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H A N D BO O K O F THE MAR INE F AUNA
OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE
 HANDBOOK OF THE

Marine Fauna of
North-West Europe
SECOND EDITION

EDITED BY
PETER J. HAYWARD
AND JOHN S. RYLAND

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2017
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 1995
Second Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946646
ISBN 978–0–19–954944–3 (hbk.)
978–0–19–954945–0 (pbk.)
DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.001.0001
Printed in Great Britain by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 PREFACE

he first edition of the Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe was published in
T 1995, and it is perhaps a measure of its usefulness that it has been reprinted in almost every year
since. It evolved from a two-volume predecessor, The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-
West Europe (Clarendon Press, 1990), which had originated as a manual intended to aid the
identification of the most familiar and widely distributed species of fish and benthic macrofauna of
the coastal waters of Britain and Ireland, and the adjacent coasts of Europe. Prior to then, marine
biologists, amateur and professional, had perforce to rely upon a range of field guides, monographs,
and specialist publications for the identification of coastal marine animals. The Handbook was a more
compact work, with fewer species and rather less detail than was included in its progenitor, but it was
not simply an abridgement. While the total number of species treated was reduced, a small number of
additional species was included, and recent taxonomic revisions were incorporated.
The wider application of, in particular, molecular genetic techniques for the characterization of
individual species has resulted in substantial changes in the understanding of the systematics and
phylogeny of practically all marine animal groups. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed previously
unsuspected relationships, demanding reappraisal of traditional classifications and involving consid-
erable modification of taxonomic nomenclature. While relatively few entirely new species of macro-
fauna have been revealed, the marine communities of the north-west European shelf have changed.
The sources of change are various. In a period of rising concern for the health of the natural
environment, there has been an increase in the extent of monitoring and recording of marine species
and communities; one consequence of this is that some species formerly considered to be uncommon,
and infrequently encountered, are now seen to be quite widely distributed within the region. The
application of more selective sampling techniques also allows the occurrence of delicate or deep-
burrowing infaunal animals to be more accurately recorded. Anthropogenic disturbance is another
significant source of change; benthic fishing gear, and dredges employed in aggregate extraction, may
result in the decline of some components of the benthic community, and the spread of others.
Environmental change is also a significant factor driving change in the marine benthic communities
of north-west Europe. The geographical distributions of, for example, south-western, warm-water
species are spreading northwards as sea temperatures rise, while the ranges of northern, cold-water
species may be expected to contract. Exotic, invasive species are an especially conspicuous new
element in the marine fauna of north-west Europe, and the number of newly occurring species is
likely to continue to increase, partly as a consequence of sea water warming, but also as a direct result
of anthropogenic introductions, as part of the ship-borne fouling community, and as associates of
translocated oyster stock. The spread of such species is further facilitated by coastal leisure craft and
the development of marinas, allowing stepping-stone dispersal through the region.
The primary purpose of this book is to provide swift and simple identifications of the animal
species likely to be encountered during shore-based and coastal marine field studies, and during the
vi PREFACE

course of inshore survey and monitoring work. The selection of animals included varies between the
different groups. The coverage of molluscs and decapods is still extensive, as these tend to be among
the ecologically more important components of the benthos and attract the eye more readily than
hydroids, small worms, or copepods. Some groups requiring specialist techniques for collection,
examination, and identification have been excluded entirely, for example, Protozoa, Pogonophora,
and Tardigrada. The selection of fish is limited to intertidal and coastal species, as are those of
sponges, amphipods, and mysids. The taxonomy and classification of each animal group have been
updated. A few species described in Marine Fauna but excluded from the first edition of the
Handbook have been restored in this second edition, as result of new information on their distribution
and occurrence, and a number of new, exotic species are added to the original selection.
We are confident that this book will serve its purpose, allowing student, amateur, and professional
biologists to identify with accuracy the preponderance of animal species encountered between the
tidemarks and in the shallow subtidal around the British Isles and neighbouring coasts of mainland
Europe. Inevitably, rare animals are occasionally encountered and will not be identifiable using this
text. In such cases, reference should be made to the specialist texts indicated for each animal group;
wherever possible, the confirmatory notes for each family covered include estimates of its total
taxonomic diversity in the region. With the exception of the ctenophores and large pelagic scypho-
zoans, which frequently beach on sandy shores, all of the invertebrate animals included belong to the
benthos. The plankton and the meiofauna, although interesting and abundant, and certainly deserv-
ing of attention, are too numerous and diverse for even a representative selection to be included here.
Together with sea birds and marine mammals, they have an extensive literature of their own.

Swansea P. J. H.
2016 J. S. R.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ost of the contributors to the first edition of the Handbook are long retired, and a few are now
M no longer with us. Preparation of a revised second edition has thus been a demanding task that
has taken longer than anticipated to achieve. The editors are extremely grateful to those original
contributors who felt able to return to systematic zoology, and to update their accounts. In some
cases, this has been a considerable task, as nomenclature and phylogenetic classifications have
changed extensively, and new data on distribution patterns have accumulated. We are also deeply
indebted to those younger colleagues who have made time in busy careers to undertake the revision of
those chapters, including some of the largest, for which no original contributor could take
responsibility.
 CONTENTS

List of Contributors xi
List of Illustrators xiv

1. The Marine Environment of North-West Europe 1

Peter J. Hayward
2. Using This Book 19
Peter J. Hayward
3. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) 35
Claire Goodwin, Bernard E. Picton, Christine C. Morrow, and Peter E. J. Dyrynda
4. Hydroids, Sea Anemones, Jellyfish, and Comb Jellies (Phyla Cnidaria
and Ctenophora) 65
Paul F. S. Cornelius, Richard L. Manuel, John S. Ryland,
Peter Schuchert, and Chris Wood

5. Flatworms and Ribbon Worms (Phyla Xenacoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes

and Nemertea) 133
Ray Gibson and E. Wyn Knight-Jones
6. Annelids (Phylum Annelida) 165
Phyllis Knight-Jones, E. Wyn Knight-Jones, Kate Mortimer-Jones,
Anthony Nelson-Smith, Rüdiger M. Schmelz, and Tarmo Timm

7. Priapulids, Sipunculans, Echiurans, and Entoprocts 271

E. Wyn Knight-Jones and John S. Ryland
8. Crustaceans (Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea) 283
Gail V. Ashton, Angelika Brandt, Michael J. Isaac, Philip Makings, John Moyse,
Ernest Naylor, Geoffrey Smaldon, and John I. Spicer

9. Mites and Sea Spiders (Phylum Arthropoda, Subclass Acari, Class Pycnogonida) 441
Roger N. Bamber, Philip E. King, and Philip J. A. Pugh
10. Molluscs (Phylum Mollusca) 455
A. Louise Allcock, Peter J. Hayward, Geoffrey D. Wigham, and Nathalie Yonow
11. Bryozoa 603
John S. Ryland
x CONTENTS

12. Sea Urchins, Starfish, Brittle Stars, and Sea Cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata) 639
Peter J. Hayward, John Moyse, and Paul A. Tyler
13. Acorn Worms and Sea Squirts (Phyla Hemichordata and Urochordata) 665
E. Wyn Knight-Jones and John S. Ryland

14. Fish (Subphylum Euchordata (Vertebrata): Pisces) 693

John S. Ryland and John E. Lancaster

References and Further Reading 741

Index of Technical Terms 751
Taxonomic Index 755
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

A . LOUISE ALLCOCK
Ryan Institute, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland (Chapter 10)

GAIL V . ASHTON
British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge; Smithsonian
Environmental Research Center, Tiburon (Chapter 8)

ROGER N . BAMBER
(deceased) (Chapter 9)

ANGELIKA BRANDT
Zoological Museum, Univerisity of Hamburg, Hamburg (Chapter 8)

PAUL F . S . CORNELIUS
(deceased) (Chapter 4)

PETER E . J . DYRYNDA
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 3)

RAY GIBSON
Department of Biology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool (Chapter 5)

CLAIRE GOODWIN
Atlantic Reference Centre, Huntsman Marine Science Centre,
St. Andrews, NB (Chapter 3)

PETER J . HAYWARD
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea
(Chapters 1, 2, 10, and 12)

MICHAEL J . ISAAC
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 8)

PHILIP E . KING
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 9)
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

E . WYN KNIGHT - JONES( DECEASED )

Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 13)

PHYLLIS KNIGHT - JONES ( DECEASED )

Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea (Chapter 6)
JOHN E . LANCASTER
School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 14)

PHILIP MAKINGS
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 8)
RICHARD L . MANUEL
Formerly, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford (Chapter 4)

CHRISTINE C . MORROW
Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway (Chapter 3)
KATE MORTIMER - JONES
Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum of Wales,
Cardiff (Chapter 6)

JOHN MOYSE
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea
(Chapter 8)

ERNEST NAYLOR
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University (Chapter 8)

ANTHONY NELSON - SMITH

Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales,
Swansea (Chapter 6)

BERNARD E . PICTON
Department of Natural Sciences, Ulster Museum, National
Museum Northern Ireland (Chapter 3)

PHILIP J . A . PUGH
Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University,
Cambridge (Chapter 9)

JOHN S . RYLAND
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea
(Chapers 4, 7, 11, 13, and 14)
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xiii

RÜDIGER M . SCHMELZ
ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Flörsheim am Main; University of A Coruña,
A Coruña (Chapter 6)
PETER SCHUCHERT
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva (Chapter 4)
GEOFFREY SMALDON
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea (Chapter 8)
JOHN I . SPICER
School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth
(Chapter 8)
TARMO TIMM
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartuma (Chapter 6)
GEOFFREY D . WIGHAM
School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth (Chapter 10)
CHRIS WOOD
Marine Conservation Society, Ross on Wye (Chapter 4)
NATHALIE YONOW
School of Science, Swansea University, Swansea (Chapter 10)
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATORS

Gail V. Ashton
Graham Austin1
Roger N. Bamber
Simon Chew1
Daniel Cole1
Sue Daly4
Nigel Gerke2
Ray Gibson
Toni Hargreaves1
Peter J. Hayward
Phyllis Knight-Jones
Paul J. Llewellyn3
Christine C. Morrow
Kate Mortimer-Jones
Juliet Powell2
Phillip J. A. Pugh
John S. Ryland
Rüdiger M Schmelz
Peter Schuchert
John I. Spicer
Nathalie Yonow
1
Formerly, Blackpool and the Fylde College
2
Formerly, Carmarthen School of Art
3
Formerly, School of Biological Sciences,University of Wales, Swansea
4
La Retraite, Sark, Channel Islands
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate 1 A, Oscarella cf. lobularis; B, Terpios gelatinosa; C, Iophon hyndmani; D, Clathria spinarcus; E, Hymedesmia
paupertas; F, Phorbas fictitious; G, Axinella damicornis; H, Aplysilla rosea.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

Plate 2 A, The sea fan, Eunicella verrucosa; B, A tube anemone, Pachycerianthus multiplicatus; C, The jewel
anemone, Corynactis viridis; D, The sunset coral, Leptosamnia pruvoti; E, The common rocky shore sea anemone,
Sagartia elegans; F, Protanthea simplex, a rare anemone presently known in the region only from sea lochs of West
Scotland.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

Plate 3 A, Priapulus caudatus; B, Arenicolides ecaudata; C, Platynereis dumerili epitoke; D, Pectinaria belgica;
E, Phyllodoce sp.; F, Amphitritides gracilis; G, Travisia forbesi.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate 4 A, Clavella adunca on cod caudal fin; B, Lepas anatifera; C, Scalpellum scalpellum; D, Solidobalanus fallax;
E, Pandalus montagui; F, Munida rugosa; G, Dromia personata; H, Liocarcinus depurator.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate 5 A, Patella vulgata; B, Patella ulyssiponensis; C, Patella depressa; D, Colus gracilis; E, Onchidella celtica;
F, Hiatella rugosa; G, Tapes corrugata; H, Ensis directus.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B C

D E F

G H I

Plate 6 A, Flabellina browni; B, Facelina auriculata; C, Doto fragilis; D, Onchidoris bilamellata; E, Elysia viridis;
F, Flabellina pellucida; G, Tritonia hombergi; H, Pleurobranchus membranaceus; I, Rostanga rubra.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate 7 A, Tricellaria inopinata and Bugula neritina on mussels; B, Tricellaria inopinata; C, Watersipora subatra;
D, Cryptosula pallasiana; E, Schizoporella japonica; F, Schizoporella unicornis; G, Alcyonidium gelatinosum;
H, Alcyonidium polyoum.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/1/2017, SPi

A B

C D

E F

G H

Plate 8 A, Corella eumyota; B, Perophora japonica; C, Didemnum vexillum; D, Didemnum vexillum; E, Botrylloides
violaceus; F, Botrylloides violaceus (embryos); G, Botrylloides diegensis; H, Botrylloides diegensis.
 1

The Marine Environment of North-West Europe

T he north-west European marine region is here considered to extend from Brittany to Shetland
and bounded by the 200m isobath, conventionally taken to define the edge of the continental
shelf. The northern and western boundaries of this region face the open Atlantic and oceanic
influences, locally modified by geographical and topographical factors, largely modulate the character
of marine and maritime habitats. The eastern side of the British Isles bounds the shallow, epicontin-
ental North Sea; oceanic influences in the North Sea decrease southwards, where the proximity of the
European landmass has a different modifying effect. In the south, the complex hydrography of the
Channel results in rapidly changing physical characteristics along its length, again with discernible
environmental consequences. The Gulf of St. Malo, the Bristol Channel, the Celtic Sea, and the Irish
Sea, and major embayments such as Liverpool Bay, the Scottish firths, and the Wash, are also
characterized by particular physical conditions which determine the nature of the local marine
environment. The effects of major physical factors are everywhere mediated by local geographical
and topographical influences. Thus, throughout the region, there exist marked physical gradients in
the marine environment which are reflected in profuse variation in the characteristics of different
marine habitats and in the nature of the faunas they support.

GEOLOGY
Rock type is especially important in determining the characteristics of coastal and shallow shelf
marine habitats, as the basis of hard-substratum epifaunal communities and as the origin of soft,
unconsolidated sediments, following physical and chemical erosion. Sedimentary and igneous rocks
of all geological ages contribute to the structure of the British Isles, Ireland, and maritime north-west
Europe, are represented in coastal topographies and provide sources of material for marine deposits.
Generally, the youngest and least resistant rocks outcrop along the south-eastern coast of England and
adjacent European coasts; here, excluding man-made structures such as groynes and port installa-
tions, intertidal hard substrata tend to be relatively impermanent and typically with low and rounded
profiles. The geological age of rocks increases steadily northwards and westwards; coastal outcrops are
correspondingly harder, more resistant to erosion and, depending on the geomorphology of each
locality, more or less precipitous. The igneous intrusions of south-western England, and the Precam-
brian metamorphic series of north-west Scotland and the Western Isles, are exceptionally hard. These
rocks weather less readily than sedimentary rocks, and the effect of coastal erosion is to produce
smooth, rounded profiles which provide few opportunities for habitat diversity. Generally, the
limestone shores of north-east and south-west England, South Wales, and southern and western

Hayward, P. J., The marine environment of North-West Europe. In: Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe.
Second Edition. Edited by P. J. Hayward and J. S. Ryland: Oxford University Press (2017). © Oxford University Press.
DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199549443.003.0001
2 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE

Ireland support the richest intertidal faunas. The physical and chemical erosion of limestone,
particularly when well-bedded, leads to the development of maximum diversity of intertidal rocky
habitats. However, shores of slate, interbedded sandstones and marls, or fissile shales, when protected
from high levels of marine erosion, often support faunas almost as rich as those of limestone shores.
The nature of the marine fauna developed along a certain coastline, including both intertidal and
subtidal elements, is also dependent on coastal topography, which is itself related both to regional
geomorphology and hydrography. Thus, shallowing, retrenched coastlines tend to be areas of marine
deposition, characterized by sandy beaches and offshore bars. When sheltered from the prevailing
swell, such areas may accumulate the finest deposits, giving rich faunas of soft-bottom invertebrates
and high populations of demersal fish. Rocky promontories may develop a hard-substratum fauna,
but this is often impoverished through the scouring effect of a high sand table. High-energy
depositing coastlines are characterized by coarse gravel deposits, frequently with a high proportion
of shell which may support a diverse and dense community of encrusting organisms. Salient
coastlines of promontories, frequently associated with offshore islets, stacks or reefs, are erosional
coastlines typically fully exposed to the Atlantic swell. Deposition on such coasts is localized, and
limited to short, coarse-grained, high-energy beaches between promontories. Offshore, the bottom is
typically of bedrock, boulders, and cobbles, and patches of coarse gravel. Both intertidal and subtidal
habitats are richly populated; seaweed cover is typically dense, and animal diversity high. Estuarine
and lagoonal habitats, finally, develop where coastal topography and regional drainage patterns
interact, to give conditions of extreme shelter and permit continual deposition of land-derived
erosional products. Three exceptions to this may be noted, however. Drowned ria coastlines, such
as those found in south-west England, typically have extensive, sheltered, fully marine inlets in which
both the rate of freshwater runoff and of sedimentation are too low to encourage the development of
estuarine conditions. Fjords are drowned glacial valleys, often very deep and typically with a shallow
barrier, or ‘threshold’, close to the seaward mouth, which may, to some extent, result in different
physical conditions between the benthic environment of the fjord and that of the adjacent sea. The
deep sea lochs of western Scotland may be regarded as fjords. Finally, sheltered lagoons may develop,
as on the south coast of Devon, where storm beaches on a high-energy coast isolate narrow stretches
of coastline, along which lenses of seawater are trapped, freshening to brackish conditions through
slow, persistent freshwater seepage.
As varying rock types give rise to differing coastal topographies and provide different opportunities
for the development of marine habitats, so the rock and soil type of a particular region, together with
its coastal topography and drainage pattern, will influence the nature of the offshore, subtidal
environment. These influences are modified by other physical environmental factors, and strong
tidal streams or exposure to heavy swell may result in erosional products being deposited at sites
remote from their origin. However, in very few areas is the nature of the offshore environment
predominantly determined by proximate, presently acting influences. Instead, the most important
factor determining the nature of much of the marine benthic environment of north-west Europe is the
Pleistocene glaciation of the region. Most of the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Irish Sea is
floored with thick deposits of mixed clay, sand, and gravel which have been continuously reworked
and redistributed by hydrographical factors since the retreat of the ice sheets. The eastern half of the
 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE 3

North Sea is largely covered with sand and gravel deposits predominantly of Pleistocene age,
augmented to a varying degree by post-Pleistocene erosion, with present-day sediment distributions
reflecting sorting by tidal streams related to prevailing currents. Central areas of the North Sea have
extensive muddy bottoms, probably consisting largely of fine particles transported from other areas of
the sea although representing to some extent post-Pleistocene erosional processes. However, muddy
areas along the southern coast of the North Sea are in all likelihood entirely derived from post-
glaciation river-borne sediments. Westwards along the English Channel, sediments steadily coarsen
as tidal streams increase in velocity. The western half of the Channel has extensive areas of coarse
gravel and large deposits of dead shell, their distribution again related to prevailing current regimes.
The exposed western coasts of Ireland and Scotland have offshore bottoms of boulders, gravel, and
coarse sand, with patches of bare bedrock, and are not influenced to any degree by glacial deposits.
Sands and gravels on the western coasts of the British Isles have a high content of shell debris and
other organic carbonates, while eastern benthic sand deposits are predominantly of silica.

HYDROGRAPHY
The primary distinction between the sea areas to the west and to the east of the north-west European
shelf (Fig. 1.1) is related to the proximity in the west of the edge of the European continental shelf,
which is generally accepted to coincide with the 200m isobath. From the Celtic Sea, the shelf edge
trends north-eastwards close to the western coasts of Ireland and Scotland, turning abruptly south-
east north of the Shetlands as the edge of a deep trough, the Rinne, which flanks the western and
southern coast of Norway. The 100m isobath follows a similar route but lies closer inshore in the
south-west, extends into the southern Minch between the Hebrides and mainland Scotland and
subsequently continues south-east from Shetland to Aberdeen before turning east, marking the edge
of a broad area of deep shelf situated between north-east Scotland and the Rinne. Beyond 200m
depth, topographic features of the sea floor influence the deep water circulation of the north-east
Atlantic. The deep channel between the Shetland–Hebrides shelf and the Faroes is interrupted by a
north-west trending ridge, the Wyville Thomson Ridge, which forms a barrier affecting the free
interchange between cold water of the deep Norwegian Sea and the warmer water of the north-east
Atlantic. However, shallow-water circulation patterns are more regularly related to the 200m or
100 m isobaths. Much of the sea floor of the central and southern Irish Sea lies below the 50m isobath,
as do the central and western areas of the English Channel. To the east, the southern bight of the
North Sea is mostly shallower than 50m, while the central region lies between 50m and 100m depth.
Thus, the western shelf is characterized by a great and relatively rapid shallowing towards the coasts of
Ireland and Britain, while the North Sea shoals gradually and gently towards the south.
The region is characterized by gradients of change in physical environmental factors, fluctuating in
relation to the residual flow of the North Atlantic drift. The course of the North Atlantic drift, its
volume and rate of flow, vary from year to year, and surface current patterns may similarly be
modified by seasonal effects such as wind and temperature. However, the gross features of the
circulation are relatively constant. The North Atlantic drift passes north-eastwards along the western
4 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE

m
0
10
m

The
100 00
0m 10

Rinn 0 m
20
0

20
0m

e
20

W
yv ri
ille dg
-T e
60°

ho
m
so
n

0m
10
56°
m
00
10 m
50
100 m

50 m

52°
0m
200 m

10

50 m
100 m
Fig. 1.1 Bathymetric map of the
north-west European shelf. 8° 4° 0° 4°

coasts of Ireland and Scotland. A portion is deflected into the Celtic Sea, and from there both
northwards into the Irish Sea and eastwards along the Channel. These two elements of the circulation
are particularly variable. North of Scotland the flow divides; the larger part continues north-eastwards
but a portion turns southwards into the North Sea. It is thought that, from the Hebrides to Shetland
and into the North Sea, much of the water of the North Atlantic drift flows along the 200m isobath
and, as it flows southwards in the North Sea, is partly influenced by the 100m isobath. Circulation
within the North Sea is variable, but important features are a northern, clockwise flow, which
incorporates northward-flowing water originating from the Kattegat, and a smaller anticlockwise
gyre in the south, which varies according to the volume of water flowing eastwards through the Dover
Strait, in relation to the southward-flowing coastal current which passes down the eastern side of
Britain. This eastern coastal current represents a portion of the North Atlantic drift which passes
between Orkney and Shetland and between Orkney and mainland Scotland. The volume of this flow,
and its degree of deflection towards the eastern coast, vary greatly from year to year. It should be
noted that the circulation patterns described above all relate to surface currents, and all may be
influenced and modified by water movements at greater depth. Surface waters are characterized by
 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE 5

their plankton species, and the distribution and abundance of indicator species in a particular year
give a rough guide to the origins of the different water masses. Most simply, through late spring to
autumn, this allows distinction to be made between resident plankton communities in the North Sea,
the English Channel and certain large embayments such as the Bristol Channel and Morecambe Bay,
and oceanic species marking influxes of fresh oceanic water. In regions of mixing, a plankton
community characterized by the chaetognath Sagitta elegans is found, and the distribution and extent
of ‘elegans water’ each year gives an approximate indication of the direction and volume of residual
currents of the North Atlantic drift.
An especially significant oceanic influence on the north-west European marine environment is the
warm North Atlantic Current, originating off the eastern coasts of the USA as the Gulf Stream,
crossing the Atlantic to reach the European shelf at around 50 N, flowing north-eastwards into the
Norwegian Sea. The NAC passes between Iceland and Scotland, flowing at depth along the 100m
isobaths and branching to the south-east along the edge of the Rinne. A principal factor influencing
both the flow of the North Atlantic Current and the residual circulation of the North Atlantic drift is a
climatic phenomenon termed the North Atlantic Oscillation, or NAO (Pingree, 2005).This refers to
irregular, unpredictable fluctuations in air pressure differentials between boreal, low pressure systems
and subtropical, high pressure systems, that have their most important environmental effects during
the winter period, December to the end of March. The NAO is expressed as an index derived from
differences between normalized values for sea-level air pressure recorded at Stykkishólmur, Reykja-
vik, Iceland, and either Lisbon, Portugal, or Ponto Delgado, Azores. The index oscillates between
positive and negative values on either side of the long-term mean (Fig. 1.2). During winters with a
strong, subtropical high pressure system over the Azores, and a deeper-than-normal Icelandic low,
the large pressure differential between the two results in a high positive value for the index (NAO+),
while weak pressure systems lead to a low pressure gradient and a negative index value (NAO ). The

1.5

1
North Atlantic Oscillation index

0.5

–0.5

–1

–1.5
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

Fig. 1.2 Annual North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values, 1910 to 2000. (Data plotted from Garcia-Soto
and Pingree, 2012).
6 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF NORTH-WEST EUROPE

15

13
Sea surface temperature °C
11

9 NAO–
NAO+
7

3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

Fig. 1.3 Annual cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) for the North Sea, in NAO-negative and NAO-positive
years. (After Pingree, 2005).

NAO is responsible for most variability in weather conditions for the region during the winter months:
wind speed and direction, temperature range, rainfall, and rates of change for all these parameters are
related to the NAO index. In NAO+ years, strong westerly winds predominate, the winter is mild and
wet, and the summer cool. In negative index years (NAO ), westerlies are reduced, storms track
further south, with increased rain over southern Europe, and the winter is cold. Winter inflow of
Atlantic water into the northern North Sea increases in NAO+ years but decreases in negative years
and, in extreme NAO years, NAC inflow north of Shetland may practically cease. In winter months,
inflowing North Atlantic current water may be as much as 3  C higher than mean seawater temper-
atures for the North Sea, and there is thus a positive correlation between sea surface temperature (SST)
and the NAO index. Winter SSTs are lower in NAO years and, as they rise through the spring, there
may be a lag of one month before they reach levels usual for NAO+ years (Fig. 1.3). There is no regular
pattern to fluctuations in the NAO index, although variation has been recorded over large timescales.
For the first three decades of the twentieth century, the winter NAO index was most frequently positive,
and winters were mild. In the 1960s, winters tended to be harsh, reflecting a predominance of negative
NAO values, while, since 1980, the index has mostly been positive.
Sea surface temperatures are also indicators of a long-term, low-frequency climatic phenomenon
termed the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or AMO, which has a periodicity of around 50–70 years
(Garcia-Soto and Pingree, 2012). This is also expressed as an index, based upon annual positive or
negative deviation, in degrees Celsius, from the long-term SST for the region. The factors driving the
AMO are not fully understood, but they are a result of interaction between ocean and atmosphere,
perhaps reflecting shifts in circulation patterns of both, and perhaps relating to drift in the earth’s
orbit. The AMO seems to have persisted for much of the past 8,000 years, although with varying
intensity (Knudsen et al., 2011). SST variability also correlates with sunspot activity. The mean annual
number of sunspots shows an 11-year cycle between maxima, and an overlying multidecadal
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 Priest, the dismissal.
He that by his presence in Cana of Galilee declared marriage to
be honourable, Christ our true God, through the prayers of his most
pure Mother; of the holy, glorious, and all-praised apostles; of the
holy god-crowned sovereigns and equals of the apostles,
Constantine and Helen; of the holy great martyr Procopius, and of all
the Saints, have mercy upon us and save us, as being good and the
lover of mankind.
 Chapter XI.
PRAYER AT THE TAKING OFF OF THE CROWNS
ON THE EIGHTH DAY.

O Lord our God, who blessest the crown of the year, and permittest
these crowns to be put on them that are conjoined to one another by
the law of marriage, vouchsafing them to them as the reward of
chastity; for they are pure that are conjoined in the lawfully appointed
marriage that is from thee; do thou thyself also bless, in the taking off
of these crowns, them that have been conjoined together, and
preserve their union unbroken, that they may ever give thanks unto
thine all-holy name, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
Priest. Peace to all.
O Lord, thy servants, having met in concord and accomplished the
order of marriage as at Cana of Galilee, and contracted the signs
according thereto, ascribe glory to thee, to the Father, and to the
Son, and to the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of ages.
Amen.
And the dismissal.
 Chapter XII.
THE ORDER FOR A SECOND MARRIAGE.

The priest beginneth, Blessed be our God.... Then, Trisagion. After

Our Father.... the troparion of the day.
Then, ectenia.
In peace let us pray to the Lord.
For the peace that is from above....
For the peace of the whole world....
For this holy temple....
For the servants of God, name, and, name, and for their protection
by God and mutual life, let us pray to the Lord.
That they may live together virtuously in unanimity, let us pray to
the Lord.
Help us, save us, have mercy....
Commemorating our most holy, most pure, most blessed....
For to thee is due....
Then, Let us pray to the Lord.
Priest, the prayer.
O God eternal, who bringest things that are divided unto unity, and
imposest upon these two an indissoluble bond of love, who didst
bless Isaac and Rebecca, and declare them to be the inheritors of
thy promise; do thou thyself also bless these thy servants, name,
and, name, directing them in every good work.
For a merciful and man-loving God thou art, and to thee we
ascribe glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost,
now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Priest. Peace to all.
Deacon. Bow your heads to the Lord.
Priest, the prayer.
O Lord our God, who hast espoused the church as a pure virgin from
among the gentiles; do thou bless these espousals, and unite and
keep these thy servants in peace and unanimity.
For to thee is due all glory, honour, and worship, to the Father, and
to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to ages of
ages.
Then the priest, taking the rings, giveth first the golden one to the
man, and the silver one to the woman, and saith to the man,
The servant of God, name, is betrothed to the handmaid of God,
name, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost. Amen.
And in like manner to the woman, The handmaid of God, name, is
betrothed to the servant of God, name, in the name of the Father,
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
And he maketh a cross with the rings upon their heads, and
placeth them on the fingers of their right hands. Then the sponsor
changeth the rings of the bridal pair.
After this, the deacon. Let us pray to the Lord.
Priest, the prayer.
Master, Lord our God, who sparest all, and providest for all, who
knowest the secrets of men, having knowledge of all things; do thou
cleanse our sins, and pardon the transgression of thy servants,
calling them to repentance: vouchsafe unto them remission of
iniquities, cleansing of sins, pardon of voluntary and involuntary
transgressions, O thou that knowest the weakness of human nature,
thou Fashioner and Creator. O thou who didst forgive Raab the
harlot, and accept the repentance of the publican, remember not our
sins of ignorance from our youth up. For if thou, O Lord, shouldest
mark transgressions, who should stand before thee, O Lord? or what
flesh should be justified in thy sight? For thou only art just, sinless,
holy, of abundant mercy, plenteous beneficence, and repentest thee
concerning the evils of men. Do thou thyself, O Master, who claimest
thy servants, name, name, unite them to one another in love; give
unto them the conversion of the publican, the tears of the harlot, and
the confession of the thief, that, through repentance from all their
heart, performing thy commandments in unanimity and peace, they
may be counted worthy of thy heavenly kingdom.
For thou art the provider for all, and to thee we ascribe glory....
Priest. Peace to all.
Deacon. Bow your heads to the Lord.
And this prayer.
O Lord Jesus Christ, Word of God, who wast lifted up upon the
precious and life-effecting cross, and didst tear up the handwriting
that was against us, and deliver us from the power of the devil; do
thou cleanse the transgressions of thy servants, for, unable to bear
the burden and the heat of the day, and the burning of the flesh, they
are come to a second community of marriage, in accordance with
that which thou hast lawfully appointed by thy chosen vessel, Paul,
the apostle, saying, because of our low estate, It is better to marry in
the Lord than to burn. Do thou thyself, as being good and man-
loving, have mercy and pardon, cleanse, remit, and forgive our
debts; for thou art he that took our weaknesses on thy shoulders: for
there is none sinless, or without defilement for even one day of his
life: thou only art the one who didst bear flesh sinlessly, and thou
bestowest upon us eternal passionlessness.
For thou art God, the God of the penitent, and to thee we ascribe
glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, now and
ever, and to ages of ages.
People. Amen.
Let us pray to the Lord.
Priest, the prayer.
O holy God, who didst form man from the dust, and from his rib didst
fashion woman, and yoke her unto him a helpmeet for him, because
so it was seemly unto thy majesty for man not to be alone upon the
earth; do thou thyself, now, O Master, stretch forth thy hand from thy
holy dwelling-place, and conjoin this thy servant, name, and this
thine handmaid, name; for by thee a woman is conjoined to a
husband. Yoke them together in unanimity, crown them in one flesh,
bestow on them fruit of the womb, and the gain of well-favoured
children.
For thine is the might, and thine is the kingdom, and the power....
And, taking the crowns, he crowneth the bridegroom, saying,
The servant of God, name, is crowned for the handmaid of God,
name, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost.
In like manner he crowneth also the bride, saying,
The handmaid of God, name, is crowned for the servant of God,
name, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost.
Then he blesseth them, saying thrice,
O Lord our God, crown them with glory and honour.
Then he saith the epistle and gospel, as they are written in the first
coronation. Vide page 67.
Then the deacon.
Let us all say with our whole soul....
O Lord Almighty, the God of our fathers....
Have mercy upon us, O God....
Furthermore let us pray for mercy, life, peace, health, salvation,
and visitation for the servants of God, names, and he
commemorateth whom he wisheth.
Exclamation. For a merciful....
Deacon. Let us pray to the Lord.
 Priest, this prayer.
O Lord our God, who, in thy saving providence, didst vouchsafe in
Cana of Galilee to declare marriage honourable by thy presence; do
thou now thyself preserve in peace and unanimity thy servants,
name, and, name, whom thou art well-pleased should be conjoined
to one another: declare their marriage honourable: preserve their
bed undefiled: be pleased that their mutual life may be unblamable,
and count them worthy to attain unto a ripe old age, keeping thy
commandments in a pure heart.
For thou art our God, the God to have mercy and to save, and to
thee we ascribe glory, with thine unbeginning Father, and with thine
all-holy, and good, and life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages
of ages. Amen.
Deacon.
Help us, save us, have mercy....
That the whole day may be perfect, holy....
An angel of peace, a faithful....
Pardon and forgiveness of our sins....
What is good and profitable for our souls....
That the remaining time of our life....
A christian end of our life....
Having prayed for the unity of the faith, and the communion....
The priest exclaimeth,
And count us worthy, O Master....
People. Our Father....
Priest, For thine is the kingdom....
Amen.
Priest. Peace to all.
Bow your heads to the Lord.
 Then the common cup is brought, and the priest blesseth it, and
saith this prayer.
O God, who by thy might createst all things, and confirmest the
universe, and adornest the crown of all things created by thee; do
thou, with thy spiritual blessing, bless also this common cup given for
the community of marriage unto them that are conjoined.
With a loud voice,
For blessed is thy name, and glorified thy kingdom....
Then the priest, taking in his hand the common cup, giveth them to
drink thrice, first to the man, and then to the woman. And straightway
the priest, taking them, leadeth them in the form of a circle, and
singeth in tone v,
Rejoice, O Esaias, the virgin is with child, and bringeth forth a son,
Emmanuel, God and man: the orient is his name, whom magnifying,
we call the virgin blessed.
Another, tone vii.
O holy martyrs, who valiantly contended and are crown’d; pray ye
the Lord for mercy on our souls.
Glory to thee, Christ God, apostles’ boast and martyrs’ joy, whose
preaching was the consubstantial Trinity.
And, taking the crown from the bridegroom, he saith,
Be thou magnified, O bridegroom, as Abraham, and blessed as
Isaac, and increased as Jacob, walking in peace, and performing in
righteousness the commandments of God.
And, taking the crown from the bride, he saith,
And thou, O bride, be thou magnified as Sara, and rejoiced as
Rebecca, and increased as Rachel, being glad in thy husband, and
keeping the paths of the law, for so God is well pleased.
Let us pray to the Lord.
Then the prayer.
O God, our God, who wast present in Cana of Galilee, and didst
bless the marriage there; do thou bless also these thy servants, who,
by thy providence, are conjoined in the community of marriage.
Bless their incomings and outgoings, replenish their life with good
things, accept their crowns in thy kingdom unsullied and undefiled,
and preserve them without offence to ages of ages.
Choir. Amen.
Priest. Peace to all.
Bow your heads to the Lord.
And he prayeth.
The Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, the all-holy, and
consubstantial, and life-originating Trinity, one Godhead and
sovereignty, bless you, and vouchsafe unto you long life, well-
favoured children, progress in life and faith, and replenish you with
all the good things of the earth, and count you worthy of the
obtaining of promised blessings, through the prayers of the holy
God-bearing one, and of all the Saints. Amen.
Then they come and congratulate them, and they kiss one
another. And the dismissal is made.
He that by his presence in Cana of Galilee declared marriage to
be honourable, Christ our true God, through the prayers of his most
pure Mother; of the holy, glorious, and all-praised apostles; of the
holy god-crowned sovereigns and equals of the apostles,
Constantine and Helen; of the holy great-martyr Procopius, and of all
the Saints, have mercy upon us and save us, as being good and the
lover of mankind.
 Chapter XIII.
THE ORDER OF HOLY UNCTION SUNG BY
SEVEN PRIESTS ASSEMBLED IN A CHURCH OR
IN A HOUSE.

A table is prepared, and on this they place the holy gospel and a
dish of wheat, and on the wheat an empty oil cruet, and round it in
the wheat seven twigs wrapped with cotton wool for the anointing;
and they give tapers to all the priests. And, all standing round the
table vested in phelonia, the first of the priests taketh the censer with
incense, and censeth the table upon which the oil is round about,
and all the church, or the house, and the people; and, standing
before the table, looking towards the east, he beginneth,
Blessed be our God.... And Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... Our
Father.... For thine is the kingdom.... Lord, have mercy, xii. O come,
let us worship.... thrice.
And psalm cxlii. O Lord hear my prayer....
Glory. Both now. Alleluia, thrice.
And the deacon, the ectenia.
Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.
Help us, save us, have mercy....
Commemorating our most holy, most pure, most blessed....
Priest. For to thee is due....
Choir. Amen.
And straightway they sing Alleluia in tone vi.
 Verse i. O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me
in thy fury.
Verse ii. Have mercy upon me, O Lord, for I am weak.
Then troparia.
Have mercy upon us, O Lord, have mercy upon us; for, destitute of
all defence, we sinners offer unto thee, as Master, this prayer, Have
mercy upon us.
Glory.
O Lord, have mercy upon us; for we have put our trust in thee. Be
not exceedingly wroth against us, neither remember our
transgressions; but, as being loving-kind, look now upon us, and
deliver us from our enemies: for thou art our God, and we are thy
people, we are all the work of thy hand, and we call upon thy name.
Both now.
Open unto us the gates of loving-kindness, O blessed God-
bearing one, that we perish not who put our trust in thee, but through
thee may we be delivered from calamities; for thou art the salvation
of the christian race.
After this, Have mercy upon me, O God....
And the canon, whereof the acrostic is,
A song of prayer oil by Arsenius.
Ode i. Irmos. Tone iv.
Through the red sea’s depth....
O Master, who with oil of loving-kindness dost mortals’ souls and
bodies alway tranquilize, and them that faithful be preserv’st with oil;
do thou thyself now have compassion upon those approaching thee
by means of oil.
The earth, O Master, is of thy mercy full. Therefore to-day anointed
with thy sacred precious oil, in faith we pray thee to bestow thy
mercy that surpasseth thought on us.
Glory.
 O lover of mankind, who mercifully thine apostles didst command
to minister thy priestly unction on thine ailing servants; do thou, at
their entreaties, through thy seal, have mercy upon all.
Both now.
O only pure one, who didst bear the boundless sea of peace, by
thine entreaties alway unto God, thy servant free from ailings and
from griefs, that he may magnify thee ceaselessly.
Ode iii. Irmos.
In thee thy church is glad....
Thou that alone art wonderful to faithful men, merciful Christ, grant
from on high thy grace to him that suffereth grievously.
O Lord, who once, for thy divine token that the flood had ceas’d,
didst shew an olive branch, in mercy save the afflicted one.
Glory.
With a lamp of light divine, in mercy lighten him, O Christ, who
now, in faith through the anointing, to thy mercy maketh speed.
Both now.
O Mother of the Maker of all things, look from on high with favour,
and release, by thine entreaties, the sufferer from his bitter pain.
Kathisma, tone viii.
Like, The pastoral reed....
Thou that art a divine river of mercy, a depth of abundant
sympathy, O compassionate one; manifest the divine streams of thy
mercy, and heal all: let the springs of wonders flow plenteously, and
wash all; for, ever betaking ourselves to thee, we fervently entreat
thy grace.
Another, tone iv.
Like, Thou that wast lifted up....
Physician and helper of them that are in sufferings, redeemer and
Saviour of them that are in sicknesses; do thou thyself, O Master
and Lord of all, grant healing unto thine afflicted servant: have
compassion and mercy upon him who hath greatly offended, and
deliver him, O Christ, from iniquities, that he may glorify thy divine
power.
Ode iv. Irmos.
Seeing thee lifted up....
Thou, Saviour, that, as myrrh corruptless, dost, through thy grace,
thyself outpour and cleanse the world; compassionate be, yea,
merciful to him, who doth, in faith divine, the body’s sores anoint.
With the tranquility of thy mercy’s seal, O Master, sign now the
senses of thy servants, and make the way thereto accessless and
approachless to all opposing powers.
Glory.
Thou who dost bid that thy divine hierurgists be call’d to them
whose strength hath fail’d, and these by prayer and unction with
thine oil to save; do thou, O lover of mankind, save, by thy mercy,
the afflicted one.
Both now.
Most holy and God-bearing ever-virgin, strong shelter and
defence, thou ladder and thou wall, have mercy and compassion on
the sufferer; for he hath fled to thee, and thee alone.
Ode v. Irmos.
Thou, Lord, my light....
Thou, good one, that art mercy’s depth, do thou, O merciful, have
mercy, in thy mercifulness divine, on him that suffereth; for thou art
loving-kind.
Sanctifying unspeakably from on high, O Christ, our souls and
bodies with the divine impression of thy seal, with thine own hand
heal all.
Glory.
 O most good Lord, who, through thine untold love, acceptedst
myrrh-anointing from the sinful woman; compassionate thy servant.
Both now.
All-praised, pure, and most good Queen, have mercy upon them
that are anointed with the oil divine, and save thy servant.
Ode vi. Irmos.
I will sacrifice unto thee with the voice....
O lover of mankind, who shewest by thy words anointing is for
kings, and this performest by highpriests; save thou the sufferer by
thy seal, for thou art loving-kind.
Let no communicating act of bitter demons touch his senses who
is sign’d with the divine anointing, Saviour; but with the safeguard of
thy glory him surround.
Glory.
Stretch from on high thy hand, O lover of mankind, and sanctify
thine oil, and grant this to thy servant, Saviour, for healing and
deliverance from all sicknesses.
Both now.
Mother of the Creator, thou, in thy sacred temple, hast appear’d a
fruitful olive tree, whereby the world appeareth fill’d with mercy.
Therefore save the sufferer by the touching of thy prayers.
Condakion, tone ii.
Like, Seeking the things above....
Thou that art the fountain of mercy, O thou that art most good, do
thou deliver from every calamity them that with fervent faith fall down
before thine unspeakable mercy; and, O thou that art loving-kind,
taking away their ailings, do thou grant unto them thy divine grace
from on high.
Ode vii. Irmos.
The abrahamic children in the furnace....
 Thou, Saviour, that alone art God, who in thy mercy and
compassions, healest the spiritual passions and bodily wounds of all;
physician be thou for this sufferer with disease, and make him whole
thyself.
Since with anointing oil the heads of all anointed are, so give to
this one joy of gladness, Christ, granting the mercy of thy redemption
unto him that seeketh this, for thy rich mercy’s sake, O Lord.
Glory.
Thy seal, O Saviour, against demons is a sword, and prayers of
priests a fire that burneth passions of the soul. Therefore in faith we
praise thee, we, who have healing gain’d.
Both now.
O thou, the Mother of God, who didst conceive within thy womb, in
wise befitting God, him that doth all things hold within his hand, and
flesh didst give to him unspeakably; we pray thee, Be thou gracious
to this suffering one.
Ode viii. Irmos.
With hands extended, Daniel....
O Saviour, have mercy upon all, according to thy mercy mighty
and divine; for, for this cause, we all are gather’d here to image forth
in mystic wise the condescension of thy mercies, and to bring the
unction with the oil in faith unto thy servant, whom visit thou likewise.
With thy mercy’s streams, O Christ, and by thy priests’ anointing
wash away, as Lord the loving-kind, the pains and wounds, and
overwhelmings of affliction of him tormented with the stress of
sufferings, that he, being sav’d, may praise thee with thanksgiving.
Glory.
The sign of condescension from on high and of tranquility being
drawn on us, O Master, through thy godlike mercy; do thou thy
mercy not withdraw, nor him reject who ever crieth faithfully, O bless
the Lord, all ye his works.
Both now.
 Glorious as a crown, O pure one, nature hath gain’d thy sacred
giving-birth, which crusheth hosts of foes, and mightily doth vanquish
them. Therefore, with festal brightness crowned through thy grace,
we thee extol, O most extolled Queen.
Ode ix. Irmos.
Unquarried rock....
Look down from heaven, O compassionate one, and shew thy
mercy unto all; and thine assistance and thy strength bestow on him
who now approacheth thee through the divine anointing by thy
priests, O lover of mankind.
O Saviour, thou most good, we have, rejoicing, seen the oil divine,
which, through thy godlike condescension for them that are
recipients, thou thyself accepted hast, and typically hast given to
them that have participated in the font divine.
Glory.
O Saviour, be compassionate and have mercy: deliver out of
dangers and afflictions—deliver from the arrows of the evil one the
souls and bodies of thy servants, and heal them, as the Lord, the
merciful, by thy divine anointing.
Both now.
Accept thy servants’ songs and prayers, O Virgin, and, by thy
supplications, from sufferings and from ills deliver us, even us who to
thy sacred shelter us betake, O thou most pure.
It is very meet....
Exapostilarion.
Like, He hath visited us....
In mercy, O thou good one, with thine eyes regard our prayer,
ours, who to-day are gather’d in thy holy temple to anoint with oil
divine thy suffering servant.
Then stichera, tone iv.
Like, Thou hast given a sign....
 Thou hast given thy grace through thine apostles, O good
physician, lover of mankind, to heal the wounds and sicknesses of all
men through thy holy oil. Therefore, as being loving-kind, him that
now faithfully to thy mercy hieth sanctify, have mercy upon him, and
cleanse him from all sickness, and count him worthy of thy
corruptless sweetness, Lord.
O lover of mankind incomprehensible, who, with thine unseen
hand, as being loving-kind, sealest our senses with thine oil divine;
look down from heaven, and give to him that faithfully betaketh him
to thee, and asketh pardon of iniquities, healing of soul and body,
that he may glorify thee lovingly, and magnify thy might.
Through the anointing with thine oil, and through the touching of
thy priests, O lover of mankind, hallow thy servant from on high, free
him from sicknesses, cleanse him from soul’s defilement, wash him,
O Saviour, and deliver him from scandals manifold; tranquilize his
grief, remove his hindrances, and banish his afflictions, as being
merciful and loving-kind.
Glory. Both now. Theotokion.
O most pure royal palace much extoll’d, I pray thee, cleanse my
mind defil’d by every kind of sin; and make it a meet dwelling-place
for the most holy Trinity, that I thy worthless servant, being sav’d,
may magnify thy might and mercy measureless.
Then, Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... After Our Father.... For
thine is the kingdom....
Then troparion, tone iv.
Thou that alone art quick to help, O Christ, make manifest from on
high a speedy visitation to thine ailing servant: deliver him from
sicknesses and bitter pains, and raise him up, that, without ceasing,
he may praise and glorify thee, through the God-bearing one’s
entreaties, O thou sole lover of mankind.
And after these the deacon, or the first of the
priests, saith this ectenia.
In peace let us pray to the Lord.