ebffiledoc_317Download textbook Microporous And Other Framework Materials With Zeolite Type Structures Zeolite Type Crystal Structures And Their Chemistry 25 New Framework Type Codes And Supplements For Vols B To G 1St Edition W H ebook all chapter pdf

Microporous and other Framework
Materials with Zeolite Type Structures

Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and
their Chemistry 25 New Framework
Type Codes and Supplements for Vols
B to G 1st Edition W. H. Baur
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/microporous-and-other-framework-materials-with-zeol
ite-type-structures-zeolite-type-crystal-structures-and-their-chemistry-25-new-framew
ork-type-codes-and-supplements-for-vols-b-to-g-1st-edition-w-h/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry 41

New Framework Type Codes 1st Edition R. X. Fischer
https://textbookfull.com/product/zeolite-type-crystal-structures-
and-their-chemistry-41-new-framework-type-codes-1st-edition-r-x-
fischer/
Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry

Framework Type Codes STO to ZON 1st Edition R. X.
Fischer
https://textbookfull.com/product/zeolite-type-crystal-structures-
and-their-chemistry-framework-type-codes-sto-to-zon-1st-edition-
r-x-fischer/
The Diabetes Handbook: Understand and Manage Type 1 and

Type 2 Diabetes Rosemary Walker
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-diabetes-handbook-
understand-and-manage-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes-rosemary-walker/
Pro .NET Framework with the Base Class Library:

Understanding the Virtual Execution System and the
Common Type System Roger Villela
https://textbookfull.com/product/pro-net-framework-with-the-base-
class-library-understanding-the-virtual-execution-system-and-the-
common-type-system-roger-villela/
Zeolites and Zeolite-Like Materials 1st Edition Bert
Sels
https://textbookfull.com/product/zeolites-and-zeolite-like-
materials-1st-edition-bert-sels/
Type-driven Development with Idris 1st Edition Edwin

Brady
https://textbookfull.com/product/type-driven-development-with-
idris-1st-edition-edwin-brady/
Type 1 diabetes 2nd Edition Levy
https://textbookfull.com/product/type-1-diabetes-2nd-edition-
levy/
Designing Type 2nd Edition Karen Cheng
https://textbookfull.com/product/designing-type-2nd-edition-
karen-cheng/
Thinking with Types Type level Programming in Haskell

Sandy Maguire
https://textbookfull.com/product/thinking-with-types-type-level-
programming-in-haskell-sandy-maguire/
New
Series
Numerical Data
and Functional Relationships
in Science and Technology
GROUP IV VOLUME 14
Physical
Chemistry Microporous and
other Framework
Materials with
Zeolite-Type Structures
SUBVOLUME H
Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their

Chemistry. 25 New Framework Type Codes
and Supplements for Vols. B to G
MATERIALS.SPRINGER.COM
123
Landolt-Bo€rnstein: Numerical Data and Functional
Relationships in Science and Technology – New Series
Group IV: Physical Chemistry
Volume 14H
Landolt-B€ornstein
Numerical Data and Functional Relationships
in Science and Technology
New Series
Units and Fundamental Constants in Physics and Chemistry
Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms (Group I)

(Formerly: Nuclear and Particle Physics)
Molecules and Radicals (Group II)

(Formerly: Atomic and Molecular Physics)
Condensed Matter (Group III)

(Formerly: Solid State Physics)
Physical Chemistry (Group IV)

(Formerly: Macroscopic Properties of Matter)
Geophysics (Group V)
Astronomy and Astrophysics (Group VI)
Biophysics (Group VII)
Advanced Materials and Technologies (Group VIII)
Some of the group names have been changed to provide a better description of their contents.
W. H. Baur • R. X. Fischer
Editors and Authors
Microporous and other Framework

Materials with Zeolite-Type
Structures
Subvolume H
Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry.

25 New Framework Type Codes and Supplements for
Vols. B to G
Editors and Authors
W. H. Baur R. X. Fischer
Western Springs Fachbereich Geowissenschaften
IL, USA Universität Bremen
Bremen, Germany
ISSN 1615-2018 ISSN 2522-0810 (electronic)

ISBN 978-3-662-54251-4 ISBN 978-3-662-54252-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54252-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937656
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and
accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany
The registered company address is : Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany
Preface
We began about a quarter century ago to work on a systematic presentation of the standardized crystal
structures and the chemistry of zeolite-type materials. At the time the revised third edition of the Atlas of
Zeolite Structure Types (W.M. Meier & D. H. Olson, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1992) listed 85
different zeolite framework types. We estimated then that about 1,000 individual crystal structure deter-
minations of zeolites had been published so far and we believed we could put all that into one volume.
When we published subvolume B of this series about eight years later (W. H. Baur & R. X. Fischer,
Landolt-B€ ornstein, Group IV, Physical Chemistry, Volume 14, Subvolume B, Springer, Berlin, 2000) we
estimated that about 1,800 individual sets of crystal structure data of zeolites were known. The revised
fourth edition of the “Atlas” listed already in 1996 a total of 98 types and the coming fifth edition of 2001
was to present 133 framework types. We wrote in the preface of our Subvolume B: “We hope to finish the
following volumes speedily”. Well, it did not work out that way. By now it is almost 17 years later, and
herewith we are presenting subvolume H of this series and we hope we have caught up. The “Atlas” is now
online and lists 232 framework type codes (Ch. Baerlocher and L.B. McCusker, Database of Zeolite
Structures http://www.iza-structure.org/databases/, accessed December 4th, 2016). We know now of
approximately 6,700 crystal structure descriptions of zeolites, most of which are contained in Subvolume
B through to the present Subvolume H. Together with Subvolume A, written by J. V. Smith, we have now
published eight Landolt-B€ornstein zeolite volumes. Apparently the field of structural zeolite studies is
blossoming.
With the present last volume of the series we have covered 231 of the 232 codes with full descriptions of
the framework topology, symmetry relationships, and the chemical compositions and crystal structures of
the type materials. Code ETL was approved too late to be included by us in an own chapter in the present
volume but is described in the supplements of standardized entries. Subvolume H contains now all 26 codes
approved since Subvolume G went to press three years ago. In addition we present here the additional data
on zeolite-type crystal structures of the preexisting 206 codes covered previously in Subvolumes B through
F and having been published since then. Most of the crystal structure data of that literature have been
standardized in the same way as in the previous volumes and the Bärnighausen trees have been updated if
additional space groups were encountered in the newly added structure determinations. Pertinent data are
given in additional tables for zeolite crystal structures which were not standardized yet when this volume
went to press.
Finally, we want to acknowledge the help of all people in our zeolite research, especially Gabriele Ebert
for her assistance in obtaining the literature and Johannes Birkenstock and Thomas Messner for their
support in the data handling. We thank Antje Endemann and Michael Klinge from the Springer editorial
office for their competent support in producing this volume and Lynne McCusker and Christian Baerlocher
from the ETH Zürich for their gracious help in supplying additional information when needed by us for this
volume. We also thank all those authors who over the years responded to our queries for clarifications
regarding various points in their original publications.
Western Springs /Bremen Werner H Baur

December 2016 Reinhard X. Fischer
v
Contents
Crystal structure and chemical composition for zeolite-type frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFV
type zeolite framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AVL
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CSV
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EEI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EWT
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IFO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IFU
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IFW
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IFY
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IRN
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IRY
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ITG
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ITN
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ITT
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with JNT
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with JSR
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MWF
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with OKO
vii
viii General Introduction
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with POS

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with PSI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with SEW
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with SFW
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with SSO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with SVV
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with UOV
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ABW
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ACO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AEI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AEL
type zeolite frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AET
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFG
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFN
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFR
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFS
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFT
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFX
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AFY
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ANA
Contents ix
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with APD

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AST
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ATS
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ATT
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AWO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with AWW
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with BEA
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with BIK
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with BOG
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with BRE
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CAN
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CAS
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CFI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CGF
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CGS
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CHA
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CHI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CLO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CON
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with CZP
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with DDR
x General Introduction
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with DOH

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with DON
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EAB
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EDI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EPI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ERI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ETL
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with EUO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with FAU
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with FER
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with GIS
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with GME
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with GON
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with GOO
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with HEU
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with IFR
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with ISV
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with JST
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LAU
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LEV
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LOS
Contents xi
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LTA

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LTL
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MAZ
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MEI
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MEL
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MEP
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MER
Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with MFI
Crystal structure and chemical composition for the list of compounds and minerals . . . . . . . . 506
Index of all 232 framework type codes (FTC) described or amended in
volumes B through H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Crystal structure and chemical composition for zeolite-type
frameworks
Introduction
1 General remarks
This is the last volume in the series of Microporous and other Framework Materials with Zeolite-Type
Structures. It covers 26 framework-type codes (FTC) approved by the Structure Commission of the
International Zeolite Association since volume G [2014Fis1] went to press. The trend of new framework
types shown in Fig. 1.1 of volume G continues steadily with 7 new codes in 2013 (IFO, ITT, JSR, OKO,
SEW, SFW, SVV), 12 in 2014 (AFY, AVL, EEI, IFW, IFY, IRN, ‐IRY, ITG, *-ITN, POS, *-SSO, UOV),
and 6 in 2015 (CSV, *-EWT, ‐IFU, JNT, MWF, PSI) with hyphens indicating interrupted frameworks and
asterisks describing polytypic frameworks. Together with one code assigned in 2016 (ETL) and already
released in [2016Bae1] there are now 232 different framework topologies describing zeolite-type crystal
structures. ETL was approved too late for being included in a full chapter in this volume but it is listed in the
chapter on standardized entries. The complete list of FTC’s approved since 1978 together with the name of
the type material and the corresponding volume in this Landolt B€ornstein series is listed in Table 1.1 in
volume G [2014Fis1]. In addition to the new chapters more than 2,000 new entries are compiled in this
volume H which have been published since the respective volumes went to press including all entries
until 2015.
As described in chapter 1 of the introduction in volume B [2000Bau1], all crystal structure entries have
been checked for their internal and external consistency. Misprints in the original literature were corrected,
partly after correspondence with the authors, and partly to the best of our knowledge, especially if
typographical errors were obvious, or in all those cases where the authors either did not respond to our
inquiries or could not resolve the problem.
The main source for generating the entries in in this volume is our databank ZeoBase [2010Bau1, 2016Bau1]
which currently contains as of 2016 more than 7,000 entries of crystal structures of zeolite-type compounds.
The ZeoBase suite of programs is used to calculate histograms and XY-plots presented in chapters with
a sufficient number of entries to analyze crystal-chemical relationships. Crystal-structure representations,
especially those used for the building schemes in chapters FTC.1, are drawn with the program STRUPLO
[2013Fis1] also used together with the program SADIAN [91Bau1] to calculate distances and angles in
chapters FTC.3.
Errors found by us in volumes A to G or communicated to us before this volume went to press are listed
under Errata at the end of this volume.
2 Systematics, descriptions, and definitions

2.1 Concept
The main concept of the description and representation of the crystal structures is based on the group-
subgroup relationships of the symmetries within a group of frameworks with the same topology, i.e., having
the same framework-type code (FTC). Therefore, all crystal structures can be derived from their highest
possible topological symmetry designated as the aristotype structure. As explained in the corresponding
chapter in volume E [2009Fis1], the atomic coordinates of the frameworks of the aristotypes are calcualted
by DLS [76Bae1] procedures based on an ideal framework of SiO4 tetrahedra using the coordinates
provided on the IZA homepage [2016Bae1] in cif format as starting parameters. All symmetry derivations
done by us are based – and rely on – the determination of the aristotype space group by [2016Bae1] without
which our standardization concept (see chapter 3 of the introduction in volume B, and [2004Fis1],
[2004Bau1]) could not be applied as conveniently as done here and in our database. However, the setting
of the space group used here might differ from the setting chosen in [2016Bae1] to conform to the setting of
Landolt‐B€
ornstein https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54252-1_1
New Series IV/14H © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017
2 Crystal structure and chemical composition for zeolite-type frameworks
the type material as explained in more detail in the corresponding chapter 2.1.1 in volume G [2014Fis1]. In
volume H we are listing the chemical compositions of frameworks derived from DLS calculations as TxOy
where T represents a tetrahedrally coordinated atom. The y/x ratio can deviate from 2 for interrupted
frameworks. Atomic parameters from theoretical calculations are listed only when there are other entries of
minerals or synthetic compounds present as well in the respective space group.
2.2 Minerals with zeolite-type frameworks

A comprehensive overview of zeolite minerals and their descriptions is given in chapter 2.2 in volume G
[2014Fis1]. Here, we just list the new entries in Table 2.2.1 found since volume G went to press.
Mineral names in Tables FTC.2.1 are given in square brackets when the minerals were modified by
dehydration, calcination, cation exchange, or any other treatment causing modifications in the crystal
structures. The mineral name refers to the original species even though its chemical composition might be
changed by cation exchange, thermal or acid treatment. The names are given in parentheses if it is a
synthetic analogue to the mineral species.
Table 2.2.1 Selected entries of minerals with framework type codes ABW to ZON.
mineral name chemical composition space group FD entry code REF
balliranoite Ca2.53K0.73Na4.7 Al5.98Si6.02O24 0.82CO3 P63 16.1 CAN2010a01 2010Chu1
Cl2.34 0.27SO4 0.12H2O
carbobystrite Na14.80K0.76 Al12.08Si12.04O48 2CO3 7H2O P31c 16.7 LOS2010a01 2010Kho1
erionite-Na Na5.38K1.99Mg0.24 Al7.66Si28.34O72.09 29.83H2O P63/mmc 15.8 ERI2013b01 2013Cam1
heulandite-Ba Ba2.49Ca1.41Sr0.30K0.37Na0.33 Al8.96Si27.00O72 C12/m1 19.0 HEU2005a01 2005Lar1
21.75H2O
heulandite-Sr Ca2.20Sr1.90Ba0.10Na0.53K0.29 Al9.35Si26.68O72 C1m1 17.1 HEU2010a01 2010Sac1
19.74H2O
3 List of abbreviations
Just the abbreviations occurring in the text are listed. Further codes appearing in the Tables are explained in
the corresponding chapters 8 to 15 of the introduction to volume B [2000Bau1].
[Please refer to the end of the document for Symbols and abbreviations]
4 Polyhedral units
The concept of polyhedral building units is described in detail in chapter 4 of volume G [2014Fis1]. This
chapter also contained cross references for unit designations used in [2007Bae1, 2013Bae1] but replaced in
recent versions of the IZA website by designations introduced in volume A [2000Smi1] and extensively
extended in [2007Bla1, 2010Anu1, 2016Anu1].
Tables 4.1 and 4.2 contain the complete set of units defined by [2000Smi1, 2010Anu1, 2013Bla1,
2016Anu1]. Thus, they are replacing Tables 16.3.1 and 16.3.2 in volume A [2000Smi1] and Tables 4.3 and
4.4 in volume G [2014Fis1] of this series. However, for descriptions of the units defined by Smith we refer
to the comments given in Table 16.3.2 in [2000Smi1]. This table also contains some units found in
nonzeolitic nets. These units together with units replaced by natural building units are labeled with a
prime in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
The face symbols consist of numbers representing the ring sizes of symmetrically independent faces in
increasing order with their multiplicities as superscripts. Following Smith’s [2000Smi1] concept, the ‘face
symbol lists the order (number of edges ¼ number of vertices) of each topologically-distinct set of faces,
with the multiplicity (number of faces) as superscript. The face need not be a planar or regular polygon.
Each face symbol is arranged in increasing order of polygon type, and then in decreasing order of
multiplicity.’ Thus, this differs from [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1] who are using the short form of the face
symbol. For further explanation see chapter 4 in [2014Fis1].
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54252-1_1 Landolt‐B€ornstein
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 New Series IV/14H
Crystal structure and chemical composition for zeolite-type frameworks 3
Table 4.1 Polyhedral units in alphabetic order. Units with a prime are listed in [2000Smi1] but do not correspond to NBU’s as
defined in [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1]. An asterisk indicates units defined in [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1] not listed in [2000Smi1].
label face symbol point group occurrence
aen* 416262818181 m AEN
afe 4124686122 32 AFS,AFY
afi 6362 62m AEL,AET,AFI,AFO,ATV,DON,
MRE,PSI,SAF,SFH,VFI
afo 4663 62m AFS,BPH,EZT
afr 444442646282122 mm2 AFR
afs’ subunit of, e.g., aww*,bph, 42416281 mm2 see, e.g., aww*, bph, mse-1*
mse-1*
aft 464643628683 62m AFT,AFX
2 3
ana* 68 62m ANA
apc’ formed by 2 kdm 44424242626284 2/m observed, e.g., in APC
apf 66122 6/mmm AFI,SAF,STO
asv* 64122 4/mmm ASV
ato* 63122 62m ATO,CAN,DFO,LTF,MOZ,
NPO,OFF
ats* 446261122 mm2 ATS
avl* 434343436361618383 3m AVL
awo* 4241414141416261618281 m AWO
aww 444264 42m AWW,SAO
baf” 42426261 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
bal* 42102 mmm BOG,CON,ITG,IWR,IWW,
LAU,RON,TER,UOV
bbo* 42124 4/mmm BEC,ISV
bbr* 62102 mm2 MTT,PON
bco* 4182 mm2 GOO,JNT,LTJ
bcp* 62102 mmm ITG,MVY,PCR,SZR,UWY
bea-1* 4152122 mm2 BEA,CON
bea-2* 52122121 mm2 BEA
ber 6662 6/mmm MSO,SSF
bet 42415252 mm2 BEA,ITN,MSE,STT
bik* 526282 mm2 BIK,MFS,NSI
bof* 4241526261101101 m BOF
bog’ formed by 2 kah and 1 lov 4264 mmm observed, e.g., in AEL,AET,AFI,
AFO,AHT,ATV,BOG,CGF,
DFO,DFT,LAU,SAF,STO,TER,
USI,VFI
bog-1* 6261102 mm2 BOG,MFI,SFS,TER
bog-2* 425252122 mm2 BOG
bog-3* 42414162102122 mm2 BOG
boz-1* 343241628282 mm2 BOZ
boz-2* 31085102 102m BOZ
bpa 412468383122 62m BPH
bph 46434366122 62m AFS,BPH
bre* 424252526281818181 m BRE
bru 4254 mmm BOG,BRE,CON,HEU,ITG,IWR,
IWW,RRO,STI,TER,UOV
bto-z* 102122 mmm RON
cai* 4552 102m SFG
(continued)
Landolt‐B€
Table 4.1 (continued)

can 466362 62m AFG,CAN,ERI,FAR,FRA,GIU,
LIO,LOS,LTL,LTN,MAR,MOZ,
OFF,SAT,SBS,SBT,TOL,WEN
cas* 54626182 mm2 CAS
cdo* 545252528282 mm2 CDO
cfi-1* 42545262 mm2 CFI
cfi-2* 6262142 mm2 CFI
cgf-1* 446482102 2/m CGF
cgf-2* 444444648282 2/m CGF
cgs* 42424242424141616182101101 m CGS
cha 46466286 32 AFT,AFV,CHA
chi* 4252626192102 2 CHI
cla’ 4258 82m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
clb’ 565663 62m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
cle 4454 42m ITE,RTH,UFI
clf ’ 43535353616173 3m1 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
clo-1* 4468202 4/mmm CLO
clo-2* 448632206 4/m 32/m CLO
con* 415262102122 mm2 CON
cor* 4162 mm2 AEN,CHI,GOO,IFO,JNT,JRY,
JSW,LTJ,MVY,PAR,PON
csv-1* 424252 mm2 CSV
csv-2* 424242425252626262 6282102 1 CSV
ctn-e* 3283 62m VNI
6
cub 4 4/m 3 2/m ACO,AFY,AST,ASV,BEC,CLO,
DFO,IFU,IFY,IRN,IRR,IRY,
ISV,ITG,ITH,ITR,ITT,ITV,
ITW,IWR,IWS,IWV,IWW,LTA,
POS,SOF,STW,SVV,UFI,UOS,
UOV,UOZ,UTL,UWY
czp-1* 4282 mm2 CZP
czp-2* 42122 mm2 CZP
czp-3* 414182122 mm2 CZP
dac-1* 54102 mmm DAC,FER,ITG,MWW,UWY
dac-2* 5482102 mmm DAC,FER,PCR
dah 42545482 mmm DAC,EON,MOR
des’ formed by 2 kzd 44 42m observed, e.g., in EDI,NAT,THO
det 43535361 3m1 DDR,IFU,IRY
dma* 62142 mmm SFN
dmp* 6182 mm2 AFN,CAS,ETL,IWW,JNT,LIT,
LTJ,SBE,SBS,SBT,SOS,UOV,
WEN
doh 5126662 6/mmm DOH
don* 4241526261 mm2 DON,STO
doo 435663 62m DOH
dtr 435653536183 3m1 DDR
due’ 3276 32 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
(continued)

dum’ 3276 32 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
eab 4643666283 62m EAB
eei-1* 585482 mmm EEI
eei-2* 585468686482 mmm EEI
eni 41266122 6/mmm DFO
eon-1* 4441525252122 mm2 EON
eon-2* 424252525281122 mm2 EON
eri 4646636286 62m ERI
etl-1* 5452618281 mm2 ETL
etl-2* 41545252828281 mm2 ETL
etn 67142 62m AET,DON
etr-1* 46464383182 3m ETR
etr-2* 46464343436363616183 3m ETR
eun’ formed by 2 pes 5462 2/m observed, e.g., in BOG,CAS,CFI,
EUO,GON,IHW,IMF,IWV,MFI,
MFS,MTW,NES,NSI,PCR,SFF,
SFH,SFN,SFS,STF,STT,TER,
TUN,UTL,VET
euo 4152 mm2 EUO,IWV,MON,MWW,NES,
RSN,VNI,VSV
euo-1* 5454545252646462102 mm2 EUO
evh 4124661286122 6/mmm DFO
ewt-1* 425252 2 EWT
ewt-2* 56103 6 EWT
ewt-3* 43435151515151515151 51 3 EWT
51103211211
ezt-1* 42122 mm2 EZT
ezt-2* 4282122 mm2 EZT
fau 4124664124 43m FAU
fer* 5854546282 mmm FER,PCR
fni’ 666363 62m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
fny* 4646122 62m DFO,SBS,SBT
frr’ subunit of, e.g., fer* 58646282 mmm see, e.g., fer*
fry* 4284102 mmm SZR
fsi’ 42646262 2/m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
ftt 4264102 mmm DFO,ITH,ITR,SFG,USI,UWY
fup* 444444648482 4mm SAV
fvw* 4254122 mmm BEC,ISV,ITG,IWR,IWW,UOV
gie-1* 44122 4/mmm BSV
gie-2* 4362123 62m BSV
giu* 466666666362 62m GIU
gme 46436283 62m AFT,AFX,AVL,EAB,EON,
GME,LTF,MAZ,OFF,SFW
gon* 6462122 mmm GON
goo* 4262828282 2 GOO
gos’ 424162 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

grc 4126886 4/m32/m CLO,KFI,LTA,LTN,MWF,PAU,
RHO,TSC,UFI
gsm 444284 42m ATT,GIS,MWF,PAU,SIV
hes 64 43m JBW,MTT,MTW,SFE,SFN,
SSO,SSY,TON
heu-1* 545482102 2/m HEU
heu-2* 444454548282 2/m HEU
hpr 4662 6/mmm AEI,AFT,AFV,AFX,AVL,CHA,
EAB,EMT,ERI,FAU,GME,JSR,
KFI,LEV,LTL,LTN,MOZ,MSO,
MWW,OFF,SAS,SAT,SAV,
SBS,SBT,SFW,SSF,SZR,TSC,
WEN
hsp’ subunit of, e.g., cfi-1* 42526262 mm2 see, e.g., cfi-1*
iet’ subunit of several NBU’s 4361 3m1 see, e.g., afo,cub,krs,kuo,mei,ohc,
sti, wgh*
ifo-1* 61162 mm2 IFO
ifo-2* 6262162 mm2 IFO
ifr* 4241526261121121 m IFR
ifu-1* 44425482 mmm IFU
ifu-2* 142202 mmm IFU
ifu-3* 4254201201 mm21) IFU
ifu-4* 4264122202 mmm IFU
ifu-5* 4844585482122142 mmm IFU
ifw-1* 424152515161 m IFW
ifw-2* 4444545464626284102 2/m IFW
ify* 44444468828282 mmm IFY
ihw* 5454545252646484 2/m IHW
imf-1* 4262102101 mm2 IMF
imf-2* 546261102101 mm2 IMF
imf-3* 54525262 mm2 IMF
imf-4* 545252102 mm2 IMF
imf-5* 546261102102 mm2 IMF
imf-6* 546262102 mm2 IMF
imf-7* 546262 mmm IMF,MRE,STO
irn-1* 44446474 mmm IRN
irn-2* 4444546462627281101 mm2 IRN
irr-1* 3243 62m IRR,IRY
irr-2* 4458122 4/mmm IRR
irr-3* 4666182 6/mmm IRR,ITT
irr-4* 126182 6/mmm IRR
iry-1* 152163 62m IRY
iry-2* 4656152 3m IRY
6 3 6 6 2 3
iry-3* 4 4 5 5 6 16 62m IRY
isv* 4252122121 mm2 ISV
itg* 42545462102102 2/m ITG,ITN
ith-1* 52525292 mm2 ITH,ITR
ith-2* 4192102101 mm2 ITH
ith-3* 415262102101 mm2 ITH
itn-1* 52122 mm2 ITN
itn-2* 62122 mm2 ITN
(continued)

itn-3* 52101122 mm2 ITN
itn-4* 5252122 mm2 ITN
itn-5* 52102122 mm2 ITN
itp’ 324162 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
itq’ 444254546262828281 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks1)
itr* 41516191102101 m ITR
itt* 106182 6/mmm ITT
itw* 4242546484 mmm ITW
iwr* 424264104122 mmm ITG,IWR,IWW,UOV
iws-1* 42415262122 mm2 IWS
iws-2* 4252122122 mm2 IWS
iwv* 4242585854546464124 mmm IWV
iww-1* 42526261 mm2 ITG,IWW
iww-2* 415151515182 m IWW
iww-3* 4141525282101101101 m IWW
jnt-1* 83 62m JNT
jnt-2* 4482 2/m JNT
jnt-3* 626262628282 1 JNT
joz* 3232428281818181 m JOZ
jry-1* 61102 mm2 JRY
jry-2* 62102 mm2 JRY,UOS
jsn* 42424262628282 1 JSN
jsr* 333333334362113113 3 JSR
jst-1* 333161103 3m JST
jst-2* 3632106 3m JST
jsw* 42424262626262626282 1 JSW
kaa 6282 mmm APD,ATN,BCT,DFT,GON,
LOV,LTL,MEL,MOZ,OWE,
PAR,RSN,SFV
kab‘formed by 1 lau and 2 kah 426462 mmm observed, e.g., in ATO,CON,
DFO,EZT,TH,ITR,ITV,IWR,
IWS,LAU,OSI,TUN,UWY
kah 63 62m AEL,AEN,AET,AFI,AFO,AHT,
APD,ATO,ATS,ATV,BOF,
BOG,CGF,CHI,CON,DFO,
DON,EZT,IFO,IMF,IRR,ITG,
ITH,ITR,ITT,ITV,IWR,IWS,
IWW,JRY,LAU,MEL,MFI,
MRE,MSO,MVY,MWW,OSI,
POS,PSI,RWR,SAF,SEW,SFG,
SFH,SFS,SFV,SSF,STO,TER,
TUN,UOV,USI,UWY,VFI
kaj 528281 mm2 EON,LTF,MAZ,MON,MOR,
RSN,VSV
kal‘ subunit of, e.g., rwr* 41628281 mm2 see, e.g., rwr*
kam‘ formed by 1 kdt and 2 dmp* 426282 mm2
kaq‘ subunit of, e.g., awo*,sto-1* 41626181 m see, e.g., awo*,sto-1*
kdi’ formed by 1 knv‘and 2 kaq’ 4141414162626261616161 m
kdj’ formed by 1 kaq‘and 1 kdq 4141416262616181 m
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

kdk 415282 mm2 ETL,ITW,MFS,SFV,SZR,UOS,
YUG
kdl 4161618281 m APD
kdm 4241414161618281 m APC
kdn‘ subunit of, e.g., ygr 425281 mm2 see, e.g., ygr
kdo’ formed by 2 kdk and a 4254626182 mm2
subunit of bik*
kdp’ 4261616172 m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
kdq 426282 mm2 ABW,ATT,JBW,LIT
kdr 4264104 42m MEL,SFV
kds 4282 mmm ANA,JNT,JSW,NAT,THO
kdt 4282 mm2 AFN,EDI,SBE,SBS,SBT,SOS,
THO
kdu‘formed by 1 kaa, 2 kah, 2 lov 446482 mmm observed, e.g., in APD
kdw’ formed by 2 euo 54 42m observed, e.g., in EUO,IWV,
MON,NES
kdx‘ formed by 2 pes and 1 hes 546262 mm2 observed, e.g., in MTT,TON
kdy’ formed by 2 kaj 5484 42m observed, e.g. in MON
kjr’ 4284 mmm observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
klf ’ formed by 2 krs 4444446282 2/m observed, e.g., in AFN
knn’ subunit of, e.g., can,kdq,ocn 4262101 mm2 see, e.g., can,kdq,ocn
kno 4383122 62m DFO,GME,LTF,MOZ,OFF
knp‘ subunit of, e.g., bik*,bog-1* 6261101 mm2 see, e.g., bik*,bog-1*
knq’ 425461101 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
knr’ subunit of, e.g., can 446261101 mm2 see, e.g., can
kns’ 5462102 2/m observed, e.g., in MFI
knt’ subunit of, e.g., det,doo,dtr, 5391 3m see, e.g., det,doo,dtr, heu-1*,mla,
heu-1*,mla,mtn,non,pen,red,sgt mtn, non,pen,red,sgt
knu’ formed by 2 dmp* and 2 kdt 446282 2/m observed, e.g., in AFN,SBE,SBS,
SOS
knv’ formed by 2 dmp* and 1 kdq 42626282 mm2
knw’ subunit of, e.g., giu*,lio, los, 4164121 4mm see, e.g., giu*,lio,los,toc,trd,znl,
toc,trd,znl,uoz* uoz*
knx’ subunit of, e.g., clo-2*, eab, 436361121 3m1 see, e.g., clo-2*,eab,giu*,lev,lio,
giu*,lev,lio,los,toc los,toc
kny’ subunit of, e.g., dtr,mla,mtn, 5661121 6mm see, e.g., dtr,mla,mtn,mww-1*
mww-1*
knz’ subunit of, e.g., det 43536191 3m1 see, e.g., det
koa’ subunit of, e.g., cdo*, dah, 526181 mm2 see, e.g., cdo*, dah,don*,fer*,
don*,fer*,imf-5*,imf-6*, imf-7*, imf-5*, imf-6*,imf-7*,mel-2*,
mel-2*,mfs-2*,mse-2*, pen,rwr*, mfs-2*,mse-2*, pen,rwr*,sfs-1*,
sfs-1*,sfs-4*,sfv-3*, sto-2*,tun- sfs-4*,sfv-3*,sto-2*,tun-1*,tun-
1*,tun-3*,tun-4*, tun-5*,utl-4* 3*,tun-4*,tun-5*,utl-4*
kob’ subunit of, e.g., red 5551101 5m see, e.g., red
koc’ subunit of, e.g., non 41525262 mm2 see, e.g., non
kod’ subunit of, e.g., pen 52525261 mm2 see, e.g., pen
koe’ formed by 1 koa’ and 1 kah 526281 mm2 observed, e.g., in MEL
kof ‘formed by 2 kah and 1 mel 41526262 mm2 observed, e.g., in ISV and MFI
(continued)

kog’ 4482102 mmm observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
koh’ formed by 2 kah and 1 oth 42626262 mm2 observed, e.g., in ATS and ISV
koi’ subunit of, e.g., bog-2*, cle, 425281 mm2 see, e.g., bog-2*, cle, sfs-3*, and
sfs-3*, and tte tte
koj’ subunit of, e.g., can,eni,ocn, 4461101 mm2 see, e.g., can,eni,ocn, usi-2*
usi-2*
kok’ formed by 2 ato 66122 32 observed, e.g., in ATO and CAN
kol’ subunit of, e.g., red 5692 32 see, e.g., red
kom’ formed by 2 kaa 6482 42m observed, e.g., in ATN,MSE
kon’ subunit of, e.g., non 415481 4mm see, e.g., non
koo’ subunit of, e.g., mtn 536391121 3m see, e.g., mtn
kop’ subunit of, e.g., trd, uoz* 426461141 mm2 see, e.g., trd, uoz*
koq’ subunit of, e.g., 2 bik* 646282 2/m see, e.g., bik*
kor’ subunit of, e.g., phi 418281102 mm2 see, e.g., phi
kos’ subunit of, e.g., cgf-2’, heu- 84122 4/mmm see, e.g., cgf-2’, heu-2*, pau,
2*, pau, sav* sav*
kot’ formed by 1 hes and 1 tes 52626161 m observed, e.g., in MTW
kov’ subunit of, e.g., knu’ 4482 2/m see, e.g., knu’
kqr’ subunit of, e.g., cgs* 424241616181 m see, e.g., cgs*
kra’ 4383 3m1 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
krb’ 4262 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
kre’ 42426261 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
krf ’ formed by 3 kds and 1 ana 466283 32 observed, e.g., in ANA
krq 8482 42m EDI
krr 8482 mmm THO
krs 44426182 mm2 AFN
kry 444288 4/mmm AFN
krz’ 444284 2/m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
ktg 4258545484 mmm EPI
ktw’ formed by 3 kah and 2 lov 44626261 mm2 observed, e.g., in AET,AHT,
DFT,VFI
kuh’ formed by 1 mel-1* and part 41525281101101 m observed, e.g., in MEL,MFI
of mel-2*
kum’ subunit of, e.g., cas* 62626182 mm2 see, e.g., cas*
kuo 444482 mmm IFY,SBE,STI
kup 69182 182m VFI
kyf ‘ 424262 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
kyu’ formed by 4 kah and 2 cor 42626262 2 observed, e.g., in AEN
kyw’ formed by 3 kah and 1 afi 6662 62m observed, e.g., in AEL,AET,AFI,
AFO,ATV,VFI
kzb’ formed by 2 kdq, 2 dmp*, and 424264626282 2/m
1 kaa
kzd 43 62m EDI,MWW,NAT,SBN,THO
6 3 2
kze 4 10 12 62m DFO
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

lai’ formed by 2 hes 66 32 observed, e.g., in MTT,MTW,
TON
lau 4264 4/mmm ASV,ATO,BCT,CON,DFO,
EZT,IFO,IFR,ITH,ITR,ITV,
IWR,IWS,LAU,MSO,OSI,POS,
RON,SAO,SEW,TUN,UOV,
UOZ,UWY
lau-1* 4442646262102 2/m LAU
lev 43434363616183 3m1 AFV,LEV
lig* 82104 42m MEL,SFV
lil 4124686122 6/mmm LTL,MOZ
lio 4666666362 62m AFG,FAR,LIO,MAR,TOL
lit* 426182102 mm2 LIT
loh’ formed by 1 lov and 1 kah 426261 mm2 observed, e.g., in AEI,AEL,AET,
AFI,AFO,AHT,ATV,APD,ATV,
BOG,CGF,DFO,DFT,LAU,SAF,
STO,TER,USI,VFI
los 46666362 62m FRA,LIO,LOS,TOL
lov 4262 mmm AEL,AET,AFI,AFO,AHT,APD,
ATV,BOG,CGF,DFO,DFT,JRY,
LAU,LOV,OWE,PSI,RSN,SAF,
STO,TER,USI,VFI
ltf* 444241526182 mm2 LTF
ltj* 84 42m LTJ
ltn 4242424164626281 mm2 LTN
maz 464356122 62m LTF,MAZ
meg 4646567373122 6 MEI
1 3 3
mei 345 3m1 MEI
mel 415262 mm2 BOF,CON,DON,IRR,ITG,ITH,
ITR,ITT,IWR,IWS,IWW,MEL,
MFI,MRE,MWW,POS,SFG,
SFS,SFV,SSF,STO,SVR,UOV,
UWY
mel-1* 4152102 mm2 IMF,ITN,MEL,MFI,SFS,SFV,
SVR,TUN
mel-2* 525261102 mm2 MEL,MFI,SFV
mfi-1* 5252102 mm2 IMF,MFI,SVR,TER,TUN
mfi-2* 62102102 mm2 IMF,MFI,TER,TUN
mfs-1* 4252102 mm2 MFS
mfs-2* 545452525282102 mm2 MFS
mil 42425462626182 mm2 ESV
mim 4242546261 mm2 ESV, IRN
mla 51262 122m MEP
mor* 52525281122 mm2 MOR
mot-a* 44202 4/mmm CLO,IFU
mrd‘subunit of, e.g., dah* 42546282 mmm see, e.g., dah*
mrr’ subunit of, e.g., stt* 41414141414151515151 1 see, e.g., stt*
516161616171719191
mrs’ subunit of, e.g., stt* 424152515161 m see, e.g., stt*
mse-1* 4442646462 mmm MSE
mse-2* 444254546462104 mmm MSE
mse-3* 54122 mmm MSE,OKO
(continued)

mse-4* 62102122 mmm MSE
mtf* 42545454546464646282 2/m MTF
mtn 51264 43m MTN
mtt* 545462102 mm2 MTT
mtw 425462 mmm BEA,BEC,CSV,GON,ISV,ITG,
ITN,IWS,MSE,MTW,SFH,SFN,
SSF,SSO,UOS, UOV
mtw-1* 5464122 mmm MTW
mvy* 64102 mmm MVY
mww-1* 51261262106 6/mmm MWW
mww-2* 425454102 mmm MWW
nab-1* 32418192 mm2 LOV,NAB,RSN,VSV
nab-2* 94 42m LOV,NAB,RSN,VSV
nat* 8192 mm2 NAT
nes* 5858545468104 mmm NES
niw 4646666286 32 SAT
nna 5464 222 EEI,EUO,NON
nns 54546864 mmm NON
non 41545252 mm2 EEI,EUO,IHW,IWV,NES,NON,
OKO,UTL
npo* 3263 62m NPO
npt* 3846812 4/m 3 2/m NPT
nug‘ formed by 1 kah and 1 iww- 42526262 mm2 observed, e.g., in IWW
1*
nuh 41525252 mm2 IMF,ITG,ITH,ITN,ITR,IWW,
POS,SFF,STF,TUN,UOV,UWY
obw* 343434418481104 4mm BOZ,OBW
ocn 486482 4/mmm ATN,SBE
odp 65102 102m AEL,AFO,AHT,MRE,PSI
ohc 424262 mm2 AFR,JSN,SAO,SFO,ZON
oko-1* 5262122 mm2 OKO
oko-2* 54102122 mmm OKO
oko-3* 58545454102 mmm OKO
oop 6482 4/mmm ATV,PSI
oot‘ 324161 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
opr 4882 8/mmm MER,MWF,PAU,RHO,SBE,
TSC
osi* 64122 mmm OSI,VET
oso* 3482142 mmm OSO
osu‘ 436392 62m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
oth 426262 mm2 ATS,IMF,OSI,STO
oto 4242418281 mm2 MWF,PAU,PHI,SIV,UEI
owe* 4241418482 mm2 OWE
par* 4242626282102 2 PAR
pau 48448482 4/mmm KFI,MER,MOZ,MWF,PAU
pcr* 5262102 mm2 PCR
pen 5454 42m MEL,MFI,MTF,SFV,SVR
per 444442414162828282 mm2 AEI
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

pes 5262 mm2 BIK,BOG,CAS,CFI,CSV,EEI,
EUO,GON,IFW,IHW,IMF,IWV,
MFI,MFS,MTT,MTW,NES,NSI,
OKO,PCR,SFE,SFF,SFH,SFN,
SFS,SSO,SSY,STF, STT,SVR,
TER,TON,TUN,UTL,VET
phi 444241828281 mm2 MWF,PAU,PHI,SIV
plg 466286 32 MWF,PAU
pon-1* 4161102 m PON
pon-2* 41616161101101 1 PON
pos-1* 61112 mm2 POS
pos-2* 425262112 mm2 POS
pos-3* 4252112122 2/m POS
pun* 3131414141414181101101101 1 PUN
red 512 53m DDR,DOH,MEP,MTN
rob 4241415252526261616181 m RUT,SVV
ron* 42101122 mm2 RON
rpa 486882 82m AWW,CLO
rro-1* 52102 mm2 EWT,IMF, RRO
rro-2* 4141515181101101 1 RRO
rte 444254646282 2/m RTE
rth 44425454648282 2/m ITE,RTH
rwb formed by 2 rob2) 44424254545464626262 2/m RUT
rwr* 4152626182 mm2 RWR
sao-1* 42122 mm2 SAO
sao-2* 424162122121 mm2 SAO
sao-3* 4264124 42m SAO
sas* 48686482 4/mmm SAS
sav* 48448482 42m SAV
sbt* 4343436183123121 3m SBT
sew-1* 41525262 mm2 SEW
sew-2* 43425262 mm2 SEW
sew-3* 424252102 mm2 SEW
sew-4* 424141525151626161101122 m SEW
sfe* 4252526161122 m SFE
sff* identical with wah 4241415252525262626161101101 m SFF
sfg 34426282102 2/m WEI
sfg-1* 525272 mm2 SFG
sfg-2* 4172102 mm2 SFG
sfg-3* 5265 102m SFG
sfg-4* 42525262 mm2 SFG,UOV
sfg-5* 426464102102 2/m SFG
sfh-1* 62142 mm2 SFH
sfh-2* 4454626161142 mm2 SFH
sfi’ 3) 32 42m LOV,NAB,OBW,OSO,RSN,
VSV,WEI
sfn* 44546262142 2/m SFN
sfo* 444442646282122 2/m SFO
sfs-1* 41526261102122 mm2 SFS
(continued)

sfs-2* 414252102 mm2 SFS,SFV
sfs-3* 42525252 mm2 SFS,SFV
sfs-4* 525252122 mm2 SFS
sfv-1* 416281102122 mm2 SFV
sfv-2* 41628281102102 mm2 SFV
sfv-3* 525261102 mm2 SFV
sfw* 464646628686 32/m SFW
sgt 4356 62m SGT
8 4 4 4
sgw 5566 42m SGT
shf ‘ 3151 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
sod-a-1* 34 43m RWY
sod-a-2* 32486128 4/m 3 2/m RWY
1 1 1 2
sof-1* 4 5 9 12 m SOF
sof-2* 4242545292 2/m SOF
son’ 586262 mmm observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
sos* 34448482122 2/m SOS
srs* 103 62m MWW,WEN
ssf* 436662123 62m SSF
sso-1* 62182 mmm SSO
sso-2* 545452526262182 mm2 SSO
ssy-1* 62122 mm2 SSY
ssy-2* 44545462122 mm2 SSY
ste 4284 4/mmm ACO,DFT,LOV,LTL,MER,
MOZ,RSN
sti’ subunit of, e.g., fny*,kuo, ohc, 424261 mm2 see, e.g., fny*,kuo, ohc,wgh*
wgh*
sti-1* 4254628181102 mm2 STI
sto-1* 415262626161 m STO
sto-2* 5462626261 mm2 STO
stt*4) 49510647292 1 STT
stv’ 42545464 mmm observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
stw* 4242425252525282102 2 STW
sty 4464122 4/mmm ASV,UWY
svr* 4) 5864106 1 SVR
szr* 586262 mmm PCR, SZR
ten’ formed by 1 kaa and 2 kaq 4264626161 mm2 observed in non-zeolitic
(subunit of awo*) frameworks
tes 54 42m BEA,BEC,CDO,DAC,EON,EPI,
ETL,FER,IMF,ISV,ITG,ITN,
IWS,IWW,MEL,MFI,MFS,
MOR,MSE,OKO,PCR,RWR,
SFS,SFV,SSO,SVR,TUN,UOV,
UTL
tfe’ 325282 2 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
tfs’ 31415161 1 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
thj* 6192 mm2 ITH, ITR
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

toc 4668 4/m 32/m EMT,FAR,FAU,FRA,GIU,IFY,
LTA,LTN,MAR,SOD,TSC
ton* 5462102 mm2 TON
trc 3886 4/m 32/m NPT,OBW
trd 46612 4/m 32/m AST,SVV
tte 445462 mmm IFW,RTE,RUT,SVV
tti 4241416282 mm2 AFR
tun-1* 425454545464626262102102 2/m TUN
tun-2* 425854102 mmm TUN
tun-3* 44546462102 mmm TUN
tun-4* 546262102 mmm TUN
tun-5* 545462 mmm TUN
uce 48448882124 4/mmm SBE
ucn* 324386 62m SBN
ucs 4643123122 62m SBS
uei* 444242416462628281 mm2 UEI
ufi* 4441546481 4 mm UFI
ukc* 6172 mm2 SFG
ukf* 548282 mmm VNI
ulm’ 42424241416261616182 m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
umd* 444282122 mmm SBE
umx* 62122 mmm BEA,BEC,CON,EZT,GON,IFR,
ISV,ITG,IWR,IWW,MTW,
RON,SSF,UOV
una* 61122 mm2 EZT,ISV,IWS
unj* 5282 mm2 CDO
uos* 42828181102 mm2 UOS
uov-1* 42415282 mm2 ETL,UOV
uov-2* 4242545482104 mm2 UOV
uoz* 4842686864 4/mmm UOZ
usi-1* 484462122 mmm USI
usi-2* 4862102122 mmm USI
utl-1* 5262142 mm2 UTL
utl-2* 4254142 mmm UTL
utl-3* 54122142 mmm UTL
utl-4* 4258545454122 mmm UTL
uwy-1* 425454102 mmm ITT,UWY
uwy-2* 42104 4/mmm ITG,UWY
uwy-3* 54102102 mmm UWY
uwy-4* 104122 4/mmm UWY
vet* 5454545464 4 VET
vni-1* 415282 mm2 VNI
vni-2* 4241848282 mm2 VNI
vsr 4246881286 4/m 3 2/m TSC
vvn‘ formed by afs‘ and kal‘ 424141626282 mm2
vvs’ formed by 2 kdq 42426482 2/m observed, e.g., in ABW,JBW
wah identical with sff* 4241415252525262626161101101 5) m SFF
wan 4454546462102 2/m STF
(continued)

wen* 42414182102 mm2 WEN
wgh* 424282 mm2 OWE
whw* 3462 mmm SOS
wof 46464362123 62m EMT
wou 412464366123122 62m EMT
2 1 2 2
wwf 4456 mm2 CON,IFR,SEW
wwt’ subunit of, .e.g., bet,wwf 42415261 mm2 see, e.g., bet,wwf
xib’ 446462 mmm observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
xvi 446282 mmm SFO
ygr 445484 mmm YUG
ygw’ formed by 2 kdk 425482 2/m observed, e.g., in UOS,YUG
zlt’ subunit of, e.g., dah, fer*,pen 525281 mm2 see, e.g., e.g., dah, fer*,pen
zlv’ formed by 3 kah 626261 2 observed, e.g., in ATO
zlw’ subunit of, e.g., rpa 446482161 4mm see, e.g., rpa
zlx’ subunit of, e.g., cha 43436183121 3m1 see, e.g., cha
zly’ subunit of, e.g., euo-1* 54525264646462102 mm2 see, e.g., euo-1*
zlz’ 3692 32 observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
zma’ 384264104 42m observed in non-zeolitic
frameworks
zna’ subunit of, e.g., cgs* 4242416181 m see, e.g., cgs*
znb 3153 3m1 IRR,IRY,ITT,VNI
znc’ formed by 1 euo and 1 znb 31415251 m observed, e.g., in VNI
znd’ formed by 2 ctn-e* 3484 42m observed, e.g., in VNI
zne 424242626281818181 m ZON
znf 46436286123 62m SBS
znl 466126662 6/mmm MSO
1
) If a planar connection between adjacent 5-rings would be assumed the point symmetry would be mmm with identical face
symbol.
2
) This is one of the units defined by [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1] with weak rings where larger tiles are split into smaller units as
discussed in [2007Bla1].
3
) identical with the lov unit defined in [2016Bae1].
4
) Face symbols are listed in their short forms
5
) The face symbol in [2000Smi1] was erroneously listed with one 6-ring missing. In its corrected form it is identical with the
sff* unit.
There are several units in Tables 4.1 and 4.2 marked with a prime indicating that these units are defined
by [2000Smi1] but not used by [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1] because they are not representing natural building
units in the respective framework type, or they are not used for the description of known zeolite-type
frameworks. However, they are listed here, because they are used in some chapters of this series and
because they represent possible units of prospectively new zeolites. Some of these units represent
composite units formed by two or more NBU’s. In these cases, only some examples of framework types
are listed where these units are observed, not aiming for completeness.
Landolt‐B€
Table 4.2 Polyhedral units in increasing order of face symbols. Units with a prime are listed in [2000Smi1] but do not
correspond to NBU’s as defined in [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1]. An asterisk indicates units defined in [2010Anu1, 2016Anu1] not
listed in [2000Smi1].
face symbol label point group occurrence
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 4 4 4 4 4 8 10 10 10 pun* 1 PUN
31415161 tfs’ 1 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
31415251 znc’ formed by 1 euo and 1 znb m observed, e.g., in VNI
314353 mei 3m1 MEI
3151 shf ‘ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
3153 znb 3m1 IRR,IRY,ITT,VNI
32 sfi’ 1) 42m LOV,NAB,OBW,OSO,RSN,VSV,WEI
3232428281818181 joz* m JOZ
324161 oot‘ mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
324162 itp’ mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
32418192 nab-1* mm2 LOV,NAB,RSN,VSV
3243 irr-1* 62m IRR,IRY
324386 ucn* 62m SBN
325282 tfe’ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
3263 npo* 62m NPO
3276 due’ 32 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
3276 dum’ 32 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
3283 ctn-e* 62m VNI
3 1 1 3
3 3 6 10 jst-1* 3m JST
333333334362113113 jsr* 3 JSR
34 sod-a-1* 43m RWY
343241628282 boz-1* mm2 BOZ
343434418481104 obw* 4mm BOZ,OBW
34426282102 sfg 2/m WEI
34448482122 sos* 2/m SOS
3462 whw* mmm SOS
3482142 oso* mmm OSO
3484 znd’ formed by 2 ctn-e* 42m observed, e.g., in VNI
3632106 jst-2* 3m JST
3692 zlz’ 32 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
384264104 zma’ 42m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
3846812 npt* 4/m 3 2/m NPT
3886 trc 4/m 3 2/m NPT,OBW
10 5 2
3 8 10 boz-2* 102m BOZ
32486128 sod-a-2* 4/m 3 2/m RWY
41414141414151515151 mrr’ subunit of, e.g., stt* 1 see, e.g., stt*
516161616171719191
4141414162626261616161 kdi’ formed by 1 knv‘and m
2 kaq’
4141416262616181 kdj’ formed by 1 kaq‘and m
1 kdq
4141515181101101 rro-2* 1 RRO
4141525282101101101 iww-3* m IWW
414182122 czp-3* mm2 CZP
414252102 sfs-2* mm2 SFS,SFV
415151515182 iww-2* m IWW
41516191102101 itr* m ITR
(continued)

415191122 sof-1* m SOF
4152 euo mm2 EUO,IWV,MON,MWW,NES, RSN,
VNI,VSV
41525252 nuh mm2 IMF,ITG,ITH,ITN,ITR,IWW, POS,SFF,
STF,TUN,UOV, UWY
41525262 sew-1* mm2 SEW
41525262 koc’ subunit of, e.g., non mm2 see, e.g., non
41525281101101 kuh’ formed by 1 mel-1* and m observed, e.g., in MEL,MFI
part of mel-2*
415262 mel mm2 BOF,CON,DON,IRR,ITG,ITH,ITR,
ITT,IWR,IWS,IWW,MEL,MFI,MRE,
MWW,POS,SFG,SFS,SFV,SSF,STO,
SVR,UOV,UWY
4152626182 rwr* mm2 RWR
41526261102122 sfs-1* mm2 SFS
41526262 kof ‘formed by 2 kah and 1 mel mm2 observed, e.g., in ISV and MFI
415262626161 sto-1* m STO
415262102101 ith-3* mm2 ITH
415262102122 con* mm2 CON
415282 kdk mm2 ETL,ITW,MFS,SFV,SZR,UOS,YUG
415282 vni-1* mm2 VNI
4152102 mel-1* mm2 IMF,ITN,MEL,MFI,SFS,SFV,SVR,
TUN
4152122 bea-1* mm2 BEA,CON
41545252 non mm2 EEI,EUO,IHW,IWV,NES,NON,OKO,
UTL
41545252828281 etl-2* mm2 ETL
415481 kon’ subunit of, e.g., non 4mm see, e.g., non
41616161101101 pon-2* 1 PON
4161618281 kdl m APD
4161102 pon-1* m PON
4162 cor* mm2 AEN,CHI,GOO,IFO,JNT,JRY,JSW,
LTJ,MVY,PAR,PON
41626181 kaq‘ subunit of, e.g., awo*,sto- m see, e.g., awo*,sto-1*
1*
416262818181 aen* m AEN
416281102122 sfv-1* mm2 SFV
41628281 kal‘ subunit of, e.g., rwr* mm2 see, e.g., rwr*
41628281102102 sfv-2* mm2 SFV
4164121 knw’ subunit of, e.g., giu*,lio, 4mm see, e.g., giu*,lio,los, toc,trd,znl,uoz*
los, toc,trd,znl,uoz*
4172102 sfg-2* mm2 SFG
4182 bco* mm2 GOO,JNT,LTJ
418281102 kor’ subunit of, e.g., phi mm2 see, e.g., phi
4192102101 ith-2* mm2 ITH
4241414141416261618281 awo* m AWO
4241414161618281 kdm m APC
424141525151626161101122 sew-4* m SEW
4241415252525262626161101101 sff* identical with wah m SFF
4241415252525262626161101101 2) wah identical with sff* m SFF
(continued)
Landolt‐B€

4241415252526261616181 rob m RUT,SVV
424141626282 vvn‘ formed by afs‘ and kal‘ mm2
4241416282 tti mm2 AFR
42414162102122 bog-3* mm2 BOG
42414182102 wen* mm2 WEN
4241418482 owe* mm2 OWE
424152515161 ifw-1* m IFW
424152515161 mrs’ subunit of, e.g., stt* m see, e.g., stt*
42415252 bet mm2 BEA,ITN,MSE,STT
42415261 wwt’ subunit of, .e.g., bet,wwf mm2 see, e.g., bet,wwf
42415262 wwf mm2 CON,IFR,SEW
4241526261 don* mm2 DON,STO
4241526261101101 bof* m BOF
4241526261121121 ifr* m IFR
42415262122 iws-1* mm2 IWS
42415282 uov-1* mm2 ETL,UOV
424162 gos’ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
42416281 afs’ subunit of, e.g., aww* and mm2 see, e.g., aww* and bph
bph
424162122121 sao-2* mm2 SAO
4241848282 vni-2* mm2 VNI
424241616181 kqr’ subunit of, e.g., cgs* m see, e.g., cgs*
4242416181 zna’ subunit of, e.g.,cgs* m see, e.g., cgs*
4242418281 oto mm2 MWF,PAU,PHI,SIV,UEI
42424241416261616182 ulm’ m observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
4242424164626281 ltn mm2 LTN
444242416462628281 uei* mm2 UEI
42424242424141616182101101 cgs* m CGS
424242425252626262 6282102 csv-2* 1 CSV
42424262626262626282 jsw* 1 JSW
424242626281818181 zne m ZON
42424262628282 jsn* 1 JSN
424252 csv-1* mm2 CSV
424252525281122 eon-2* mm2 EON
424252526281818181 bre* m BRE
424252102 sew-3* mm2 SEW
4242545292 sof-2* 2/m SOF
4242545482104 uov-2* mm2 UOV
4242546261 mim mm2 ESV,IRN
42425462626182 mil mm2 ESV
4242546484 itw* mmm ITW
4242585854546464124 iwv* mmm IWV
424261 sti’ subunit of, e.g., fny*,kuo, mm2 see, e.g., fny*,kuo, ohc,wgh*
ohc,wgh*
424262 kyf ‘ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
424262 ohc mm2 AFR,JSN,SAO,SFO,ZON
42426261 baf” mm2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
42426261 kre’ 2 observed in non-zeolitic frameworks
4242626282102 par* 2 PAR
(continued)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
seldom found in water more than fifteen fathoms deep; and even if
the water should exceed that depth, it cannot drag the boat under,
because it is unable to exert its full strength when subjected to the
pressure of twelve or fifteen fathoms of water.
Besides the harpoons, each boat is provided with four or five
enormous lances; the shaft being made of pine-wood, nine feet long,
and one inch and a half thick at the handle, increasing upwards to a
thickness of two inches and a half where it enters the iron socket.
This would seem a formidable weapon, and formidable it is in the
stout hands of a Norse harpooneer; yet, frequently, the iron shank is
bent double, or the strong shaft snapped like a reed, in the violent
resistance of the sea-horse; and, therefore, to prevent the head
being lost, it is fastened to the shaft by a double thong of raw seal-
skin, tied round the shank and nailed to the handle for about three
feet up. The shaft may seem of disproportionate length, but it is
necessary to give the buoyancy sufficient for floating the heavy iron
spear if it should fall into the water. This spear, or lance, is not used
for seals, because it would spoil the skins.
Notwithstanding the destruction effected by the yearly
expeditions of the walrus-hunters, the sea-horses are still found in
large herds in many parts of the Polar world. Mr. Lamont describes a
curious and exciting spectacle, where four large flat icebergs were
seen to be so closely packed with these animals that they were sunk
almost level with the water, and presented the appearance of “solid
islands of walrus!” The walrus lay with their heads reclining on one
another’s backs and hind-quarters, just as rhinoceroses lie asleep in
the dense shade of the African forests, or, to use a more
commonplace but familiar comparison, as hogs slumber and wallow
in a British farmyard.
Such a sight was a temptation not to be withstood by a walrus-
hunter, and Mr. Lamont and his harpooneer speedily disturbed the
repose of the monsters, which chiefly consisted of cows and young
bulls. After slaying their victims, and getting them on board, came
the disagreeable but necessary task of separating the blubber from
the skins to stow it in the barrels; a process which is performed in the
following manner:—
Across the ship’s deck, immediately aft the hatchway, is erected a
kind of framework or stage of stout timber, about four feet in height,
but sloping down at an angle of about sixty degrees, with the deck at
the forward side: on the other side it is perpendicular, and there the
two specksioneers (or “blubber-cutters”) post themselves, clad, not
in armour, but in oil-skin from top to toe, and armed with large keen
knives, curved on the edge. Then the skins are hoisted out of the
hold, and, two at a time, are suspended across the frame, with the
blubber side uppermost: the fat, or blubber, is next removed by a
kind of mowing motion of the knife, which is held in both hands, and
swayed from left to right. Only long practice, and great steadiness of
wrist, can give the dexterity requisite for the due performance of this
difficult operation. Even in skinning a walrus, skill is imperative.
As the blubber is mown off, it is divided into slabs, weighing
twenty or thirty pounds each, and flung down the hatchway, where
two men are stationed to receive it, and pack it into the casks, which
when full are securely fastened up.
The skin, which is taken off the animal in two longitudinal halves,
is a valuable commodity, and sells at the rate of from two to four
dollars per half skin. The principal purchasers are the Russian and
Swedish merchants, and its principal uses are for harness and sole
leather. It is also twisted into tiller ropes, and employed to protect the
rigging of ships from friction. The blubber is valued on account of the
oil; but neither has the walrus so much blubber, in proportion to its
size, as the seal, nor does the blubber afford so good an oil. A seal
of 600 lbs. will carry 200 to 250 lbs. weight of fat; an ordinary walrus,
weighing 2000 lbs., will not carry any more.
The most profitable portion of the unfortunate sea-horse is its
tusks, which are composed of very hard, dense, and white ivory. This
ivory is not so good, and consequently does not command so high a
price, as elephant ivory, but is in high repute for the manufacture of
false teeth, chessmen, umbrella handles, whistles, and other small
articles.
The tusks are not an extra pair of teeth, but a development and
modification of the canines. For about six or seven inches of their
length they are solidly set in the mass of hard bone which forms the
animal’s upper jaw. So far as they are imbedded in the head they are
hollow, but mostly filled up with a cellular osseous substance
containing much oil; the remainder of the tusk is hard and solid
throughout.
The young walrus, or calf, has no tusks in its first year of
existence; but in its second, when it is about the size of a large seal,
it has a pair of much the same size as the canines of a lion. In the
third year the tusks measure about six inches in length.
In size and shape they vary greatly, according to the animal’s age
and sex. A good pair of bull’s tusks, says Mr. Lamont, will be twenty-
four inches each in length, and four pounds each in weight; but
larger and heavier specimens are of frequent occurrence. Cows’
tusks, it is said, will average fully as long as those of the bulls,
because less liable to be broken, but seldom weigh more than three
pounds. They are generally set much closer together than the bull’s
tusks, sometimes even overlapping one another at the points; while
those of the bull will often diverge as much as fifteen inches.
In scientific language the walrus, morse, or sea-horse
(Trichecus), belongs to a genus of amphibious mammals of the
family Phocidæ, a family including the well-known seals. It agrees
with the other members of that family in the general configuration of
the body and limbs, but distinctly differs from them in the head,
which is remarkable,—as we have seen,—for the extraordinary
development of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, as also for the
protuberant or swollen appearance of the muzzle,—due to the size
of their sockets and the thickness of the upper lip. This upper lip is
thickly set with strong, transparent, bristly hairs, which measure
about six inches in length, and are as thick as a crow-quill. The
terrific moustache, with the long white curving tusks, the thick
projecting muzzle, and the fierce and bloodshot eyes, give
Rosmarus trichecus a weird and almost demoniacal aspect as it
rears its head above the waves, and goes far to account for some of
the legends of sea-monsters which embellish the Scandinavian
mythology.
THE WALRUS, OR MORSE.
The walrus has no canine teeth in the lower jaw. Its incisors are
small, and ten in number; six in the upper and four in the lower jaw.
The molars, at first five on each side in each jaw, but fewer in the
adult, are simple and not large; their crowns are obliquely worn. The
nostrils would seem to be displaced by the sockets of the tusks; at
least they both open almost directly upwards at some distance from
the muzzle. The eyes are small, but savage; there are no external
ears.
The Arctic walrus is the sole known species of the genus. It is a
gregarious animal, always assembling in large herds, which
occasionally leave the water to take their rest upon the shore or on
the ice; and it is at such times the hunters chiefly attack them, since
their movements out of the water are very laborious and awkward.
A WALRUS FAMILY.
They defend themselves against their enemies, of which the
Polar bear is chief, with their formidable tusks; and these they also
use in their fierce combats with one another. They fight with great
determination and ferocity, using their tusks much in the same
manner as game-cocks use their beaks. From the unwieldy
appearance of the animal, and the position of its tusks, an
inexperienced spectator would suppose that the latter could be
employed only in a downward stroke; but, on the contrary, it turns its
neck with so much ease and rapidity that it can strike in all directions
with equal force...
FIGHT BETWEEN WALRUS AND A POLAR BEAR.
Old bulls very frequently have one or both of their tusks broken;
which may arise either from fighting or from using them to assist in
scaling the rocks and ice-floes. But these broken tusks are soon
worn down again and sharpened to a point by the action of the sand,
as the walrus, like the elephant, employs its tusks in digging its food
out of the ground,—that is, out of the ocean-bed. Its food principally
consists of starfish, shrimps, sandworms, clams, cockles, and algæ;
and Scoresby relates that he has found the remains of young seals
in its stomach.
BOAT ATTACKED BY WALRUS.
In reference to the gradual decay, or, more correctly speaking,
extermination of the walrus, the following particulars seem to be
authentic.
When the pursuit of the walrus was first systematically organized
from Tromsöe and Hammerfest, much larger vessels were employed
than are now in vogue; and it was usual for them to obtain their first
cargo about Bear Island early in the season, and two additional
cargoes at Spitzbergen before the summer passed away. This
regular and wholesale slaughter drove away the sea-horse herds
from their haunts about Bear Island; but even afterwards it was not a
rare occurrence to procure three cargoes in a season at
Spitzbergen, and less than two full cargoes was regarded as a
lamentable mishap. Now, however, more than one cargo in a season
is very seldom obtained, and many vessels return, after four months’
absence, only half full.
It is estimated that about one thousand walrus and twice that
number of bearded seals (Phoca barbata) are annually captured in
the seas about Spitzbergen, exclusive of those which sink or may die
of their wounds. Some idea, therefore, may be formed of the number
of sea-horses which still ride the waves of the Polar seas. But it is
quite clear that they are undergoing a rapid diminution of numbers,
and also that they are gradually withdrawing into the inaccessible
solitudes of the remotest North.
We learn from the voyage of Ohthere, which was undertaken ten
centuries ago, that the walrus then abounded even on the very coast
of Finmarken. They have abandoned that region, however, for some
centuries, though individual stragglers were captured up to within the
last forty years. After their desertion of Finmarken, they retreated to
Bear Island; thence they were driven to the Thousand Islands, Hope
Island, and Ryk-Yse Island; and thence, again, to the banks and
skerries to the north of Spitzbergen. It is fortunate for the persecuted
walrus that the latter districts are accessible only in open seasons, or
perhaps once in every three or four summers; so that they obtain a
respite and time to breed and replenish their numbers. Otherwise the
end of the present century would mark also the total extinction of the
walrus on the island-shores of Northern Europe.
We agree with Dr. Kane that the resemblance of the walrus to
man has been absurdly overstated. Yet the notion is put forward in
some of our systematic treatises, and accompanied by the
suggestion that we are to look for the type of the merman and
mermaid in this animal. If we look we shall not find. The walrus has a
square-shaped head, with a frontal bone presenting a steep descent
to the eyes, and any likeness to humanity must exist in the
imagination of the spectator. Some of the seals exhibit a much
greater resemblance: the size of the head, the regularity of the facial
oval, the drooping shoulders, even the movements of the seal,
remind us impressively of man. And certainly, when seen at a
distance, with head raised above the waves, it affords some
justification for the fanciful conception of the nymphs of ocean, the
mermaids who figure so attractively in song and legend.
Dr. Kane remarks that the instinct of attack, which is strong in the
walrus, though so feeble in the seal, and is a well-known
characteristic of the pachyderms, is interesting to the naturalist, as
assisting to establish the affinity of the walrus to the latter. When
wounded, it rears its body high out of the water, plunges heavily
against the ice, and strives to raise itself upon the surface by means
of its fore-flippers. As the ice gives way under its weight, its
countenance assumes a truly ferocious expression, its bark changes
to a roar, and the foam pours out from its jaws till it froths its beard.
Even when not excited, the walrus manages its tusks bravely. So
strong are they that they serve as grappling-irons with which to hold
on to the surface of the steep rocks and ice-banks it loves to climb;
and thus it can ascend rocky islands that are sixty and a hundred
feet above the sea-level. It can deal an opponent a fearful blow, but it
prefers to charge, like a veteran warrior; and man, unless well
armed, often comes off second best in the contest.
Governor Flaischer told Dr. Kane that, in 1830, a brown walrus—
and the Eskimos say that the brown walrus are the fiercest—after
being speared and wounded near Upernavik, put to flight its
numerous assailants, and drove them in fear to seek help from the
Danish settlement. So violent were its movements as to jerk out the
harpoons that were launched into its body. The governor slew it with
much difficulty after it had received several rifle-shots and lance-
wounds from his whale-boat.
FIGHT WITH A WALRUS.
On another occasion, a young and adventurous Innuit plunged
his nalegeit into a brown walrus; but, alarmed by the savage
demeanour of the beast, called for help before using the lance. In
vain the older and more wary hunters advised him to forbear. “It is a
brown walrus!” they cried; “Aúvok-Kaiok! Hold back!” Finding the
caution disregarded, his only brother rowed forward, and hurled the
second harpoon. Almost instantaneously the infuriated beast
charged, like the wild boar, on the unfortunate young Innuit, and
ripped open his body.
Here is a description of a walrus-hunt:—
On first setting out, the hunters listen eagerly for some sounds by
which to discover the habitat of the animal. The walrus, like amateur
vocalists, is partial to its own music, and will lie for hours enjoying
the monotonous vocalization in which it is accustomed to indulge.
This is described as something between the mooing of a cow and
the deepest baying of a mastiff; very round and full, with its “barks”
or “detached notes” repeated seven to nine times in rather quick
succession.
The hunters hear the bellow, and press forward in single file;
winding behind ice-hummocks and ridges in a serpentine approach
towards a group of “pond-like discolorations,” recently frozen ice-
spots, which are surrounded by older and firmer ice.
In a few minutes they come in sight of the walrus. There they are,
five in number, rising at intervals through the ice in a body, and
breaking it up with an explosion which sounds like the report of
heavy ordnance. Conspicuous as the leaders of the herd are two
large and fierce-looking males.
Now for a display of dexterity and skill. While the walrus remains
above water, the hunter lies flat and motionless; when it begins to
sink, behold, the hunter is alert and ready to spring. In fact, scarcely
is the tusked head below the water-line before every man is in a
rapid run; while, as if by instinct, before it returns all are prone
behind protecting knolls of ice. They seem to guess intuitively, not
only how long it will be absent, but the very point at which it will
reappear. And, in this way, hiding and advancing by turns, they reach
a plate of thin ice, scarcely strong enough to bear a man’s weight, on
the very brink of the dark pool in which the walrus are gambolling.
The phlegmatic Eskimo harpooneer now wakens into a novel
condition of excitement. His coil of walrus-hide, a well-trimmed line of
many fathoms length, lies at his side. He attaches one end to an iron
barb, and this he fastens loosely, by a socket, to a shaft of unicorn’s
horn; the other end is already loosed. It is the work of a second! He
has grasped the harpoon. The water eddies and whirls; puffing and
panting, up comes the unwieldy sea-horse. The Eskimo rises slowly;
his right arm thrown back, his left hanging close to his side. The
walrus looks about him, and throws the water off his crest; the
Eskimo launches the fatal weapon, and it sinks deep into the
animal’s side.
Down goes the wounded awak, but the Eskimo is already
speeding with winged feet from the scene of combat, letting his coil
run out freely, but clutching the final loop with a desperate grip. As
he runs, he seizes a small stick of bone, roughly pointed with iron,
and by a swift strong movement thrusts it into the ice; he twists his
line around it, and prepares for a struggle.
The wounded walrus plunges desperately, and churns the ice-
pool into foam; meantime, the line is hauled tight at one moment,
and loosened the next; for the hunter has kept his station. But the ice
crashes; and a couple of walrus rear up through it, not many yards
from the spot where he stands. One of them, a male, is excited,
angry, partly alarmed; the other, a female, looks calm, but bent on
revenge. Down, after a rapid survey of the field, they go again into
the ocean-depths; and immediately the harpooneer has chosen his
position, carrying with him his coil, and fixing it anew.
Scarcely is the manœuvre accomplished before the pair have
once more risen, breaking up an area of ten feet in diameter about
the very spot he left. They sink for a second time, and a second time
he changes his place. And thus continues the battle between the
strength of the beast and the address of the man, till the former, half
exhausted, receives a second wound, and gives up the contest.
The Eskimos regard the walrus with a certain degree of
superstitious reverence, and it is their belief that it is under the
guardianship of a special representative or prototype, who does not,
indeed, interfere to protect it from being hunted, but is careful that it
shall be hunted under tolerably fair conditions. They assert that near
a remarkable conical peak, which rises in the solitudes of Force Bay,
a great walrus lives all alone, and when the moon is absent, creeps
out to the brink of a ravine, where he bellows with a voice of
tremendous power.
The walrus-hunter, unless he keeps to the sea-shore, and the
ice-floes within reach of a boat, must be prepared to undergo many
hardships, and to confront with a calm heart the most baffling and
terrible dangers. He may be overtaken by a gale; and a gale in the
wild remote North, far from any shelter,—a gale which drives before
it the blinding snow and pitiless icicles,—a gale which sweeps
unresisted and irresistible over leagues of frozen snow,—a gale
which comes down from the mountain-recesses where the glaciers
take their rise,—is something so dread, so ghastly, that the dweller in
temperate regions can form no idea of it.
We remember that one of the gallant seekers after Franklin
describes an Arctic gale, and its effects. He says that the ice, at a
short distance from the shore, had in many places been swept bare
of snow by the driving blast; and over the glassy sheet he and his
companions were helplessly carried along before the gale. The dogs,
seldom stretching their traces, ran howling in front of the sledges,
which pressed upon their heels.
Wild was the scene, and dark. The moon had sunk far behind the
snow-shrouded mountains, and the travellers had no other light than
the shimmer of stars. The deep shadows of the cliffs, towering a
thousand feet above their heads, lay heavily upon them, and
enhanced the midnight gloom. The patches of snow clinging to the
sharp angles of the colossal wall; the white shroud lying on its lofty
summit; the glaciers which here and there protruded through its
clefts, brought out into striking relief the blackness of its cavernous
recesses. The air was filled with clouds of drift, which sometimes
completely hid the land, and swept relentlessly before the explorers,
as they tottered across the frozen plain.
Suddenly a dark line became visible across their path; its true
nature revealed by circling wreaths of “frost-smoke.” “Emerk! emerk!”
(Water! water!) shouted the drivers, checking as suddenly as
possible the headway of the sledges, but not until the party were
within a few feet of a recently opened and rapidly widening crack,—a
fissure in the ice-crust, already twenty feet across.
Some of the travellers now clambered to the summit of a pile of
hummocks, and endeavoured to pierce the obscurity. A headland,
laid down on the map as Cape Alexander, lay only a few miles in
advance. The ice in the shallow bay on its southern side was rent in
all directions; while beyond, from the foot of the cape, a broad sheet
of water extended westward. The wind diversified its dark surface
with ridges of snowy spray; while here and there a frosty surf
tumbled in breakers over a small berg or drifting floe. The pieces of
ice lying along its margin were in motion, and the crash of their hard
surfaces could be heard as they came into constant collision. Their
strident clamour, the ceaseless washing of the surface, the moaning
of the wind, the steely rush of the drift, the piteous wail of the dogs,
and all the strange noises and voices of the storm, added to the
gloom and awful melancholy of that moonless night.
We need not wonder that the Eskimos of the Arctic wilderness
are as fearful of a tempest as are the Bedouins of the African desert.
It overwhelms the one with a cloud of snow, and it buries the other in
a cloud of sand; and each demands and receives its quota of
victims.
That seal-hunting should be more extensively pursued than
walrus-hunting is natural; for if less exciting, it is also less
dangerous; and the seal is not only a more valuable prey than the
walrus, but is more easily captured.
The Phocidæ are well represented in the Arctic waters. In
Behring Sea we encounter the sea-lion and the sea-bear; while from
the Parry Islands to Novaia Zemlaia extends the range of the harp
seal (Phoca Grœnlandica), the bearded seal (Phoca barbata), and
the hispid seal (Phoca hispida). The skins of all these species are
more or less valuable; their oil is much esteemed; and their flesh
supplies the wild northern tribes with one of their principal articles of
subsistence.
HERD OF SEALS, NEAR THE DEVIL’S THUMB, BAFFIN SEA, GREENLAND.
The structure of the seal is admirably adapted in every detail to
an aquatic life. It lives chiefly in the water, where its motions are
always easy and graceful; but it spends a part of its time in enjoying
the sunshine on ice-fields, open shores, rocks, and sandy beaches;
and the female brings forth her young on land.
The body of the seal is elongated, and tapers considerably from
the chest to the tail. The head has been compared to that of the dog;
the brain is generally voluminous. The feet are short, and little more
than the paw extends beyond the integument of the body; they are
webbed, and pentadactylous, or five-toed: the fore feet are set like
those of other quadrupeds; but the hind feet are directed backwards,
with toes which can be spread out widely to act as paddles. The tail
is short.
The motions of the seal on land are constrained and peculiar.
The fore feet are but little used, and the body is thrown forward in a
succession of jerks produced by a contraction of the spine. Awkward
as this mode of progression seems, it is, nevertheless, exceedingly
rapid. The seal, however, never ventures far from the shore, and the
moment it is disturbed or alarmed it plunges into the water.
The physiognomy of the animal is in perfect accord with its
character, and expresses a considerable degree of intelligence
combined with much mildness of disposition. The eyes are large,
black, and brilliant; the nose is broad, with oblong nostrils; and there
are large whiskers. The seal has no external ears, but in the
auricular orifices exists a valve which can be closed at will, and
protects the internal organism from the water; the nostrils possess a
similar valve. The body is thickly garnished with stiff glossy hairs,
very closely set against the skin, and plentifully lubricated with an
oily secretion, so that the surface is always smooth, and unaffected
by water. The teeth differ in different genera, but in all are specially
adapted for the seizure of fish and other slippery prey, though the
seals are omnivorous in their habits, and will partake both of
vegetable and animal food. There are either six or four incisors in the
upper, and four or two in the lower jaw; the canines are invariably
large and strong; and the molars, usually five or six on either side, in
each jaw, are sharp-edged or conical, and bristle with points. The
seal is fond of swallowing large stones; for what purpose is not
certain, but, probably, to assist digestion.
Seals live in herds, more or less numerous, along the frozen
shores of the Arctic seas; and on the lonely deserted coasts they
bring forth their young, over which they watch with singular affection.
They swim with much rapidity, and can remain a considerable time
under water. They are migratory in their habits, and at least four
species visit our British waters. On the northern coasts of Greenland
they are observed to take their departure in July and to return again
in September. They produce two or three young at a time, and
suckle them for six or seven weeks in remote caverns and
sequestered recesses; after which they take to the sea. The young
exhibit a remarkable degree of tractability; will recognize and obey
the maternal summons; and assist each other in distress or danger.
Many, if not all, of the species are polygamous, and the males
frequently contend with desperate courage for the possession of a
favourite female.
There is not much difference in the habits of the different genera
or species of the Phocidæ; but while the great Arctic seal dives like
the walrus, making a kind of semi-revolution as it goes down, the
common seal (Phoca vitulina), called by the hunters the stein-cobbe,
from its custom of basking on the rocks, dives by suddenly dropping
under water, its nose being the last part of its body which
disappears, instead of its tail.
The common seal has a very fine spotted skin, and weighs about
sixty or seventy pounds. It is much fatter, in proportion to its size,
than the bearded seal, and its carcass, consequently, having less
specific gravity, floats much longer on the water after death.
A third kind of seal found in the Spitzbergen seas is, probably, the
Phoca hispida, though the hunters know it only by the names of the
“springer,” and Jan Mayen seal. In the spring months it is killed in
large numbers by the whalers among the vast ice-fields which
encircle the solitary rocks of Jan Mayen Island.
Mr. Lamont observes that these seals, though existing in such
enormous numbers to the west, are not nearly so numerous in
Spitzbergen as the great, or even as the much less abundant
common seal. They are gregarious, which neither of the other
varieties are, and generally consort in bands of fifty to five hundred.
They are extremely difficult to kill, as during the summer months they
very seldom go upon the ice; they seem much less curious than the
other seals, and go at such a rapid pace through the water as to defy
pursuit from a boat. On coming up to breathe, these seals do not,
like their congeners, take a deliberate breath and a leisurely survey,
but the whole troop make a sort of simultaneous flying leap through
the air like a shoal of porpoises, as they go along, and reappear
again at an incredible distance from their preceding breathing-place.
Hence the name of “springers” given to them by the whalers.
THE COMMON SEAL.
The Jan Mayen seal weighs from 200 to 300 lbs., and is
described as the fattest and most buoyant of the Arctic mammals.
We have spoken of seal’s flesh as an important article of
subsistence to the Eskimo tribes. Our Arctic voyagers and explorers
have frequently been glad to nourish themselves upon it, and speak
of it as somewhat resembling veal in flavour. Not once or twice, but
several times, it has saved the hardy pioneer of civilization from
destruction, and the discovery of a stray seal has been the means of
preserving a whole expedition.
There is a very striking incident of this kind in the narrative of Dr.
Kane. He and his party had reached Cape York on their way to the
Danish settlements, after their long but fruitless search for Sir John
Franklin. They were spent with fatigue, and half-dead from hunger. A
kind of low fever crippled their energies, and they were unable to
sleep. In their frail and unseaworthy boats, which were scarcely kept
afloat by constant bailing, they made but slow progress across the
open bay; when, at this crisis of their fortunes, they descried a large
seal floating, as is the wont of these animals, on a small patch of ice,
and apparently asleep,—a seal so large that at first they mistook it
for a walrus.
Trembling with anxiety, Kane and his companions prepared to
creep down upon the monster.
One of the men, Petersen, with a large English rifle, was
stationed in the bow of the boat, and stockings were drawn over the
oars as mufflers. As they approached the animal, their excitement
became so intense that the men could hardly keep stroke. That no
sound might be heard, Dr. Kane communicated his orders by signal;
and when about three hundred yards off the oars were taken in, and
they moved on, stealthily and silently, with a single scull astern.
The seal was not asleep, for he reared his head when his
enemies were almost within rifle-shot; and long afterwards Dr. Kane
could remember the hard, careworn, almost despairing expression of
the men’s haggard faces as they saw him move; their lives
depended on his capture. Dr. Kane lowered his hand, as a signal for
Petersen to fire. M’Gorry, who was rowing, hung, he says, upon his
oar, and the boat slowly but noiselessly forging ahead, did not seem
within range. Looking at Petersen, he saw that the poor fellow was
paralyzed by his anxiety, and was vainly seeking to find a rest for his
gun against the cut-water of the boat. The seal rose on his flippers,
gazed at his antagonists for a moment with mingled curiosity and
alarm, and coiled himself for a plunge. At that moment,
simultaneously with the crack of the rifle, he relaxed his huge bulk on
the ice, and, at the very brink of the water, his head fell helplessly on
one side.
SHOOTING A SEAL.
Dr. Kane would have ordered another shot, but no discipline

could have controlled his men. With a wild yell, each vociferating
according to his own impulse, they urged both boats upon the floes.
A crowd of hands seized the precious booty, and bore it up to safer
ice. The men seemed half crazy, they had been so reduced by
famine. They ran over the floe, crying and laughing, and brandishing
their knives. Before five minutes had elapsed, each man was
sucking his streaming fingers or mouthing long strips of raw blubber.
Not an ounce of this seal was wasted!
The intestines found their way into the soup-kettles without any
observance of the preliminary home-processes. The cartilaginous
parts of the fore-flippers were cut off in the mêlée, and passed round
for the operation of chewing; and even the liver, warm and raw as it
was, bade fair to be eaten before it had seen the pot. That night, on
the large halting-floe to which, in contempt of the dangers of drifting,

ebffiledoc_317Download textbook Microporous And Other Framework Materials With Zeolite Type Structures Zeolite Type Crystal Structures And Their Chemistry 25 New Framework Type Codes And Supplements For Vols B To G 1St Edition W H ebook all chapter pdf

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ebffiledoc_317Download textbook Microporous And Other Framework Materials With Zeolite Type Structures Zeolite Type Crystal Structures And Their Chemistry 25 New Framework Type Codes And Supplements For Vols B To G 1St Edition W H ebook all chapter pdf

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microporous and other Framework

Materials with Zeolite Type Structures

Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry 41

Zeolite Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry

The Diabetes Handbook: Understand and Manage Type 1 and

Pro .NET Framework with the Base Class Library:

Type-driven Development with Idris 1st Edition Edwin

Type 1 diabetes 2nd Edition Levy

Designing Type 2nd Edition Karen Cheng

Thinking with Types Type level Programming in Haskell

Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their

Group IV: Physical Chemistry

Units and Fundamental Constants in Physics and Chemistry

Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms (Group I)

Molecules and Radicals (Group II)

Condensed Matter (Group III)

Physical Chemistry (Group IV)

Astronomy and Astrophysics (Group VI)

Biophysics (Group VII)

Advanced Materials and Technologies (Group VIII)

Microporous and other Framework

Zeolite-Type Crystal Structures and their Chemistry.

ISSN 1615-2018 ISSN 2522-0810 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937656

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

Western Springs /Bremen Werner H Baur

Crystal structure and chemical composition for zeolite-type frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with POS

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with APD

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with DOH

Crystal structure and chemical composition of compounds with LTA

2 Systematics, descriptions, and definitions

2.2 Minerals with zeolite-type frameworks

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.2 (continued)

Table 4.2 (continued)

Dr. Kane would have ordered another shot, but no discipline

You might also like