first word of the quotation should commence with a
capital, if it forms a complete sentence.

examples.
“When the celebrated Chesterfield was asked by a Parisian lady,
‘Why, my Lord, does England still retain Christianity?’ ‘Madame,’ he
replied, with that mixture of repartee and philosophy which met the
case he was dealing with, ‘Madame, because, as yet, we have been
able to find nothing better.’”
Fielding somewhere says, “A good face is a letter of
recommendation.”

remarks.
1. When a quotation is introduced by that, it should not commence with a capital;
as, Napoleon banished Madame de Stael because he said that “she carried a
quiver of arrows that could hit a man if he were seated on a rainbow.”
2. When only a part of a sentence is quoted, a small letter should be used; as,
“For what satisfaction hath a man, that he shall ‘lie down with kings and emperors
in death,’ who in his lifetime never greatly coveted the society of such
bedfellows?”—Lamb.
3. Sometimes a single word comprises the entire saying of another. When this is
so, it should commence with a capital; as, “He shouted, ‘Victory.’”
4. When examples are given as illustrations of some general principle, they
naturally follow the same rule as quotations. If an entire sentence is given as an
example, it should commence with a capital. When disconnected words are given,
small letters may be used, unless the words themselves require capitals.

Rule XII. Resolutions.—In writing resolutions, the word


immediately following Resolved, should commence with a capital.

example.
“Resolved, That the Declaration, passed on the fourth, be fairly
engrossed on parchment, with the title and style of ‘The Unanimous
Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America;’ and that the
same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.”

remark.
Resolved commences with a capital in resolutions, and a comma immediately
precedes That.

Rule XIII. Special Words.—Words used in a special sense, or of


special importance, commence with capitals.

examples.
“As nowadays we build monuments to great men, so in the Middle
Ages they built shrines or chapels on the spots which saints had
made holy.”—Froude.
“The Reformation broke the theological shackles in which men’s
minds were fettered.”—Froude.
“That Popularity is alone valuable and enduring which follows you,
not that which you run after.”—Lord Mansfield.

remark.
Although it is the universal custom to capitalize a word when used in a special
sense to mark an important period or event in history, there is another class of
words to which writers assign a special importance, the capitalization of which
must necessarily be left to the judgment and taste of each writer. It should,
however, be remembered that an injudicious or too frequent use of capitals
lessens their value and force, and disfigures a written or printed page.

Rule XIV. Words Personified.—When things without life are


represented as persons, they may commence with capitals.

example.
“Father Time is not always a hard parent, and though he tarries for
none of his children, he often lays his hand lightly upon those who
have used him well; making them old men and women inexorably
enough, but leaving their hearts and spirits young and in full vigor.
With such people the gray head is but the impression of the old
fellow’s hand in giving them a blessing, and every wrinkle but a
notch in the quiet calendar of a well-spent life.”—Dickens.

remark.
Care should be taken not to carry this rule to an excess. Unless the
personification is vivid and emphatic, use small letters; as,—

“Many a daylight dawned and darkened,


Many a night shook off the daylight
As the pine shakes off the snow-flakes
From the midnight of its branches.”—Longfellow.

Rule XV. I and O.—The pronoun I and the interjection O should


always be written with capitals.

examples.
“True faith, I tell thee,
Must ever be the dearest friend to man:
His nature prompts him to assert its rights.”—Schiller.

“As wise as when I went to school.”—Goethe.

“O day! O day! O day! O hateful day!


Never was seen so black a day as this.”—Shakespeare.

Rule XVI. References.—In referring to passages in books,


numbers are sometimes represented by capital letters.

examples.
Irving’s “Life of Washington,” vol. III. p. 77.
Mommsen’s “History of Rome,” vol. IV. p. 18.

remarks.
1. Some commence volume and chapter with a capital, but this is not the usual
custom.
2. The volume, chapter, and page may be given, but the volume and page are
sufficient.
3. In referring to passages in the Bible, the chapter and verse are given; as
Luke, chap. ix. 15. It is the usual custom to omit the word chapter, the letters
representing the chapter; and the number, the verse; as, “It may be fit to remember
that Moses, Lev. xi. 9, Deut. xiv. 9, appointed fish to be the chief diet of the best
commonwealth that ever yet was.”—Izaak Walton.

Rule XVII. Divisions of a Statement.—When a general statement


is divided into separate and distinct parts, it is better to commence
each division with a capital, even when they do not form complete
sentences, and are not separated from each other by a period. This
is especially the case when the divisions are numbered.

example.
“The history of the normal development of the individual has its
counterpart in the history of humanity. There is, 1. The age of
popular and unconscious morality; 2. The transitional, skeptical, or
sophistical age; and 3. The philosophic or conscious age of morality.”

remarks.
1. When each division commences with a capital and is also numbered, they will
be more readily recognized and understood.
2. Some writers number the divisions, but do not commence them with capitals;
as, “The teaching of composition requires, (1) a cultivation of thought; and (2) a
cultivation of the faculty of expression.” It is better to commence each division with
a capital.
3. When a sentence is broken off to commence a new line, in order to give
special prominence to a statement, or to attract attention, a capital should be used;
as,—
I am, dear Mother,
Your dutiful son,
Sam. Johnson.

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