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Management of
Animal Care and Use
Programs in Research,
Education, and Testing
SECOND EDITION
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Management of
Animal Care and Use
Programs in Research,
Education, and Testing
SECOND EDITION

Edited by
Robert H. Weichbrod
Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson
John N. Norton
Cover design by Bonnie Hamalainen, MFA, Baltimore, Maryland.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Weichbrod, Robert H., editor. | Thompson, Gail A., editor. | Norton, John N., editor.
Title: Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing /
editors, Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. Thompson, John N. Norton.
Other titles: Management of laboratory animal care and use programs
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018. |
Preceded by Management of laboratory animal care and use programs / edited by Mark A. Suckow,
Fred A. Douglas, Robert H. Weichbrod. c2002. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016059771 | ISBN 9781498748445 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Animal Welfare--organization & administration | Animals, Laboratory |
Laboratories--organization & administration
Classification: LCC SF406 | NLM QY 50 | DDC 636.088/5--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059771

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com
Contents

Foreword.................................................................................................................................................... ix
Preface to the Second Edition.................................................................................................................... xi
Editors......................................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors............................................................................................................................................ xvii
Reviewers...............................................................................................................................................xxiii

Section I Introduction/Historical Overview

1. Evolution of Laboratory Animal Program Management............................................................. 3
James F. Taylor

Section II Developing a Collaborative Culture of Caring

2. Culture of Care: Organizational Responsibilities........................................................................11
Marilyn J. Brown, Camellia Symonowicz, Leticia V. Medina, Natalie A. Bratcher,
Cindy A. Buckmaster, Hilton Klein, and Lynn C. Anderson

3. Fostering Collaborative Roles and Responsibilities for Members of an IACUC

or Oversight Body........................................................................................................................... 27
Ernest D. Prentice, M. Elizabeth Blackburn, and Robert S. Dixon

4. Bioethics and Animal Use in Programs of Research, Teaching, and Testing........................... 35

Richard C. Simmonds

5. Behavioral Management Programs to Promote Laboratory Animal Welfare......................... 63

Mollie A. Bloomsmith, Jaine E. Perlman, Eric Hutchinson, and Mark Sharpless

6. Education and Outreach Programs.............................................................................................. 83

Daniel T. Stimson

Section III Compliance, Assessment, and Assurance

7. Compliance and Regulatory Programs...................................................................................... 105
William W. King, Yasmina A. Paramastri, and Javier Guillén

8. Harmonizing International Animal Care and Use Programs...................................................147

John F. Bradfield, Javier Guillén, and Lynn C. Anderson

9. Assessment and Accreditation Programs for Research Animal Care and Use...................... 159
Christian E. Newcomer and Sylvie Cloutier

v
vi Contents

10. Facilitating the Research Process: Limiting Regulatory Burden and Leveraging
Performance Standards.................................................................................................................185
Joseph D. Thulin, Valerie K. Bergdall, and John F. Bradfield

Section IV Program Management and Stewardship of Resources

11. Human Care.................................................................................................................................. 201
Pamela A. Straeter, Carolyn M. Malinowski, and Laura A. Conour

12. Education and Training............................................................................................................... 221

Bruce W. Kennedy and Kim Froeschl

13. Fiscal Management....................................................................................................................... 267

Stephen J. Pomeroy and Theodore Plemons

14. Occupational Safety and Health.................................................................................................. 279

James M. Schmitt, Deborah E. Wilson, and James M. Raber

15. Program Documentation and Monitoring...................................................................................319

William E. Dale, George J. Haluska, and Diane (Dee) Horne

16. Existing and Emerging Information Technology...................................................................... 343

Thomas R. Meier and Kenneth R. Boschert

17. Emergency Response and Management......................................................................................355

Lynell M. Dupepe, John C. Donaho, and Gordon Roble

Section V Physical Plant

18. Facility Design, Planning, and Renovation................................................................................. 377
Michael J. Huerkamp, David Mallon, and Gerald Percifield

19. Special Security Considerations for Protecting Programs That Use Animals........................431
John J. Sancenito, Norman Mortell, Michael Stephens, and Robert H. Weichbrod

Section VI Environment and Housing

20. Environmental Factors: Macroenvironment versus Microenvironment................................ 461
Margaret C. Hogan, John N. Norton, and Randall P. Reynolds

21. Small Animal Enclosures and Housing...................................................................................... 479

Debra L. Hickman, Judy M. Hickman-Davis, Jessica Peveler, and Melissa Swan

22. Large (Nonagricultural) Animal Enclosures and Housing....................................................... 507

Jeffrey D. Wyatt

23. Agricultural Animals.....................................................................................................................531

Janice C. Swanson, Larry T. Chapin, and F. Claire Hankenson
Contents vii

24. Aquatics...........................................................................................................................................559
Christian Lawrence, George E. Sanders, and Carole Wilson

25. Nontraditional Species.................................................................................................................. 579

Dorcas P. O’Rourke, James D. Cox, and Diana P. Baumann

Section VII Husbandry

26. Basic Animal Facility Management............................................................................................ 599
Jori K. Leszczynski, Jamie Tackett, and Michelle Wallace-Fields

27. Feed and Bedding.......................................................................................................................... 639

Ronald L. Carter and Neil S. Lipman

28. Water Quality and Water Delivery Systems............................................................................... 655

E. Douglas Allen, Edgar F. Czarra, and Louis DeTolla

29. Management of Research Animal Breeding Colonies............................................................... 673

James J. Elliott, Charles T. Miller, James A. Hagarman, Stephen T. Kelley,
Suzette D. Tardif, Sander O. Hacker, and Amanda Bettis

30. Managing Husbandry Programs Involving Experimental Hazards....................................... 705

James R. Swearengen, Rebecca K. Holt, and Ronald L. Bowman

Section VIII Animal Health and Care

31. Veterinary Care............................................................................................................................. 733
James M. Raber, Marek Niekrasz, Jan Linkenhoker, and Kathy A. Perdue

32. Behavioral Training as Part of the Health Care Program....................................................... 771

Steven J. Schapiro, Elizabeth R. Magden, Lisa A. Reamer, Mary Catherine Mareno,
and Susan P. Lambeth

33. Managing Animal Colony Health................................................................................................ 793

Kerith Luchins and George Langan

34. Surgery........................................................................................................................................... 807

Randall R. Clevenger, Jan Bernal, Michael Talcott, Teresa R. Gleason, Tracie Rindfield,
and Robert F. Hoyt Jr.

35. Euthanasia..................................................................................................................................... 827

Christine P. Sivula and Mark A. Suckow

Section IX Conclusion
36. Future Directions and Challenges............................................................................................... 843
Joseph N. Benoit, Robert H. Weichbrod, John N. Norton, and Janet C. Garber

Index....................................................................................................................................................... 859
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Foreword

I am pleased and honored to have been asked to write the Foreword to the second edition of Management
of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing. I am especially grateful to
Dr. Weichbrod, Dr. Norton, and Ms. Thompson for allowing me to convey my personal views on the
importance and value of providing exceptional laboratory animal care and management and its vital link
to performing outstanding biomedical science.
Today, in 2017, science in general, and biomedical science in particular, is under attack from those who
believe that science and the funding of science should not be a federal, state, or local priority. There are
those who believe that breakthroughs in health care come merely from studies that solely use computer
models, cell-based studies, bioinformatics, and device engineering. The scientific community and the
lay public have discussed these issues for many years. The reality is that no advances in health care can
be achieved with just the use of these adjuncts; the use of animals and animal models of disease remains
imperative, lest we do great harm to humans and animals. The competition for research funding is at its
highest level in over 20 years. Everyone is aware, and most would agree, that science is synonymous with
a search for truth. Acquiring believable facts is the only way biomedical science will provide therapies
that work and cures to both human and animal diseases. Importantly, federal agencies, universities,
industry, and journal publishers have increased their emphasis on issues related to rigor and reproduc-
ibility in science so that more science can be trusted and will contribute to understanding basic biological
processes that lead to new therapies and cures. As part of the animal kingdom, the quality of our lives,
however, matters. The quality of laboratory animals’ lives and human lives is indelibly intertwined. In
many ways, it is within this context that Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research,
Education, and Testing is such an important body of work.
When I started my career as a graduate student in 1966, the guidelines for carrying out experiments on
large and small animals were generally left to the discretion of the investigator. Even laboratory animal
facilities were rather lax in both oversight of investigators and their own husbandry practices. Certainly,
this was an era well before the advent of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) and/
or oversight bodies. It is now clear that the evolution of governmental, local, and institutional guidelines
has changed the landscape and certainly the quality of the science produced. In 1976, I became the chair
of the University of Nebraska Medical Center’s (UNMC) advisory committee on animal resources, a
precursor to the UNMC’s IACUC formed in 1985, a position I held until 1988 when I became chair
of the Department of Physiology. I became a student member of the American Physiological Society
(APS) in 1968, and in 1985, I served and was the chair of the APS’s Animal Care and Experimentation
Committee until 1988. I became chair of the APS Public Affairs Committee in 2001. I then went on to
be elected councilor and the president of the APS in 2008. I also served on the council of the Society for
Experimental Biology and Medicine from 1998 to 2002. I bring these service appointments up because
in every discussion as well as on every scientific review panel, the issue of animal care and associated
regulations was discussed and continues to this day. It’s appropriate to discuss these issues because with-
out continual refinement, the science may suffer.
Given that the readers of this book agree that animal models of human disease are necessary and
given that there are no perfect animal models of human disease, it behooves investigators to maximize
the science that is acquired from these models. Unless a study is proposed to evaluate the mechanisms of
stress per se, it is not beneficial to perform studies on stressed animals, either under anesthesia or in the
conscious state. I’m confident that potential life-saving information has been lost in experiments carried
out on animals where optimal husbandry, maintenance of consistent and appropriate environment condi-
tions, and the successful alleviation of stress were not maximized effectively.
The community of biomedical science is vast and includes principal investigators, administrators, labo-
ratory facility managers, animal caregivers, veterinarians, physicians, and allied trade representatives.

ix
x Foreword

It cannot be emphasized enough that individual science is a thing of the past. Today, team science is the
norm. We need to all recognize that working and using animals in biomedical research or testing is a
privilege, not a right. This concept comes out loud and clear in this book. The editors have put together
a text that is not only for those directly involved in the care and use of experimental animals but also
for all of us that need the support of the animal care team to do good and believable science. The book
focuses on every issue and concern from the culture of caring to technical issues related to animal hus-
bandry. Importantly, it also reviews issues related to compliance and regulation. How much regulation
is too much? What is reasonable and how to comply with federal guidelines without impairing the abil-
ity of investigators to carry out good science are just some of the important topics covered in this text.
The book makes it clear that as new techniques are developed, issues relating to animal welfare change
accordingly. Finally, the future of animal oversight and the impact of pending legislation are discussed.
The editors and contributors have taken the second edition to a new level. Compiling the second edi-
tion was a real tour de force and I congratulate the editors for this outstanding text. This book should
be used by anyone who cares about biomedical science: principal investigators, members of IACUCs
or other oversight bodies, institutional administrators, policy makers (including legislators), as well as
animal facility personnel. I would also recommend that trainees make this book part of their library, as
important as a text on physiology, biochemistry, genetics, or any other biomedical discipline. It is impor-
tant that only well-trained individuals carry out procedures on animals for the benefit of science. Those
of us who have worked with animals for many years have an obligation to pass on high-quality practices
to those who will do science in years to come. The culture of science will be changed by this edition,
which should be a required reading for all those contemplating a career in biomedical science.

Irving H. Zucker, PhD, FAHA, FAPS

Omaha, Nebraska
Preface to the Second Edition

Since the publication of the first edition, there have been many notable advances in biomedical research that
have resulted in a better understanding of complex biological systems. This has led to the development of
new therapeutic modalities that have improved the quality of life for people and animals across the world.
The importance of continuing biomedical research with animals remains critical to these developments.
Therefore, it is important for administrators, managers, and scientists working with and responsible for
laboratory animal resources to have the practical experience, knowledge, and understanding of the topics
concerning humane animal care and use.
The Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second
Edition, is an expanded and revised edition to the original text published in 2001. Like the first edition,
this book is meant to serve as a first-line management resource, provide a strong advocacy reference for
advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continue as a valuable seminal reference
for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. The book has been greatly
expanded to provide a more thorough overview of the current breadth and depth of the field, with appli-
cability to an international audience.
Over the 16 years since the publication of the first edition of the book, Management of Laboratory
Animal Care and Use Programs, a multitude of critical regulatory guidance documents have been updated
and expanded. Among these are the

• Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Eighth Edition (National Research Council
2011)
• Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching (Federation of
Animal Science Societies 2010)
• European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and
Other Scientific Purposes (European Treaty Series 123)
• Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, Fifth Edition (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services 2009)
• AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia of Animals (American Veterinary Medical Association 2013)

Additionally, there have been updated regulatory and policy guidelines and direction from the

• Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, the NIH office overseeing compliance with
• U.S. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
• Animal welfare assurances
• Statements of compliance
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), with policy directives on
• Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-544) and subsequent amendments, as promul-
gated in USDA regulations 9 CFR Chapter 1, Subchapter A, Animal Welfare, Parts 1–3
• AAALAC International, with
• More than 980 accredited units in 44 countries
• Applicable position statements and reference resources
• Relevant governmental legislation and regulatory updates

This second edition has been broadly expanded to address changes and provide a more thorough
overview of the current complexity and extensiveness of the field. It is timely that the material in the

xi
xii Preface to the Second Edition

second edition be expanded and updated to reflect the advancements and new information both within
and outside the United States.
The new features and expanded scope of the book will be highly beneficial to readers and practitioners
as well as provide strong rationale for advancing the quality of animal welfare and science worldwide.
The editors intend this book to be of the highest quality and surpass the much-deserved reputation of the
first edition as a first-line management resource, and to continue to be a valuable seminal work for those
engaged in all types of programs involving the management and administration of animal care and use
programs.
The book consists of 36 chapters written by individuals with notable experience and expertise in the
pertinent topical areas. They bring insights into emerging technologies and an appreciation for the needs
of an international audience. Each chapter has been peer-reviewed and contains the latest information,
resources, and reference materials from the scientific literature. Key revisions to the book include a new
section on environment and housing, which contains chapters focused on the management considerations
of housing and enrichment delineated by species; an enhanced narrative throughout the book of critical
topics in program management, physical plant, animal health, and husbandry; and expanded coverage
of regulatory compliance, assessment, and assurance processes. These topics are addressed and infor-
mation is provided about the impact of globalization and efforts to harmonize and build on cultural
awareness initiatives around the world. Emphasis is given in new chapters on the development of a col-
laborative “culture of care” within an animal care and use program, and how behavioral management
through animal training can play an integral role in a veterinary health program.
The overall goal of the book is to improve the reader’s ability to recognize, interpret, and adapt in a
more complex and dynamically changing environment, as well as to provide a better understanding of
engineering principles, the application of performance-based standards, and the valuable use of profes-
sional judgment. Ultimately, the book represents foundational information for managers and adminis-
trators to bridge the connection between quality science and quality animal care to the international
audience. While the application of the information and principles contained within this book may vary
among different managers, organizations, or specific countries, the editors hope the book provides strong
advocacy for advancing and connecting animal welfare and science of the highest quality worldwide.
The editors acknowledge and thank all the contributing authors and reviewers of the chapters for shar-
ing their time and expertise. We offer our sincerest thanks to Bonnie Hamalainen, MFA, for contribut-
ing her superb art design talents in creating the second edition text cover.
And a special tribute is given to Tim Allen who worked with the USDA’s Animal Welfare Information
Center in Beltsville, MD for many years. Tim, who passed away suddenly at the end of 2016, was a
remarkable human being and he will be truly missed. He thoroughly embraced and gave valuable sage
advice in the development of the second edition text. Tim provided the tools and expertise in providing
high-quality comprehensive literature searches for many of our second edition authors. Over the course
of his career, he provided valuable information on improved animal welfare practices to numerous indi-
viduals on an international basis. Tim left an indelible mark on many people in the way they approached
their research in the field of animal care and use.
Royalties due the editors of Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education,
and Testing, Second Edition, will be donated to the following professional societies who have agreed to
copublish the book:

American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)

Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS)
European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ECLAM)
International Association of Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine (IACLAM)
Institute for Animal Technology (IAT)
Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (JCLAM)
Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (KCLAM)
Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA)
Editors

Robert H. Weichbrod is the chief animal program administrator with the National Eye Institute of the
National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Before this position, Dr. Weichbrod was responsi-
ble for managing laboratory animal resources for the U.S. Department of Defense’s Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences. Dr. Weichbrod received his bachelor of science in zoology from the
University of Maryland, master of business administration from Marymount University, and doctor of
philosophy in public administration and policy from Walden University. His dissertation, providing an
analysis of the care and use of laboratory animals in Department of Defense activities, is a seminal work
that has been frequently cited during congressional hearings. Dr. Weichbrod earned his laboratory ani-
mal technologist certification from the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
and was a charter class graduate of AALAS’s Institute for Laboratory Animal Management.
Dr. Weichbrod’s distinguished career in animal care and use spans over 35 years. He has worked in
positions ranging from an entry-level animal care technician (age 24) to animal program administrator.
Dr. Weichbrod has served in a wide variety of leadership roles during his career, including AALAS
president in 2000, member of the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
(AAALAC) International’s Council on Accreditation from 1997 to 2009, on its board of trustees from
2010 to 2016, and currently as a member organization delegate for AAALAC International. Dr. Weichbrod
has served as a vice president for the Institute of Animal Technology in England since 2002.
Dr. Weichbrod has authored more than 70 scientific, managerial, and technical articles pertaining to
programs involving the effective care and use of animals in biomedical research, training, and education.
He was the founding editor in chief and publisher of the Laboratory Animal Management Association’s
(LAMA) journal the LAMA Review and coeditor of the book Management of Laboratory Animal Care
and Use Programs (CRC Press 2001). He has served on numerous scientific advisory review committees
and journal editorial boards. Dr. Weichbrod is an experienced and dedicated advocate for the welfare and
responsible use of animals in research. He is committed to maximizing the outcomes of the biomedical
research team, enabling increased knowledge of complex biological systems, resulting in health benefits
for animals and people.
Among Dr. Weichbrod’s awards are AALAS’s Joseph J. Garvey Award and George R. Collins
Award; LAMA’s William O. Umiker Memorial Award, U. Kristina Stephens Award, and Charles River
Medallion; the Purina LabDiet Animal Technician of the Year Award; and the Award of Excellence from
the U.S. Secretary of Defense.

Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson has been active in the laboratory animal science community since
beginning her career at the University of Minnesota in 1966. She has held research positions at the
University of Minnesota, at Emory University/Yerkes Regional Research Primate Center, and as
director of animal resources at National Jewish Health in Denver, Colorado. She was a principal and
cofounder of Britz-Heidbrink, Inc. (a manufacturing company for animal research facilities and zoo-
logical parks). She was the founder, owner, and president of Peak Animal Resources+, Inc. until her
retirement in December 2014.
Along with her long career in laboratory animal science and zoological park facilities, Gail has been a
dedicated volunteer in several associations that strive for the humane care of laboratory and captive ani-
mals through facility and housing improvement, education and training, and oversight and management.
The associations include but are not limited to AAALAC International, trustee (2000–2016), delegate and
board of directors (current); the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) since
1973; the Laboratory Animal Management Association (LAMA), formed in 1983, founding member; the
Institute of Animal Technology United Kingdom since 1989; and the Mile High Branch of AALAS since
1977, founding member. Additional organizations in which she has participated include the American

xiii
xiv Editors

Society of Primatologists, Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science, Scientists Center for
Animal Welfare, Scandinavian Society for Laboratory Animal Science, International Conference on
Environmental Enrichment, Association of Zoos and Aquariums, American Association of Zoo Keepers,
and several branches of AALAS.
Significant activities or positions held include the honor of serving as president of AALAS in 2004 and
holding committee appointments and leadership roles on most AALAS committees over the years. In
1991, Gail initiated and developed the Institute for Laboratory Animal Management as a joint program
for AALAS and LAMA. She served as a director and chair of the board of regents of the Institute for
Laboratory Animal Management for 6 years and also as the editor of Tech Talk. Gail has been involved
in the formation and continuation of the AAALAC International Fellowship Award since its conception
in 2005. She has served as chair of the award selection committee since 2005. Additionally, she serves as
a vice president of the Institute of Animal Technology and member of the President’s Advisory Group.
She has served as president, treasurer, and program chair for LAMA.
Gail has authored, coauthored, or presented in more than 100 publications, platform presentations, and
workshops. Several have been international, with presentations in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Brazil,
Canada, and Australia, and for the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations.
She is a recipient of several awards, including Ralston Purina Animal Technician of the Year, George
Collins Award (AALAS), Joseph Garvey Award (AALAS), Ulla Kristina Stephens Award (LAMA),
Charles River Medallion, Wm. O. Umiker Award (LAMA), Roland Tibbetts Award (U.S. Small Business
Administration), Manufacturing Legacy of the Year (University of Wyoming), and life memberships for
AALAS, LAMA, and the Mile High Branch of AALAS.
Beyond her career activities, she has been active in community events, including serving as a mentor
for science fair students; a board member on Wyoming’s Science, Technology and Energy Authority;
and a distinguished lieutenant governor and club president for the Rocky Mountain District of Kiwanis
International.

John N. Norton is the director of the Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, is a professor of pathol-
ogy, and serves as the attending veterinarian for all animal care and use activities at Duke University in
Durham, North Carolina. He also serves as an adjunct professor of clinical sciences at North Carolina
State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Prior to returning to academia, Dr. Norton served as a
toxicologist and directed a laboratory animal resources organization in the private sector.
Dr. Norton received his bachelor of science degrees and doctor of veterinary medicine degree
from North Carolina State University and his doctor of philosophy in pharmacology from Vanderbilt
University. He is board certified through the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine and the
American Board of Toxicology.
Dr. Norton’s distinguished career in both toxicology and laboratory animal medicine spans over
25 years. He has managed preclinical discovery and development projects, prepared regulatory dossiers
for both domestic and international submissions, designed and managed complex animal facilities, and
strived to optimize research outcomes while ensuring regulatory compliance of animal programs. In his
roles in drug and biomedical device development, he has served as study director and/or manager in
more than 150 preclinical pharmacology and safety studies in both the academic and private sectors. In
his current position, he has developed a preclinical core capable of performing a wide variety of discov-
ery and developmental studies, including those requiring performance under good laboratory practice
regulations.
Dr. Norton has served on numerous committees of professional organizations, such as the American
College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, and he currently serves as a board member for the National
Association for Biomedical Research. In addition, he serves on the board of directors for the North
Carolina Association for Biomedical Research, including current service as the chair, and formerly
served on the board of directors for the Texas Society for Biomedical Research. In addition, Dr. Norton
served as a member of AAALAC International’s Council on Accreditation from 2004 to 2016, and as
its president during 2013 to 2015. He currently serves as a council member emeritus for AAALAC
International.
Editors xv

Dr. Norton’s collaborative research focuses on extrinsic factors that may influence the animal research
model, specifically in the area of noise and vibration. He has published via scientific, managerial, and
technical articles and book chapters on a variety of topics, and he is a frequent reviewer of scientific arti-
cles and grant proposals. Dr. Norton is an advocate of ensuring animal welfare while focusing on quality
research outcomes and translational research involving novel therapeutics and biomedical devices.
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contributors
E. Douglas Allen, BS, LATG
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Lynn C. Anderson, DVM, DACLAM
Covance Laboratories
Madison, Wisconsin
Diana P. Baumann, BSc (Hons), RLATG,
CMAR
Stowers Institute for Medical Research
Kansas City, Missouri
Joseph N. Benoit, PhD
Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Valerie K. Bergdall, DVM, DACLAM
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Jan Bernal, DVM
Pfizer
Groton, Connecticut
Amanda Bettis, BS, LVT
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
M. Elizabeth Blackburn, CPIA
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska
Mollie A. Bloomsmith, PhD
Yerkes National Primate Research Center
Atlanta, Georgia
Kenneth R. Boschert, DVM, DACLAM
Washington University Medical School
St. Louis, Missouri
Ronald L. Bowman, BS, RLATG, CMAR
National Biodefense Analysis and
Countermeasures Center
Frederick, Maryland
John F. Bradfield, DVM, PhD, DACLAM
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska
Natalie A. Bratcher, BS, MS
AbbVie
North Chicago, Illinois
Marilyn J. Brown, DVM, MS, DACLAM,
DECLAM
Charles River Laboratories
Wilmington, Massachusetts
Cindy A. Buckmaster, PhD, CMAR, RLATG
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, Texas
Ronald L. Carter, RLATG, CMAR
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Weill Cornell Medicine and the Hospital for
Special Surgery
New York, New York
Larry T. Chapin, MS
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Randall R. Clevenger, BS, LATG
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Sylvie Cloutier, BSc, MSc, PhD
Canadian Council on Animal Care
Ottawa, Canada
Laura A. Conour, DVM, DACLAM
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
James D. Cox, RLATG, MLAS
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Ashburn, Virginia
xvii
xviii
Edgar F. Czarra, BS, MBA
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
William E. Dale, PhD
Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon
Louis DeTolla, VMD, MS, PhD, DACLAM
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
Robert S. Dixon, DVM, MS, DACLAM
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska
John C. Donaho, BS, CMAR
University of Texas Health Science Center
Houston, Texas
Lynell M. Dupepe, BS, RLATG, CMAR
Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana
James J. Elliott, DVM, DACLAM, DACVPM
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Kim Froeschl, BS, RLATG, CMAR, CPLP
Pfizer Inc.
Pearl River, New York
Janet C. Garber, DVM, PhD
Garber Consulting
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Teresa R. Gleason, BS, LVT, SRS, LATG
Charles River Laboratories
Ashland, Ohio
Javier Guillén, DVM
AAALAC International
Pamplona, Spain
Sander O. Hacker, VMD, DACLAM
University of Texas Health Science Center
at San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas
James A. Hagarman, PhD
The Jackson Laboratory
Bar Harbor, Maine
Contributors
George J. Haluska, PhD
Oregon Health & Science University (Retired)
Portland, Oregon
F. Claire Hankenson, DVM, MS, DACLAM
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Debra L. Hickman, DVM, MS, DACLAM,
DACAW
Indiana University
Indianapolis, Indiana
Judy M. Hickman-Davis, DVM, PhD,
DACLAM
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Margaret C. Hogan, RLATG, CMAR
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Rebecca K. Holt, DVM, MPH
National Biodefense Analysis and
Countermeasures Center
Frederick, Maryland
Diane (Dee) Horne, CVT, CMAR
Oregon Health & Science University (Retired)
Portland, Oregon
Robert F. Hoyt, Jr., DVM, DACLAM
Leidos Biomedical Research
Bethesda, Maryland
Michael J. Huerkamp, DVM, DACLAM
Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Eric Hutchinson, DVM, DACLAM
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
Stephen T. Kelley, DVM, MS, DACLAM
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Bruce W. Kennedy, MS, RLATG, CMAR,
CPIA, EdD
California State Polytechnic University
Pomona, California
Contributors xix

William W. King, DVM, PhD, DACLAM Mary Catherine Mareno, BA

University of Louisville The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
Louisville, Kentucky Center
Bastrop, Texas
Hilton Klein, VMD, MS, DACLAM,
DECLAM Leticia V. Medina, DVM, DACLAM
Fox Chase Cancer Center AbbVie
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania North Chicago, Illinois

Susan P. Lambeth, BS, LATG Thomas R. Meier, DVM, MBA, DACLAM

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Mayo Clinic
Center Rochester, Minnesota
Bastrop, Texas
Charles T. Miller, PhD
George Langan, DVM, DACLAM The Jackson Laboratory
The University of Chicago Bar Harbor, Maine
Chicago, Illinois
Norman Mortell, BA (Hons), MIAT, RAnTech
Christian Lawrence, MS Agenda Life Sciences
Boston Children’s Hospital Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Boston, Massachusetts
Christian E. Newcomer, VMD, MS, DACLAM
Jori K. Leszczynski, DVM, DACLAM AAALAC International
University of Colorado, Denver Brookville, Maryland
Denver, Colorado
Marek Niekrasz, DVM, DACLAM
Jan Linkenhoker, DVM, MSPH, DACLAM The University of Chicago
National Institutes of Health Chicago, Illinois
Bethesda, Maryland
John N. Norton, DVM, PhD, DABT, DACLAM
Neil S. Lipman, VMD, DACLAM Duke University
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Durham, North Carolina
Weill Cornell Medicine and the Hospital
for Special Surgery Dorcas P. O’Rourke, DVM, MS, DACLAM
New York, New York East Carolina University
Greenville, North Carolina
Kerith Luchins, DVM, DACLAM
The University of Chicago Yasmina A. Paramastri, Drh, DACLAM
Chicago, Illinois National University of Singapore
Singapore, Singapore
Elizabeth R. Magden, DVM, MS, DACLAM
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Gerald Percifield, NCARB
Center HDR
Bastrop, Texas Atlanta, Georgia

Carolyn M. Malinowski, DVM, MS, RLATG, Kathy A. Perdue, DVM, DACLAM

CMAR, CPIA National Institutes of Health
University of Florida Baltimore, Maryland
Gainesville, Florida
Jaine E. Perlman, RLATG, BA
David Mallon, RLATG, CMAR, BS Yerkes National Primate Research Center
National Institutes of Health Atlanta, Georgia
Bethesda, Maryland
xx Contributors

Jessica Peveler, BA, RVT, RLATG Mark Sharpless, CMAR, RLATG, MBA, JM
Indiana University School of Medicine Yerkes National Primate Research Center
Indianapolis, Indiana Atlanta, Georgia

Theodore Plemons, MBA, CMAR, RLATG Richard C. Simmonds, DVM, MS, DACLAM
National Institutes of Health Nevada System of Higher Education (Retired)
Bethesda, Maryland Reno, Nevada

Stephen J. Pomeroy, MHA, RLATG Christine P. Sivula, DVM, MS, DACLAM

Duke University (Retired) University of Minnesota
Durham, North Carolina Minneapolis, Minnesota

Ernest D. Prentice, PhD Michael Stephens, BA, MSc

University of Nebraska Medical Center Medical Research Council
Omaha, Nebraska London, United Kingdom

James M. Raber, DVM, MS, PhD Daniel T. Stimson, PhD, JD

National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland

Lisa A. Reamer, MRes Pamela A. Straeter, MS, RLATG, CMAR,

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CPIA
Center Princeton University
Bastrop, Texas Princeton, New Jersey

Randall P. Reynolds, DVM, MS, DACLAM Mark A. Suckow, DVM, DACLAM

Duke University University of Minnesota
Durham, North Carolina Minneapolis, Minnesota

Tracie Rindfield, LAT, SRS Melissa Swan, BA, RVT, RLATG

Rindfield Consulting Purdue University
Lawrence, Michigan West Lafayette, Indiana

Gordon Roble, DVM, DACLAM Janice C. Swanson, MS, PhD, AABS

New York University Michigan State University
New York, New York East Lansing, Michigan

John J. Sancenito James R. Swearengen, DVM, DACLAM

Information Network Associates AAALAC International
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Frederick, Maryland

George E. Sanders, DVM, MS, AFS/FHS Camellia Symonowicz, BS, MS, RLATG,
University of Washington CMAR
Seattle, Washington Middletown, Connecticut

Steven J. Schapiro, PhD Jamie Tackett, CVT, RLATG, BS

The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Abbvie
Center North Chicago, Illinois
Bastrop, Texas
Michael Talcott, DVM, DACLAM
James M. Schmitt, MD, MS Washington University
National Institutes of Health St. Louis, Missouri
Bethesda, Maryland
Contributors xxi

Suzette D. Tardif, PhD Carole Wilson, BSc (Hons), MIAT, RAnTech

Southwest National Primate Research Center University College London
San Antonio, Texas London, United Kingdom

James F. Taylor, DVM, MS, DACLAM Deborah E. Wilson, DrPH, CBSP

National Institutes of Health (Retired) National Institutes of Health
Derwood, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland

Joseph D. Thulin, DVM, MS, DACLAM Jeffrey D. Wyatt, DVM, DACLAM

Medical College of Wisconsin University of Rochester
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Rochester, New York

Michelle Wallace-Fields, BS, RLATG, CMAR Irving H. Zucker, PhD, FAHA, FAPS
University of Colorado, Denver University of Nebraska Medical Center
Denver, Colorado Omaha, Nebraska

Robert H. Weichbrod, RLATG, MBA, PhD

National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Reviewers

Christian R. Abee, DVM, MS, DACLAM Thomas M. Butler, DVM, MS, DACLAM
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Consultant
Center Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas
Bastrop, Texas
Michelle D. Calkins, LVT, BS, RLATG
Tim Allen, BS Duke University
U.S. Department of Agriculture Durham, North Carolina
Beltsville, Maryland
Arthur L. Caplan, PhD
Lynn C. Anderson, DVM, DACLAM NYU Langone Medical Center
Covance Laboratories New York, New York
Madison, Wisconsin
Calvin Carpenter, DVM, DACLAM
Matthew R. Bailey Alcon Research
National Association for Biomedical Research Fort Worth, Texas
Washington, DC
Bart Carter, DVM, MS, DACLAM
Philippe Baneux, DVM, DECLAM University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Cornell University Dallas, Texas
Ithaca, New York
Daniel Castranova, RLATG, MS
Kathryn Bayne, MS, PhD, DVM, DACLAM, National Institutes of Health (Charles River)
DACAW, CAAB Bethesda, Maryland
AAALAC International
Frederick, Maryland Randall R. Clevenger, BS, LATG
National Institutes of Health
B. Taylor Bennett, DVM, PhD, DACLAM, Bethesda, Maryland
DACAW
Management Consultant J. G. Collins, PhD
Hinsdale, Illinois Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut
Joseph N. Benoit, PhD
Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine William Cullen
Las Cruces, New Mexico National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Rudolf P. Bohm Jr., DVM, DACLAM
Tulane National Primate Research Center Edgar F. Czarra, BS, MBA
Covington, Louisiana National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Gary L. Borkowski, DVM, MS, DACLAM
Eli Lilly & Company William E. Dale, PhD
Indianapolis, Indiana Oregon Health & Science University
Portland, Oregon

xxiii
xxiv
David DeGrazia, BA, MStud, PhD
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Stephen L. Denny, DVM, MS, DACVPM,
DACLAM
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Helen E. Diggs, MEd, DVM, DACLAM
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Deb Donohue, BA, RLATG
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Paige A. Ebert, RLATG, CMAR, MBA
AbbVie
North Chicago, Illinois
Gaylen L. Edwards, DVM, PhD
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Craig A. Fletcher, DVM, PhD, DACLAM
University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Patricia L. Foley, DVM, CPIA, DACLAM
Georgetown University
Washington, DC
Pamela Fontenot
Priority One Services
Alexandria, Virginia
Elizabeth Ford, DVM, MPVM, DACLAM
The Scripps Research Institute
La Jolla, California
James G. Fox, DVM, DACLAM
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Lisa J. Garrett, MS
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
Bradford S. Goodwin Jr., DVM, DACLAM
University of Texas Health Science
Center–Houston (Retired)
Houston, Texas
Reviewers
Andrew W. Grady, DVM, MS, DACLAM
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi
Molly Greene BA, CPIA
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Javier Guillén, DVM
AAALAC International
Frederick, Maryland
Anna L. Hampton, DVM, DACLAM
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Ruth Hanessian, BS
Rockville Science Center
Rockville, Maryland
F. Claire Hankenson, DVM, MS, DACLAM
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
John J. Hasenau, DVM, DACLAM
Lab Animal Consultants
Sparks, Nevada
J. R. Haywood, PhD
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Tanya L. Herzog, DVM, DACLAM
Houston Methodist Research Institute
Houston, Texas
Melanie Hoar, PhD
PMI Nutrition International
St. Louis, Missouri
Robert Franklin Hoyt Jr., DVM, MS,
DACLAM
Leidos Biomedical Research
Bethesda, Maryland
Richard B. Huneke, DVM, MPH, DACLAM
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Elisa A. Hurley, PhD
Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research
(PRIM&R)
Boston, Massachusetts
Reviewers xxv

Todd A. Jackson, DVM, DACLAM Christian E. Newcomer, VMD, MS, DACLAM

Oklahoma State University AAALAC International
Stillwater, Oklahoma Brookville, Maryland

Michael D. Kastello, DVM, PhD, DACLAM, Steven M. Niemi, DVM, DACLAM

DECLAM Harvard University
Hampton, Virginia Cambridge, Massachusetts

Christopher King, DVM, DACLAM John N. Norton, DVM, PhD, DABT, DACLAM
University of Georgia Duke University
Athens, Georgia Durham, North Carolina

William W. King, DVM, PhD, DACLAM Peter Nowlan, MVB, MSc, MRCVS, CertLas
University of Louisville Trinity College Dublin
Louisville, Kentucky Dublin, Ireland

Hilton Klein, VMD, MS, DACLAM, Bryan E. Ogden, DVM, DACLAM

DECLAM SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre
Fox Chase Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
James O’Malley, DVM, MPH, DACLAM
Gail E. Laule, MA National Institutes of Health
Active Environments Bethesda, Maryland
Lompoc, California
Lauren Pandolfo, MS, CMAR
Kirk Leech, BA, MA National Institutes of Health
European Animal Research Association Bethesda, Maryland
London, United Kingdom
Christine M. Parks, DVM, PhD, DACLAM
Morag Mackay, VN, CertEd, RLATG, SRS Parks Veterinary Services
La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology Waterloo, Wisconsin
San Diego, California
Cynthia Pekow, DVM, DACLAM
David Mallon, RLATG, CMAR, BS Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care
National Institutes of Health System
Bethesda, Maryland Seattle, Washington

Ronald M. McLaughlin, DVM, MS, DACLAM Marky Pitts, CPIA

University of Missouri–Columbia IACUC Consultant
Fulton, Missouri Joseph, Oregon

John G. Miller, DVM, DACLAM Ernest D. Prentice, PhD

Frederick, Maryland
Scott A. Mischler, DVM, PhD, DACLAM
Pfizer
Pearl River, New York
Guy B. Mulder, DVM, MS, MBA, DACLAM
Charles River Laboratories
Wilmington, Massachusetts
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, Nebraska
Robert H. Quinn, DVM, DACLAM
SUNY Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York
Randall P. Reynolds, DVM, MS, DACLAM
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
xxvi Reviewers

Mary A. Robinson, DVM, DACLAM Mark D. Stevens, DPA

University of Texas Health Science Center at National Institutes of Health
Houston Bethesda, Maryland
Houston, Texas
Daniel T. Stimson, PhD, JD
Gordon Roble, DVM, DACLAM National Institutes of Health
New York University Bethesda, Maryland
New York, New York
James G. Strake, DVM, DACLAM
Alan C. Rosenquist, PhD Zoetis
University of Pennsylvania Kalamazoo, Michigan
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
John Stubblefield, MSc
Clay D. Rouse, DVM Institute of Marine and Environmental
Duke University Technology
Durham, North Carolina Baltimore, Maryland

John J. Sancenito Mark A. Suckow, DVM, DACLAM

Information Network Associates University of Minnesota
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Minneapolis, Minnesota

Kim E. Saunders, DVM, DACLAM James R. Swearengen, DVM, DACLAM

Oregon Health & Science University AAALAC International
Portland, Oregon Frederick, Maryland

Diana G. Scorpio, DVM, MPH, DACLAM Douglas K. Taylor, DVM, DACLAM

National Institutes of Health Emory University
Bethesda, Maryland Atlanta, Georgia

James T. Sheets, DVM, MPH, DACLAM, James F. Taylor, DVM, MS, DACLAM
DACVPM National Institutes of Health (Retired)
University of Iowa Derwood, Maryland
Iowa City, Iowa
Wayne R. Thomann, DrPH
Susan Brust Silk, MS Duke University
National Institutes of Health Durham, North Carolina
Bethesda, Maryland
Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, RLATG
Richard C. Simmonds, DVM, MS, DACLAM Peak Animal Resources+ (Retired)
Nevada System of Higher Education (Retired) Wheatland, Wyoming
Reno, Nevada
Peggy T. Tinkey, DVM, DACLAM
Margaret Snyder The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer
National Institutes of Health Center
Bethesda, Maryland Houston, Texas

D. M. Stark, DVM, PhD, DACLAM Patricia V. Turner, MS, DVM, DVSc,

Laboratory Animal Science Professional DACLAM, DABT, DECAWBM (WSEL)
(Retired) University of Guelph
New York, New York Guelph, Canada
Reviewers xxvii

Daniel Uhlrich, PhD Mark T. Whary, DVM, PhD, DACLAM

University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Public Health Cambridge, Massachusetts
Madison, Wisconsin
Kyha D. Williams, DVM, DACLAM
Wendy Underwood, DVM, MS Duke University
Eli Lilly & Company Durham, North Carolina
Indianapolis, Indiana
Marc Willis, LATG, BS, MBA
Fausto Vela Lab Products
National Institutes of Health Decatur, Illinois
Bethesda, Maryland
Margaret A. Wittaker
Ted Wasky Active Environments
Envigo Lompoc, California
Indianapolis, Indiana
Irving H. Zucker, PhD, FAHA, FAPS
James L. Weed, PhD University of Nebraska Medical Center
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Omaha, Nebraska
Atlanta, Georgia

Robert H. Weichbrod, RLATG, MBA, PhD

National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Another random document with
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Cradle, American 75, Description, 118
Cradle, G. P. F. Description, 162
Cradle 155-mm Howitzer, Description, 181
Cradle 3-inch Gun, Description, 66
Cylinders 3-inch Gun, Care of, 244
Cylinders 155-mm Howitzer, Description, 181
Cylinders, Outer, Discussion, 31

Detonating Fuzes, Tables of, 229

Detonators, Discussion, 199
Dismounting American 75, 133
Dismounting French 75, 101
Dismounting 3-inch Gun, 76
Divisional Artillery, 47
“Dont’s” for Cannoneers, 363

Elevating Gear, 3-inch Gun, 66

Elevating Mechanism, American 75, 129
Elevating Mechanism, British 75, 150
Elevating Mechanism, Definition, 13
Elevating Mechanisms, Discussion, 37
Elevating Mechanism 4.7-inch Gun, 157
Elevating Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 185
Engine Oils, Use of, 238
Engine Troubles, Motors, 345
Equalizing Gear, American 75, 127
Equivalents, Tables of, 371
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Extractor, French 75, 87

Faults, Common in Telephones, 297

Field Glasses, 283
Filling American 75 Cylinders, 145
Filloux 155-mm Gun, 160
Fire Control Equipment, Definition, 13
Fire Control Instruments, 260
Firing Mechanism, American 75, 110
Firing Mechanism, French 75, 89
Firing Mechanism, Definition, 13
Firing Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Firing Mechanism, 3-inch Gun, 64
Firing Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 175
Fireworks, Signalling, 304
Fixed Ammunition, 203
Flags, Signalling, 285
Floats, American 75, 114
French 75, 84
Front and Rear Sights, 3-inch Gun, 260
Fulminates, 199
Fuzes, 221
Fuze Classification, 224
Fuze, Definition, 13
Fuze Setter, 3-inch Gun, 283
Fuze Setters, Definition, 13
General Service Code, 301
Gribeauval, Reference to, 20
G. P. F. (Grande Puissance Filloux), 160
Gun, Definition, 13
Gun Crews, Training of, 367
Gun Carriages, Discussion, 33
Gun Carriage, 3-inch Gun, 65
Gunners Examinations, 352
Guns, Care of in Firing, 254
Guns Used in World War, 370
Gustavus Adolphus, Reference to, 18

H and H Soap, Use of, 239

Hand Fuze Setter, 284
Heavy Field Gun, Discussion, 58
Heavy Field Howitzer, Discussion, 59
High Explosives, 202
History and Development of Materiel, 16
Hollingshead Soap, Use of, 239
How to Drive Motors, 340
Howitzers, 155-mm, Care of, 194
Howitzer, 155-mm, Model 1918, 167
Howitzer, Definition of, 13
Hydroline Oil, Use of, 239

Independent Angle of Site, 111

Initial Velocity, Definition of, 13
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Lanterns, 242
Lavaline, Use of, 238
Leather, Care of, 249
Light Gun and Howitzer, Discussion, 48
Light Slushing Oil, Use of, 237
Limber, Definition of, 14
Limber, 3-inch Gun (Caisson), 72
Line Sights, 258
Louis XIV, Reference to, 20
Liquid Pumps for 155-mm Howitzer, 189
Lubricating Oil, Use of, 236
Lye Powdered, Use of, 238

Machine Gun, Browning, 324

Machine Guns, Use of, 321
Marks on Ammunition, 233
Materiel, Definition of, 14
Medium Gun and Howitzer, 55
Metal, Care of, 252
Modern Armament Discussion, 46
Monocord Switchboard, 288
Motors, 328
Mortar, Definition of, 14
Motorization, 50
Muzzle, Definition of, 14
Muzzle Velocity, Definition of, 14
Naphthaline, use of, 238
Neats-foot Oil, Use of, 237
Nitrogen Compounds, 203

Observing Instruments, 270

Obturation, 204
Ogive, Definition of, 14
Ordnance, Definition of, 14
Outer Cylinders, Discussion of, 31

Paint, Rubberine, 238

Panels, Signalling, 305
Panoramic Sight, Model 1917, 260
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Paulins, 242
Percussion Primers, 208
Petrolatum, 237
Picket Ropes, 242
Piece, Definition of, 14
Pistol, Automatic, 315
Polish, Gibson’s Soap, 238
Powder Bags, 206
Preparation for Gunners Examinations, 349
Pressure Gauge, 155-mm Howitzer, 192
Primers, 206
Primer, Brown Enamel, 238
Primer, Definition of, 14
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Projectile, Definition of, 14
Projectile, Shape and Nomenclature, 209
Projectors, Signalling, 298
Propelling Charges, 201
Pumps, Air and Liquid, 189

Quadrant, Gunners, Definition of, 14

Quadrant, Range 3-inch Gun, 265
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Radio, SCR 54 and 54a, 307

Railway Artillery, Discussion, 60
Range Finder, 278
Range Quadrant 3-inch Gun, 265
Recoil Mechanism, Definition of, 14
Recoil Mechanism, Discussion, 39
Recoil Mechanism, 3-inch Gun, 68
Recoil Mechanism, American 75, 120
Recoil Mechanism, British 75, 150
Recoil Mechanism, French 75, 99
Recoil Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Recoil Mechanism, G. P. F., 162
Recoil Mechanism, 155-mm Howitzer, 182
Reconnaissance Car, 328
Regulations for Gunners’ Examinations, 352
Rifle, Definitions of, 14
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Rounds, Definition of, 15
Runners, 285

Sal Soda, 239

Schedule, Cleaning, 254
Semi-fixed Ammunition, 204
Semaphore, 306
Separate Ammunition, 204
Shell, Definition of, 15
Shell Fillers, 201
Shields, Discussion of, 43
Shrapnel, Definition of, 15
Sights, 258
Sights, Care of and Inspection, 267
Sights, Discussion of, 43
Sights, Front and Rear, 258
Sights, Line, 258
Sights, Panoramic, 260
Signals, Conventional, 301
Signal Equipment, 285
Small Arms, 315
Soap H and H, 239
Soap, Castile, 239
Soap, Saddle, 239
Spades, American 75-mm, 114
Spare Parts 3-inch Gun, 240
Sperm Oil, Use of, 237
Swabbing Solution, 239
Switchboard, Monocord, 288

Table of Equivalents, 371

Table of Explosives, 202
Table of Fuzes, 232
Telephone, Camp, 286
Telephone Faults, 295
Telescope, B. C. Models, 1915 and 1917, 270
Tools and Accessories 3-inch Gun, 239
Training Gun Crews, 364
Trail, 3-inch Gun, 66
Trail, American 75, 114
Trail, British 75, 150
Trail, 4.7-inch Gun, 157
Trail, G. P. F. Gun, 165
Trails, Definition of, 15
Trails, Discussion of, 45
Traversing Mechanism 3-inch Gun, 66
Traversing Mechanism, American 75, 133
Traversing Mechanism, British 75, 153
Traversing Mechanism, 4.7-inch Gun, 156
Traversing Mechanism, G. P. F., 165
Traversing Mechanism, 155 Howitzer, 187
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Traversing Mechanisms, Discussion of, 36
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Vacuum Tube Detector, 311

Vaseline, 237
Variable Recoil, American 75, 126

Weights and Dimensions 3-inch Gun, 62

Weights and Dimensions 4.7-inch Gun, 154
Weights and Dimensions American 75, 105
Weights and Dimensions British 75, 147
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Wheels, Discussions of, 44
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Wig-Wag, 306
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 Transcriber’s Notes
pg 8 Changed: Harley-Davidson motorcicles
to: Harley-Davidson motorcycles
pg 9 Changed: Gun Carriage, Ear View
to: Gun Carriage, Rear View
pg 23 Changed: which could best be handled to manuever
to: which could best be handled to maneuver
pg 24 Changed: we fined the now famous long range
to: we find the now famous long range
pg 34 Changed: If the guns were rigidily attached
to: If the guns were rigidly attached
pg 35 Changed: The leverages with which the overturning
to: The leverage with which the overturning
pg 46 Changed: little more than phyrric victories
to: little more than pyrrhic victories
pg 57 Changed: and the concensus of opinion
to: and the consensus of opinion
pg 63 Changed: Breezh recess.
to: Breech recess.
pg 100 Changed: (2) The diaphram with its hollow rod
to: (2) The diaphragm with its hollow rod
pg 100 Changed: may communi?ate freely with the air
to: may communicate freely with the air
pg 101 Changed: Canoneer Dismountings.
to: Cannoneer Dismountings.
pg 110 Changed: forced over horiztonal shoulders
to: forced over horizontal shoulders
pg 124 Changed: (b) Flood slides with oil,
to: (c) Flood slides with oil,
pg 131 Changed: by means of the elevating haulwheel
to: by means of the elevating handwheel
pg 135 Changed: Remove lower splint pin
to: Remove lower split pin
pg 194 Changed: which the levling mechanism is operated
to: which the leveling mechanism is operated
pg 217 Changed: The shell is always issued filled and fuxed
to: The shell is always issued filled and fuzed
pg 232 Changed: Will be abanonded by French
to: Will be abandoned by French
pg 236 Changed: materiel may funtion easily
to: materiel may function easily
pg 239 Changed: Water, 4 oz. or 1/4 pnt
to: Water, 4 oz. or 1/4 pint
pg 245 Changed: results from firing of two two kinds
to: results from firing of two kinds
pg 250 Changed: have been in contact with meta
to: have been in contact with metal
pg 269 Changed: for the same angle of site (roughtly estimated
to: for the same angle of site (roughly estimated
pg 272 Changed: To set up the tesescope.
to: To set up the telescope.
pg 272 Changed: and sphercial aberration
to: and spherical aberration
pg 276 Changed: is set up and horiontal
to: is set up and horizontal
pg 276 Changed: turn the teslecope until
to: turn the telescope until
pg 278 Changed: Substracting one reading from the other
to: Subtracting one reading from the other
pg 280 Changed: and the verticle spindle
to: and the vertical spindle
pg 285 Changed: reliable means of communition
to: reliable means of communication
pg 289 Changed: connecting by independant wires
to: connecting by independent wires
pg 291 Changed: pivot at one to press against the shutter
to: pivot at one end to press against the shutter
pg 292 Changed: tip spring and the anvil are then contact
to: tip spring and the anvil are then in contact
pg 292 Changed: equipment also inculdes a night bell
to: equipment also includes a night bell
pg 297 Changed: station instrument will be imparied
to: station instrument will be impaired
pg 298 Changed: particularily in an advance
to: particularly in an advance
pg 303 Changed: The Very pistol cartrdiges
to: The Very pistol cartridges
pg 309 Changed: adjust the crustal detector
to: adjust the crystal detector
pg 312 Changed: kept in a clean contion
to: kept in a clean condition
pg 313 Changed: Scratching noises in the telepone
to: Scratching noises in the telephone
pg 314 Changed: evidenced by the fact that the condeser
to: evidenced by the fact that the condenser
pg 323 Changed: differs from those generaly built
to: differs from those generally built
pg 336 Changed: differing only in certin details
to: differing only in certain details
pg 341 Changed: may again be applied graually
to: may again be applied gradually
pg 354 Changed: maximum given in the appropropriate
to: maximum given in the appropriate
pg 361 Changed: completion of sweeping voley
to: completion of sweeping volley
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